Hadi Sarir

Avian coccidiosis causes inflammation and decreases growth performance in poultry. Arginine alleviates inflammation and improves growth performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of arginine on growth performance, lipid profile, and inflammatory responses in broiler chicks challenged with Eimeria spp. A total of 384 one-d-old broiler chicks were assigned into eight groups and six replications per group. At 21 days of age, a mixture of Eimeria species was used for induction of challenge in the broiler chicks. Broiler chicks were divided into infected and uninfected groups and received arginine at 85, 100, 125, and 150 % of recommended level. Growth performance, serum nitric oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory cytokines, lipid profile, and faecal oocyst were further assessed. Broiler chicks challenged with coccidiosis showed lower growth performance compared to non-challenged broiler chicks in grower and finisher periods; however, those fed diets containing 125 and 150 % arginine showed better growth performance compared to broiler chicks fed with 85 and100 % levels. The challenged broiler chicks showed higher concentrations for serum NO, lipid profile, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in comparison to uninfected ones. Nevertheless, adding arginine into diet at 125 and 150 % levels increased the levels of serum NO and decreased the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, higher levels of arginine caused anti-inflammatory effects in broiler chicks challenged with coccidiosis.

Exercise training and medicinal herb supplementation may improve microRNAs (miRNAs) expression associated with obesity. This study aimed to assess the effects of 10 weeks of aerobic training (AT) and dill extract (DE) on miR-33 and miR-223 expression of liver in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Forty male Wistar rats were fed a defined high-fat (n = 32) and standard (n = 8, nonobese control [NC]) diet. After obesity induction, obese rats were randomly allocated to four groups: AT, DE, AT + DE, and obese control (OC). Rats were euthanized and plasma and liver tissue samples were collected after the intervention. The liver expression of miR-33 was lower in the AT, DE, AT + DE, and NC groups compared with the OC group. Also, the liver miR-223 expression was higher in the AT, DE, AT + DE, and NC groups compared with the OC group. Moreover, the liver expression of miR-223 in the AT + DE group was higher compared with the AT and DE groups. The AT, DE, AT + DE, and NC groups had lower liver TC compared with the OC group. Also, the plasma level of apolipoprotein B (Apo B) was significantly lower, and liver HDL-C was significantly higher in the AT + DE and NC groups compared with the OC group. These findings show that long-term AT combined with the intake of DE may improve the plasma levels of Apo B, and TC and HDL-C levels in the liver, which is probably due to AT and DE positive effects on miR-33 and miR-223 in the liver of obese rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Aerobic training reduces overweight and obesity health problems, however, the duration and intensity of the exercise training distinguish between individuals. We used an integrated approach combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological as a medical strategy to prevent HFD-induced metabolic injury in obese rats. The present results discovered that a combination of AT + DE intervention improves the miR-33 and miR-223 in the liver of obese rats.

Background: Exercise training through various mechanisms leads to correct telomere homeostasis. The potential role of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to keep up the telomere length has not been recognized in skeletal muscle. Objectives: This study investigated the influence of eight weeks of HIIT with short-term interval (HIITSh) and long-term interval (HIITL), and four weeks of detraining on the regulation of some pathways maintaining telomere length in skeletal muscle. Methods: Fifty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into HIITSh, HIITL, and control groups. Rats were sacrificed after the end of the intervention (eight weeks of training and four weeks of detraining). Gastrocnemius muscle was collected, and telomerase activity, p53 protein, total oxidative status (TOS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were measured. Results: We found no change in telomerase activity, p53, TOS, and TAC levels in both HIIT groups compared to the control group (P > 0.05...

Camel milk (CM) has been found to have several health benefits, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-tumor, anti-fungal, antioxidant, hypoglycaemic and anti-cancer activities. In addition, CM can counter signs of aging and may be a useful naturopathic treatment for autoimmune diseases. The composition of CM varies with geographic origin, feeding conditions, seasonal and physiological changes, genetics and camel health status. In the present review, we collate the diverse scientific literature studying antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of CM and its bioactive compounds. The databases Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched until the end of September 2021 using the keywords: camel milk, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of CM in various inflammatory disorders was consistently reported to be through modulating inflammatory cells and mediators. The common anti-inflammatory bioactive components of CM s...

Background and Aims: Researchers have recently considered the impact of herbal supplements combined with exercise on weight control. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae consumption, and circuit resistance training (CRT) on lipid profile in overweight and obese middle-aged men. Materials and Methods: This was a single-blind, quasi-experimental, and applied study. The study population included 60 overweight and obese men in the age range of 30-55 years with a body mass index of more than 25 (kg/m2). The participants were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups of training plus spirulina (N=15); training plus placebo; spirulina; and Placebo. The intervention and placebo groups took two 500 mg spirulina capsules, and placebo capsules daily for eight weeks, respectively. The CRT was performed for eight weeks and three sessions per week based on a flexible timing pattern, with the observation of the principle of overload w...

Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are present on monocytes and alveolar macrophages that form the first line of defense against inhaled particles. The importance of those cells in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has well been documented. Cigarette smoke contains high concentration of oxidants which can stimulate immune cells to produce reactive oxygen species, cytokines and chemokines. Methods In this study, we evaluated the effects of cigarette smoke medium (CSM) on TLR4 expression and interleukin (IL)-8 production by human macrophages investigating the involvement of ROS. Results and Discussion TLR4 surface expression was downregulated on short term exposure (1 h) of CSM. The downregulation could be explained by internalization of the TLR4 and the upregulation by an increase in TLR4 mRNA. IL-8 mRNA and protein were also increased by CSM. CSM stimulation increased intracellular ROS-production and decreased glutathione (GSH) levels. The modula...

The major risk factor for the development of COPD is cigarette smoking. Smoking causes activation of resident cells and the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the lungs, which leads to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemotactic factors, oxygen radicals and proteases. In the present study evidence is found for a new cellular mechanism that refers to a link between smoking and inflammation in lungs. Employing human monocyte-derived macrophages, different techniques including FACS analysis, Cytometric Bead Array Assay and ELISA were achieved to evaluate the effects of CS on pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion including IL-8. Then, Toll-like receptor neutralization was performed to study the involvement of Toll-like receptor-4 in IL-8 production. Finally, signaling pathways in macrophages after exposure to CS medium were investigated performing ELISA and Western analysis. We demonstrate that especially human monocytes are sensitive to produce IL-8 upon cigarette smoke stimul...

Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major health problem and will become the third largest cause of death in the world by 2020. It is currently believed that an exaggerated inflamma-tory response to inhaled irritants, in particular, cigarette smoke (CS), causes the progressive air-flow limitation, in which macrophages and neutro-phils are attracted by chemokines, leading to oxi-dative stress, emphysema, small airways fibrosis, and mucus hypersecretion. Smoking is also associ-ated with an increase in mast cell numbers in bron-chial mucosa. This study was conducted to deter-mine the direct effects of CS on mast cell function, using murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) as an in vitro model. BMMC were cultured from BALB/cBy mice for 3 weeks. Cells were treated with CS medium (CSM) for 30 min or 16 h. The effects of CSM on mast cell degranulation and chemokine production were measured. Moreover, we investigated the effect of CSM on IB- degra-dation and p38, Erk1/...

Introduction:Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) acts as the main factor in the occurrence of atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to investigate the response of ICAM-1to exhaustive submaximal exercise and its correlation with maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage (BF %) and calories burned during exercise (CB) in healthy men. Materials and methods:Thirteen healthy men (mean ± standard deviation: age 23 ± 3 years, weight 78 ± 4 kg, height 180 ± 4 cm) cooperated in this quasi-experimental study and performed a single bout of exhaustive submaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer. Blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein before and immediately after exercise. Data were analyzed using the paired sample t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient (α=0.05). Results:Exhaustive submaximal exercisehad no significant effect on serum sICAM-1. Also, there were no significant correlati...

Aims: Exercise training is one of the methods used in cardiac rehab.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of six weeks of continuous training with Ziziphus Jujube extract consumption on lipocalin-2 and adiponectin levels in plasma and heart tissue in rats with myocardial infraction. Materials & Methods: 30 male Wistar rats weighing 180 320 gr, aged 2-3 months, were randomly divided into 5 groups of 6 each: 1. Healthy control, 2. Infarction control, 3. Infarction + Jujube extract, 4. Infarction +Continuous aerobic exercise, 5. Infarction +Continuous aerobic exercise + Jujube extract. The training program lasted for 5 days per week for 6 weeks and speed of 16 m/min for 40 min per day. The Ziziphus jujube extract was gavaged 400 mg / kg for 6 weeks. In the end, the rats were anesthetized and blood samples were taken from heart tissue. The levels of lipocalin 2 and adiponectin were measured using the appropriate kits and ELISA method and the statistical analysis was conducte...

Background: Consumption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated products can pose a risk of development of various diseases in human and animals due to radical production. The scope of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of milk thistle seed (MTS), as a radical scavenger, on serum biochemistry, lipid profile and liver enzymes against AFB1 in broiler chickens contaminated with AFB1. Materials and Methods: The effect of nine experimental treatments (3 × 3 factorial design) was assessed using 216 one-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks in a randomized complete design with four replicates of six birds for each dietary treatments: Control (T1), 250 ppb AFB1 (T2), 500 ppb AFB1 (T3), 0.5% MTS (T4), 0.5% MTS Plus 250 ppb AFB1 (T5), 0.5% MTS Plus 500 ppb AFB1 (T6), 1.0% MTS (T7), 1.0% MTS Plus 250 ppb AFB1 (T8), and 1.0% MTS Plus 500 ppb AFB1 (T9). The individual and combined effects of dietary AFB1 and MTS on serum biochemistry factors (Glucose, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Creatinine, and Uric ...

Background: Aflatoxin-contaminated feed cause mortality, suppression of the immune system, reduced growth rates and losses in feed efficiency. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of different levels of sodium bentonite (SB), Silybummarianum seeds (SMS) and their combination for reducing the adverse effects of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in broiler chicks. Materials and Methods: 224 male Ross 308 broiler chicks in a completely randomized design based on factorial experiment (2 × 2 × 2) with 2 levels AFB (0and 500ppb), 2 levels SMS (0 and 0.5%) and 2 levels SB (0 and 0.5%) with 8 treatments, 4 replicates and 7 chickens per each were used from one to 24 days age. Results: The results showed that compared with the control group, diets contaminated with AFB 1 increased the aminotransferase (AST) and gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT) but decreased serum total protein (TP) and Albumin significantly (P≤0.05). SB with AFB caused a significant decrease in serum AST and lactate dehydroge...

Background: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of 6-week interval and Continuous training with Zizphus Vulgaris Extract supplementation on the hippocampus’s BDNF male Wistar rats. Methods: Among 36 male rats (250-350 gr), randomly after adjusting the body weight, 6 rats were separated as the control group. 30 rats were divided into 5 groups: Continuous group (n=6), Interval group (n=6), Continuous with Zizphus Vulgaris Extract group (n=6), Interval with Zizphus Vulgaris Extract group (n=6) and Zizphus Vulgaris Extract group (n=6). The training groups completed 8 weeks of the training program, 5 days/week according to protocol. The Endurance Continuous protocol includes running exercise on a treadmill for, 10 m/min, 10 min/day to up 16 m/min, 40 min/ day. Endurance Interval protocol includes running exercise on a treadmill for, 5*4 min, with intensity 10 m/min to up 23 m/min, 52 min/ day.  The Zizphus Vulgaris Extract group, every 6 weeks, each rat consumed 400 mg/kg.day ...

هنيمز فده و : ييوراد ناهايگ زا هدافتسا ، ب ه اونع نامرد ن ّثؤم و ملاس نيزگياج ياه يمومسم و يمسيلگرپياه رد ر يدبك ت رظن رد يم هتفرگ دوش ؛ تيلاعف تبثم تارثا هب هجوت اب نينچمه ررب فده اب رضاح هعلاطم ،يتبايد ناراميب رب يشزرو ياه رثا يس 6 هتفه و هنب هراصع فرصم لينوبرك نيئتورپ حطس رب يزاوه نيرمت (PC) كوش نيئتورپ ، ييامرگ 70 ) 70 HSP ( دبك تفاب نژوكيلگ و شوم دش ماجنا يتبايد ياه . شور قيقحت : نيا رد هعلاطم دادعت ،يبرجت 40 راتسيو داژن رن ييارحص شوم رس ، هورگ رد ياه : ،ملاس لرتنك يتبايد لرتنك ) نيسوتوزوتپرتسا mg/kg 40 ( يتبايد ، يتبايد ،يزاوه نيرمت تحت هدش تفايرد هدش ع هدننك نب هراص و ه هورگ يتبايد نيرمت تحت هدش تفايرد و يزاوه دنتفرگ رارق هنب هراصع هدننك . لماش ينيرمت همانرب 6 نادرگ راون يور يزاوه نيرمت هتفه ) 5 ره ،هتفه رد هسلج هسلج 40 تعرس اب هقيقد 20 بيش و هقيقد رد رتم 5 دصرد ( دوب . زود اب زين هنب هراصع mg/kg 25 هب ژاواگ تروص ) 5 رد زور هتفه ( دش هدناروخ . 48 شوم ،ينيرمت هسلج نيرخآ زا سپ تعاس يب اه تفاب و دندش شوه دبك دش ادج . حطس PC ، 70 HSP نژوكيلگ و يدبك ، هب شور گنر و ازيلاا ياه دندش...

Background: Hepatotoxicity by acetaminophen is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in many countries. Prosopis farcta beans extract (PFE) has some antioxidant property and may alleviate hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate effects of PFE against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats weighing 220 ± 30 g were distributed into six groups. Two groups were pretreated with PFE (50 and 75 mg/kg) for 7 days before administration of acetaminophen (600 mg/kg). Two were given acetaminophen or PFE (50 and 75 mg/kg) alone, and the control received normal saline. One day after acetaminophen, administration blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture to determine liver function enzymes markers; aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high, low, and very low density lipoproteins (LDL and VLDL). Results: In acetaminophen-treated rat plasma AST (314 ± ...

The loss of dopamine-secreting cells and the decrease in the status of antioxidant is associated with incidents of Parkinson's disease. The purpose of the present study was to determine the protective effect of a 12weeks voluntary wheel running (VWR) along with the injection of eriobotrya japonica flower extract (EJFE, 200 mg/kg body weight, 3 days a week) on cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the cerebral cortex of a rat model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). To do so, the rats were trained for 12 weeks with and without EJFE prior to the induction of Parkinson. In order to obtain the Parkinsonian model, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (5 μL) was injected intracerebrally. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by LSD post-hoc test (P < 0.05). 6-OHDA injection significantly decreased the CDNF contents, and SOD activity while it increased MDA levels in cerebral cortex of the Parkinsoni...

Background: Diabetes is considered as one of the health problems in all societies. Exercise training and herbal medicines are some approaches to improve diabetes. The present study investigated the effect of a six weeks exercise training program and/or Pistacia atlantica (mastic) extract on thyroid hormones and lipid profile as well as antidiabetic effects in diabetic rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: Healthy control (Ctrl), diabetic control (D), Diabetic + exercise (DE), Diabetic + mastic extract (DM) and Diabetic + exercise + mastic extract (DEM). The six-week period exercise program included aerobic training on a treadmill (five sessions per week, 40 minutes per each session, with a speed of 20 m/min and 5% incline). Pistacia atlantica extract was fed 5 days per week (25 mg/kg). Forty eight hours after the last training session, the level of T3, T4, triglyceride, cholesterol and HDL were assessed. Results:Triglyceride levels in DEM grou...

Introduction: Obesity is a chronic disease and is a known risk factor for development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and its risk can be independently decreased through lifestyle modification. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of endurance training and hydroalcoholic extract of dill on biochemical cardiovascular risk factors in obese male rats. Materials and methods: Thirty-two obese male rats (weighing 350-400 g) with aged 12 weeks were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=8) including endurance training (ETr: 10 weeks, 5 sessions per week at 75%VO2max), dill extract (DEx: 300 mg/kg body weight via gavage), endurance training+dill extract (ETr+DEx), and control (Ct). Eight rats (weighing 240-280 g) were also in the non-obese control (NCt) group. Fasting plasma lipid concentration was measured 48 hours after the last intervention session. Data were analyzed with one way ANOVA at P < 0.05 significance. Results: The result showed a significant increase in the ...

Background: This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of milk thistle seeds (MTSs) in counteracting the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in a contaminated diet fed to broilers. Methods: Two dietary inclusion rates of AFB1 (0, 0.250 and 500 ppb) and MTS (0, 0.5 and 1%) were tested in a 3×3 factorial manner. The effect of nine experimental treatments was assessed using 216 one-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks in a randomized complete design with 4 replicates of 6 birds each from one to 21 days of age. The effects of dietary AFB1 and MTS on serum biochemistry factors, antibody titer against Newcastle disease (ND) and influenza disease (ID) in broilers were evaluated at the end of this period. Results: Statistical analysis of the main effects of diets indicated no significant changes in uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), ID, and phosphorus compared to the control (P>0.01). Also, addition of 500 ppb of dietary AFB1 into the diet was as...

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effects of grape (Vitis vinifera) pomace, GP, on growth performance, blood metabolites, immunity, antioxidant status, and intestinal morphology of heat-stressed broiler chickens. A total of 250 1-d-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five treatment groups, with 5 replicates (n = 10). A group was raised at comfort temperatures (thermoneutral) and fed basal diet throughout the study. The other four groups were raised at comfort temperatures until d 24 and then subjected to a heat stress (HS), 37 ± 1 °C and 55% relative humidity, for 6 h from d 25 to 42. They fed diets containing 0, 20, 40, and 60 g GP / kg diet for 42 days. The results showed that GP inclusion linearly increased the feed intake during the starter and grower periods (P = 0.044 and P = 0.023, respectively). Furthermore, dietary GP linearly reduced the blood concentration of triglycerides (P = 0.047), cholesterol (P = 0.007), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL, P = 0.001), and enzyme activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST, P = 0.002), but increased the blood concentration high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.001) and total protein (P = 0.014) concentrations at d 24. Heat stress impaired the growth performance of broiler chickens. Heat-stressed broiler chickens showed lower carcass efficiency (P = 0.031), breast (P = 0.033), thigh and drumstick (P = 0.003), abdominal fat (P = 0.001), bursa of Fabricius (P = 0.001), and thymus (P = 0.0001) relative weight. The blood protein concentration (P = 0.006), and antibody titer against sheep red blood cells (SRBC, P = 0.002) were lower in heat stressed-birds compared with the thermoneutral broiler chickens. It also decreased the erythrocyte activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx, P = 0.047) and superoxide dismutase (SOD, P = 0.004), jejunal villus height (P = 0.011), and villus height to crypt depth ratio (P = 0.008). However, HS increased the relative weights of liver (P = 0.001), pancreas (P = 0.001), gallbladder (P = 0.008), and heart (P = 0.022). The HS also increased blood activity of AST (P = 0.003) and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA, P = 0.02) as compared to thermoneutral condition. Dietary GP did not affect the growth performance, antibody titer against SRBC, relative length of different small intestine segments, and jejunal morphology indices in heat-stressed broiler chickens. However, GP inclusion increased the thigh and drumstick (quadratic, P = 0.04), bursa (linear, P = 0.049), and thymus (linear, P = 0.014) percentages, but linearly reduced that of abdominal fat (P = 0.001). Grape pomace inclusion linearly reduced the plasma concentration of cholesterol (P = 0.003) and LDL (P = 0.01) at d 42. Dietary GP linearly decreased the plasma MDA (P = 0.036) concentration, while linearly increased the GPx and SOD activities (P = 0.0001). Overall, based on the estimates from the regression models, the optimal dietary GP level would be 51.7 g / kg for heat-stressed broiler chickens.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary nanoselenium supplementation at 0, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg of diet on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and jejunal morphology of 29-d-old male broilers subjected to heat stress at 37 ± 1°C for 14 d. Broilers were fed for 42 d on the experimental diets. The results showed that nanoselenium supplementation had no effect on growth performance, but it supplementation at the rate of 1.2 mg/kg diet decreased the serum concentration of cholesterol prior to the heat exposure. Further, dietary nanoselenium supplementation linearly increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, while linearly decreased those of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and aspartate aminotransferase in the serum before applying heat stress. Compared with thermoneutral temperature, heat stress reduced body mass gain, feed intake, percentages of carcass, breast, leg, abdominal fat, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, antibody response against sheep red blood cells, serum concentration of protein, erythrocyte activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, jejunal villus height, and villus height to crypt depth ratio, while increased feed conversion ratio, percentages of liver, gizzard, pancreas, gallbladder, heart, and the concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and malondialdehyde. Dietary supplementation of nanoselenium linearly reduced the abdominal fat and liver percentages, while linearly increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase and villus height in heat-stressed broilers. Furthermore, the lower level of nanoselenium decreased the percentages of gizzard and heart in broilers under heat stress. The diet supplemented with 1.2 mg/kg nanoselenium improved feed conversion ratio and increased antibody response against sheep red blood cells, activity of superoxide dismutase, and villus height to crypt depth ratio, but decreased the serum concentrations of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and malondialdehyde in heat-stressed broilers. The results suggest that supplemental nanoselenium improved growth performance, internal organs health, immune response, and jejunal morphology by alleviating the oxidative stress induced by heat stress.

The present study evaluated the effect of vitamin C on alteration in thyroid hormones induced by short-term acute heat stress. Eight male lambs were divided into two groups of 4 animals each. Both groups were placed in an environment with hyper-acute heat stress based on the temperature – humidity index (THI). Groups I and II were injected intramuscularly normal saline and vitamin C (20 mg/kg), respectively, for the first five consecutive days of the experiment. All lambs were fed ad libitum. Blood samples were collected from both groups on days one, two, four, six and eight. Thyroxine and free thyroxine numerically increased (91.03 vs. 70.78 nmol L-1, P=0.080 and 29.8 vs. 24.8 pmol L-1, P=0.080; respectively) in heat stressed lambs supplemented with vitamin C compared to control group. Respiration rates and heart rates were elevated until day five of the experiment and then decreased. Mechanism for increasing the levels of thyroxine and free thyroxine by vitamin C is not well known...