Medical Laboratory Sciences

Simple, quick guide and note collection, allowing complementary medicine students and beginners to grasp the basics of Complete Blood Count laboratory analysis and Hematology. Information is presented, summarized and explained in a concise way, accompanied by easily understandable images and graphs.

The guide also contains notes on relevant Chinese medicine peer-reviewed research, as well as western medical and scientific papers and sources making it a perfect source, since it is not exclusively Chinese medicine-oriented, and can be useful to complementary medicine students and practitioners from various and distinct fields of research.

A useful starter's guide and research source, for both students and complementary medicine practitioners.

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is the most common cause of mortality in women with vaginal or cesarean delivery. WHO statistics shows that about 500 thousands women have died of complications related to pregnancy or during childbirth in 2013. haemorrhage probability is the main reason to order blood requests in delivery and cesarean units. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ratio of cross-matched to transfused blood in pregnant women during one year before and after the implementation of health reform program. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective descriptive study, the requests of blood reserves for pregnant patients with the gravid of 34±7 weeks and the age of 30±16 years old in two periods, before and after the implementation of health reform program were being collected and compared. Blood group antiserums and anti-human globulins with bovine albumins were purchased from LORN company and Baharafshan Company respectively. Results: The total number of requests ...

Background: The prevalence of obesity is on the rise and it"s now widely recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney diseases and other metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus type 2. The aim of this study is to know the relationship between body mass index (BMI) in respect to glucose and creatinine clearance in the body. Materials and Methods: The mean age for the males was 25±7 years while the mean age for the females were 24±5years. The proportion of study population that was overweight and obese was 21.1% and 26.3% respectively. Result and Discussion: The mean plasma creatinine (male, 120.29±22.14; female, 87.96±16.92; p=0.000) and WHR (male, 0.84±0.039; female, 0.81±0.6; p= 0.003) were all significantly higher in males when compared with that of the females. In the present study, the plasma creatinine level of obese subjects appeared to be insignificantly correlated with BMI and MUAC. BMI showed an insignificant but a negative correlation with plasma creatinine levels in female obese subjects whereas it showed a positive correlation in male obese subjects. However there was no correlation between fasting glucose level of obese female students and their BMI (r=-0.03, p= 0.921) but fasting glucose level was observed to be positively and insignificantly correlated with MUAC (r= 0.236, p= 0.437). The relationship was negatively and weakly correlated among the male subjects (BMI; r=-0.244, p= 0.756 and MUAC; r=-0.213 and p= 0.787). Conclusion: This study shows that obesity is more correlated with plasma creatinine level than fasting glucose level and can be a predictor of kidney damage. When considering the entire subjects, the mean values of fasting glucose in gender were similar and insignificant.

Background: The insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) has an important role in insulin signaling pathways in the target tissue of obese or insulin-resistant individuals. This study aimed to assess the effect of resistance training on fasting glucose, insulin resistance, and IRS-1 gene expression in gastrocnemius muscle in male Wister rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and Methods: For this purpose, T2D induced by high- fat diet (8 weeks) and STZ in fourteen male Wistar rats (220 ± 10 g) and then assigned into exercise (resistance training, 8 weeks, 5 days/weekly, n = 7) and control (no-training, n = 7) by randomly. Fasting blood samples were obtained for measuring glucose, insulin, and calculating insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).  Also, the IRS-1 gene expression in gastrocnemius muscle was measured 48 hours after the last training session of both cases and controls. Results: Compared to control, IRS-1 gene expression in gastrocnemius muscle increased significantly by resistance ...

کابینت های ایمنی زیستی ( )BSCsفضاهای کاری محصور با هود تهویه هستند که به منظور نگهداری
میکروارگانیسم های بیماریزا در طی فرآیندهای میکروبیولوژیکی طراحی شده است.
هدف اصلی کابینت های ایمنی زیستی محافظت از پرسنل آزمایشگاه و محیط زیست در برابر میکروارگانیسم
بیماریزا است زیرا ممکن است در هنگام کار با چنین میکروارگانیسم هایی ، آئروسل ها ایجاد شوند. این ها فقط
برای موجودات خاص گروه خطر و برای فرآیندهایی که ممکن است منجر به تشکیل آئروسل شوند استفاده می
شود.

There has been complain of dizziness and fainting after blood donation especially by first time donors in Jos metropolis. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate any variation between concentration of glucose before and immediately after blood donation. Ethical approval and written informed consent were obtained from the institution and subjects respectively. Thirty (30) volunteer blood donors were studied and the On Call Plus glucometer (Acon Labs, USA) was used to determine the blood sugar levels. The difference in blood glucose concentration (Random Blood Sugar) in subjects before (106.20±18.13) and after (103.13±15.74) blood donation was not statistically significant (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the pre-blood donation random Blood Sugar based on gender [male (109.00±21.46) and female (103.00±13.46)]. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the post blood donation random Blood Sugar level [male (110.00±18.76) and female (95.28±4.74) (p<0.05). There is no significant difference in glucose level (Random Blood Sugar) before blood donation based on age [20-29 years (100.16±13.98), 30-39 years (95.00±4.12), 40-49 years (129.71±12.89)] (p>0.05). There was a significant difference after blood donation at (p<0.05) as age 40-49 years had the highest level of sugar (126.28±16.74) when compared to age 20-29 years (96.11±5.88) and 30-39 years (96.00±2.73). The study reveals that there is no significant variation in the glucose concentration (Random Blood Sugar) in subjects before and immediately after blood donation. There was a significant difference in the post donation blood sugar level between male and female. The pre donation blood sugar level is significantly higher among older (40-49 years) blood donors. There is need for adequate care and monitoring of particularly younger and female donors. Blood donors should be adequately cared for and thoroughly observed during and after blood donation as they may have reduced sugar levels after donation which may lead to dizziness or fainting. Blood donors should be medically checked adequately before voluntary blood donation.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Different biomarkers have been investigated for the diagnosis of diabetes pathogenesis or its complications. There are also reports regarding an increased level of anti-HSP27 antibodies in atherogenesis. We aimed to evaluate serum anti-heat shock protein 27 antibodies level in subjects with diabetes mellitus and undiagnosed individuals.  Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 6447 MASHAD study subjects, including four groups with diabetes mellitus (n=610), undiagnosed diabetes (n=162), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (n=619) and normal (n=5056) subjects. Demographic and anthropometric data were obtained from all participants. Fasting serum glucose (FSG) and other parameters were measured. In-house enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay method was used for measuring Anti-HSP27 antibodies levels. Results: There were significant differences in weight (p=0.034), body mass index, ...

Radiocontrast-induced thyroid dysfunction prevalence has not been assessed accurately. It is greater among patients with pre-existing thyroid disease. Aim of this work to investigate effect of iodinated radiographic contrast media used in coronary angiography on the thyroid function in euthyroid patients. This study was conducted on 85 patients underwent elective coronary angiography. Baseline assessment of Free Thyroxine (FT4) and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) for the patients and three months later after Coronary Angiography. We observed that there was a statistically significant increase of TSH levels from baseline till 3 months following administration of contrast media (P-value=0.007). However, there was no statistical significant difference of Free T4 level from baseline till 3 (P-value=0.765). The incidence of increased TSH above normal range was 2.4% after 3 months ( 2 subclinical hypothyroidism cases). We noticed that there were no effect of age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, type of contrast, creatinine level or GFR on increased the level of TSH above normal value after 3 months. So, administration of Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM) associated with thyroid dysfunction mainly subclinical hypothyroidism so we should closely monitor patients after receiving ICM especially who have thyroid dysfunction.

The microbiological assessment of Garri, sold in two different markets in Benin City metropolis, was carried out using the pour plate technique. The mean total count ranged from 15.0 to 29.4 × 104 cfu/g in Oba market and Santana market respectively. A total of six organisms were identified in Santana Market samples while a total of ten probable organisms were identified from Oba market sample, using their morphological characteristics on Nutrient Agar plate. The use of hygienic packaging by producers and retailers in Benin City, is highly recommended to ensure food safety and consumer protection.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is major public health threat throughout the world, particularly among people living in low income nations like Nepal. It is a steroid hormone, vital for asserting calcium homeostasis and optimizing bone health. Decreased concentrations of vitamin D result in changes in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, secondary hyperparathyroidism, bone loss, osteoporosis, and an increase in fracture risk. Vitamin D deficiency is determined as a level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D reduces to less than 25ng per milliliter. The aim of this study was to review the vitamin D condition and population-based occurrence of vitamin D deficiency, in western region of Nepal, in adult. A secondary aim was to examine determinants of vitamin D deficiency and its occurrence by gender, ethnicity and other demographic factors within this population.

Methods: A cross sectional laboratory based experimental study was done in total of 2158 subjects (19-60yrs) who visited United Reference Laboratory from 20th July, 2014 to 17th December, 2015. Data were collected on subjects from that days visit, including age, sex, self -declared ethnicity and place where they live. Determination of vitamin D was performed in serum of subjects in fully automated Cobas e411 analyzer. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20.0 software.

Results: Out of 2158 subjects (692 male, 1466 female), 1590 (73.68%) had vitamin D deficiency, whereas only 568 (26.32%) had optimum level of vitamin D. Females were more deficient than male by 5.29% (P=0.016). Deficiency of vitamin D was found significant in all season, but deficiency percentage increases during winter (81.62%) and spring (88.82%) as compared to autumn (57.07%) and summer (70.39%) (P=0.00). It was found that Brahmins were significantly more deficient of vitamin D as compared to other ethnic group (P=0.00).

Conclusion: There is high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in 73.68% of working adult population of Western Region of Nepal. This finding evinces that vitamin D deficiency is significantly associated with gender, season, and ethnicity variable.

Keywords: Cobas e411, Ethnicity, Gender, Season, 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D]

Every platelet has natural proteins on its surface. This is well known as human platelet antigen. The human
leucocytes antigens are integral to the platelet membrane and next to ABO system which possess chief barrier to
transplantation by the presentation of antigenic peptides T cells. Both the human platelet and leucocytes antigens
(HPLA) are highly polymorphic glycoprotein encoded on the different arms of the chromosome. The human leucocytes
antigen (HLA) expression is especially high on leucocytes because of their easily availability, and lymphocytes are
used to identify the types. The most important function of the HLA molecule is in the induction, regulation of immune
responses and in the selection of T cell repertoire. Also the HLA are effective stimulators, graft versus host disease
(GVHD) and graft rejection. Moreover, subsets of HLA B27 and B57 are strongly associated with slow progression
of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This review highlights the human platelet and leucocytes antigens,
its importance in antenatal screening, transfusion and in health and diseases.

Laboratory science fostered a novel paradigm which assured the verifiability and reproducibil-ity of knowledge underpinning biological phenomena. It also brought about the emergence of exactness and precision into the clinical practice of medicine. However, a number of ethical issues arise in its theory and praxis generally and in its application in the sphere of medicine. This entry engages some of the associated moral quandaries in terms of the nature of laboratory science as well as how it is put to use in the healthcare context. It also examines some of the attendant global ethical dimensions.

Background: Vegetables in nature are very important sources of nutrients to the body, which plays a fundamental role in homeostasis. Aim: Commercially traded vegetables in the metropolitan city of Akure market were analyzed by means of sedimentation method with the view to discovering and identifying protozoan cyst and ova of helminthes of medical interest. Materials and Methods: The vegetables consisted of 15 samples of each of the varieties from the 3 different markets in Akure listed below. Arowojeja tete (Amaranthus hybridus), Gbure (Water leaf) (Talinum triangulare), Soko (Celosia argentea) and Ugu (Telfairia occidentalis). Results: There were high rates of contamination in all the varieties of vegetables analyzed except Ugu leaf (Telfairia occidentalis). However, the water leaf (Talinum triangulare) was the one which presented the highest frequencies of parasites. The Soko leaf (Celosia argentea) recorded the least whereas the Ugu leaf had no parasites discovered in the varieties analyzed. Discussion and Conclusion: The parasites which occur frequently in the population is from Ojo Oba. The most frequent being ova of Ascaris lumbricoides (51.9%), ova of Hookworm (26%), Cyst of Entamoeba histolytica (18.5%) and eggs of Enterobius vermicularis is least (3.7%) were also recovered from the samples, thus corroborating the occurrence of high rates of feacal contamination. The results were analyzed using % and CHI Square method which shows that there is no significant difference between the numbers of parasites in the varieties of vegetables in the three markets.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Background: Diabetes mellitus poses a serious health challenge worldwide and there has been an increased awareness for self-monitoring and point of care testing. There are different methods to determine blood glucose levels and glucometers have been of help to improve turnaround time. Comparison of glucose result by spectrophotometer method and glucometer was done in this study. Materials and Methods: 200 subjects male and female ages 20 and above were tested using methods involvingglucometer and spectrophotometer. Result: 185(92.5%) has glucose level (random blood sugar) within normal range,15(7.5%) above normal range by spectrophotometer while 180 (90.0%) showed glucose level within normal range and 20(10.0%) above normal range by glucometer using Normal range as 3.5-11.0mMol/L. Statistical comparison of blood glucose result by the two methods using students't-test showed significant difference (P<0.05). Correlation analysis of the two methods shows strong correlation which is significant at P<0.01. Conclusion: The study established the fact that there is a significant difference between blood glucose result obtained from spectrometric method and glucometer but there is a strong correlation in glucose estimation.

Abstract
Today’s business environment is very dynamic and undergoes rapid changes as  result of technologies information, increased awareness and demands from customers business organization, especially the banking industry of the 21st century operates in a complete and competitive environment characterized by these changing conditions and highly unpredictable economic climate. Information and communication technology ICT is at the centre of the global change curve. Loudon and Loudon (1991) centered that managers cannot ignore information system because they play a critical role in contemporary organization .They point out that the entire cash flow of most fortune 500 companies is linked of information systems.
The application of information and communication technology concepts techniques,policies and implementation strategies to banking service has become a subject of fundamental importance and concern to all bank and indeed aprerequiste for local and global competitiveness.ICT directly affects high managers decided, how they plan and what products and service are offered in the banking industry. It has continued to change the very banks and their co-operative relationship are organized worldwide and the variety of innovative devices available to enhance the speed and glorify of services delivery.

This study is aimed at identifying the place of parent teacher association in the administration of schools in Esan West Local Government Area of Edo state. The instrument used for collection of data or information in this research is mainly the questionnaire. The research question was administered to four respond selected randomly in Esan West Local Government Areas of Edo State. To test in validity of the stated hypothesis from their response, it was discovered that many of the respondents of this research is as result of knowing how important the PTA in the society. Some findings were made in this research, which in the school to develop the place of parents teacher association in Nigeria.

Incorrect tooth placement and arbitrary shaping of the polished surfaces may have an adverse effect on the success of the prosthesis. This is particularly true for patients with reduced mandibular residual ridges, yielding flat or concave foundations due to severe bone resorption.The neutral zone technique is an alternative technique for the construction of complete dentures with severely resorbed ridges. It is the most effective method for the management of lower denture instability. The technique is by no means new but is a valuable practical approach to clinicians.

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme established by the Federal Government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skill and practical experience in their approved course of study and also to prepare students for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation. This technical report is based on the experiences gained during my four months of Industrial Training at Orile Agege General Hospital, Lagos State.
This report highlights how patients are being managed and also the several test carried out for patients such as: Full Blood Count (FBC), Packed Cell Volume(PCV),White Blood Cell Count, Differential Count, Stool Examination, Microfilaria, Widal  (Typhoid test), Genotype, HIV, e.t.c. I was opportuned to work in five (5) sections which are Phlebotomy Section, Hematology/Immunohematology Section, Serology Section, Clinical Microbiology Section, and Chemical Pathology Section. These sections have exposed me to the precautions, rules and regulations of the laboratory, how to diagnose patients and how the tests are being analysed.
Most importantly, it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of the training, it also stated the problems encountered and also gave suggestion for improvement of the scheme.

Respond to each numbered item in the short list here as either True or False for you. A “True” response may identify a potential area for training. Reflect on whether an item identifies a problem or issue in the way you manage your anger. Anger requires boundaries, and a moral value (e.g. OK or not OK) can be assigned to ways of expressing anger.

Background: Medical laboratory request forms are important medium of communication between the physicians and the medical laboratory
practitioners. The request form provides demographic information of the patients as well as clinical conditions, clinician, specimen information
and the targeted laboratory. Inability of the physician to indicate any of the information mentioned above could pose a negative effect in accurate
definitive diagnosis of the patients’ disease which could affect proper treatment or management.
Aim of study: The study seeks to assess the level of completeness of patients request forms in Jos University Teaching Hospital.
Study volunteers and methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 4,310 in and out Patients request forms as filled by the physician
and sent to four laboratory departments of the hospital between the period of January and July 2017 having gotten Ethical clearance from the ethical
committee of the teaching hospital.
Results: The result of the findings revealed that from the 4310 request forms assessed, patient’ demographic information, recorded 20.9%,
17.2%, 14.9%, 1.3%, 0.9% and 0.0% incomplete rate for age, ward, department, hospital number, sex and name of the patient respectively. Patients’
clinical information revealed 54.7% and 8.0% incomplete rate for patients’ clinical data and provisional diagnosis respectively. For Clinician
information, incomplete rate of 54.7%, 17.8% and 8.2% was recorded for signature of the doctor, name of doctor and the consultant respectively. On
specimen information, an incomplete rate of 98.2%, 9.0%, 7.6% and 2.9% was observed for time of specimen collection, date, nature of specimen
and investigation required respectively. On targeted laboratory, the study recorded an incomplete rate of 8.6%. The result also show that from all the
4310 request form assessed, none is 100% completely filled.
Conclusion: This study reveals incomplete filling of medical laboratory request forms in JUTH. There is the need to adhere to International
Standard Organization guidelines in filling the laboratory request forms for a better patient care and improvement of quality since most decision are
taken by the physician or the nurse depends on medical laboratory results.

Background: Familial high blood cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) is a common disease that involves many complications for patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs (Gemfibrozil and Atorvastatin) on the level of serum Vitamin D. Materials and methods: In this study, the 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were evaluated in 65 women between 30-55 years of age. After receiving drug information of patients, cholesterol-lowering medication; Gemfibrozil and Atorvastatin were prescribed by a specialist, then vitamin D and cholesterol levels were measured following 9 month treatment. Also 30 patients consumed vitamin D supplements plus medicine regularly. Results: In the first stage, vitamin D levels in subjects are quite normal but their cholesterol levels were higher than normal. In the second stage, vitamin D levels were measured after 9 months use of Gemfibrozil and Atorvastatin. Accordingly, cholesterol levels decreased significantly due to t...

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Phyllanthus amarus (PA) leaf extract on serum lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic albino wistar rats. A total of 30 albino wistar rats each weighing 100g were assembled and divided into 3 groups (A-C) consisting of 10 rats. Group A received PA treatment, B was without PA treatment while group C served as the control group. 400mg/kg of aqueous extract of PA leaf was administered orally to the rats in group A but not in group B while group C received only water for 7 days. Blood samples were collected into plain containers for estimation of biochemical parameters (TC, TG, LDL and HDL) respectively. Serum TC, TG, LDL and HDL were analyzed using standard methods respectively. There was a significant decrease in the mean serum level of TC (2.10±0.11 vs 2.6±0.16; p=0.000), TG (0.55±0.03 vs 0.61±0.04; p=0.000) and LDL (1.07±0.03 vs 1.53±0.06; p=0.000) whereas the mean serum level of HDL was significantly raised after PA administration (0.77±0.09 vs 0.72±0.06; p=0.000). Again, the result shows a significant decrease in the mean weight of the subjects after PA administration (98.80±1.03 s 119.40±1.17; p= 0.000). This study revealed hypolipidemic as well as anti-obesity effects of PA use. Therefore, PA use could be of importance in prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases and obesity in patients.