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Guillaume  Léonard

    Guillaume Léonard

    BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent condition frequently leading to disability. Research suggests that self-management (SM) programs for chronic LBP should include strategies to promote sustainable return to work. OBJECTIVES:... more
    BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent condition frequently leading to disability. Research suggests that self-management (SM) programs for chronic LBP should include strategies to promote sustainable return to work. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to 1) validate and prioritize the essential content elements of a SM program in light of the needs of workplace representatives, and 2) identify the main facilitators and barriers to be considered when developing and implementing a SM program delivered via information and communication technologies (ICT). METHODS: A sequential qualitative design was used. We recruited workplace representatives and potential future users of SM programs (union representatives and employers) and collected data through focus groups and nominal group techniques to validate the relevance of the different elements included into 3 broad categories (Understand, Learn, Apply), as well as to highlight potential barriers and facilitators. RESULTS: Eleven participants took part in this study. The content elements proposed in the scientific literature for SM programs were found to align with potential future users’ needs, with participants ranking the same elements as those proposed in the literature as the most important across all categories. Although some barriers were identified, workplace representatives believed that ICT offer an appropriate strategy for delivering individualized SM programs to injured workers who have returned to work. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the elements identified in the scientific literature as essential components of SM programs designed to ensure a sustainable return to work for people with LBP are in line with the needs of future users.
    Introduction/Background Placebo analgesia refers to a perceived reduction in pain following the administration of a simulated or otherwise medically ineffective treatment. Previous studies have shown that many factors can influence... more
    Introduction/Background Placebo analgesia refers to a perceived reduction in pain following the administration of a simulated or otherwise medically ineffective treatment. Previous studies have shown that many factors can influence placebo analgesia. However, few investigations have examined the effect of age on placebo analgesia, and none have done it in the context of rehabilitation interventions. The objective of this study was to compare the placebo response induced by sham transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) between young and older individuals, using an experimental heat-pain paradigm. Material and method Twenty-two young (21–39 years) and 22 older (58–76 years) healthy adults participated in this comparative study. Experimental heat-pain was evoked with a thermode (2-min stimulation at a constant, individually adjusted temperature) applied on the lumbar region. Participants were asked to evaluate the intensity of their pain using a computerized visual analog scale. Experimental pain was induced before and after an unconditioned placebo intervention (sham TENS). Results In young individuals, no significant pain reductions were noted, whereas in older individuals, a statistically significant pain reduction was observed after the placebo stimulation (P  Conclusion Our results indicate that placebo analgesia is influenced by age, with older individuals showing higher placebo analgesia than young adults. Although these results should be confirmed in clinical pain populations, the current observations bear important consequences for the design of future placebo-controlled trials in rehabilitation and for healthcare professionals.
    ObjectiveSymptoms present at the end of life and the quality of communication with the healthcare team have both been shown to impact family assessments of the quality of dying of their loved one with dementia. However, the relative... more
    ObjectiveSymptoms present at the end of life and the quality of communication with the healthcare team have both been shown to impact family assessments of the quality of dying of their loved one with dementia. However, the relative contributions of these two factors to family assessments have not yet been investigated. To address this knowledge gap, we explored which of these two factors has more influence on family assessments of the quality of dying of long-term care (LTC) residents with dementia.MethodThis is a secondary analysis of a mortality follow-back study. Ninety-four family members of LTC residents who had died with dementia assessed the quality of dying (very good or not very good), the frequency of symptoms, and the quality of communication with the healthcare team using a self-administered questionnaire mailed 1 month after the resident's death. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the relative contributions of the two independent variables of primary interest (frequency of symptoms and quality of communication) to the families’ assessments of the quality of dying.ResultsMultivariate analyses revealed that the quality of communication with the healthcare team was closely linked to the quality of dying (p = 0.009, OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.09–1.65), whereas the frequency of symptoms was not (p = 0.142, OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.98–1.11) after controlling for potential confounders.Significance of resultsOur findings show that healthcare providers’ ability to engage in the end-of-life conversations with families outweighs the frequency of symptoms in family assessments of the quality of dying of their relative with dementia. Enhancing healthcare providers’ ability to communicate with families about the end-of-life care could improve families’ perceptions of the quality of dying of their relative with dementia and, consequently, ease their grieving process.
    Over the past decade, researchers have focused on studying the functional context of perceiving painful stimuli, particularly concerning the posturographic correlates of emotional processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the... more
    Over the past decade, researchers have focused on studying the functional context of perceiving painful stimuli, particularly concerning the posturographic correlates of emotional processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the differential modulation of non-linear measures characterizing postural control in the context of perceiving painful stimuli. The study involved 36 healthy young participants who, while standing, viewed images depicting feet and hands in painful or non-painful situations, both actively (by imagining themselves affected by the situation) and passively. For Center of Pressure (COP) displacement, three non-linear measures (Sample Entropy, Fractal Dimension, and Lyapunov exponent) were calculated. The results suggest lower values of FD and LyE in response to active stimulation compared to those recorded for passive stimulation. Above all, our results pledge for the usefulness of the Lyapunov exponent for assessing postural modulation dynamics in response ...
    Background: Various pharmacological treatments have been used to relieve pain and reduce the duration and occurrence of cluster headache (CH) attacks, but these treatments remain partially effective for many patients. Aerobic exercises... more
    Background: Various pharmacological treatments have been used to relieve pain and reduce the duration and occurrence of cluster headache (CH) attacks, but these treatments remain partially effective for many patients. Aerobic exercises have been proposed to decrease the prevalence and severity of symptoms associated with other types of headaches, but the effectiveness of aerobic exercise for CH management has not yet been investigated. Case presentation: This report describes the case of a 24 yearold male patient diagnosed with episodic CH (1/day; > 1 h). Thirteen days after the first episode, moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise was performed (10–30 min) at the onset of CH attack. Aerobic exercise reduced both severity and duration of CH attacks. Conclusions: This case report suggests that performing moderate-intensity aerobic exercise at the onset of a CH attack may be an interesting non-pharmacologic intervention that can be used to ease pain symptoms.
    BackgroundSubacromial pain syndrome (SAPS) is a common complaint in orthopaedics. Subacromial corticosteroid injections (CSI) can relieve pain in the short term. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) has been used for... more
    BackgroundSubacromial pain syndrome (SAPS) is a common complaint in orthopaedics. Subacromial corticosteroid injections (CSI) can relieve pain in the short term. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) has been used for symptomatic pain relief in a variety of chronic pain conditions. The aim of this pilot study was to assess whether the application a-tDCS could enhance the symptomatic relief provided by CSI in patients affected by SAPS.MethodsThirty-eight participants (18 to 65-year-old) suffering from SAPS were recruited to have a CSI and randomly allocated to receive, 1 weeks post CSI, real a-tDCS (r-tDCS), sham tDCS (s-tDCS) or no intervention (Control). Upper limb function was measured 1 week prior to the CSI, at the 2- and 4-week follow-ups using self-administered questionnaires and physical measures. Self-reported pain and activity during each day were logged by the participants using visual analog scales (VAS). Differences between groups were tested using repe...
    In the presence of experimental low back pain, spinal, subcortical, and cortical motor networks involved in the control of back muscles were not modified. However, once the pain disappeared, a reduction in motoneuronal excitability was... more
    In the presence of experimental low back pain, spinal, subcortical, and cortical motor networks involved in the control of back muscles were not modified. However, once the pain disappeared, a reduction in motoneuronal excitability was observed without change in corticospinal and vestibulospinal excitability, suggesting a reduction in descending drive. Experimental low back pain may elicit long-term plasticity even after pain extinction.
    Background. Algo is an integrated knowledge translation (IKT)-based algorithm for supporting occupational therapists (OTs) with skill mix for selecting bathing equipment. While IKT approaches are increasingly valued in implementation... more
    Background. Algo is an integrated knowledge translation (IKT)-based algorithm for supporting occupational therapists (OTs) with skill mix for selecting bathing equipment. While IKT approaches are increasingly valued in implementation science, their benefits with respect to the utilization of knowledge in clinical settings are scarcely documented. Purpose. To identify Algo's level of utilization and the characteristics associated with its level of utilization. Method. A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with OTs working in homecare services (HCS) through an online survey based on Knott and Wildavsky's classification and the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services ( PARIHS) framework. Findings. Almost half (48%) of the OTs surveyed (n = 125; participation rate: 16%) reached one of the seven levels of utilization. While Evidence characteristics are perceived as facilitators to its utilization, Context statements indicate an unfavorable org...
    SPIRIT checklist. Completed SPIRIT checklist. (PDF 51 kb)
    Background Dry needling (DN) is increasingly used for treating myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) and has shown significant effects on pain and function. This study aimed to assess feasibility of conducting a randomized sham-controlled... more
    Background Dry needling (DN) is increasingly used for treating myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) and has shown significant effects on pain and function. This study aimed to assess feasibility of conducting a randomized sham-controlled trial and to collect preliminary data on the effects of infraspinatus DN on corticospinal excitability and mechanical pain sensitivity. Method This randomized feasibility study included adults with chronic non-traumatic shoulder pain and a infraspinatus MTrP. Participants were randomized to receive real DN or sham DN in the infraspinatus MTrP. Feasibility outcomes included data pertaining to recruitment, retention of participants, completeness and safety of assessment procedures. Neurophysiological and psychophysical outcomes included corticospinal excitability and mechanical pain sensitivity measured by active motor threshold (aMT) and pressure pain threshold (PPT), respectively. They were assessed at baseline, immediately after and 24 h post-interven...
    AIM Integrated knowledge translation (IKT) is an increasingly recommended collaborative approach to minimize knowledge translation gap. Still, few studies have documented the impact of IKT to optimize knowledge uptake in healthcare... more
    AIM Integrated knowledge translation (IKT) is an increasingly recommended collaborative approach to minimize knowledge translation gap. Still, few studies have documented the impact of IKT to optimize knowledge uptake in healthcare settings. An IKT-based clinical algorithm (Algo) was deployed in Quebec (Canada) homecare services to support skill mix for selecting bathing equipment for community-dwelling adults. The objective of this study was to document the characteristics related to Algo's IKT process. METHODS A multiple-case study with a nested concurrent mixed design was conducted in provincial homecare services. Based on Knott and Wildavsky's seven-stage classification and the integrated-Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services model, Innovation, Recipients, and Context, characteristics related to Algo's levels of utilization were documented. Quantitative (electronic questionnaire) and qualitative (semistructured interviews and focus groups) data were collected for each case (i.e., homecare service). Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were performed to describe each case through a mixed methods matrix, for intra/intercase analyses. RESULTS Knowledge translation characteristics of five Algo's levels of utilization were documented: reception, cognition, reference, effort, and impact. Innovation characteristics (e.g., underlying knowledge) were found to facilitate its dissemination and its use. However, the Recipients (e.g., unclear mechanisms to implement change) and Context (e.g., organizational mandates nonaligned with skill mix) characteristics hampered its application through intermediate and advanced levels of utilization. CONCLUSION The knowledge translation analysis of Algo allowed for documenting the IKT-based benefits in terms of utilization in healthcare settings. Although an IKT approach appears to be a strong facilitator for initiating the implementation process, additional characteristics should be considered for promoting and sustaining its use on local, organizational, and external levels of context. Facilitation strategies should document the administrative benefits related to Algo's utilization and contextualize it according to homecare services' characteristics.
    Background Because of their importance in core stability, training the deep abdominal muscles, fascial structures and particularly the transversus abdominis, is a key component of many sport and physical therapy programs. However, there... more
    Background Because of their importance in core stability, training the deep abdominal muscles, fascial structures and particularly the transversus abdominis, is a key component of many sport and physical therapy programs. However, there are gaps in knowledge about age-related changes in the structure and activation capacity of these muscles. Hypothesis/Purpose This study investigated the association between deep abdominal muscles and fascial structures and transversus abdominis activation with age in healthy adults. Study design A cross-sectional study. Methods Eighty-six adults aged 18 to 77 participated in this study. An ultrasound image of their transversus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique and associated fasciae was first captured at rest, then during a contraction of the transversus abdominis. Bivariate correlation analyses and hierarchical analyses were performed (significance level: p < 0.05). Results The thickness of these three muscles decreases with age ( ρ ...
    Background Patient engagement and integrated knowledge translation (IKT) approaches involving end-users of knowledge are increasingly documented for their social benefits in the subsequent application of health innovations. Algo is an... more
    Background Patient engagement and integrated knowledge translation (IKT) approaches involving end-users of knowledge are increasingly documented for their social benefits in the subsequent application of health innovations. Algo is an IKT-based algorithm conceived with occupational therapists (OTs; supervisors) and non-OTs (users) in Quebec's (Canada) public homecare services (HCS) to support skill mix for bathing equipment selection. However, the unknown patient experience related to Algo's utilization in HCS hinders the deployment of adjusted facilitation strategies for the beneficiaries. Methods A multiple case study (case: a HCS minimally including an OT, a non-OT and a manager) was performed with semi-structured interviews and focus groups, based on the integrated-Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) model. For intra-case analysis, extracts related to patient's experience were analyzed thematically according to the i-PARIHS compo...
    The "motoric cognitive risk" (MCR) syndrome is a newly reported predementia syndrome combining cognitive complaint and slow gait speed. We hypothesized that individuals with MCR syndrome would have lower brain volumes compared... more
    The "motoric cognitive risk" (MCR) syndrome is a newly reported predementia syndrome combining cognitive complaint and slow gait speed. We hypothesized that individuals with MCR syndrome would have lower brain volumes compared with non-MCR individuals. This study aims (i) to compare the cognitive profile of nondemented older community-dwellers with and without MCR syndrome and (ii) to examine association of global and regional brain volumes with MCR syndrome. A total of 171 individuals (28 MCR and 143 non-MCR) were included in this cross-sectional study. Total white matter abnormalities, total white matter, total cortical and subcortical gray matters, hippocampus, motor cortex, premotor cortex, and prefrontal cortex were examined. Brain volumes were quantified from a three-dimensional T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging using semi-automated software. Age, gender, education level, number of drugs taken daily, use of psychoactive drugs, and cognitive profile were also mea...
    Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Tout le long de son trajet vers les centres sup? rieurs, le message nociceptif est soumis? une s? rie de modulations pouvant augmenter ou diminuer la r? ponse nociceptive. Les m? canismes permettant de diminuer la... more
    Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Tout le long de son trajet vers les centres sup? rieurs, le message nociceptif est soumis? une s? rie de modulations pouvant augmenter ou diminuer la r? ponse nociceptive. Les m? canismes permettant de diminuer la r? ponse nociceptive ...
    BackgroundThe offset of a painful and unpleasant sensation can elicit pleasure. This phenomenon, namely pleasant pain relief (PPR), is attracting growing interest in research. While the cold pressor test (CPT) has been frequently used to... more
    BackgroundThe offset of a painful and unpleasant sensation can elicit pleasure. This phenomenon, namely pleasant pain relief (PPR), is attracting growing interest in research. While the cold pressor test (CPT) has been frequently used to study the inhibition of pain by the administration of another painful stimulation (inhibitory conditioned pain modulation; ICPM), a preliminary study from our research team has shown that CPT can also elicit a robust and long-lasting PPR. However, its effects on pain relief and inhibition vary greatly between subjects. Although substantial research has been carried out on inter-individual variability in the case of ICPM, the same cannot be said of PPR. Therefore, the current study sought to identify clusters of healthy volunteers with similar dynamic pain responses during the CPT, using a data-driven approach, and to investigate the inter-subject variability for PPR and ICPM.MethodsOne hundred and twenty-two healthy volunteers were recruited. A sequ...
    BackgroundThe Fear-Avoidance Components Scale (FACS) is a reliable and valid instrument widely used to assess fear-avoidance beliefs related to pain and disability. However, there is a scarcity of validated translations of the FACS in... more
    BackgroundThe Fear-Avoidance Components Scale (FACS) is a reliable and valid instrument widely used to assess fear-avoidance beliefs related to pain and disability. However, there is a scarcity of validated translations of the FACS in different cultural and linguistic contexts, including the French population. This study aimed to translate and validate the French version of the FACS (FACS-Fr/CF), examining its psychometric properties among French-speaking individuals.MethodsA cross-cultural translation process – including forward translation, backward translation, expert committee review, and pre-testing – was conducted to develop the FACS-Fr/CF. The translated version was administered to a sample of French-speaking adults (n=55) with musculoskeletal conditions. Internal consistency (including confirmatory analyses of the 2 factors identified in the Serbian version), test-retest reliability and convergent validity were then assessed.ResultsThe FACS-Fr/CF demonstrated high global int...
    Background and aimsIsolating the effect of an intervention from the natural course and fluctuations of a condition is a challenge in any clinical trial, particularly in the field of pain. Regression to the mean (RTM), wherein extreme... more
    Background and aimsIsolating the effect of an intervention from the natural course and fluctuations of a condition is a challenge in any clinical trial, particularly in the field of pain. Regression to the mean (RTM), wherein extreme scores are more likely to be followed by more average scores, may explain some of those observed fluctuations. However, while this phenomenon is relatively well-known, its effect on outcome measures is rarely quantified, and often only evoked as a potential confound. In this paper, we describe and quantify such symptom fluctuations in a chronic pain population in the absence of treatment, and compare the relative stability of various self-reported outcome measures in untreated chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients and healthy controls (HC).MethodsTwenty-three untreated CLBP patients and 25 HC took part in this observational study, wherein they were asked to complete an array of commonly used questionnaires in pain studies (including the Pain Catastrophi...
    Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful condition characterized by joint and bone changes. A growing number of studies suggest that these changes only partially explain the pain experienced by individuals with OA. The purpose of the current... more
    Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful condition characterized by joint and bone changes. A growing number of studies suggest that these changes only partially explain the pain experienced by individuals with OA. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate if corticospinal and bulbospinal projection measurements were interrelated in patients with knee OA, and to explore the relationship between these neurophysiological measures and temporal summation (excitatory mechanisms of pain) on one hand, and clinical symptoms on the other. Twenty-eight (28) patients with knee OA were recruited. Corticospinal projections were measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation, while bulbospinal projections were evaluated with a conditioned pain modulation (CPM) protocol using a counter-irritation paradigm. Validated questionnaires were used to document clinical and psychological manifestations. All participants suffered from moderate to severe pain. There was a positive association between c...
    Kinesiophobia is associated with pain intensity in people suffering from chronic pain. The number of publications highlighting this relationship has increased significantly in recent years, emphasizing the importance of investigating and... more
    Kinesiophobia is associated with pain intensity in people suffering from chronic pain. The number of publications highlighting this relationship has increased significantly in recent years, emphasizing the importance of investigating and synthesizing research evidence on this topic. The purpose of this scoping review was to answer the following questions: (1) What types of interventions have been or are currently being studied in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the management of kinesiophobia in patients with chronic pain? (2) What chronic pain conditions are targeted by these interventions? (3) What assessment tools for kinesiophobia are used in these interventions? According to the studies reviewed, (1) physical exercise is the most commonly used approach for managing irrational fear of movement, (2) interventions for kinesiophobia have primarily focused on musculoskeletal pain conditions, particularly low back pain and neck pain, and (3) the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia i...
    IntroductionChronic pain is a significant health problem and is particularly prevalent amongst the elderly. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has been proposed to reduce... more
    IntroductionChronic pain is a significant health problem and is particularly prevalent amongst the elderly. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has been proposed to reduce chronic pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of active and sham tDCS in reducing pain in older individuals living with chronic musculoskeletal pain.Materials and MethodsTwenty-four older individuals (mean age: 68 ± 7 years) suffering from chronic musculoskeletal pain were randomized to receive either anodal tDCS over the contralateral motor cortex (2 mA, 20 min; n = 12) or sham tDCS (20 min; n = 12) for five consecutive days. Pain logbooks were used to measure pain intensity. Questionnaires (McGill Pain Questionnaire, Brief Pain Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], Beck Anxiety Inventory, Pain Catastrophizing Scale [PCS], and Margolis Pain Drawing and Scoring System [MPDSS]) were also used to assess pain in its glo...
    Temporal summation of pain (TSP) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) can be measured using a thermode and a cold pressor test (CPT). Unfortunately, these tools are complex, expensive, and are ill-suited for routine clinical assessments.... more
    Temporal summation of pain (TSP) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) can be measured using a thermode and a cold pressor test (CPT). Unfortunately, these tools are complex, expensive, and are ill-suited for routine clinical assessments. Building on the results from an exploratory study that attempted to use transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to measure CPM and TSP, the present study assesses whether a “new” TENS protocol can be used instead of the thermode and CPT to measure CPM and TSP. The objective of this study was to compare the thermode/CPT protocol with the new TENS protocol, by (1) measuring the association between the TSP evoked by the two protocols; (2) measuring the association between the CPM evoked by the two protocols; and by (3) assessing whether the two protocols successfully trigger TSP and CPM in a similar number of participants. We assessed TSP and CPM in 50 healthy participants, using our new TENS protocol and a thermode/CPT protocol (repeated m...
    Background and Purpose: The transversus abdominis (TrA) is a key muscle for lumbar stabilization and is often retrained in physical therapy. Feedback tools, such as the pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) and rehabilitative ultrasound imaging... more
    Background and Purpose: The transversus abdominis (TrA) is a key muscle for lumbar stabilization and is often retrained in physical therapy. Feedback tools, such as the pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) and rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI), are frequently used by physical therapists to train their patients and improve their patients' ability to contract this muscle. However, the effect of these tools in rehabilitating the TrA in older adults remains to be demonstrated, as is their efficiency in transferring the skill of recruiting the TrA from a supine position to a standing position. The objective of the study was to compare the immediate effectiveness of the PBU and RUSI to reeducate the TrA muscle in a population of asymptomatic older adults (without pain). Methods: Forty participants were randomized into 2 groups (RUSI or PBU). The intervention included a training session involving 15 TrA contractions held for 10 seconds with the corresponding feedback device. The depe...
    Introduction : Plusieurs traitements pharmacologi- ques sont utilisés pour soulager la douleur et réduire la durée et la fréquence des crises d’algie vasculaire de la face (CH), mais ces traitements demeurent partiellement efficaces pour... more
    Introduction : Plusieurs traitements pharmacologi- ques sont utilisés pour soulager la douleur et réduire la durée et la fréquence des crises d’algie vasculaire de la face (CH), mais ces traitements demeurent partiellement efficaces pour plusieurs patients. L’exercice aérobie est actuellement pro- posé pour réduire la prévalence et la gravité des symptômes associés à d’autres types de céphalées, mais son efficacité concernant la gestion des CH n’a pas encore été documentée. Représentation du cas : Cet article décrit le cas d’un homme de 24 ans chez qui on a diagnostiqué des CH épisodiques (1/jour ; > 1 heure). Treize jours après le premier épisode, des exercices aérobies d’intensité modérée étaient effectués (10 à 30 minutes) au début des crises. L’exercice aérobie a réduit à la fois la sévérité et la durée des crises de CH. Conclusion : Cette étude de cas suggère que la réalisation d’exercices aérobies d’intensité modérée au début d’une crise de CH pourrait être une intervention...
    Supplemental material, AIM818675_Supplemental_material_SP2 for Benefits of dry needling of myofascial trigger points on autonomic function and photoelectric plethysmography in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome by Adelaida María... more
    Supplemental material, AIM818675_Supplemental_material_SP2 for Benefits of dry needling of myofascial trigger points on autonomic function and photoelectric plethysmography in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome by Adelaida María Castro-Sánchez, Hector Garcia-López, Manuel Fernández-Sánchez, José Manuel Perez-Marmol, Guillaume Leonard, Nathaly Gaudreault, María Encarnación Aguilar-Ferrándiz and Guillermo Adolfo Matarán-Peñarrocha in Acupuncture in Medicine
    Supplemental material, AIM818675_Supplemental_material_SP1 for Benefits of dry needling of myofascial trigger points on autonomic function and photoelectric plethysmography in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome by Adelaida María... more
    Supplemental material, AIM818675_Supplemental_material_SP1 for Benefits of dry needling of myofascial trigger points on autonomic function and photoelectric plethysmography in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome by Adelaida María Castro-Sánchez, Hector Garcia-López, Manuel Fernández-Sánchez, José Manuel Perez-Marmol, Guillaume Leonard, Nathaly Gaudreault, María Encarnación Aguilar-Ferrándiz and Guillermo Adolfo Matarán-Peñarrocha in Acupuncture in Medicine

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