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Chemistry has its fair share of visual appeal, and for those who combine their chemical expertise with shipwreck conservation, nothing is quite as captivating as a bronze apothecary's mortar.
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Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of corrosion of metals. It describes the general factors that influence metal corrosion. Over the years, there have been numerous studies on the rates of corrosion of metals in seawater.... more
Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of corrosion of metals. It describes the general factors that influence metal corrosion. Over the years, there have been numerous studies on the rates of corrosion of metals in seawater. From various studies, it is now possible to identify the major factors that affect metal corrosion on shipwrecks. These factors are metal composition, water composition, temperature, marine growth, seabed composition, position of objects in relation to other shipwreck components, depth of burial beneath the seabed, and extent of water movement. The combined effect of all these complex and often interrelated factors is that each object must be considered individually when attempting to evaluate its corrosion history or when considering its recovered condition.
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The SS Xantho steam engine presented the single biggest conservation problem I've had to solve. After 25 years of conservation work, the engine was reassembled and is able to be turned over after 112 years of immersion in seawater.
Research Interests: Engineering and Afterlife
The assessment and treatment of a massive gilded bronze statue on top of the state parliament in Wisconsin, USA, by one of my conservation colleagues is a wonderful tale of creative thinking and innovation that is typical of the problems... more
The assessment and treatment of a massive gilded bronze statue on top of the state parliament in Wisconsin, USA, by one of my conservation colleagues is a wonderful tale of creative thinking and innovation that is typical of the problems that applied chemists overcome each day. The sculpture was made by Chester French (1850-1931) and had been subjected to various conservation treatments since 1914 when it was first unveiled.
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ABSTRACT Marine corrosion has significant economic impacts globally. Marine rust on carbon steel in Western Australia was investigated to determine the importance of various microorganisms in corrosion. Microorganisms were imaged,... more
ABSTRACT Marine corrosion has significant economic impacts globally. Marine rust on carbon steel in Western Australia was investigated to determine the importance of various microorganisms in corrosion. Microorganisms were imaged, identified and enumerated by pyrosequencing. The base of tubercles was anaerobic. Pyrosequencing demonstrated the presence of diverse bacteria and archaea. However, the dominant group were methanogenic archaea, representing 53.5% of all sequences. One methanogenic species, Methanococcus maripaludis, comprised 31% of sequences, and can significantly increase corrosion rates by extracting electrons directly from steel. Methanogenic archaea may be significant contributors to marine corrosion of carbon steel.
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A series of eleven commemorative 1911 coronation medals struck in Western Australia and manufactured by Stokes & Company were studied using corrosion potential measurements in 0.1 M sodium chloride to test for debasement of the... more
A series of eleven commemorative 1911 coronation medals struck in Western Australia and manufactured by Stokes & Company were studied using corrosion potential measurements in 0.1 M sodium chloride to test for debasement of the medals. The falling values of Ecorr indicated that there were a significant number of defects in the surface of the silver medallions and that the different end voltages indicated that the core composition of the medals was not the same. The lowest Ecorr values were associated with a faster rate of falling Ecorr data and these medallions also had lower initial voltages. X-ray fluorescence analysis of both the front and back of the medallions provided chemical composition of the Medals which had been silvered with a silver amalgam before heating. This process left a microporous silver layer which was 8-10 µm which was readily abraded on the high points of the heavily embossed dies.
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Abstract: Modelling and electrochemical simulation of corrosion confirms that the decay rate of iron shipwrecks is cathodically controlled by the flux of dissolved oxygen. The rate falls logarithmically with increasing water depth with... more
Abstract: Modelling and electrochemical simulation of corrosion confirms that the decay rate of iron shipwrecks is cathodically controlled by the flux of dissolved oxygen. The rate falls logarithmically with increasing water depth with splash zone corrosion rates at zero water depth. The interaction of corroding iron with the marine biota is complex and symbiotic. Corrosion rates are interdependent on the salinity and temperature of the surrounding seawater which determines the amount of dissolved oxygen. Monitoring the corrosion potentials and pH of wreck materials provides a very sensitive indicator of changes in environment brought about through natural or human intervention.
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The partial molal volumes of Na+, Ag+, Cu+, Ph4As+, BPh4-, Cl- and NO3- are reported for transfer from water to various acetonitrile/water (MeCN/H2O) mixtures by using the tatb assumption that ΔVt(Ph4As+) = ΔVt(BPh4-). The results, which... more
The partial molal volumes of Na+, Ag+, Cu+, Ph4As+, BPh4-, Cl- and NO3- are reported for transfer from water to various acetonitrile/water (MeCN/H2O) mixtures by using the tatb assumption that ΔVt(Ph4As+) = ΔVt(BPh4-). The results, which show a complex dependence of ionic partial molal volumes on MeCN/H2O solvent composition, are discussed in terms of ion-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions. This study complements earlier work on the energetics of transfer (tatb assumption) of these ions from water to aqueous acetonitrile solutions.
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Review(s) of: George Charles Smith of Penzance: From Nelson sailor to mission pioneer, by Roald Kverndal, William Carey Library, 2012. pp 1-159, ISBN 978-0-87808-394-7.
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... Subject Keywords English: Batavia;Coin forgery;Coin conservation;Coin identification; Coin analysis; Scanning electron microscopy;X-ray diffraction analysis;Wet chemical analysis AATA Subject Label: Analysis, Treatment, and... more
... Subject Keywords English: Batavia;Coin forgery;Coin conservation;Coin identification; Coin analysis; Scanning electron microscopy;X-ray diffraction analysis;Wet chemical analysis AATA Subject Label: Analysis, Treatment, and Techniques: Metals and Metallurgical By ...
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Review(s) of: George Charles Smith of Penzance: From Nelson sailor to mission pioneer, by Roald Kverndal, William Carey Library, 2012. pp 1-159, ISBN 978-0-87808-394-7.
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The SS Xantho steam engine presented the single biggest conservation problem I've had to solve. After 25 years of conservation work, the engine was reassembled and is able to be turned over after 112 years of immersion in seawater.
Research Interests: Engineering and Afterlife
An extraordinary collection of postcards sent to a Boulder woman from men serving on the front line during the World War I have been the subject of detailed research by history curator Stephen Anstey. Six soldiers serving in the... more
An extraordinary collection of postcards sent to a Boulder woman from men serving on the front line during the World War I have been the subject of detailed research by history curator Stephen Anstey. Six soldiers serving in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) sent more than 100 postcards to home-nurse Eliza 'Lida' Jane Downey while training or on active duty overseas. Lida was born in 1897 in Ballarat, Victoria, and moved to Boulder around 1900, where her father worked as a shift manager at the mines until he was killed in an accident. Lida's mother, Ellen, a trained midwife, established a maternity hospital at 126/128 Hamilton Street, Boulder. Lida trained as a home-nurse, but also helped at the hospital.
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Research Interests: Engineering and Corrosion
The devastation of a World War II naval operation marked the beginning of an in-situ corrosion experiment.
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The application of corrosion science to the management of maritime archaeological sites is an invaluable aid in understanding the corrosion mechanisms and modes of deterioration of ferrous and non-ferrous materials on underwater sites.... more
The application of corrosion science to the management of maritime archaeological sites is an invaluable aid in understanding the corrosion mechanisms and modes of deterioration of ferrous and non-ferrous materials on underwater sites. Research has demonstrated that it is possible to obtain a clear understanding of the nature of corrosion and deterioration forces working on a shipwreck through the in-situ application of both surface pH and corrosion potential measurements (see North 1984; Brown, Bump and Muncher 1988; MacLeod 1989a, 1989b). Understanding the mechanism of corrosion is important in determining the conservation process required for stabilizing artefacts against further deterioration, and the conservation procedures for separating corrosion products from iron and other metallic objects (North 1976; MacLeod 1989a).
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The oxidation of covellite, CuS, to copper(II) and sulfur or sulfate ions in aqueous ammonia is slowed by the formation of an equilibrium thickness of a copper polysulfide Cuss (y < 1). The polysulfideis thermally and electrochemically... more
The oxidation of covellite, CuS, to copper(II) and sulfur or sulfate ions in aqueous ammonia is slowed by the formation of an equilibrium thickness of a copper polysulfide Cuss (y < 1). The polysulfideis thermally and electrochemically unstable when in contact with CuS. A surface coating of sulfur, although formed, is not responsible for the semi-passivation of CuS during oxidation. Cyclic voltammetry, controlled potential electrolysis, linear sweep voltammetry, and various amperiometric and coulometric experiments with electrodes of pressed CuS, of carbon paste containing CuS and or a carbon ring with a CuS disc have been used to study the formation or decomposition of Cuss and its effect on rates of oxidation or CuS in aqueous ammonia. CuS-carbon paste electrodes offer some advantages over pressed discs of CuS for such studies.
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The Western Australian Museum’s iconic 5.2-m megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios) was relocated 20 km from Perth to the Maritime Museum in Fremantle for treatment in an exhibition gallery. A 70% ethanol solution was diluted to 16% before... more
The Western Australian Museum’s iconic 5.2-m megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios) was relocated 20 km from Perth to the Maritime Museum in Fremantle for treatment in an exhibition gallery. A 70% ethanol solution was diluted to 16% before the glass lids of the fiberglass tank were removed to facilitate removal of the heavy shark. A custom-made stainless steel storage and exhibition tank containing 8,000 L of 30% glycerol solution was prepared inside the exhibition space prior to the arrival of the specimen. Portholes in the top sections provided access points to record the density of the solution using a digital densitometer. The density fell linearly with the logarithm of the immersion time. Equilibration was achieved after the solution showed no change in density for a period of 2 months. To increase the glycerol concentration, 2,000 L of the solution were decanted into storage tanks before the same volume of pure glycerol was added. This process was repeated four times to reach a...
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Research Interests: Geography, Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, Publishing, Archaeological Conservation, and 10 moreUnderwater Archaeology, Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Underwater Archaeology Method, Academic research, Commissioning, Underwater Cultural Heritage Management, Maritime and Underwater Archaeology, Australian Maritime Archaeology, Australian Shipbuilding, and ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT
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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT The general purpose of the international reburial project, Reburial and Analyses of Archaeological Remains (RAAR), is to evaluate reburial as a method for the long-term storage and preservation of waterlogged archaeological... more
ABSTRACT The general purpose of the international reburial project, Reburial and Analyses of Archaeological Remains (RAAR), is to evaluate reburial as a method for the long-term storage and preservation of waterlogged archaeological remains. Since 2001 material samples have been buried, retrieved, analysed systematically, and the results reported. RAAR has mainly focused on the degradation of materials commonly encountered on archaeological sites, and on environmental monitoring techniques in order to determine what type of material can be reburied and for how long. The project has concluded that a heritage institution could provide short- or long-term curation for its archaeological archive by using reburial depots provided they are set up according to guidelines and restrictions stipulated by the RAAR project. However, there are management and legal aspects that need to be discussed and resolved before each reburial project. Actual reburials that have been carried out so far are often a solution to emergency situations and lack collection and management policies. The questions ‘what’, ‘why’, and ‘for how long’ have been forgotten and need to be addressed. The legal protection of a reburial site is also important. This paper discusses these aspects and their consequences and highlights possible differences in approaches between the countries involved in the RAAR project.
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MacLeod, ID, Beger, M., Richards, V., Jeffery, W. and Hengeveld, M. (2007). Dynamic interactions of marine ecosystems with wrecks in Chuuk Lagoon, Federated States of Micronesia. In: C. Ed Degrigny, B. Ankersmit, I. Yolanda and R. van... more
MacLeod, ID, Beger, M., Richards, V., Jeffery, W. and Hengeveld, M. (2007). Dynamic interactions of marine ecosystems with wrecks in Chuuk Lagoon, Federated States of Micronesia. In: C. Ed Degrigny, B. Ankersmit, I. Yolanda and R. van Langh, Metal 07, Preprints of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group meeting. International Council of Museums (ICOM) Metal 07, Amsterdam, Netherlands, (51-54). 17-22 September 2007. ... MacLeod, ID Beger, M. Richards, V. Jeffery, W. Hengeveld, M.
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Close Document Image Close Document Printer Image Print This Document! Conservation Information Network (BCIN). Author: Macleod, Ian; Haydock, Philip; Tulloch, Don; Ford, Bruce Title Article/Chapter: "Effects of microbiological ...
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Surface temperature for calcareous and sandstone rock art shelters have been modeled for the West Kimberley region of Western Australia during both wet and dry seasons. The best correlations between the surface and predicted values were... more
Surface temperature for calcareous and sandstone rock art shelters have been modeled for the West Kimberley region of Western Australia during both wet and dry seasons. The best correlations between the surface and predicted values were still air conditions. The model correctly predicts the timing but not the magnitude of dips and bumps in the surface temperatures when drying or moisture bearing winds affect the sites. -- SCMRE
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The study of copper alloy fastenings and fittings from 18th and 19th-century sailing ships wrecked on Australian shores has provided a wealth of information about the composition of the alloys and their possible influence in determining... more
The study of copper alloy fastenings and fittings from 18th and 19th-century sailing ships wrecked on Australian shores has provided a wealth of information about the composition of the alloys and their possible influence in determining the overall condition and fate of these vessels (MacLeod 1991; MacLeod and Beng 2000; MacLeod and Pennec 1990; MacLeod and Pitrun 1986, 1988; McCarthy 1996, 2005; Samuels 1983; Stanbury 1998,1994; Taylor and MacLeod 1985; Viduka and Ness 2004).
Research Interests: Archaeology and Art
Heritage Victoria (HV) is the State government management agency for non-aboriginal heritage in the south-east Australian state of Victoria. The locations of 239 historic shipwrecks dating between 1831 and 1942 are known and of these 39%... more
Heritage Victoria (HV) is the State government management agency for non-aboriginal heritage in the south-east Australian state of Victoria. The locations of 239 historic shipwrecks dating between 1831 and 1942 are known and of these 39% are steel or iron-hulled vessels. Approximately one third of all the Victorian shipwrecks lie within Port Phillip Bay, of which 20 (25%) are steel or iron-hulled vessels. This paper presents elements of the work being undertaken in Victoria that aims to establish the condition of iron and steel-hulled wrecks in Port Phillip Bay, and to determine the effectiveness and viability of in-situ conservation measures on this significant shipwreck resource.