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Underpinned by the team cognition perspective, we present the Perception of Distributed Effort in Team Sports Questionnaire (DETSQ). To examine the multidimensional conceptualization of perceived distributed effort in team sports... more
Underpinned by the team cognition perspective, we present the Perception of Distributed Effort in Team Sports Questionnaire (DETSQ). To examine the multidimensional conceptualization of perceived distributed effort in team sports (Beniscelli, Tenenbaum, Schinke, & Torregrosa, 2014), we conducted three studies aimed at developing the DETSQ. In Study 1, we generated items and obtained evidence of content and substantive validity. Consistent with the conceptual framework, we selected the items to reflect three forms of perceived effort: physical, psychological, and tactical. In Study 2, we ran a series of exploratory structural equation models (SEMs)to refine the DETSQ internal structure using the responses from 257 team sport athletes. The result was a 13-item, 3-factor model. In Study 3, we further examined the internal validity of the questionnaire, along with its reliability; measurement invariance across gender, age, and competitive level; and the convergent and consequential aspects of construct validity. The analyses provided evidence to support the psychometric properties of the DETSQ. The discussion focuses on the implication of the DETSQ for processes involving team cognition and suggestions for further research on the perception of distributed effort in team sports.
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ABSTRACT The present study tests the new Expanded Sport Official’s Decision-Making Model (ESODMM), which expands the existing Official’s Specific Decision-Making Model by integrating emotion, anticipation, and information-processing into... more
ABSTRACT The present study tests the new Expanded Sport Official’s Decision-Making Model (ESODMM), which expands the existing Official’s Specific Decision-Making Model by integrating emotion, anticipation, and information-processing into its conceptual framework. To test the role of anticipation and emotion in the ESODMM, 56 basketball officials (32 high school level, 24 NCAA division 1) were assigned to either high (crowd noise and peer evaluation) or low (no crowd noise or peer evaluation) stress conditions and asked to make calls on occluded or non-occluded basketball video clips while wearing eye tracking glasses. MANOVA and ANOVA analyses revealed that officials in the high-stress condition experienced more stress resulting in less accurate decisions than those in the low-stress condition. Additionally, experienced officials made more accurate decisions and goal-directed gaze behaviours than novices did. Moreover, decision-making accuracy was lowest in the occluded trial block. The findings support the important role that emotion, information-processing, and anticipation have in officials’ decision-making. Implementing the ESODMM can provide researchers with a comprehensive model to guide their understanding of officials’ decision-making processes.
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The study examined the effect of an improvisation intervention on figure skating performance, self-esteem, creativity, and mindfulness skills. Nine elite figure skaters participated in a 10-session program based on Cirque du Soleil... more
The study examined the effect of an improvisation intervention on figure skating performance, self-esteem, creativity, and mindfulness skills. Nine elite figure skaters participated in a 10-session program based on Cirque du Soleil artistic principles. A mixed methodology using questionnaires, competition scores, and interviews was used to test the program effects on these variables. Descriptive statistics revealed small but imperative increases in competition performance, perceived artistic performance, self-esteem, creativity, and mindfulness. Significant (p < .05) effect of time was revealed only for creativity and artistic performance variables. Qualitative data supported these results. Skaters described verbally that movements were performed more freely, attention was better focused on performance, and they overcame shyness. Quantitative and qualitative data are discussed interactively in relation to performance enhancement and personal growth.
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Congruence between actual and retrospective reports for pre- and postcompetition emotional states was investigated separately and together. Fifty-two members of four university sport teams participated in one or more of three experimental... more
Congruence between actual and retrospective reports for pre- and postcompetition emotional states was investigated separately and together. Fifty-two members of four university sport teams participated in one or more of three experimental conditions. The first condition consisted of actual measurement of precompetition emotional states and retrospective measurement of the same situation following a 72-hr delay. Actual and retrospective measurement of postcompetition emotional states comprised the second condition. The third condition included actual measurement of pre- and post-states and retrospective measurement of both states after a 72-hr delay. RM-MANOVA procedures revealed that athletes could report and differentiate between their pre- and postcompetition emotional experiences, and that retrospective report was not affected by the pre/post interference after a 72-hour delay. However, athletes underestimated the intensity of postcompetition unpleasant emotions. Correlations bet...
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The Journal of Sport Psychology in Action (JSPA) is pleased to present a new section titled In the Huddle. The purpose of In the Huddle is to provide readers the opportunity to read a variety of opinions on important topics in sport,... more
The Journal of Sport Psychology in Action (JSPA) is pleased to present a new section titled In the Huddle. The purpose of In the Huddle is to provide readers the opportunity to read a variety of opinions on important topics in sport, exercise, and health psychology. Published every other issue of JSPA, we will feature a new question, answered by practitioners, coaches, professors, athletes, or other professionals. Thanks to Scott Pierce (Editorial Assistant), Moe Machida, and Ian Connole (student representatives for JSPA), who organize and compile responses. Readers are welcome to submit questions for future issues of In the Huddle by emailing JSPA@muohio.edu. Please write “In the Huddle” in the subject line.
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In 1898, Norman Triplett conducted a study on bicycle racing and observed that cyclists tend to have better performance times when riding in the presence of another cyclist as opposed to riding alone. Triplett’s study, considered the... more
In 1898, Norman Triplett conducted a study on bicycle racing and observed that cyclists tend to have better performance times when riding in the presence of another cyclist as opposed to riding alone. Triplett’s study, considered the first in the sport psychology domain, has since expanded into various subdomains. Over the past century, the sport psychology domain has attracted an impressive quantity and quality of work from psychologists and kinesiologists alike. Today, there is a general agreement that sport psychology is a scientific and applied domain, particularly centered on advancing knowledge about (a) expertise acquisition in sports, (b) perceptual-cognitive mechanisms of skilled performance, (c) group dynamics, (d) socio-cognitive issues in sports, and (e) applied sport psychology (Eklund and Tenenbaum 2014, cited under General Textbooks). The aim herein is to present these five important subdomains by highlighting key publications that have shaped the sport psychology domain over the past several decades. We begin by introducing the General Textbooks, Journals, and Position Stands from Professional Organizations, which together cover the broad structure of sport psychology. The five subsequent sections are devoted to the subdomains in which most of the research efforts in the sport psychology domain have been concentrated. We conclude by forecasting new trends in the field
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This study evaluated the influence of asynchronous music on supramaximal exercise performance. Physically active male and female participants (N= 25) completed a Wingate anaerobic test under two different conditions: music and no music.... more
This study evaluated the influence of asynchronous music on supramaximal exercise performance. Physically active male and female participants (N= 25) completed a Wingate anaerobic test under two different conditions: music and no music. Physiological ...
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This study explored the emotional and cognitive dimensions associated with technical fouls (TFs) in basketball coaching. Using in-depth interviews with Israeli first-division basketball coaches, we aimed to uncover the emotional and... more
This study explored the emotional and cognitive dimensions associated with technical fouls (TFs) in basketball coaching. Using in-depth interviews with Israeli first-division basketball coaches, we aimed to uncover the emotional and cognitive intricacies involved in TFs. Through rigorous thematic content analysis, we delved into coaches’ ability to perceive and manipulate psychological momentum on the court. We revealed that coaches intentionally use TFs as strategic tools. TFs were employed to elicit specific emotional responses and cognitive shifts in players, affecting their emotional states, arousal levels, motivation, and overall team performance. However, coaches approached TFs with caution due to the associated emotional and cognitive risks. They carefully weighed potential benefits against unforeseen consequences in their decision-making. Furthermore, our research highlighted coaches’ belief in the immediate positive impact of TFs on referee decisions, underscoring the inter...
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Decision-making (DM) has been studied from two main perspectives: cognitive and ecological. Findings indicate that experts have advanced DM skills that enhance performance. The underlying mechanisms of DM skills relate to the attention... more
Decision-making (DM) has been studied from two main perspectives: cognitive and ecological. Findings indicate that experts have advanced DM skills that enhance performance. The underlying mechanisms of DM skills relate to the attention and anticipation capacities to function without interruption under pressure of time and to counter various sources of stress (e.g., self-regulation and coping strategies). There are still many questions that must be addressed to fully account for the DM process and apply the findings in a real-world environment. The most urgent questions relate to the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying DM, team DM processes, training and measuring DM, making creative decisions, and comprehending the process of coaches’ DM during competitive conditions and other real-life situations.
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Decision-making (DM) in sport is a process of information processing in natural environments that impose unique constraints upon the decision makers. Athletes rely on their mental representations to locate cues in the environment, which... more
Decision-making (DM) in sport is a process of information processing in natural environments that impose unique constraints upon the decision makers. Athletes rely on their mental representations to locate cues in the environment, which are used for anticipatory DM. Furthermore, with increased experience, athletes shift from serial to parallel processing, and from target to context visual strategies. These processes enable an athlete to identify patterns of essential stimuli, elaborate on them efficiently via stored motor programs, and retrieve a response while keeping others on alert for possible decision alteration when needed. This process is more efficient when the athlete perceives the pressure of the sport environment as facilitative rather than debilitative to performance. That is, being in the optimal emotional performance zone and feeling a high sense of efficacy for anticipating decisions and selecting responses increases the probability of making the correct decision. DM in teams is influenced by myriad group processes, such as cohesion, team mental models, and collective efficacy beliefs.
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Introduction Children’s maximal muscle strength is consistently lower than adults’, even when normalized to body size. Lower volitional muscle activation (VA) in children is often considered one of the main reasons for age-related... more
Introduction Children’s maximal muscle strength is consistently lower than adults’, even when normalized to body size. Lower volitional muscle activation (VA) in children is often considered one of the main reasons for age-related differences in muscular performance. However, some recent studies have reported similar VA in children and adults, bringing into question whether there is indeed an age-related increase in VA. The purpose of this review was to determine the effect of age on VA during maximal isometric contractions. Methods Literature examining VA differences, using twitch interpolation in children (7–14 yr) and adults (16–28 yr), was systematically reviewed. Of the 1915 studies initially identified, 19 data sets were eligible for inclusion in the qualitative analysis and 14 in the quantitative meta-analysis (comprising 207 children and 193 adults). Results Significantly lower VA in children was reported in 9/19 (47%) studies. A random-effects meta-analysis found a strong e...
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The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of a learned preperformance routine (PPR) with an intuitively developed one before a simulation race on advanced swimmers’ speed and motor efficiency, as well as self-efficacy... more
The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of a learned preperformance routine (PPR) with an intuitively developed one before a simulation race on advanced swimmers’ speed and motor efficiency, as well as self-efficacy and emotional regulation. In total, 46 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I swimmers were stratified to either the control (intuitively developed PPR) or the PPR condition, which included four instructional sessions aimed at developing a PPR. A simulated competitive race was organized before and after the intervention. For each simulation, speed and motor efficiency were measured during the race, and self-efficacy and emotions, after the completion of the race. Nonsignificant effects were revealed for speed, motor efficiency, and self-efficacy following the intervention. However, performing a learned PPR prior to racing significantly influenced the swimmers’ emotional state. These results provide some support for the effect of a PPR o...
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This chapter focuses on a specific team process, namely team mental models (TMM), which has been the subject of extensive theoretical and empirical work in sport, exercise, and performance psychology in particular, and applied psychology... more
This chapter focuses on a specific team process, namely team mental models (TMM), which has been the subject of extensive theoretical and empirical work in sport, exercise, and performance psychology in particular, and applied psychology at large. It explains the terminology and provides an operational definition of TMM. The chapter discusses the reflective indicators of TMM and comment on its formative function on team coordination. It proposes a descriptive conceptual taxonomy to inform research and also provides general recommendations on how to measure mental representations at the team‐level of analysis. The chapter reviews the theoretical roots and presents empirical evidence supporting the theorem of TMM. In the nomo‐logical network section, it also discusses the reciprocal linkage of TMM with other team processes and team outcomes. The chapter presents applied recommendations focusing on how to improve team dynamics through social means and concludes with a summary and outlook of future research perspectives.
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The purpose of this study was to explore adaptation through the manipulation of perceived task difficulty and self-efficacy to challenge the concepts postulated by the two-perception probabilistic concept of the adaptation phenomenon... more
The purpose of this study was to explore adaptation through the manipulation of perceived task difficulty and self-efficacy to challenge the concepts postulated by the two-perception probabilistic concept of the adaptation phenomenon (TPPCA) conceptual framework. Twenty-four randomized performers completed a handgrip and putting task, at three difficulty levels, to assess their self-efficacy and perceived task difficulty interactions on motivations, affect, and performances. The TPPCA was partially confirmed in both tasks. Specifically, as the task difficulty level increased, arousal increased, pleasantness decreased, and the performance declined. There was no solid support that motivational adaptations were congruent with the TPPCA. The findings pertaining to the human adaptation state represent a first step in encouraging future inquiries in this domain. The findings clarify the notion of perceived task difficulty and self-efficacy discrepancy, which then provokes cognitive apprai...
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Abstract We discuss the assumptions of trustworthy quantitative measurements required to meet scientific and ecological rigor, and emphasize the need for methodological triangulation and interpretative pluralism in qualitative research.... more
Abstract We discuss the assumptions of trustworthy quantitative measurements required to meet scientific and ecological rigor, and emphasize the need for methodological triangulation and interpretative pluralism in qualitative research. We view measurement in performance psychology as theory-driven as well as one that aims at developing and refining theories. We expand on this argument by introducing a two-parameter measurement model aimed at capturing the cognitive–affective–behavioral linkage in performance psychology. We elaborate on measurement trends stemming from molecular biology and genetics and from advances in cognitive neuroscience aimed at capturing the multilayered human behavior and performance—mappings of either the peripheral or central human processes. We discuss how forward and reverse genetics may place gene research at the epicenter of human performance measurement. Finally, we comment on how the measurement of specific genotypes and neurological markers can be linked to performance outcomes.