A method for comprehensive sampling of bark and wood chips has been introduced at a selected Norwegian sawmill. The raw material produced is utilized in the biomass combustion plant for production of thermal energy used for sawn wood... more
A method for comprehensive sampling of bark and wood chips has been introduced at a selected Norwegian sawmill. The raw material produced is utilized in the biomass combustion plant for production of thermal energy used for sawn wood drying. By implementing a composite sampling method, analytical characterisation give a more accurate representation of the entire volumes of biofuels. By using more accurate raw material data, it is possible to amend the combustion process in order to ensure more efficient energy use, in addition to improved bioash quality, lower emissions, lower energy consumption and lower maintenance costs at biomass combustion plants. Evaluating the outcomes from the sampling method in this study with traditional approaches, our first results substantiate that the volumes of target materials (bark and wood chips) cannot be adequately represented based on the traditional grab sampling approach.
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This chapter is about the application of latent variable-based regression methods on hyperspectral images. It is an applied chapter, and no new PLS algorithms are presented. The emphasis is on visual diagnostics and interpretation by... more
This chapter is about the application of latent variable-based regression methods on hyperspectral images. It is an applied chapter, and no new PLS algorithms are presented. The emphasis is on visual diagnostics and interpretation by showing how these work for the examples given. Section 16.1 of this chapter introduces the basic concepts of multivariate regression and of multivariate and hyperspectral images. In Sect. 16.2 the hyperspectral imaging technique used and the two examples (cheese and textile) are explained. Also some sampling issues are discussed here. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a powerful latent variable-based tool for cleaning images. Section 16.3 describes PLS quantitative model building and diagnostics, both numerical and visual for the cheese example, and finishes with PLSDA qualitative modeling for the textile example.
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Research Interests: Mathematics and bottle
Please help us populate SUNScholar with the post print version of this article. It can be e-mailed to: scholar@sun.ac.zaAgriwetenskappeInstituut Vir Wynbiotegnologi
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Geological, lithological, petrographical, geochemical, and geochronological data in the Palaeoproterozoic Richtersveld Subprovince/Magmatic Arc (RMA) of Precambrian basement rocks of the Vioolsdrif Domain in southern Namibia, strongly... more
Geological, lithological, petrographical, geochemical, and geochronological data in the Palaeoproterozoic Richtersveld Subprovince/Magmatic Arc (RMA) of Precambrian basement rocks of the Vioolsdrif Domain in southern Namibia, strongly support linkages in the history of formation between the volcanic rock types of the Orange River Group (ORG) and the plutonic rocks of the Vioolsdrif Suite (VS). Previous age dating indicates volcanics of the ORG are more-or-less synchronous with granitic phases of the VS. Geochemical, mineralogical, and comprehensive field and petrological characteristics of the volcanic and granitic rocks suggest genetically linked, parallel igneous-effusive rock suites through processes of fractional crystallisation. Intermittent tapping of evolving residual magmas produced an extrusive carapace of volcanic rocks covering the granitic rocks in a classic magmatic differentiation context of parallel geochemical and lithological evolution. As the magma chamber fraction...
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In the process industry arena, analytical endeavors are today well served by the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) framework, offering a plentitude of on-line analytics, mostly spectroscopic: UV-VIS, NIR, RAMAN, NMR, “acoustic... more
In the process industry arena, analytical endeavors are today well served by the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) framework, offering a plentitude of on-line analytics, mostly spectroscopic: UV-VIS, NIR, RAMAN, NMR, “acoustic chemometrics” a.o. This context is generally considered satisfactory, but there is a major catch. The present paper focuses on a fundamental feature in process sampling, the link between an on-line analytical technique and a moving stream of matter, which is to be characterised, monitored, and analysed. A process sampling operation can serve many objectives; process regulation, product or interim product characterisation, optimisation of raw material consumption, maximizing energy efficiency, pollution, and environmental impact management ‒ or process, plant, company, corporation decision making at supervisor and management levels concerning economics and risk management. All these objectives can only be meaningfully undertaken if based onrelevant informatio...
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Web: www.acabs.dk, www.aaue.dk, www.aau.dk E-mail*: mima@bio.aau.dk ... Optimisation of biogas production at industrial scale ... ― full-scale implementation of process sampling and multivariate monitoring ... This research project is... more
Web: www.acabs.dk, www.aaue.dk, www.aau.dk E-mail*: mima@bio.aau.dk ... Optimisation of biogas production at industrial scale ... ― full-scale implementation of process sampling and multivariate monitoring ... This research project is partly funded and carried out in close ...
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For the important material class of aggregate mixtures comprised by both analyte-enriched and analyte-coated particles, Gy’s classical s2(FSE) formula has often been reported to yield estimates of the fundamental sampling variance greater... more
For the important material class of aggregate mixtures comprised by both analyte-enriched and analyte-coated particles, Gy’s classical s2(FSE) formula has often been reported to yield estimates of the fundamental sampling variance greater than the empirically estimated sampling variance. Which, however, is physically impossible according to the tenets of the Theory of Sampling (TOS), both physically and logically, since the fundamental sampling variance is, by definition, the minimum sampling variance remaining after all other sources of sampling errors have been eliminated. This situation has for many decades hindered rational use of the Theory of Sampling for this kind of complex systems. We here focus on contaminated soil as a typical illustrative example of great interest, as well as more generally in the field of environmental site assessment. This uncomfortable situation is exacerbated by the fact that sampling in these fields is still, after 70+ years of TOS, largely conducte...
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A detailed understanding of the microstructure in yogurt is essential in order to elucidate the reasons for syneresis. In this study the microstructure of different yogurts is examined by means of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy... more
A detailed understanding of the microstructure in yogurt is essential in order to elucidate the reasons for syneresis. In this study the microstructure of different yogurts is examined by means of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). In order to quantify the information in the CLSM micrographs, two image analysis methods are applied. The most promising method has turned out to be the Angle Measure Technique (AMT), which converts CLSM micrographs to complexity spectra. These are very suitable for a multivariate data analysis (MVDA). This study has resulted in a prediction model, which makes it possible to predict the extent of syneresis in 14 days old yogurts based on measurements on fresh samples.
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For some real-world material systems, estimations of the incompressible sampling variance based on Gy's classical s2(FSE) formula from the Theory of Sampling (TOS) show a significant discrepancy with empirical estimates of sampling... more
For some real-world material systems, estimations of the incompressible sampling variance based on Gy's classical s2(FSE) formula from the Theory of Sampling (TOS) show a significant discrepancy with empirical estimates of sampling variance. In instances concerning contaminated soils, coated particular aggregates and mixed material systems, theoretical estimates of sampling variance are larger than empirical estimates, a situation which does not have physical meaning in TOS. This has led us to revisit the development of estimates of s2(FSE) from this famous constitutional heterogeneity equation and explore the use of size-density classes for mixed material systems (mixtures of both analyte-enriched and coated particles), an approach which has been mostly unused since Gy's original derivation. This approach makes it possible to avoid taking into account the granulometric and liberation factors from Gy's classical treatment, and present grounds for criticising the use of 'standard' input values of critical parameters such as f: = 0.5, and g: = 0.25. But, as always, the "liberation factor" (l) issue still plays an important role, which is paid due attention. The constitutional heterogeneity formula based on size-density classes is presented in a form that allows for easy implementation in practice, within specified limitations. We present extensive experimental results from real-world systems. Using the "SDCD model" with published data reproduced the relative sampling variances calculated for the standard "mineral-like matrices", but more importantly corrected the relative sampling variance calculated for real contaminants by several orders of magnitudes. In all cases, the recalculated relative sampling variances were decreased to below their corresponding experimental measurements, now fully as expected from TOS, substantiating our development.
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Sampling and analysis of materials in the gas phase is not covered in general sampling standards and guides, due to the complex nature of the subject matter. Most gas-phase materials exist in the region from ambient temperatures (~300 K)... more
Sampling and analysis of materials in the gas phase is not covered in general sampling standards and guides, due to the complex nature of the subject matter. Most gas-phase materials exist in the region from ambient temperatures (~300 K) to combustion temperatures typically around ~1200 K. Common to both temperature range margins, though predominantly for hot gases, is the fact that continuous reactions often take place in material that is moving at high speeds, presenting less than trivial challenges to conventional Theory of Sampling (TOS). The purposes of representative gas sampling are many, but three standard cases are presented, covering the most dominating scenarios met with in science, technology and industry.
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We answer the question “Exactly how did the World Conference of Sampling and Blending originate?” With WCSB 10 approaching, “three fellows” decided to do something about this. It turned out to be quite a detective story spanning 20+... more
We answer the question “Exactly how did the World Conference of Sampling and Blending originate?” With WCSB 10 approaching, “three fellows” decided to do something about this. It turned out to be quite a detective story spanning 20+ years, three continents, many obsolete PC platforms and searching through several thousands of old e-mails. The story, as told here by Messieurs Francois-Bongarcon, Vann and Esbensen, is a tour-de-force of the pre- and very early history of the WCSB institution.
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Injection of chemically tuned, ‘smart’ water in oil reservoirs may increase both oil recovery rates and the total recovery (e.g. Morrow & Buckley 2011; Austad 2013; Zeinijahromi et al. 2015). This kind of water management has gained... more
Injection of chemically tuned, ‘smart’ water in oil reservoirs may increase both oil recovery rates and the total recovery (e.g. Morrow & Buckley 2011; Austad 2013; Zeinijahromi et al. 2015). This kind of water management has gained increased importance in the Danish North Sea reservoirs due to decreasing sweep efficiency in maturing oilfields. Knowledge about the compatibility of the injected water with local formation waters is, however, a prerequisite for successful implementation. Here, we present a regional overview of formation waters from oil reservoirs in the Danish North Sea, which comprise three main types of formation brine, and one type of modified seawater related to extensive water flooding. The water types show a distinct geographical distribution, which reflects original connate waters that are modified by saline brine being either depleted or enriched in SO42–.
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SummaryThe object of the present investigation was to identify those who, among high-risk patients, would “break through” low-dose heparin prophylaxis and develop thromboembolism after major abdominal surgery.Twenty-nine variables... more
SummaryThe object of the present investigation was to identify those who, among high-risk patients, would “break through” low-dose heparin prophylaxis and develop thromboembolism after major abdominal surgery.Twenty-nine variables (clinical characteristics, pre- and postoperative coagulation and fibrinolytic factors) from 19 patients with and 26 patients without thromboembolism were analyzed by means of a multivariate supervised pattern recognition technique (SIMCA).We found no statistically significant difference between patients with and without thromboembolism. Thus, in the studied group of high-risk patients it was not possible to identify a predictive index for selection of individual patients liable to develop postoperative thromboembolism despite low-dose heparin prophylaxis in major abdominal surgery.
Research Interests: Risk, Medicine, Multivariate Analysis, Humans, Heparin, and 15 moreFemale, Male, Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Clinical Sciences, Aged, Middle Aged, Risk Factor, Adult, Age Factors, Blood Transfusion, Abdominal Surgery, Platelet Count, Abdomen, Postoperative Complications, and Cardiovascular medicine and haematology
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Abstract Analytical methods for real time monitoring of pharmaceutical blending processes are thoroughly validated but not the sampling methods. Variographic analysis was investigated as a method to determine the sampling and analytical... more
Abstract Analytical methods for real time monitoring of pharmaceutical blending processes are thoroughly validated but not the sampling methods. Variographic analysis was investigated as a method to determine the sampling and analytical errors when the drug concentration of pharmaceutical powder blends is determined by near infrared spectroscopy. Variograms provide an estimate of the true process variance and the minimum possible error (MPE) defined as the sum of the total sampling error and the total analytical error under the specific sampling scenario. In this study, the MPE was 50–186 times greater for the 97.00 [%w/w] blends and 75–342 times higher for the 95.00 [% w/w] blends than the short-term precision of the analytical NIR method. This study shows that variographic analysis may be used along with concentration vs. time profiles to evaluate a blending process, and also to discriminate between the sources of sampling, analytical and process errors.
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This study is a contribution to development of a heterogeneity characterisation facility for "next generation" sampling aimed at more realistic and controllable pesticide variability in laboratory pots in experimental... more
This study is a contribution to development of a heterogeneity characterisation facility for "next generation" sampling aimed at more realistic and controllable pesticide variability in laboratory pots in experimental environmental contaminant assessment. The role of soil heterogeneity on quantification of a set of exemplar parameters, organic matter, loss on ignition (LOI), biomass, soil microbiology, MCPA sorption and mineralization is described, including a brief background on how heterogeneity affects sampling/monitoring procedures in environmental pollutant studies. The Theory of Sampling (TOS) and variographic analysis has been applied to develop a fit-for-purpose heterogeneity characterization approach. All parameters were assessed in large-scale profile (1–100 m) vs. small-scale (0.1–1 m) replication sampling pattern. Variographic profiles of experimental analytical results concludes that it is essential to sample at locations with less than a 2.5 m distance interv...
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A chance encounter at IDRC 2014 led to a desire to produce a joint Mythbuster column on the issues surrounding “peak assignment”. The regular column authors are here joined by Phil Williams.