Brass

A detailed scientific examination and reassessment of the brass head from Ife, popularly known as the Olokun head, established that it is a hollow lost wax casting, very similar in technique and composition to other heads from the West African Ife culture. The evidence counters the  claim that this life-sized sculpture is a sand-cast modern copy.

Now a days there are several joining or assembly process to join the components or mating parts. In this report deals with the study of different types of materials which are making to shrink assembly used in different engineering application like shrink fit tool holder, cam fit to cam shaft, piston and gudgeon pin assembly, dual block rail wheel manufacturing, hub and shaft assembly, triple layer metal pipe manufacturing etc,. In the design of shrink fit application, the designer or engineer must know the knowledge about the simple term of shrink fit but which posses' bigger technical observation behind that. This project gives the clear report of shrink fit assembly which make by different metals like aluminium, brass, copper, mild steel because of these are the most useful material for engineering manufacturing and fabrication processes. This report is very much useful for future reference wherever the shrink fit thought will appear in future application.

Download “Der vergoldete Buddha” in high resolution (168 MB): http://edoc.unibas.ch/56017/

Dieses Buch handelt in Wort und Bild vom traditionellen Metallhandwerk, das die Schöpfer religiöser buddhistischer Statuen in Nepal seit über 1000 Jahren ausüben. Die kunsthandwerklichen Fertigkeiten werden mit grossem Bewusstsein für die Tradition gepflegt – sowohl in religiöser und ikonographischer als auch in technologischer Hinsicht. Die der Volksgruppe der Newar angehörenden Spezialisten sind Wachsmodelleure, Formenbauer, Giesser, Ziseleure und Feuervergolder. Ihre Arbeit zeichnet sich – teilweise bis heute – durch eine innige Mischung aus uralter Technologie, grossem Geschick, Religiosität und Kontemplation aus.

Bücher und Ausstellungskataloge zur buddhistischen Religion, Kunst und Ikonographie gibt es sehr viele. Zum handwerklichen Aspekt der Künstler, welche die religiösen Bildnisse im Metallguss schaffen, fehlte jedoch eine umfassende Dokumentation mit einem historischen Rückblick auf die Entwicklung dieser «archaischen» Technologien. Der fundierte Text und der umfangreiche Bildteil stellen die einzige aktuelle und komplette Dokumentation eines wohl aussterbenden, 1300 Jahre alten Kunsthandwerks dar: der «rituellen» Herstellung von buddhistischen Statuen im cire-perdue-Guss («Wachsausschmelz-
verfahren»).

Der Autor Dr. Alex R. Furger ist Archäologe und erforscht seit vier Jahrzehnten die antike Metallurgie und alte metallverarbeitende Techniken. Während 25 Jahren hat er die Römerstadt Augusta Raurica geleitet und lebt in Basel (Schweiz). Er ist Autor von über 130 Artikeln in Fachzeitschriften und zwölf kulturgeschichtlichen Büchern. Für die Feldstudien zu diesem Band war er wiederholt in Nepal und hat dort Dutzende von Kunsthandwerkern in ihren Werkstätten besucht und befragt.

This dissertation performs analyses of and compositions in three musical traditions that have received little attention in the English-speaking literature: Russian vocal folk polyphony (as described by theorist Aleksandr Kastalskiy in the 1920s), Russian village accordion repertoire and Soviet tourist/traveller bard songs. Each musical tradition is taken through five steps. First, a historical overview of the development of each tradition is provided. Second, a sizeable number of representative pieces or examples from each tradition are analyzed with the use of special methodologies tailor-made to show the most prominent apparent organizational principles in the music (including modes and chord progressions, melodic contour, musical form, poetic form and meter). Third, these analyses, performed upon dozens or hundreds of examples, are compared in order to discover the most typical traits of each musical language or dialect. Fourth, a composition is written in each musical tradition explicitly using these most typical traits: Three Swans (Russian vocal folk polyphony), Torontovka (Russian village accordion repertoire) and Song To Our Children (Soviet tourist/traveller bard song). Fifth, the aforementioned three compositions are arranged and expanded to varying degrees in order to allow them to be performed by contemporary Western small chamber wind groups – the brass quintet and the woodwind ensemble – in pedagogical and other contexts.

Meningkatnya permintaan produk dari konsumen membuat aktifitas
produksi padat, namun disisi lain ada beberapa permasalahan pada produktifitas yang belum terselesaikan membuat aktifitas produksi terhambat dan harus menambah jam kerja secara berkelanjutan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh hardness material kuningan dan clearance pada progressive die terhadap kualitas produk kunci serta menentukan clearance yang optimal untuk proses produksi. Penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode eksperimental suguhan untuk mengkaji sebab akibat dalam keadaan yang tidak memungkinkan,
dengan dilakukan pembagian menjadi dua bagian, yaitu kelompok treatment dan kelompok kontrol. Penelitian menggunakan variasi kekerasan material kuningansebagai kelompok treatment dan variasi clearance progressive die sebagai kelompok kontrol, material die menggunakan SKD11 yang sebelumnya dipanaskan agar memiliki kekerasan yang tinggi serta quenching dengan teknik modusi agar
memiliki kerapatan yang baik agar lebih mudah proses analisa pada die. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan progressive die. Pengukuran ketinggian burr diukur dengan dial indicator. Hasil dari penelitian adalah semakin kecil clearance maka akan semakin besar burr yang dihasilkan, semakin besar clearance maka akan menghasilkan burr yang semakin besar, akan tetapi semakin kecil clearance dengan hardness material yang tinggi maka semakin kecil burr yang dihasilkan namun visual kurang baik untuk pemakaian jangka panjang, sedangkan semakin
lebar clearance dengan hardness material lembek maka semakin kecil burr yang dihasilkan, namun terlalu lebar clearance dengan hilangnya burr samping tetapi akan timbul potongan tidak sempurna pada tekstur potongan. Besarnya gaya yang dibutuhkan untuk memotong part adalah minimal 77,3 ton.

Connu pour être l’emplacement d’un vaste bâtiment civique au coeur de l’oppidum éduen de Bibracte, le site du Parc aux Chevaux 14/15 (PC14/15) a également livré un atelier d’artisanat des alliages cuivreux. Il fut actif pendant la seconde moitié du Ier siècle av. J.-C., une période principalement marquée par l’avènement de l’alliage de cuivre-zinc, le laiton, qui semble avoir été amené en Gaule par les Romains. Une sélection d’objets en alliage cuivreux a été étudiée par spectrométrie de fluorescence des rayons X portable (pXRF), afin d’évaluer la composition élémentaire de leur matière.
Après un inventaire des différents métaux et alliages employés durant cette période de transition, l’atelier est brièvement décrit puis suivi d’une explication de la technique pXRF. La description complète de chaque objet sélectionné et de leurs caractéristiques individuelles sont ensuite utilisées, couplées à des statistiques, dans le but de parvenir à des conclusions et de nouvelles hypothèses.
L(es) atelier(s) à PC14/PC15 emploient des alliages binaires et ternaires, coulés ou martelés en fonction de leurs propriétés physiques propres. Quelques preuves de recyclage sont mises en évidence. Une comparaison avec l’atelier de la Porte du Rebout, lui aussi à Bibracte à la même époque, montre des pratiques très similaires.
L’apparition du laiton n’a pas pu être identifiée ici, puisque le site fut édifié trop tardivement chronologiquement. Aucune évolution particulière n’a pu être repérée en sus de la disparition du forgeage.
L’utilisation de la pXRF sur des métaux archéologiques devra être davantage employée, multipliée et comparée pour évaluer comment tirer le maximum de données de cette technique non-destructive.

Being known as the location of a large civic building in the heart of the Aedui oppidum of Bibracte, the Parc aux Chevaux 14/15 (PC14/15) site has also been proven to be hosting a bronzecrafting workshop. It used to be active during the latter half of the Ist century BC, a period mostly marked by the rise of the copper-zinc alloy, brass, which appears to have been brought to Gaul through the Romans. A selection of copper alloy artifacts has been submitted to portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF), in order to assess their metallic content’s elementary composition.
After an overview of the different metals and alloys used during this transitional period, the workshop is briefly described and followed by an explanation of the pXRF technique. The full description of each selected object and their individual characteristics are then used, coupled with statistics, in order to reach conclusions and new hypotheses.
The workshop(s) at PC14/PC15 used both binary and ternary alloys, cast or hammered according to their particular physical properties. There also are a few proofs of recycling. A comparison with the Porte du Rebout workshop, also from Bibracte at the same time period, shows very close practises.
The appearance of brass couldn’t be pinpointed there, since the site was built chronologically too late. No particular evolution could be seen in addition to the disappearance of smithing.
The use of pXRF on archaeological metals has to be expanded further, multiplied and compared to evaluate how to get the most data out of this non-destructive technique.

The abundant new crucible and slag finds from the Thier-Brauerei excavation in the center of medieval Dortmund have provided a stimulus to revive the discussion of Westphalian brass cementation technology in the Carolingian and Ottonian periods and to explore
unanswered questions concerning the process and its potential outcome. A total of sixteen crucibles and slag samples from stratified deposits in the Dortmund-Thier-Brauerei and Soest-Plettenberg excavations were prepared for optical and scanning electron microscopy
to analyse metallic inclusions, slag phases and crucible ceramic. The copper and brass inclusions within the crucibles and their adhering slag from Dortmund show a relationship between lead and zinc contents and indicate that lead-bearing calamine ore was heated with charcoal and copper metal to produce leaded brass. Ternary Cu- Zn-Pb alloys are common for contemporary bar-shaped ingots, which supplied casting industries in early medieval Northern European towns like Hedeby and Kaupang. Concerning the zinc-rich black slag lining the interior of some crucible fragments, they regularly showed increases in lime and iron oxides in relation to the crucible ceramic and thus reflect impurities coming from the zinc ore. The lead-silicate slags often found in association with crucible finds in Dortmund have yet to have a clear interpretation; although the lead isotope analysis of crucibles and lead-silicate slag shows they may have the same source of lead, the production of the lead-silicate slag is definitely unrelated to the metallurgical process occurring inside the cementation crucibles themselves.

Elder Music, Instrumental Music Performance and Affirmative Aging is a Practice-led research project in Community Music performance. A phenomenological, auto-ethnographic critique of lived musical experience by a senior, former professional musician returning to an accomplished instrumental music performance practice after a playing hiatus of twenty-four years. Research that arose in response to this personal aesthetic process resulted in a performance-led community music investigation, detailing the journey of a musician returning to active performance, without claiming to be either unique or typical. It is both a chronicle articulating the incidence and benefice of later life music making and a report on how this experiential and artistic process involves many mature musicians. Qualitative artistic research revealing a context to the breadth of active involvement and commitment of older musicians, who are not only quantitatively significant and noteworthy in their numbers and musical influence, but in also reflecting the positive benefits of community music making within our society in promoting personal and collective wellness, vitality and social bonding through collegial expressions of abstract musical truth and beauty.

CONTENTS

This article discusses four copper-base alloy ring-pommels of daggers excavated at ed-Dur. Three of the pommels are from the Ghent University (Belgium) excavations and two, more complete daggers, were excavated by the British team. After a brief description of the material, the results of SEM-EDX analyses on different parts of the daggers are presented. The broader cultural and geographic frame of the use of this kind of dagger will be sketched in order better to situate the ed-Dur material in its chronological and cultural setting.

La restitution du circuit économique des métaux en Provence n’a jusqu’à présent pas fait l’objet de recherches poussées. Or, cet espace géographique qui ouvre sur la Méditerranée est aussi une voie de passage entre le nord de l’Europe, le midi de la France et l’Italie. Un trafic des métaux assez intense s’y est probablement déroulé.
Plusieurs sources ont été mises à contribution, en tenant compte de leurs biais propres, pour proposer une restitution de la circulation des métaux, de leur importation, de leur exportation, des acteurs économiques et des principaux centres d’utilisation de ces matériaux en Provence au cours du temps. La bibliographie régionale et extrarégionale a été dépouillée, des recherches en archives effectuées, notamment concernant l’activité minière, la localisation des martinets et les tarifs de péage.

No advanced research has been done up to now on the economic circuit of metals in Provence. Yet, this geographical area which opens onto the Mediterranean is also a passageway between Northern Europe, the South of France, and Italy. Relatively intense metal trading is likely to have taken place there.Several sources were called upon to make a contribution, according to their biases, to propose an account of metal circulation, importing and exporting, economic actors, and the main centers of use of these materials in Provence over time. The regional and extra-regional literature reviews have been done, and the archival research has been done, particularly on mining activity, the localization of hammers and toll rates.

In Europe, zinc was only discovered as independent metal in the modern era and its unique chemical-physical characteristics are a melting point of 419°C and a boiling point of 907°C. As such a low boiling point lies far below the melting point of copper (1085°C), it poses the questions whether and how zinc could have been extracted from ore, and how an alloy could have been produced. During modern times, condensation techniques with special stoves that were used for the extraction of zinc are well-known and profoundly researched. However, it is evident that in ancient times and in the Middle Ages there must have been different methods for the same purpose. Various scientific analyses prove that zinc was used for brass alloys. For example, it has been shown that in Europe brass was widely used under Roman rule for the first time. Afterwards, the zinc content in alloys is systematically reduced until the fifth century. More recent studies from the Eastern Alps demonstrate that between the eighth and the ninth century tin bronzes decrease dramatically, whereas brass alloys show a strong increase. These observations lead to the assumption that the cementation process was used for the production of these alloys. During these procedures ground zinc oxide (calamine) is fused in a crucible with coal dust and copper. The carbon is supposed to reduce the zinc oxide to zinc, which is then absorbed by the copper and consequently forms brass. This procedure has been experimentally and archeologically reproduced in the course of experiments. The present paper aims to document the processes as well as the results of the mentioned experiments, followed by a discussion about the previously introduced cultural and technological aspects within their historical context.

Elder Music, Instrumental Music Performance and Affirmative Aging is a Practice-led research project in Community Music performance. A phenomenological, auto-ethnographic critique of lived musical experience by a senior, former professional musician returning to an accomplished instrumental music performance practice after a playing hiatus of twenty-four years. Research that arose in response to this personal aesthetic process resulted in a performance-led community music investigation, detailing the journey of a musician returning to active performance, without claiming to be either unique or typical. It is both a chronicle articulating the incidence and benefice of later life music making and a report on how this experiential and artistic process involves many mature musicians. Qualitative artistic research revealing a context to the breadth of active involvement and commitment of older musicians, who are not only quantitatively significant and noteworthy in their numbers and musical influence, but in also reflecting the positive benefits of community music making within our society in promoting personal and collective wellness, vitality and social bonding through collegial expressions of abstract musical truth and beauty. iv 5 CONTENTS

... Histoire Naturelle, livre XXXIV, troisième tirage, traduit par H. Le Bonniec, commenté par H. Gallet de Santerre et H. Le Bonniec ... Aurore Doridot, Luc Robbiola et Florian Tereygeol, « Production expérimentale de laiton par cémentation en creuset ouvert, avec du minerai de zinc ...

In this study, we conducted a portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) analysis of these “copper” artifacts from the site in order to distinguish items of American native copper, smelted copper, and brass. The goal was to identify items of American native copper that could be used for future sourcing studies.

Стаття присвячена археолого-архітектурним дослідженням залишків фортифікаційних об’єктів
у західній частині Старого міста. Роботами експедиції відкрито оборонний та виробничий комплекс
XVII-XVIII ст. Відкриті об’єкти можна визначити як залишки міських батарей та вежі, яка в першій
половині XVIII ст. згадується як місце розміщення людвисарні.

Brass in Abundance - the medieval church interior was
decorated with brass liturgical objects like lecterns , baptismal fonts , candelabras. Funerary monuments are revered to as brasses in England . Both are to be found in abundance in East Anglia . The Minster Church in King's Lynn houses two fourteenth century funerary monuments or brasses made in Tournai , Belgium. In the same church stands a brass eagle lectern dating from the late fifteenth century , made in Flanders.

These objects are testimonies to craftsmanship but also to trade links between Flanders and East Anglia in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.



This presentation is the result of the collaboration with Art Alive in Churches - Jenifer Hawks and Dr. Julian Litten FSA -

Wall-mounted memorials (or ‘epitaphs’) enjoyed great popularity across the Burgundian Netherlands. Usually installed in churches above graves, they combine images with inscriptions and take the form of sculpted reliefs, brass plaques, or panel paintings. They preserved the memory of the dead and reminded the living to pray for their souls. On occasions, renowned artists like Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden were closely involved in memorials’ creation.

In Pious Memories Douglas Brine examines the wall-mounted memorial as a distinct category of funerary monument and shows it to be a significant, if overlooked, aspect of fifteenth-century Netherlandish art. The patronage, functions, and meanings of these objects are considered in the context of contemporary commemorative practices and the culture of memoria.

http://www.brill.com/products/book/pious-memories

The PRIVMORT project was funded in 2013 by the European Research Council and conducted large-sample surveys in Russia, Belarus and Hungary (in total 63,073 interviews) to examine the impact of privatisation on health in post-communist states. Project funding is set to continue until later this year.

Over 7 million excess premature deaths were experienced in post-communist countries in the early 1990’s, with obvious peaks in this type of death over subsequent major economic downturns. Previous research has attributed proximal causes of these deaths to factors including alcohol and social and psychological stress, but the more distant factors for these fluctuations in death toll are unclear. The PRIVMORT project was designed to link micro- and macro- level data to determine the hierarchy of causes of mortality from the distal (e.g. privatization) to the proximal (e.g. alcohol) in the three aforementioned countries.

The main research objectives of the project were:
1. To conduct an in-depth investigation into the post-communist mortality crisis using multi-level data.
2. To provide meso- and micro-data to test the privatization-mortality hypothesis;
3. To understand whether post-communist mortality in general and any potential privatisation-induced mortality, in particular, are influenced by social factors such as class, occupational position, education, gender and community level factors; and
4. To examine the effect of these social variables on health outcomes in the post-communist states.

The initial outputs of the PRIVMORT dataset provide evidence indicate that the rapid pace of privatisation in post-Soviet Russia was a significant factor in increasing working-age male mortality. More results are yet to be published- keep checking back on the website for further information.
The website was developed by Timur Alexandrov, PhD researcher of the Department of Sociology.

This paper investigates the effect of benzotriazole (BTAH) on the corrosion of Cu-37Zn and Cu-10Ni alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution contaminated and non-contaminated with sulfide ions. Potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic polarization and polarization resistance measurements were performed in this investigation. At lower concentration of BTAH (0.001 M) Cu-37Zn exhibited slightly better behavior than Cu-10Ni while at high concentration (≥ 0.005 M) the Cu-10Ni alloy showed excellent inhibition efficiency. The contamination of sea water by sulfide ions diminished the protection afforded by BTAH for both alloys.

Metal coatings have been produced using a Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) process based on a dynamic prism system. A nanosecond pulsed Nd:YVO 4 laser emitting at a wavelength of 1064 nm is steared through a couple of prisms into a metallic target placed inside a vacuum chamber. This work presents the study of the parameters applied to achieve ablation of two metallic targets, aluminum and brass, in order to obtain their respective metallic coatings on glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The results obtained allow to standardize the optimal laser and setup parameters in order to obtain homogeneous layers, tunable thickness and/or semi-transparent mirror behaviour through the formation of an adequate plasma plume. Microstructure and transmittance spectra of these coatings are also reported.

Simposio "El estudio arqueológico de la complejidad y la desigualdad en el Noroeste argentino". XI Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Argentina. 23-29/Mayo/1994. San Rafael. Mendoza. Actas y Memorias (I Parte pp: 136). (Joan Gero y M. C. Scattolin)