Money and Banking

Commercial banks is a retail bank gives basic investment products, gives business loans and accepts cash deposits. Increased competition, fluctuations in the economy, technological improvements and the growing needs of the customer have led to increasing the scope of the banks services provided and to better market those services. In this continuously changing environment where competition increases every day, banks need to exploit and emphasize on the customer quality to gain a competitive advantage. Commercial banks face many challenges including the expensive high-technology, unpredictable cost of funds, competition from other banks and weakened customer loyalty. Hence a banks' goal is to increase their efficiency and lower the costs all the while maintaining better relationships with customers so the customer leaves happy and satisfied. Customer encounter quality is being enhanced by every bank because as the saying goes the first impression is the last impression. Customer satisfaction is argued to be a result of the customer's perception and may or may not be the consequence of better service quality by commercial banks. It is a well-known fact that no business can exist without customers. So they must be satisfied. More than any other, banking is a customer oriented services industry and Nepalese banks have started realizing that business depends on client service and the satisfaction of the customer. Customer satisfaction is the key factor for customer retention and thereby the banks success. So identifying and improving the factors that can limit the satisfaction of customer is the crucial step for the bank which wants to be a step forward than its competitors. Through the satisfied customers, a bank can easily measure the effectiveness of the business, its potential and position in the industries and the areas that are needed to polish and improve. But gathering a satisfied customer is not an overnight miracle but with the full of patience and bountiful of effort. Among several factors; Quality, Timeliness, Efficiency, Ease of Access, Organizational environment, Commitment to the Customer and Innovation, Behavior of employees, Willingness to solve problems, friendliness, knowledge level, communication skills etc. are some major factors that affect the satisfaction of customer. These factors are used for measurement and continuous improvement of customer satisfaction. Commitment to the Customer and Innovation, Behavior of employees, Willingness to solve problems, friendliness, knowledge level, communication skills etc. are some major factors that affect the satisfaction of customer. These factors are used for measurement and continuous improvement of customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction in Nepalese banks was researched by Thaneswor Gautam and Sanjaya Dhital in his article (Gautam & Dhital, 2004). A paradigm for customer satisfaction was discussed called the expectancy disconfirmation paradigm, coming from social psychology. It states that customer form their perception and expectation before buying or using the product itself. After using the product or service, this expectations are either confirmed or aren't. After the advent of democracy in Nepal, bank market became an attractive one however now the performance is questioned more frequently than ever. The study showed clearly the customers were more satisfied with second-generation joint venture banks. Customers were satisfied with banks where there was a shorter waiting time and the behavior of employees was good. The matured commercial banks were seen to be weaker in terms of satisfying their customers indicating a lower level of competency. While the second-generation banks having less ability and reliability were able to perform better as they knew better the customers and worked on their satisfaction rather than giving more products or services. Despite providing clues to the reader of customer satisfaction in Nepalese banks, the sample is still low. Although it can be argued that in 2004, it was the first study of its kind to be performed.

Nel paese ove sarebbe in costruzione l'economia socialista non solo dunque esistono i rubli, coi quali il salario dei lavoratori viene pagato, ma esiste anche il risparmio sul salario, il deposito di esso nelle casse statali o nelle banche, la possibilità di investire l'accumulato risparmio in titoli fruttifero, da cui ogni sei mesi la salda mano dell'operaio, come quella delle vecchie signore che si affollano nei saloni delle banche, taglierà esitante la "cedola" dell'interesse, il borghesissimo "coupon". E con tutto ciò esiste del pari il pieno diritto di negoziare i titoli, venderli e comprarli, accumulare in quantità illimitata, e passare da stakhanovista a fannullonissimo "rentier".

It is challenging to become rich by working for someone, wealth and riches come by changing our narrative and rhetoric to fit our strategic agenda  for change . Financial freedom is about taking ownership of your finances as you build your wealth . Financial freedom means that you get to make life decisions without being overly stressed about the financial impact because you are prepared. You control your finances instead of being controlled by them. Imagine waking up every day without the financial burdens of this life. What would it look like to work at a job you love, instead of one that simply pays the bills? Or to not have to work at all. To live your life without economic limits. To retire early if you so choose. But what are the steps to reach this reality?

President Andrew Jackson’s conflict with the Second Bank of the United States was one of the most consequential political struggles in the early 19th century. A fight over the Bank's reauthorization, the “Bank War,” provoked fundamental disagreements over the role of money in politics, competing constitutional interpretations, equal opportunity in the face of a state-sanctioned monopoly, and the importance of financial regulation—all of which cemented emerging differences between Jacksonian Democrats and Whigs. As Stephen W. Campbell argues here, both sides in the Bank War engaged interregional communications networks funded by public and private money. The first reappraisal of this political turning point in American history in almost 50 years, The Bank War and the Partisan Press advances a new interpretation by focusing on the funding and dissemination of the party press.
Drawing on insights from the fields of political history, the history of journalism, and financial history, The Bank War and the Partisan Press brings to light a revolving cast of newspaper editors, financiers, and postal workers who appropriated the financial resources of pre-existing political institutions, and even created new ones, to enrich themselves and further their careers. The Bank propagated favorable media and tracked public opinion through its system of branch offices, while the Jacksonians did the same by harnessing the patronage networks of the Post Office.
Campbell’s work contextualizes the Bank War within larger political and economic developments at the national and international levels. Its focus on the newspaper business documents the transition from a seemingly simple question of renewing the Bank’s charter to a multi-sided, nationwide sensation that sorted the American public into ideologically polarized political parties. In doing so, The Bank War and the Partisan Press shows how the conflict played out on the ground level in various states--in riots, duels, raucous public meetings, politically orchestrated bank runs, arson, and assassination attempts. The resulting narrative moves beyond the traditional boxing match between Jackson and Bank president Nicholas Biddle, balancing political institutions with individual actors, and business practices with party attitudes.

Many scholars have contributed to ongoing debates about the competition between the dollar and the euro for global monetary dominance. Few have added as much value as Miguel Otero-Iglesias with his systematic and original survey of the views of financial elites in major emerging market economies. Where conventional interpretations emphasize material "reality," Otero-Iglesias's ideational analysis clearly demonstrates how important it is to consider as well how "reality" is perceived and framed by key actors. The euro may be structurally weak, limiting its "hard" power. But at the cognitive level of "soft" power, Otero-Iglesias suggests, Europe's money poses a significant challenge to America's greenback. This is an argument to be taken seriously.

Benjamin J. Cohen, Louis G. Lancaster Professor of International Political Economy University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.

Esta obra visa identificar a forma pela qual o Supremo Tribunal Federal, por meio de suas deliberações, interferiu na implementação dos planos econômicos de estabilização monetária, implementados durante as décadas de 1980 e 1990. A premissa deste estudo é a de que toda reforma monetária pressupõe violência jurídica. Assim, o papel do Judiciário no exercício do controle dos atos dos Poderes Executivo e Legislativo é extremamente relevante para pensar a relação entre o direito e a economia, bem como os limites institucionais ao poder de legislar nesse âmbito.

As internet users become subjected to stricter and more developed means of surveillance and censorship, the developments towards a decentralised version of the network move forwards by providing functional and scalable alternatives. These blockchain inventions are definitely marvelous from the perspective of engineering and cryptography, but they raise important questions about legitimacy and governance. By employing qualitative data analysis and comparisons, this paper aims to present the current state of the internet, explain the origins and nature of the blockchain as the underlying source of immutable decentralisation, and ultimately ask the question " What are the possible solutions to create a truly decentralised internet which makes use of all the new technological advancements but is simultaneously accountable to national, transnational, and international polities? ". According to the findings, a framework of trust, collaboration and consensus must be established between those who govern and those who are governed, as new cryptographic innovations are led by autonomous " law is code " systems.

Uang adalah alat pembayaran yang sangat di butuhkan oleh masyarakat luas, kehadiran uang ini memungkinkan dalam melakukan kegiatan transaksi akan lebih cepat mudah dan efisien, sebelum adanya uang masyarakat pada zaman dahulu menggunakan sistem barter untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Namun cara ini tidak cukup efektif untuk perekonomian karena di lihat dari segi kebutukan, cara barter adalah cara yang tidak efektif karena setiap kebutuhan para individu individu sangatlah berbeda. Uang bisa berbentuk bermacam macam mulai dari batu, kulit kerang, emas, perak bahkan pasir sekalipun. Sesuatu barang yang dinilai tidak berharga akan bisa lebih berharga ketika semua masyarakat menghargai barang tersebut. Dan uang pada saat ini secara umumnya berbentuk seperti lembaran kertas, dengan berkembangnya kemajuan dalam bidang teknologi maka uang tidaklah berwujud seperti kertas melainkan bisa menjadi uang digital, dengan mempunyai sebuah kartu kredit saja ketika kita berbelanja kita tidak usah mengeluarkan uang kertas melainkan menggesek kartu kredit tersebut, dan hasilnya pembayaran sudah selesai. Dan dengan lebih pesatnya perkembangan teknologi saat ini, revolusi uang sangat cepat bahkan sekarang masyarakat sudah mengenal cryptocurrency atau biasa disebut mata uang digital. Mengenal Konsep Cryptocurrency Orang yang mengenalkan konsep cryptocurrency ialah Satoshi Nakamoto, Satoshi Nakamoto adalah panggilan anonim untuk orang yang mengembangkan cryptocurrency pada tahun 2008. Kemudian di tahun berikutnya konsep ini lebih di kenal dengan sebutan Bitcoin. Untuk cara kerja Bitcoin sangatlah unik dan apabila kita ingin memahami seluk beluk teknologinya, mau tidak mau kita harus mendalami ilmu komputer karena cryptocurrency di ciptakan menggunakan teknologi enskripsi dan deskripsi yang disebut Kriptografi, cara kerjanya seperti kita menggunakan torrent sebagai alat untuk berbagi file antar jaringan yang disebut peer-to-peer network. Untuk dapat menggunakan bitcoin maka kita harus mempunyai wallet bitcoin terlebih dahulu, fungsi dari wallet bitcoin ialah untuk memproses transaksi menjadi data tereknskripsi yang disebut sebagai block. Lalu wallet akan mengirimkan ke jaringan peer-to-peer untuk dapat diproses, tidak hanya berhenti sampai disini saja, akan ada sejumlah komputer yang berfungsi sebagai pemecah kode block dan memproses transaksi tersebut, proses ini disebut Minning dan setiap transaksi yang berhasil di proses oleh komputer tersebut akan diberi reward berupa Bitcoin. Namun proses mining bitcoin sangatlah sulit, dibutuhkan komputer dengan spesifikasi hardware yang tinggi untuk bisa digunakan untuk minning, karena minning sangat membutuhkan resource atau sumber daya yang sangat banyak, oleh karena itu ada banyak terobosan yang dilakukan oleh komunitas cryptocurrency jagat maya yaitu Cloud Minning yang artinya semua kegiatan minning tidak lagi bergantung pada komputer atau server yang anda miliki sendiri di rumah dan hal ini akan membutuhkan pengeluaran biaya yang tidak sedikit melainkan semua kegiatan minning yang anda lakukan akan di proses oleh penyedia Cloud Minning. Sejak dikeluarkan Bitcoin sebagai pembayaran, maka coin coin baru bermunculan seperti Doge Coin, Alt Coin, Cat Coin, dan lain sebagainya. Dan pada saat Bitcoin dikeluarkan 1 BTC dihargai sekitar dibawah 1 USD. Dan seiring berkembangnya waktu, pengguna Bitcoin semakin meningkat. Faktor yang menyebabkan popularitas Bitcoin semakin meningkat adalah kemudahan dalam bertransaksi serta sifat bitcoin yang anonim serta yang tak kalah penting lagi, Bitcoin bersifat open source.

This article looks in more depth at the different ways in which ideas about cashless societies were articulated and explored in pre-1900 utopian literature. Taking examples from the works of key writers such as Thomas More, Robert Owen, William Morris and Edward Bellamy, it discusses the different ways in which the problems associated with conventional notes-and-coins monetary systems were tackled as well as looking at the proposals for alternative payment systems to take their place. Ultimately, what it shows is that although the desire to dispense with cash and find a more efficient and less-exploitable payment system is certainly nothing new, the practical problems associated with actually implementing such a system remain hugely challenging.

Apstrakt: Prethodnu deceniju bankarska industrija suočava se sa problemima u naplati potraživanja kao posledice uticaja svetske ekonomske krize na ukupne ekonomske procese svih učesnika u privredi. Bankarski sektor Bosne i Hercegovine u poslednjih deset godina karakterišu dva najznačajnija problema: usporena kreditna aktivnost i rast nenaplativih kredita. Iako se trend nenaplativih kredita u poslednjim godinama smanjuje, i beleži nešto niže iznose, ne umanjuje se značaj razmevanja ovog problema niti učestalost njegovog ponovnog nastanka. Trendovi u razvoju privrede, gde se poseban akcenat stavlja na mala i srednja preduzeća kao nosioce privrednog razvoja, u mnogome utiču na kretanja u bankarskom sektoru. Privreda se često suočava sa problemima likvidnosti i neodgovarajuće kreditne sposobnosti i na taj način izlaže bankarsku industriju problemu naplate. Osnovni cilj ovog rada je analiza kretanja i determinante NPL racia u periodu od 2006-2016 godine. NPL racio se definiše kao udeo nenaplativih kredita u ukupnim kreditima i u literaturi je često korišćen kao mera za ocenu kvaliteta kreditnog portfolia banaka. Regresionim modelom prikazaće se međuzavisnost indikatora profitabilnosti banaka, kapitalne adekvatnosti, nekvalitetne aktive, bruto domaćeg proizvoda i NPL racia u posmatranom periodu te na taj način dati ocena stanja bankarskog sektora Bosne i Hercegovine u deceniji iza nas. Abstract: Over the past decade, the banking industry has faced problems in collection of receivables as a result of the impact of the global economic crisis on the overall economic processes of all participants in the economy. The banking sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the last ten years has been characterized by two most significant problems: slower lending activity and growth of non-performing loans. Although the trend of non-performing loans has been decreasing in recent years, and recorded somewhat lower amounts, the significance of this problem is not diminished as well as the frequency of its re-emergence. Trends in the development of the economy, where a special emphasis is placed on small and medium enterprises as the bearers of economic development, greatly influence the trends in the banking sector. Economy often faces problems of liquidity and inadequate creditworthiness, and in this way exposes the banking industry to the problem of collection. The main goal of this paper is the analysis of the trends and determinants of NPL racia in the period 2006-2016. NPL ratios are defined as the share of non-performing loans in total loans and are often used in the literature as a measure for assessing the quality of the loan portfolio of banks. The regression model will show the interdependence of the indicators of profitability of banks, capital adequacy, non-performing assets, gross domestic product and NPL racia in the observed period, and in this way it will give an assessment of the state of the banking sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the decade behind us. Uvod Bankarski sektor, deceniju za nama, karakteriše značajan rast nenaplativih potraživanja u periodu nakon izbijanja finansijske krize. Naplata potraživanja je, čini se, najveći problem. Privreda takođe oseća posledice krize i ne uspeva da izvši naplatu dospelih potraživanja, što se reflektuje na njihovu sposobnost servisiranja obaveza prema finansijskim institucijama. Banke naposletku beleže visoke udele NPL (non performing loan, eng.-nenaplativi krediti) u odnosu na nivo ukupnih kreditnih sredstava odobrenih privredi. Pored privrede i sektor stanovništva je u značajnoj meri doprineo porastu nenaplativih potraživanja, kao posledice slabljenja ukupne ekonomske aktivnosti na nivou cele zemlje. Porast NPL kredita generisao je druge probleme u poslovanju banaka, prevashodno problem profitabilnosti gde je u periodu od 2006 na ovamo veliki broj banaka prošao kroz reforme u poslovanju usled pada profitabilnosti, dok su pojedine banke pretrpele značajne gubitke i samim tim prestale sa obavljanjem poslovnih aktivnosti. U ovom radu će se prikazati kretanja kreditne aktivnosti u posmatranom periodu, a zatim regresionom metodom utvrditi međuzavisnost kretanja NPL racio pokazatelja sa pokazateljima profitabilnosti (RoA i RoE), sa pokazateljima kapitalne adekvatnosti, kamatnih prihoda i na posletku pokazateljem ekonomskog rasta upotrebom bruto domaćeg proizvoda. Kako bismo to postigli rad je podeljen u nekoliko celina: u prvom delu je pregled literature i veza sa dosadašnjim istraživanjima, u drugom delu data je ocena stanja u bankarskom sektoru u posmatranom periodu, treći deo se odnosi na trend kreditne aktivnosti u posmatranom periodu, četvrti deo opisuje metodologiju i podatke korišćene u analizi, peti deo prezentuje rezultate istraživanja i u šestom delu su data zaključna razmatranja. 97 Viša strukovna škola za ekonomiju i upravu Beograd *

Kreiranje novca u procesu novčanog multipliciranja u jednom već prihvaćenom teorijskom stavu, označeno je kao operacija nakon koje društvo nije bogatije, ali je stepen likvidnosti privrede povećan. Radi se o bankarskom davanju na zajam dijela svojih depozita što istovremeno predstavlja postupak kreiranja, a time i povećanja ukupne ponude novca. Novac po definiciji predstavlja sredstvo za razmjenu dobara i usluga, no nakon analize kreiranja novca u postupku novčane multiplikacije osnovano se postavlja pitanje do kojih posljedica u privredi će se doći zbog ovog koncepta. Zato će se teorija novčane multiplikacije detaljno analizirati sa aspekta potražnje za novac, upravljanje novčanom mase i eventualne preraspodjele bogatstva zbog nastanka novih depozita.

The definition, evolution, forms, functions and measurement of money are best understood when mapped to the circular flow of goods and services, as seen in this 3rd part of the 1st unit of the UNISA Monetary Finance (ECS3701) course.
[Mishkin, S.F. The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets, 2012 10th ed]

Pegando no comentário de Marx a Shakespeare em The Power of Money (1844), encontramos um quadro teórico do materialismo histórico/económico onde se percebe qual é a materialidade de um objecto, no sentido estrito; porém, não se percebe tão bem qual é a materialidade de uma abstracção transformada em objecto, como é o caso dos conceitos de dinheiro ou de dívida, já que não se sabe ao certo onde encontrar o princípio e o fim de tais abstracções. No presente ensaio, pretendendo ultrapassar este espectro de Marx, e salientar também como alguns modelos de análise económica contemporâneos (David Shelll e Mark Graeber, p.ex)  são mais adequados à interpretação de Shakespeare, sempre com Timão de Atenas como corpo principal da análise textual a que recorro, irei demonstrar que (1) a relação económica é uma relação humana (2) Shakespeare comenta relações humanas e não atribui significativo juízo de valor ao dinheiro e (3) dinheiro é meio, não é fim.

We imagine that art and money are old enemies, but Max Haiven argues that this myth actually helps reproduce a horrifically violent system of global capitalism and prevents us from imagining and building alternatives.

From the chaos unleased by the ‘imaginary’ money in financial markets to the new forms of exploitation enabled by the ‘creative economy’ to the way art has become the plaything of the world’s plutocrats, our era of financialization demands we question our romantic assumptions about art and money. By exploring the way contemporary artists engage with cash, debt and credit, Haiven identifies and assesses a range of creative strategies for mocking, sabotaging, exiting, decrypting and hacking capitalism today.

Written for artists, activists and scholars, this book makes an urgent call to unleash the power of the radical imagination by any media necessary.

Günümüzde bankalar ve diğer finansal kuruluşlar, karaparanın aklanmasında aracı olarak kullanılan kurumların başında gelmektedir. Teknolojinin gelişmesi bu kurumlar açısından
bazı risk unsurlarını da arttırmıştır. Bu risklerden bir tanesi de banka ve diğer kurumların, operasyonel işlemlerinin yoğunluğu arasında online suçlarla da sıkça karşılaşır hâle gelmesidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bilişim teknolojilerinin kötüye kullanılması sonucu ortaya çıkan
aklama suçuna karşı bankaların alması gereken önlemlerin belirlenmesidir. Ayrıca bu çalışmada siber suçlarla aklama suçunun bir araya gelmesinin etkileri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Karapara, Siber-aklama, Bankalar.

In the gold specie standard the monetary unit is associated with the value of circulating gold coins, but other coins may be made of less valuable metal • The gold specie standard arose from the widespread acceptance of gold as currency • The use of gold as money began thousands of years ago in Asia Minor. • A formal gold specie standard was first established in 1821, when England adopted it following the introduction of the gold sovereign by the new Royal Mint at Tower Hill in 1816. The United Province of Canada in 1853, Newfoundland in 1865, and the United States and Germany (de jure) in 1873 adopted gold. The United States used the eagle as its unit, Germany introduced the new gold mark, while Canada adopted a dual system based on both the American gold eagle and the British gold sovereign. • The gold specie standard came to an end in the United Kingdom and the rest of the British Empire with the outbreak of World War 1 M. Imran Ejaz 5 Gold Bullion Standard -Between the World Wars: 1919-1939-• The British Gold Standard Act 1925 both introduced the gold bullion standard and simultaneously repealed the gold specie standard. The new standard ended the circulation of gold specie coins. Instead, the law compelled the authorities to sell gold bullion on demand at a fixed price, but only in the form of bars containing approximately four hundred troy ounces of fine gold. • Many other countries followed Britain in returning to the gold standard, this was followed by a period of relative stability but also deflation. This state of affairs lasted until the Great Depression (1929-1939) forced countries off the gold standard. M. Imran Ejaz 7 • This, along with the fiscal strain of federal expenditures for the Vietnam War and persistent balance of payments deficits, led US President Richard Nixon to end international convertibility of the dollar to gold on August 15, 1971

This Manual is designed for Bank Presidents and Vice Presidents only.

Do no allow lower level bank employees to review.
Topics
Secret Loan Agreements
Court and UCC Secrets
How Bankers can Quickly double investment money
Methods for Controlling the Media, Politicians and Judges

Bankacılık faaliyetleri, tüm dünyada fon kaynaklarının transferini sağlama üzerine kurulmuştur. Söz konusu faaliyetlerin gerçekleşmesi için bankacılık sistemine ve bankalara duyulan güvenin önemi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. 1980’li yılların başında liberalleşme akımı ile baş başa kalan dünya finans sis- temi nedeni ile bankacılık sektörü de düzenleme ve denetleme reformlarına sahne olmuş ve sektörde hızlı gelişmeler yaşanmıştır.  Türkiye’de bankacılık sektöründe yaşanan gelişmeler düzenlemelerin revi- ze edilmesini gerektirmiştir. Özellikle 2000–2001 krizi ile ciddi bir düzenleme- ye tabi tutulan sektör, 2005 yılında yürürlüğe giren 5411 sayılı Bankacılık Kanunu ile önemli bir aşama kaydetmiştir. Bankacılık düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu’nun bir otorite olarak sistemin başında olması ve dünya ile entegre bir çok reform niteliğindeki düzenleme Türk bankacılık sektörüne duyulan güveni arttırmıştır.

Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.

An eighty year old today is expected on average to live well beyond the year 2020. However the needs of the older old are seldom considered in relation to current and future banking services. This paper documents a qualitative study investigating the meaning of money to a group of eighty somethings (people aged over 80). Participants were asked to tell their financial life stories. This focus on biography allowed them to relate rich narratives that indicated enduring values and concerns.

Objective This chapter explains the importance of the first impression It explains what you should focus on to make a positive impression. Structure • Importance • Components of the first impression. • Effect of the first impression Most persons decide on another by their first impression of the person. The rest of the time is spent in ratifying that impression. On the importance of the first impression a wellknown business head says, " for me it is always an enduring one. " Several CEOs I spoke to felt it is very important.

What is money? What is an economy? Why is money so addictive?  What is accumulation? What is capitalism? What are the problems caused by capitalist accumulation. These are all question examined in this introductory overview of money, the economy, and the global financial system.

This work is suitable for introductory and even advanced courses where clarity and precision vis a vis the economic realities of this planet are a pedagogical goal.

For best effect, use the accompanying video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opwUrGVc8dA

Version 1.11
    Added materials on money addiction,
    Converted document to LibreOffice,
    Cleaned up citations.
    Formatted 8.5 by 11 to facilitate printing

To support the author, https://amzn.to/2U2qPbG

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--------------------------------
- Eu (Visa,Master) = 20$ per 1

- Eu (Amex,Dis) = 23$ per 1

- Eu Bin 25$ , AU Dob 30$

- Eu fullz info = 40$ per 1
--------------------------------
- RDP = 20$

- SMTP = 25$ ( All Country )

- Italy = 20$ per 1 (fullz info = 35$)

- Spain = 20$ per 1 (fullz info = 35$)

- Denmark = 25$ per1 (fullz info = 35$)

- Sweden = 20$ per 1 (fullz info = 35$)

- France = 20$ per 1 (fullz info = 35$)

- Germany = 20$ per 1 (fullz info = 35$)

- Ireland = 20$ per 1 (fullz info = 35$)

- Mexico = 15$ per 1 (fullz info = 30$)

- Asia = 15$ per 1 (fullz info = 30$)

************ Prices WesternUnion Online Transfer

-Transfer(Eu,Uk,Asia,Canada,Us,France,Germany,Italy and very

easy to do African)

- 200$ = 1500$ (MTCN and sender name + country sender)

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- 400$ = 6000$ (MTCN and sender name + country sender)

- 500$ = 8000$ (MTCN and sender name + country sender)

Then i will do transfer's for you, After about 30 mins you'll have

MTCN and sender name + country sender
----------------------------------------- - With Dumps

- Tracks 1&2 US = 85$ per 1

- Tracks 1&2 UK = 100$ per 1

- Tracks 1&2 CA / AU = 110$ per 1

- Tracks 1&2 EU = 120$ per 1

__________________________________________________

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Rečnik (Glosar) bankarstva, osiguranja i ostalih finansijskih usluga, prvi koji obrađuje nekoliko užih stručnih područja. Terminološka usklađenost i ujednačenost jednako su važne za prevođenje stručnih tekstova te predstavljaju podlogu bez koje je rad na njima danas teško i zamisliti. U obradi takvih tekstova jedan od osnovnih ciljeva je normiranje naziva na maternjem jeziku te njegova sistemska primena. Rečnik obuhvata gotovo 5 000 pojmova koji se odnose na finansije, bankarstvo i osiguranje i Evropsku uniju.

I propose an objective definition of money through a biological definition of cooperation, as opposed to altruism. I argue that these types of sociality are confused because they are not evaluated from a situated perspective of animal interactions. The theory of reciprocal altruism does not correctly model the human exchange of goods and services. These constructive economic interactions require the ability to choose partners based on individual preferences. On the other hand, altruism presupposes partnership under a common standard of value. Therefore, the nature and evolution of money cannot be explained by conceptualising it as a token of altruism or as a form of credit. Rather, money is a transferable signal that enables cooperative interactions between distant or unrelated individuals. This behavioural definition similarly proposes an understanding of morality and human society as strategies of indirect reciprocity in the context of game theory.

A Review of Sebastian Mallaby’s Life of Alan Greenspan. Greenspan’s Chief contribution to US economic understanding occurred before he was Chairman of the US Federal Reserve: Greenspan identified the financial services as part of the economy. That increased the size of the economy as understood.

The functions, structure, instruments, intermediaries and regulators of the financial system are best understood when mapped to the circular flow of goods and services, as seen in this 2nd part of the 1st unit of the UNISA Monetary Finance (ECS3701) course. [Mishkin, S.F. The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets, 2012 10th ed]

„Your legal concepts of property, expression, identity, movement, and context do not apply to us. They are all based on matter, and there is no matter here.“ Dies proklamierte einst der amerikanische Poet und Freigeist John Perry Barlow, der als Mitbegründer der NGO Electronic Frontier Foundation für Rechte im digitalen Zeitalter und eine möglichst weitgehende Deregulierung des Internets eintrat. Digitale Phänomene wie Kryptowährungen sind nur schwer den bestehenden Konzepten einer ursprünglich durch körperliche Gegenstände geprägten Rechtsordnung zu unterwerfen. Dieser Aufsatz versucht am Beispiel von Bitcoins diese Erscheinungen in bestehende zivilrechtliche Strukturen einzuordnen und zu klären, ob der Gesetzgeber regulierend einschreiten sollte. Hierzu werden nach einer Einleitung zu Kryptowährungen (I.) ihre Rechtsnatur (II.) und Behandlung i.R.d. Schuldrechts (III.) erörtert.

I contend that current discussions on what the pandemic has taught us about monetary and fiscal policy are myopic. It is the purpose of this chapter to broaden the political economy horizon so that we might think anew about pathways through the crisis and perhaps a new fiscal and
monetary order. Part of doing so is understanding that capitalism was not born in a void but in unequal power relations and a massive social  transformation that benefited and, arguably continues to benefit, the few.