Banks and credit markets

The present studies on the role of Haryana Gramin Bank in rural economy during the period 2004-05 to 2012-13. The objective of the study is to analyze the role of Haryana Gramin Bank in the rural economy. The study conducted is descriptive in nature and data is collected from published annual reports of Haryana Garmin Bank. The tool is used to analyze the data, Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). The studies concludes that the role of Haryana Gramin Bank in rural economy is significant during the period.

The development of financial systems is shaped by the high level of the global economy situation changeability indirectly influenced by interventionist economic policies as well as financial crisis and state of finances of a given country. The attempts undertaken by particular governments to activate economic growth indirectly contributed to the growth of investment and credit risk as well as to creating speculation bubbles in the capital markets stocks. The latest global financial crisis from 2008 was an effect of increasing discrepancy, mismatch between that fast growth of financial instruments including credit financial instruments and the matter of improvement of credit risk management process connected with concluding transactions based on those instruments. In this dissertation, there is a growth of the significance of the credit risk management improvement presented in the context of appearing temporarily financial crisis and thus undertaken interventionist anti-cyclic economic policy.

This paper examines the moratorium on loan repayments, which was intended to relieve debtors in a difficult situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, various aspects of such moratoria are critically discussed and compared from an international perspective. Some debtors were significantly hit hard by the pandemic, whereas others were no. But should the moratoria apply to all of them? The free-rider problem, or even harm to some clients, are among the unintended results of the moratorium. Moreover, the loan repayment moratorium has different effects on the traditional banking sector and on P2P lending platforms. Such differences were not discussed sufficiently before adopting the moratoria. The different effects might have a negative impact on some debtors, on some creditors, or on the market and society in general. Along with using some traditional legal research methods, this paper takes a comparative perspective on loan repayment moratoria in different EU countries among. The conclusions of the paper may help regulators and lawmakers prepare more balanced regulations of loan repayments in the next crisis. Future regulations should reflect the perspectives of both debtors and creditors.

presente Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso trata da responsabilização dos bancos frente ao pagamento de cheques sem a devida provisão de fundos. Toma como base de pesquisa, a aplicação das diretrizes do Código de Defesa do Consumidor perante as instituições financeiras; a devida reparação de danos, através do instituto da responsabilidade civil previsto no Código Civil Brasileiro; as decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça quanto as relações de consumo que envolvem os bancos, e as normas do Banco Central do Brasil.
A importância do estudo se dá, em função da enorme quantidade de cheques sem provisão de fundos que circulam no comércio, afetando cidades, bairros e comunidades que não encontram no judiciário uma forma adequada para a reparação dos prejuízos sofridos.
O estudo procurou ser específico, mas abrangente quanto à interdisciplinaridade das fontes, a fim de, chegar-se a uma visão ampliada do problema que atinge, o incrível número, de mais de vinte milhões de cheques emitidos sem provisão de fundos no ano de 2009.
Também estão incluídos nessa abordagem, os julgados do Tribunal de Justiça de SC, que de forma pioneira, responsabilizam os bancos pelo pagamento de cheques sem fundos, classificando tal prática como, defeito e vício de produto e serviço, prestado pelas instituições financeiras.

The recent bailout of Invest Bank of Sharjah, UAE was a relatively discreet and undramatic affair. Capital and liquidity support were provided by the Sharjah Government and the Central Bank respectively after real-estate and construction asset quality pressures drove severe losses. Economic patriotism, as well as sector challenges around asset quality, growth, technology, regulatory and compliance costs are already driving consolidation and-like the Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank, Union National Bank and Al Hilal Bank deal-are made easier by common state shareholdings. For Invest Bank however, the reported merger failed to materialise and as per historical norms, the government stepped in-a theme incongruent with the Basel 3 themes of debt bail-ins. This note provides insights into ongoing M&A drivers, credit events and GCC government support dynamics.

Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.

Le crisi bancarie susseguitesi in questi ultimi anni hanno portato alla luce la precarietà dell’equilibrio del sistema bancario internazionale. Nella maggioranza dei casi gli stati sono intervenuti iniettando liquidità direttamente nelle casse delle banche in difficoltà in maniera da arginare il rischio di un collasso dell’intera economia mondiale vista la connessione cross-border tra istituti dovuta alla globalizzazione dell’economia. Nell’Unione Europea il salvataggio statale degli istituti di credito a rischio di fallimento è stato per lungo tempo la “regola” andando ad aggravare i conti pubblici degli stati che se ne sono fatti carico. Secondo i dati del MBRES , il costo degli aiuti agli istituti in crisi da parte degli stati dell’Eurozona ammonterebbe a circa 3.166 miliardi di euro.  Un esborso di denaro pubblico non più trascurabile e ormai insostenibile dagli Stati già alle prese con debiti pubblici dalle cifre esorbitanti.
Per questo motivo, si è resa ancor più necessaria la ricerca di uno strumento unificato di gestione delle crisi bancarie in modo tale da poter agire in maniera mirata e previdenziale, evitando da una parte, il collasso dell’intero sistema e di conseguenza dell’economia mondiale, e dall’altra l’ulteriore compromissione dell’economia pubblica di ogni stato.
L’Unione Europea, per porre in essere i nuovi principi in materia di risoluzione delle crisi bancarie proposti nell’ottobre 2011 dal FSB , ha emanato la direttiva BRRD  2014/59/UE, nella quale delinea una nuova procedura di prevenzione e gestione delle crisi bancarie e delle imprese di investimento. Tra le novità, quella che ha destato maggior interesse è stata senza ombra di dubbio l’introduzione del cosiddetto bail-in, l’antagonista per eccellenza al sistema di salvataggio interno il c.d. bail-out, ampiamente criticato e destinato ad essere l’eccezione alla regola e non più la soluzione maggiormente quotata in caso di crisi bancaria. In Italia la BRRD è stata recepita tramite i decreti legislativi n.180 e n.181 del 16 novembre 2015, mentre l’entrata in vigore del meccanismo del bail-in è prevista per il 1 gennaio 2016.
Il recepimento della direttiva europea da parte dello Stato arriva in un momento in cui la soluzione della situazione di stallo nella quale si trovano le quattro banche locali - Banca Popolare dell’Etruria e del Lazio, Banca delle Marche, Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara e Cassa di risparmio di Chieti - non può più essere rimandata. I quattro istituti di credito, da tempo oggetto di indagine da parte degli organi di vigilanza e in seguito sottoposti a commissariamento sono stati di fatto i diretti interessati della prima applicazione della BRRD in Italia.  La decisione è stata presa in seno ad una riunione straordinaria del CdM tenutasi il giorno 22 novembre 2015 con l’emanazione del decreto legge n.183. La Commissione europea, la quale da tempo auspicava una soluzione trasparente e supportata da norme chiare e coerenti con la nuova direttiva n.59 del 15 maggio 2014 ed con il regolamento n.806 del 2014, ha espresso il suo assenso al piano di risoluzione presentato.
L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di fine percorso di studi è quello di presentare il nuovo quadro normativo in materia di prevenzione e risoluzione delle crisi bancarie (cap.1) ed analizzarne l’applicazione al caso delle quattro banche italiane in crisi(cap.3), cercando di identificare quali sono stati i problemi a monte che hanno portato al deterioramento dell’equilibrio finanziario e patrimoniale degli istituti e al loro successivo commissariamento(cap.2).

This study determined to find the critical factors that affect the accessibility of credit by small scale dairy farmers in Trans Nzoia County of Kenya. A survey study design was used and the study purposively selected a sample size of 100 dairy farmers who were randomly selected. Main data collection tools used was close-ended questionnaires. The data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and then presented using tables, pie charts and graphs. The study findings depict a clear significance of this study in determining factors that affect borrowing characteristics of small scale dairy farmers in the county. Although an estimated 93% of the farmers engage in dairy farming for income purposes, only 25% earn 50% and above of their income from it. A multiple regression analysis to predict on factors affecting accessibility of credit depicted a statistically significantly value of, F (6,164) = 1.384, p < .0005, R2 = 0.048. All the variables had statistically significantly to th...

Money land by Oliver Bullough

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29530.90567

This is an interesting book which begins with references to Ukrainian corruption. This takes me back to Freud and his writings. The writer worked for Reuters a somewhat geopolitical organization with an agenda , so he has the habit of Slav baiting or Russian baiting ! Some of his premises and arguments need more digging and research like on page-15 he quotes US Marine corps general John Allen on Afghan corruption:-- While our brilliant Reuters journalist talks about Afghan corruption , he does not analyse the deeper history ? That most of the procurement , awarding of contracts and money was controlled by Americans on top followed by EU, Japan etc and most of the corruption was committed by these states and state actors. He fails to reflect or confess that corruption was institutionalized in Afghanistan during Soviet Afghan war and money played a central role in the so called Afghan Jihad. He fails to remember that hardly any minister of pre 1992 era in Afghanistan owned any respectable assets or property and Afghan corruption was intimately linked to post 2001 western occupation ! Even Afghanistans ascent to biggest Heroin producing nation belongs to USA, UK and NATO ! All these figure nowhere in our Russian baiting authors narrative. One conceptual dispute one may hold against the author is that he blames the lawyers but forgets the governments that benefit from lawyers pro corruption modus operandi , example on page 17 :--

This is an interesting book which begins with references to Ukrainian corruption. This takes me back to Freud and his writings. The writer worked for Reuters a somewhat geopolitical organization with an agenda , so he has the habit of Slav baiting or Russian baiting ! Some of his premises and arguments need more digging and research like on page-15 he quotes US Marine corps general John Allen on Afghan corruption:-- While our brilliant Reuters journalist talks about Afghan corruption , he does not analyse the deeper history ? That most of the procurement , awarding of contracts and money was controlled by Americans on top followed by EU, Japan etc and most of the corruption was committed by these states and state actors. He fails to reflect or confess that corruption was institutionalized in Afghanistan during Soviet Afghan war and money played a central role in the so called Afghan Jihad. He fails to remember that hardly any minister of pre 1992 era in Afghanistan owned any respectable assets or property and Afghan corruption was intimately linked to post 2001 western occupation ! Even Afghanistans ascent to biggest Heroin producing nation belongs to USA, UK and NATO ! All these figure nowhere in our Russian baiting authors narrative. One conceptual dispute one may hold against the author is that he blames the lawyers but forgets the governments that benefit from lawyers pro corruption modus operandi , example on page 17 :--

Many SACCOS in Tanzania face problems of poor management, embezzlement, lack of working capital, high loan delinquency rates and poor business practices. Poor management and lack of commitment has resulted in many SACCOS having high levels of Non-Performing Loans (NPL) hence threatening their survival.The challenges facing MFIs and SACCOS in managing their credit portfolio prompted us to develop a web based financial and credit management system called SACCO MIS in 2014. The system developed was built on open source core, is capable of managing SACCOS and MFI revenue, expenditure, members’ contributions, shares as well as bookkeeping and loan processing.

La historia económica del siglo XIX en América Latina ha sido dominada por los debates acerca del comercio de exportación e importación. Se presumía que, tal como ocurría en la época colonial , el sector de exportación en particular generaría el crecimiento económico para América Latina y se convertiría en la salvación económica de una región rezagada. Algunos estudios basados en el paradigma de la modernización, como el influyente trabajo de Richard Graham, Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil (1972), afirmaban que los contactos comerciales entre las economías industrializadas del Atlántico Norte y América Latina provocaron el progreso económico. Con la aparición de la teoría de la dependencia, el énfasis en el sector de exportación e importación recibió un gran estímulo. Cuando la teoría de la dependencia atacó a la teoría de la modernización y muchas de sus suposiciones, ésta respondió comenzando a basar sus conclusiones, de forma mucho más explícita, en los patrones del comercio internacional. A lo sumo, los dependentistas afirmaban que el comercio interno era insignificante y que, en resumen, no era digno de análisis puesto que las condiciones de comercio desequilibradas entre América Latina y las economías del Atlántico Norte determinaban el desarrollo económico del ambas regiones .' El sector de exportación e importación también recibió Sencillamente existen demasiados trabajos que podríamos citar. Algunos de los más influyentes son Stein 1970; Frank 1967; Cardoso y Faletto 1979. N 2 37, segundo semestre del 2003 77

(http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2933193)

The Spearman Correlation is a well known approach to assess the rank correlation of two data sets. One of the advantages choosing Spearman over other correlation coefficients such as the Pearson is that the difference in original value series is less important while the relative rank of the value is what matters most in this coefficient. The Spearman correlation coefficient is often used to assess and validate the performance of models that require less accuracy in absolute value estimate, e.g. the loss prediction models or exposure models. Although other measures such as the Kendall's τ and Somer's D are used to measure rank ordering with tied observations, the Spearman's ρ is often calculated as an initial step of correlation analysis. In this short note we look into the tied observations in the target data set and investigate the impact on the Spearman Correlation coefficient in three different scenarios: single value ties, random multi-value ties, and bounded random ties.

Risk management has become one among the important aspects in the banking industry. The importance of risk management arises due to the fact that the success, expansion and diversification of banking business is completely dependent on it. Many research papers have found that failure in management of risks could adversely impact on the financial performance of banking and other financial institutions. In order to understand more about the research area, the researcher of this study aimed to study on the relation between risk management strategies used by commercial banks in UAE and its impact on their financial performance. The study was done by taking the case study of Commercial Bank of Dubai (CBD).
The researcher applied positivism philosophy in this study. The data collection was planned using deductive approach and collected through secondary data collection method. It was the explanatory research design used by the researcher and the non-probability sampling method was applied during sample selection. The researcher used criterion sampling technique to gather requisite data and the data was analysed using case study method.
The study found that CBD faced mainly four types of issues namely liquidity, market, operational and credit risks and these risks were manged by various committees in the organisation. CBD also had own framework to manage various risks. The study found that risk management strategies of commercial banks had direct relation with its financial performance. Except credit risks, all other risks were properly managed by CBD. The incapacity of credit risk management had adversely impacted on profitability variables of the bank. On the basis of the findings, necessary recommendations have been made by the researcher at the end of this study.

The paper deals with applying corporate social responsibility and societal marketing concept in financial sector. The primary aim of the article is to analyse the influence of corporate social responsibility and societal marketing concept to year-over-year difference in amount of provided banking products in comparison with classical marketing concept. The secondary aim is to analyse the influence of total net income and comprehensive income to social responsibility costs. These relations are described by mixed-effects model and tested in statistical software R. The underlying model data come from the individual balance sheets, income statements and notes of five Slovak commercial banks and their foundations from 2009 to 2014. Our finding shows that the social responsibility costs are not commensurate with the amount of provided banking products and if banks wants to act most effective then they will raise marketing costs due to its influence to amount of provided banking products.

ABSTRACT
Financial Services in the UK have been subjected to extreme criticism over the last couple of years during and after the 2008 recession.  This report is concerned with student current accounts in the UK. The service sector has been identified and strategy groups evaluated using a perceptual map. Four of the market leaders and their student current account packages were evaluated from their core to augmented product offerings. To further the study the macro environment was evaluated using a DRETS analysis. This has highlighted all the effecting factors of the financial services market sector. The selected services provider HSBC is evaluated using a service blueprint of the opening procedure of a student current account, the weak areas are identified and changes suggested.  Further more the quality of the service is evaluated using the SERVQUAL gaps model and again actions recommended. HSBC has a number of service delivery failures from opening times which relates and consumer availability to supporting service failures were found. In conclusion a 1 and 5 year strategy has been drawn up taking into consideration marketing strategy theory and real situation methods suggested, based on two specific marketing objectives.

هدف البحث إلى قياس المنافسة على مستوى القطاع المصرفي العراقي، باستعمال مؤشر هيرفندال- هيرشمان The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index  HHI) )، إذ شملت هذه الدراسة (49) مصرفًا عاملًا، منها (6) حكومية، و (30) مصرفًا خاصًا محليًا، و(13) مصرفا خاصًا اجنبيًا، وذلك اعتمادًا على بيانات سنوية للمدة (2011-2016). وتم التوصل إلى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات أهمها ارتفاع درجة التركز لصالح المصارف الحكومية (انخفاض المنافسة)، كما أنَّ المنافسة بين المصارف الخاصة التقليدية هي منافسة مرتفعة، في حين أنَّ المنافسة بين المصارف الخاصة الإسلامية هي منافسة احتكارية، وكذلك المنافسة بين المصارف الأجنبية أيضًا منافسة احتكارية. واختتم البحث بمجموعة من التوصيات أهمها: تشجيع المنافسة في القطاع المصرفي العراقي، من خلال تهيئة الظروف المناسبة مثل السماح للمؤسسات الحكومية بإيداع أموالها لدى المصارف التجارية الخاصة وعدم الاقتصار على ايداعها في المصارف الحكومية، ولا سيما أنَّ للمنافسة دورًا هامًا في تحسين كفاءة المصارف وتقديم افضل الخدمات. وضرورة قيام المصارف الاسلامية بتحديث وابتكار منتجات مصرفية اسلامية مثل الصكوك الاسلامية وصناديق الاستثمار الاسلامية.

The present study attempts to examine the impact of talent management practices on employees' performance in selected private sector banks. Primary data has been collected through pre-tested structured questionnaire. For the purpose of data collection, a sample of 102 employees working in the private sector banks of Haryana is taken on the basis of judgement sampling. The collected data is analyzed with the help of factor analysis. The finding indicates that talent management practices have direct impact on employee motivation, employee creativity, and employee satisfaction and employee competency. The study recommends that there should be healthy and stress free working environment, career progression opportunity, regular training, welcome employees' innovative idea and transparent proper promotion policy for the management of talent in the organization.

Стабилен финансиски сектор, со тоа и банкарски сектор како негов важен дел, создава предуслови за развој на финансиско посредување и ефикасна алокација на ресурси кои имаат големо значење за развој и просперитет на една национална економија. Во рамките на финансискиот сектор, на стабилноста на банкарскиот сектор се дава приоритетно значење. Приоритетот во стабилноста на банкарскиот сектор и мотив за негово одржување е мотивирано од неколку фактори :
> Стабилен банкарски систем го забрзува економскиот раст;
Како резултат на зголемена доверба на населението во банкарскиот систем, се зголемуваат заштедите во банките и се создаваат поволни предуслови за интезивирање на инвестиционите активности на домашните економски субјекти. Отсуство на било какви „потреси“ во банкарското работење на една национална економија стимулира и прилив на странски капитал.
> Стабилен банкарски систем овозможува предуслови за заштита на малите штедачи;
Кога во работењето на банките имаме висока степен на стабилност, се намалува опасноста од почести и ненајдени банкротства, со што се заштитуваат и депозитите на малите штедачи. Сето тоа допринесува за зголемена доверба во финанскиот систем во една држава.
> Стабилен банкарски систем овозможува заштита од потенцијален распад на системите за плаќање во рамките на национална економија.
Банкарскиот систем ја има централната улога во системот на плаќања во една неционална економија. Поради тоа било каква дестабилизација или „потрес“ во системот може да предизвика проблеми при секојдневното реализирање на налозите од страна на домашните економски субјекти.

Les activités du secteur agricole sont généralement sous capitalisées, ce qui affecte négativement la production et les revenus agricoles, surtout pour les petites exploitants qui sont exclus des services financiers classiques. En 2012, le secteur de l’agriculture n’a toutefois reçu que 3,66% (Banque al Maghreb) du crédit bancaire total décaissé par le pays.
Plusieurs facteurs affectent l’offre des services financiers pour les activités rurales et agricoles, entre autres : la multiplicité des régimes juridiques régissant la propriété des terres agricoles ; l’irrégularité annuelle des précipitations manifeste ses conséquences au niveau global de l’économie ;  le vieillissement relatif des petits et moyens exploitants agricoles ; l’analphabétisme des petits et moyens
Le taux d'inflation pour sa part, influence directement la composition des actifs de l'exploitant qui dirige son épargne sous forme de capital de cheptel, de stock de produits, d'acquisition de terre, etc. comme alternative aux actifs financiers afin de se prémunir contre la dépréciation de son épargne en monnaie. Les petits et moyens agriculteurs préfèrent généralement la conversion de leurs excédents financiers en cheptel vif qui joue le rôle de trésorerie mobilisable pour les besoins de financement réguliers ou exceptionnels, au même titre que le crédit. Il s’agit là d’un instrument de régulation des liquidités, c’est une épargne fortement rentable. Néanmoins, le cheptel vif demeure menacé par les maladies et les effets de la sécheresse.

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Financial crisis originated trough XX Century impulsed different instruments as response to regulate the financial system in order to avoid a future similar scenario. Because of this purpose, governments and economists have designed both different prescriptive instrument,
such as New Deal’ Roosevelt, Breton Woods, and methodologic instruments as CAMEL Methodology. This paper explores main points of view found about evolution, adaptation and application of CAMEL Methodology on diverse financial markets published in different
journals among the 2014-2020 periods. Five objectives have made in order to describe all these areas. First, an historic frame is determinate to recognize the evolve and adaptivity of this economic instrument, as the way about how is applied in different financial markets like
America, Europe, Asia and Middle East. Besides, factors that model its application are analyzed, whereas in the fourth section is explored how one of its six components result anelement with a better value than other. A different chapter is focused to understand how several financial enhancers improve the performance of each CAMEL component and what is the real impact of this method in the valuation of an economic market. The last aim pursued is describe another two methods commonly used by credit rating agencies. Principle conclusions are two. There is not consensus about a unique application of this method, due
to is flexible to each financial market requires where is used. Nevertheless, all explored sources in this paper agree to put on CAMEL as one of the most financial inspection instruments used ever, but the most important, perhaps.

سعت هذه الدراسة إلى البحث في أثر تداول العقود المستقبلية للأسهم على أداء سوق دبي المالي من حيث سيولة السوق، الحجم، مستوى الأسعار ومستوى التقلبات؛ ولتحقيق هذا الغرض قمنا بإجراء تحليلات لفحص أي أثر ممكن لنشاط تداول العقود المستقبلية للأسهم على مستويات الأداء، ثم قررنا في مرحلة أخيرة إجراء تقدير قياسي لأثر تداول هذه الأدوات على مستوى تقلبات سوق دبي المالي باستخدام النمذجة العامة للانحدار الذاتي المشروط بعدم تجانس التباين "GARCH". تشير نتائجنا إلى أن إدخال تداول العقود المستقبلية للأسهم أدى إلى تدني حجم تقلبات سوق دبي المالي، مع تسجيل تحسّن ملحوظ في كفاءة المعلومات. ومن جهة أخرى، فإن توسّع سوق العقود المستقبلية لبورصة ناسداك دبي أين يتم تداول العقود المستقبلية على الأسهم المدرجة في سوق دبي المالي، أدى أيضا إلى تدني سيولة هذا الأخير بعد تحوّل جزء من أحجام التداول من السوق الأساسية إلى سوق العقود المستقبلية. وفي إطار تحليل علاقة نشاط تداول العقود المستقبلية للأسهم بمستوى الأسعار؛ وجدنا أن خاصية "التسوية النقدية" لهذه العقود، تحُول دون تأثير هذا النشاط الذي يعتبر على درجة كبيرة من المضاربة، في خفض أو رفع مستويات الأسعار؛ ولكنه قد يساهم في التخفيف من حدة انهيارات الأسعار الناجمة عن تأثير الأخبار السلبية بفضل خيارات التغطية والتحوّط؛ وهذا ما يساهم أيضا في استقرار رسملة السوق ويمنع من تآكلها.
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Through this study, we sought to research the effect of single stock futures trading on the performance of the Dubai Financial Market in terms of market liquidity, size, price level and volatility; To achieve this purpose, we conducted analyzes to examine any possible impact of the single stock futures trading activity on performance levels, Then we decided, at a final stage, to conduct an estimate for the impact of trading these instruments on the volatility level of Dubai financial market using the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity “GARCH”. Our results indicate that the introduction of single stock futures trading led to a decrease in the volatility of the Dubai Financial Market, with a marked improvement in the information efficiency. On the other hand, the expansion of the futures market for the NASDAQ Dubai, where futures are traded on listed shares of the Dubai Financial Market, also led to a decrease in the liquidity of the latter, after a portion of trading volumes shifted from the primary market to the futures market. In the context of analyzing the relationship of single stock futures trading activity to the level of prices; we found that the “cash settlement” feature of these contracts prevents the effect of this activity, which is considered on the high degree of speculation, in reducing or raising price levels; but it may contribute to mitigating the severity of the price collapses resulting On the impact of negative news thanks to the covering and hedging options; which may also contribute to the stability of market capitalization and prevent it from eroding.

This Article directs scholarly and regulatory attention to an overlooked sub-category within online and mobile entities that offer financial services – big data and social netbanks. Recently, big data companies like Google, Amazon and Apple, as well as social networks like Facebook and Twitter, have been making forays into the financial services market, capitalizing on their massive troves of user data and social information. Providing the first in-depth study of big data and social netbanks, this Article analyzes these players’ entry into the financial services market and surveys the current regulatory framework for those new bank-like entities. Despite the large numbers of technology companies offering financial services and their massive pool of subscribers, regulation of online nonbanks currently consists of a hodgepodge of statutes and regulations. In particular, as this Article shows, existing regulation does not differentiate between this recently emerging form of bank-like services and other online/mobile nonbanks. As big data and social netbanks increasingly eat at the edges of the traditional banking market, this Article makes a key descriptive contribution by presenting a comprehensive analysis of the new entrants. This Article also makes a significant normative contribution by listing the distinctive characteristics of big data and social netbanks and other issues that regulators should be mindful of when designing an appropriate regulatory scheme. These characteristics and issues include consumers’ access to financial services, social consequences, competition in the financial market, cybersecurity, privacy, and specific consumers’ rights.

This study sought to establish how various credit risk management practices affect performance of commercial banks in Nyeri County in Kenya. Even though commercial banks face several types of risks, credit risk stands out as the most severe. Credit risk is the possibility of loss to the lender on non-performing loans. Financial practice as well as theory provides a scientific process of credit risk management in financial institutions. However, lenders still face loan default and consequently this study sought to find out how those practices affect the performance of commercial banks in Nyeri County, Kenya. A census study was conducted where a population of 86 respondents was targeted comprising of branch managers, credit managers and credit officers. The findings of the study were that all commercial banks had a well written credit policy which is strictly and consistently followed. Only few commercial banks conduct a quantitative credit scoring model. In all banks, initial screening is done by credit officer and approval done at different levels depending on the amount. Majority of the banks check post borrowing activities of the borrower. In conclusion, credit risk management has an effect on loan performance amongst commercial banks. Thus, managers should evaluate more accurately the ability to pay back of a customer since the better the screening the better the performance of commercial banks.

The paper reviews the recent development of the Chinese social credit system. It challenges some of the easy, and now common, suppositions about the development of an Orwellian scoring nightmare. It chiefly brings attention to the denial of privacy that has been prompted by public and private surveillance mechanisms and the automation of censorship. The project highlights and explores the relationship between China and African countries, like Ethiopia, that have adopted its model of economic development and surveillance. The paper questions the centrality of delegated, commercial systems of automated surveillance in China by large firms, moreover, explores how that might unfold in the context of Ethiopia's hybridized surveillance order. The ICT systems resourced by Chinese firms and loans have become instruments for development in places like Ethiopia, but also contested sites for competing political visions, which bear little resemblance to the matrix of private and public interests in China. This outcome suggests that the fundamental architecture of the social credit system is not exportable.