Urban air quality is a major problem for human health and green infrastructure (GI) is one of the potential mitigation measures used. However, the optimum GI design is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to provide some... more
Urban air quality is a major problem for human health and green infrastructure (GI) is one of the potential mitigation measures used. However, the optimum GI design is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to provide some recommendation that could help in the design of the GI (mainly, the selection of locations and characteristics of trees and hedgerows). Aerodynamic and deposition effects of each vegetation element of different GI scenarios are investigated. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a wide set of GI scenarios in an idealized three-dimensional urban environment are performed. In conclusion, it was found that trees in the middle of the avenue (median strip) reduce street ventilation, and traffic-related pollutant concentrations increase, in particular for streets parallel to the wind. Trees in the sidewalks act as a barrier for pollutants emitted outside, specifically for a 45° wind direction. Regarding hedgerows, the most important effect on air qualit...
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This paper is devoted to the investigation of the relationship between concentrations of traffic-related pollutants at pedestrian level in the street and indoor pollutant concentrations inside different rooms of different floors of a... more
This paper is devoted to the investigation of the relationship between concentrations of traffic-related pollutants at pedestrian level in the street and indoor pollutant concentrations inside different rooms of different floors of a standard building. CFD modelling covering the whole urban environment, including the interior of a target building, is used to explicitly simulate wind flow and pollutant dispersion outdoors and indoors. A wide range of scenarios considering different percentage and location of open windows and different wind directions is investigated. A large variability of indoor pollutant concentrations is found depending on the floor and configuration of the open/closed windows, as well as the wind direction and its incidence angle. In general, indoor pollutant concentrations decrease with floor, but this decrease is different depending on the scenario and the room investigated. For some conditions, indoor concentrations higher than the spatially averaged values in...
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Current European legislation aims to reduce the air pollutants emitted by European countries in the coming years. In this context, this article studies the effects on air quality of the measures considered for 2030 in the Spanish National... more
Current European legislation aims to reduce the air pollutants emitted by European countries in the coming years. In this context, this article studies the effects on air quality of the measures considered for 2030 in the Spanish National Air Pollution Control Programme (NAPCP). Three different emission scenarios are investigated: a scenario with the emissions in 2016 and two other scenarios, one with existing measures in the current legislation (WEM2030) and another one considering the additional measures of NAPCP (WAM2030). Previous studies have addressed this issue at a national level, but this study assesses the impact at the street scale in three neighborhoods in Madrid, Spain. NO2 concentrations are modelled at high spatial resolution by means of a methodology based on computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations driven by mesoscale meteorological and air quality modelling. Spatial averages of annual mean NO2 concentrations are only estimated to be below 40 µg/m3 in all three...
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Climate and air quality in cities are influenced by micrometeorological features induced by the presence of buildings and trees. These obstacles act in two ways: 1) by blocking, deviating and slowing down the flow (mechanical effects);... more
Climate and air quality in cities are influenced by micrometeorological features induced by the presence of buildings and trees. These obstacles act in two ways: 1) by blocking, deviating and slowing down the flow (mechanical effects); and 2) by exchanging heat with the atmosphere (thermal effects). For clear sky conditions, surface heat fluxes exhibit strong spatial heterogeneity due to surface orientation and shading. To date, numerical microscale flow studies for air quality purposes have either neglected the thermal effects entirely, or accounted for them in a very crude way. On the other hand, urban climate simulations often do not consider the complex flow structures generated within the urban canopy. The aim of this contribution is to quantify the impact of the thermal effects on microscale flow structures in the urban canopy. The tool used is a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model (STARCCM+) that is run with sufficient resolution to explicitly resolve the obstacles (of t...
Grandes centros urbanos sofrem com a poluicao do ar, devido a emissao veicular e industrial. E o uso de modelos de qualidade do ar e uma poderosa ferramenta no combate a poluicao do ar e em particular em grandes centros urbanos, mas... more
Grandes centros urbanos sofrem com a poluicao do ar, devido a emissao veicular e industrial. E o uso de modelos de qualidade do ar e uma poderosa ferramenta no combate a poluicao do ar e em particular em grandes centros urbanos, mas muitos destes modelos apresentam limitacoes na descricao das areas urbanas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo incluir o impacto da parametrizacao urbana na formacao do ozonio e dispersao de poluentes, estimando o efeito para a inclusao de uma cidade hipotetica de 40km de comprimento, tendo construcoes com altura media de 30m e outra cidade hipotetica de 20km de comprimento e 50m de altura media das construcoes. Para a concentracao de CO, dentro da cidade a altura das construcoes e o fator mais importante, ja fora da cidade o fator mais importante seria a extensao da cidade.
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Urban air quality is one of the main environmental concerns. The interaction between atmosphere and buildings induces complex flows within the streets and squares. This fact joint with the traffic emissions produce a heterogeneous... more
Urban air quality is one of the main environmental concerns. The interaction between atmosphere and buildings induces complex flows within the streets and squares. This fact joint with the traffic emissions produce a heterogeneous distribution of pollutants with high gradients of concentration. The main objective of this work is to obtain high resolution maps of particle matter concentration using a CFD model so as to analyze air quality and population exposure. This study is focused on a heavily trafficked roundabout in Madrid (Fernandez Ladreda square). To achieve this objective, CFD modelling coupled with detailed emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 and outputs from WRF meteorological mesoscale model is performed. Emissions from vehicle exhaust and particle resuspension are considered with a resolution of 5 m x 5 m. The simulated mesoscale vertical profiles of wind velocity and turbulent kinetic energy, previously checked with onsite meteorological measurements, are used as boundary cond...
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Addition of tall vegetation is a key design strategy for moderation of local urban climate, and many cities already boast extensive tree cover. Relative to shorter vegetation, urban trees have unique micrometeorological and climatic... more
Addition of tall vegetation is a key design strategy for moderation of local urban climate, and many cities already boast extensive tree cover. Relative to shorter vegetation, urban trees have unique micrometeorological and climatic effects: they provide shade and shelter, interacting with buildings and streets to alter local climate and wind flow, affecting thermal comfort of residents, building energy demand, and pollutant concentrations in the canopy.
Measurements of urban monitoring stations have a limited spatial representativeness due to the complex urban meteorology. In this work, a methodology based on a set of RANS-CFD simulations for different wind directions is developed in... more
Measurements of urban monitoring stations have a limited spatial representativeness due to the complex urban meteorology. In this work, a methodology based on a set of RANS-CFD simulations for different wind directions is developed in order to analyse the spatial representativeness of urban monitoring stations and to complement the experimental measurements. Results show that average pollutant concentration can vary up to a factor of 3-4 within a distance of few tens of metres around the urban station.
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Urban vegetation plays an important role in urban climate and air quality. It helps to decrease pollutant concentration by means of the deposition of pollutants on the leaves, but alters the flow and dispersion processes within the... more
Urban vegetation plays an important role in urban climate and air quality. It helps to decrease pollutant concentration by means of the deposition of pollutants on the leaves, but alters the flow and dispersion processes within the streets reducing the ventilation of pollutants emitted from traffic. The first effect mitigates the urban air quality problems but the second (dynamical effect) increases pollutant concentration within the streets. To know which of these effects is dominant depends on several variables like configuration of streets and type and location of vegetation. Microscale modelling (CFD models) is a helpful tool to solve this problem. The main objective of this study is to analyse, in a simple configuration of an array of cubes, different factors like the type and position of vegetation in order to estimate the impact of street trees on the pollutant concentration. The results show that in some cases vegetation improves air quality within streets but in others make...
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This paper is devoted to the quantification of changes in ventilation of a real neighborhood located in Pamplona, Spain, due to the presence of street trees Pollutant dispersion in this urban zone was previously studied by means of... more
This paper is devoted to the quantification of changes in ventilation of a real neighborhood located in Pamplona, Spain, due to the presence of street trees Pollutant dispersion in this urban zone was previously studied by means of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. In the present work, that research is extended to analyze the ventilation in the whole neighborhood and in a tree-free street. Several scenarios are investigated including new trees in the tree-free street, and different leaf area density (LAD) in the whole neighborhood. Changes between the scenarios are evaluated through changes in average concentration, wind speed, flow rates and total pollutant fluxes. Additionally, wind flow patterns and the vertical profiles of flow properties (e.g., wind velocity, turbulent kinetic energy) and concentration, horizontally-averaged over one particular street, are analyzed. The approach-flow direction is almost perpendicular to the street under study (prevailing wind direc...
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ABSTRACTOne of the major obstacles to using numerical weather prediction models for guidance on mitigating urbanization's impact on local and regional climate is the lack of detailed and model ready morphological data at urban scale.... more
ABSTRACTOne of the major obstacles to using numerical weather prediction models for guidance on mitigating urbanization's impact on local and regional climate is the lack of detailed and model ready morphological data at urban scale. The World Urban Database and Access Portal Tool (WUDAPT) is a recent project developed to extract climate relevant information on urban areas, in the form of local climate zones (LCZs), out of remote sensing imagery. This description of the urban landscape has been tested and used for parameterization of different urban canopy models (UCM) for mesoscale studies. As detailed information is usually bounded within cities' centres, crowdsourced and remote sensing data offer the possibility to move beyond the old barriers of urban climate investigations by studying the full range of variation from the urban core to the periphery and its related impacts on local climate. Thus, for this study we sought to compare the relative impact of using the WUDAPT...
Research Interests: Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Environmental Science, Turbulence, Climatology, and 15 moreMeteorology, Crowdsourcing, Atmospheric sciences, Mesoscale Meteorology, Urban Climate, Classification, Physical sciences, Simulations, Urban heat island, Energy Balance, Scheme, Configurations, Science Technology, Heat Island, and Local Climate Zones
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Better understanding of the physical processes within the urban canopy is important for diverse applications related to urban climate, air quality and pedestrian thermal comfort. Urban micrometeorology is determined by interactions... more
Better understanding of the physical processes within the urban canopy is important for diverse applications related to urban climate, air quality and pedestrian thermal comfort. Urban micrometeorology is determined by interactions between the atmosphere and urban surfaces. These interactions result in complex flow fields and heterogeneous distributions of temperature and pollutants within the cities. Surface-atmosphere interactions may be classified as mechanical (blocking, deviating and slowing down the flow) or thermal (buoyancy forces due to heat exchange between the atmosphere and street and building surfaces). Urban surface heat fluxes are responsible for the temperature distribution in the canopy air, which is heterogeneous and depends on several factors such as urban geometry, solar position, etc. Microscale simulations usually neglect thermal interaction, or it is included in a simple way by setting only one facet to a different (but constant) temperature with respect to th...
The Weather Research and Forecasting mesoscale model coupled to a multilayer urban canopy parameterization was used to evaluate the evolution of a 3-day heat wave in New York City, New York, during the summer of 2010. Results from three... more
The Weather Research and Forecasting mesoscale model coupled to a multilayer urban canopy parameterization was used to evaluate the evolution of a 3-day heat wave in New York City, New York, during the summer of 2010. Results from three simulations with different degrees of urban modeling complexity and one with an absence of urban surfaces are compared with observations. To improve the city morphology representation, building information was assimilated and the land cover land-use classification was modified. The thermal and drag effects of buildings represented in the multilayer urban canopy model improve simulations over urban regions, giving better estimates of the surface temperature and wind speed. The accuracy of the simulation is further assessed against more simplified urban parameterizations models. The nighttime excessive cooling shown by the Building Energy Parameterization is compensated for when the Building Energy Model is activated. The turbulent kinetic energy is ve...
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In the last two decades, mesoscale models (MMs) with urban canopy parameterizations have been widely used to study urban boundary layer processes. Different studies show that such parameterizations are sensitive to the urban canopy... more
In the last two decades, mesoscale models (MMs) with urban canopy parameterizations have been widely used to study urban boundary layer processes. Different studies show that such parameterizations are sensitive to the urban canopy parameters (UCPs) that define the urban morphology. At the same time, high-resolution UCP databases are becoming available for several cities. Studies are then needed to determine, for a specific application of an MM, the optimum degree of complexity of the urban canopy parameterizations and the resolution and details necessary in the UCP datasets. In this work, and in an attempt to answer the previous issues, four urban canopy schemes, with different degrees of complexity, have been used with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate the planetary boundary layer over the city of Houston, Texas, for two days in August 2000. For the UCP two approaches have been considered: one based on three urban classes derived from the National Land C...
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Urban land surface schemes have been developed to model the distinct features of the urban surface and the associated energy exchange processes. These models have been developed for a range of purposes and make different assumptions... more
Urban land surface schemes have been developed to model the distinct features of the urban surface and the associated energy exchange processes. These models have been developed for a range of purposes and make different assumptions related to the inclusion and representation of the relevant processes. Here, the first results of Phase 2 from an international comparison project to evaluate 32 urban land surface schemes are presented. This is the first large‐scale systematic evaluation of these models. In four stages, participants were given increasingly detailed information about an urban site for which urban fluxes were directly observed. At each stage, each group returned their models' calculated surface energy balance fluxes. Wide variations are evident in the performance of the models for individual fluxes. No individual model performs best for all fluxes. Providing additional information about the surface generally results in better performance. However, there is clear evide...
Research Interests: Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Environmental Science, Radiation, Atmospheric Science, and 15 moreClimatology, Evaporation, Atmospheric sciences, Sustainable Cities, Urban Climate, Exchange, Energy Balance, Areas, Parameterization, Boundary Layer, Land surface modelling, Fluxes, Part Ii, Global Climate Model, and Heat Storage
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Research Interests: Environmental Engineering, Environmental Science, Thermodynamics, Air Quality, Atmospheric Science, and 15 moreMeteorology, Air pollution, Atmospheric sciences, Mesoscale Meteorology, Sea Breeze, Heat Flux, Ozone, Rural Area, Wind Speed, Surface Energy, Urban Area, Air Quality Index, urban boundary layer, Atmospheric Environment, and Sea Breezes
Green roof infrastructure is a technology that allows the use of vegetation to reduce rooftop temperatures. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree to which green roof infrastructure could reduce the urban heat island in the... more
Green roof infrastructure is a technology that allows the use of vegetation to reduce rooftop temperatures. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree to which green roof infrastructure could reduce the urban heat island in the City of Toronto. The Mesoscale Community ...
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In the last decade, new strategies have been developed to reduce air pollution levels without changing emissions. In this work we analyze and compare the impact of two of them: the use of photocatalytic materials on the streets of cities,... more
In the last decade, new strategies have been developed to reduce air pollution levels without changing emissions. In this work we analyze and compare the impact of two of them: the use of photocatalytic materials on the streets of cities, and the introduction of trees in the urban canyons. Differently than previous studies that focused mainly on the microscale, here we focus on the mesoscale. So, the scientific question that motivates the work is: what could be the effect on urban air quality of these strategies if they are applied not only in few streets, but over the entire city? The methodology adopted is based on numerical simulations carried on with the mesoscale model WRF, with the multilayer urban parameterization BEP-BEM. Since we do not want to study a specific city, but search for a general tendency, idealized simulations are performed over cities with different population density (e. g. different urban structure), with an approach similar to Martilli (2014). A short descr...
Micrometeorological studies in urban zones are more complex than in rural zones. Inside urban canopy, 3-D flow structures are created by the urban geometry (streets with different configurations of buildings). In this paper, the... more
Micrometeorological studies in urban zones are more complex than in rural zones. Inside urban canopy, 3-D flow structures are created by the urban geometry (streets with different configurations of buildings). In this paper, the application of microscale models (CFD models) to urban micrometeorology is studied and a CFD model is applied to an array of cubes representing a portion of a city. The model results are validated against wind tunnel measurements made with the same geometry and are analysed to understand the flow properties in this case. Strong horizontal inhomogeneities of the mean and turbulence variables are found inside the canyons showing that the representativeness of measurement in one point is limited spatially. In addition, the CFD results are spatially averaged over thin slices encompassing a cube-canyon unit in the central zone of the array showing the special importance of average properties as the dispersive stress inside the urban canopy created by the cubes.
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Infrastructure-based heat reduction strategies can help cities adapt to high temperatures, but simulations of their cooling potential yield widely varying predictions. We systematically review 146 studies from 1987 to 2017 that conduct... more
Infrastructure-based heat reduction strategies can help cities adapt to high temperatures, but simulations of their cooling potential yield widely varying predictions. We systematically review 146 studies from 1987 to 2017 that conduct physically based numerical modelling of urban air temperature reduction resulting from green-blue infrastructure and reflective materials. Studies are grouped into two modelling scales: neighbourhood scale, building-resolving (i.e. microscale); and city scale, neighbourhood-resolving (i.e. mesoscale). Street tree cooling has primarily been assessed at the microscale, whereas mesoscale modelling has favoured reflective roof treatments, which are attributed to model physics limitations at each scale. We develop 25 criteria to assess contextualization and reliability of each study based on metadata reporting and methodological quality, respectively. Studies have shortcomings with respect to neighbourhood characterization, reporting areal coverages of hea...
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Abstract Photocatalytic materials are proposed as a mitigation strategy of urban air pollution because of its deposition feature. This study aims at evaluating their effect on NO2 concentrations in an urban environment under real... more
Abstract Photocatalytic materials are proposed as a mitigation strategy of urban air pollution because of its deposition feature. This study aims at evaluating their effect on NO2 concentrations in an urban environment under real atmospheric conditions through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. A comprehensive study is performed to determine the potential of photocatalytic materials to remove NO2 at pedestrian level taking into account the variability of wind speed, traffic emissions and the photoactive area in an urban environment. The deposition velocity used to model the sink effect of a photoactive surface is derived from laboratory data and its applicability to outdoor conditions is proved through microscale simulations. The CFD simulation performed to assess the impact of a photocatalytic material on ambient pollutants in a real urban scenario is evaluated against the measurements presented in Part I ( Fernandez-Pampillon et al., 2020 ). Results show that the application of photocatalytic materials in an urban environment yield a minimal reduction in NO2 concentrations below 1 % under the studied atmospheric conditions. In a hypothetical scenario, in which the photoactive area is extended to an entire neighbourhood, small decrease of NO2 concentrations below 2 % is obtained under the daytime prevailing atmospheric conditions of the area of interest. Finally, the reduction of NO2 under several atmospheric conditions results to be mainly dominated by wind flow and NOx emissions in the study street.
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An accurate understanding of urban air quality requires considering a coupled behavior between dispersion of reactive pollutants and atmospheric dynamics. Currently, urban air pollution is mostly dominated by traffic emissions and the... more
An accurate understanding of urban air quality requires considering a coupled behavior between dispersion of reactive pollutants and atmospheric dynamics. Currently, urban air pollution is mostly dominated by traffic emissions and the primary emitted pollutants are nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Modeling reactive pollutants with a large set of chemical reactions using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model requires a significant amount of CPU time. In this sense, the selection of the chemical reactions needed in different conditions that gives the best compromise between CPU time and accuracy becomes essential. Three chemical approaches are considered: a) passive tracers (non-reactive), b) the NO<sub>x</sub> – O<sub>3</sub> photostationary state, and c) a more complex chemical mechanism based on the RACM ('Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism') and it is reduced to 23 species and 25 rea...
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In the development of mesoscale circulation in a city area, the interactions between the urban morphology and the geophysical characteristics of the surroundings are very important. In this context a good representation of the heat and... more
In the development of mesoscale circulation in a city area, the interactions between the urban morphology and the geophysical characteristics of the surroundings are very important. In this context a good representation of the heat and momentum fluxes in urban areas is crucial for mesoscale models. For these reasons, in this work, a modification of the surface layer parameterisations was realised in the mesoscale model FVM (Finite Volume Model). Three active surfaces are considered: the roofs, the walls and the canyon floor. For the exchange of momentum, two different roughness lengths are defined for roof and canyon floors, respectively while the contribution of the walls is parameterised with a drag force approach. The sensible heat fluxes are determined as a function of the difference between the air temperature and the corresponding surface temperatures. A complete energy budget equation is solved for each of the three surfaces. The short and long wave radiative fluxes are compu...
An air conditioning evaporative cooling parameterization was implemented in a building effect parameterization/building energy model (BEP + BEM) to calculate the magnitude of the anthropogenic sensible and latent heat fluxes from... more
An air conditioning evaporative cooling parameterization was implemented in a building effect parameterization/building energy model (BEP + BEM) to calculate the magnitude of the anthropogenic sensible and latent heat fluxes from buildings released to the atmosphere. The new heat flux formulation was tested in New York City (NYC) for the summer of 2010. Evaporative cooling technology diminishes between 80% and 90% of the anthropogenic sensible heat from air conditioning systems by transforming it into latent heat in commercial (COMM) areas over NYC. Average 2-m air temperature is reduced by 0.8 °C, while relative humidity is increased by 3% when cooling towers (CTs) are introduced. Additionally, CTs introduce stable atmospheric conditions in the urban canopy layer reducing turbulence production particularly during dry days.
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An important question arises when modeling a heterogeneous landscape (e.g., an urbanized area) with a mesoscale atmospheric model. The surface within a grid cell of the model (which has a typical dimension of one or more kilometers) can... more
An important question arises when modeling a heterogeneous landscape (e.g., an urbanized area) with a mesoscale atmospheric model. The surface within a grid cell of the model (which has a typical dimension of one or more kilometers) can be composed of patches of surfaces of different character. The total sensible heat flux in the grid cell, then, is the aggregate of the heat fluxes from each individual surface, each one with a unique thermal response arising from its thermal properties, among other factors. Current methods to estimate the sensible heat flux consider only one (in the case of flat terrain) or three (roof, walls, and ground, for urban areas) active surfaces with thermal properties that are ideally representative of the materials present in the grid cell. The question is then how to choose the representative thermal properties such that the heat flux computed by the model most closely approximates the aggregate of the fluxes from the different patches. In this work a ne...
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A large number of urban surface energy balance models now exist with different assumptions about the important features of the surface and exchange processes that need to be incorporated. To date, no comparison of these models has been... more
A large number of urban surface energy balance models now exist with different assumptions about the important features of the surface and exchange processes that need to be incorporated. To date, no comparison of these models has been conducted; in contrast, models for natural surfaces have been compared extensively as part of the Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes. Here, the methods and first results from an extensive international comparison of 33 models are presented. The aim of the comparison overall is to understand the complexity required to model energy and water exchanges in urban areas. The degree of complexity included in the models is outlined and impacts on model performance are discussed. During the comparison there have been significant developments in the models with resulting improvements in performance (root-mean-square error falling by up to two-thirds). Evaluation is based on a dataset containing net all-wave radiation, sensible ...
Research Interests: Environmental Science, Computer Science, Atmospheric Science, City, Atmospheric sciences, and 15 moreMean square error, Exchange, Energy Balance, International Comparison, Anthropogenic heat, Areas, Parameterization, Boundary Layer, Model Complexity, Global Climate Model, model comparison, Latent Heat, Mean Squared Error, Model performance, and Latent Heat Flux
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ABSTRACT Urban canopy parameterizations (UCPs) are necessary in mesoscale modelling to take into account the effects of buildings on wind and turbulent structures. This study is focused on the dynamical part of UCPs. The main objective is... more
ABSTRACT Urban canopy parameterizations (UCPs) are necessary in mesoscale modelling to take into account the effects of buildings on wind and turbulent structures. This study is focused on the dynamical part of UCPs. The main objective is twofold: first, computing important UCP input parameters (turbulent length scales and the sectional drag coefficient) by means of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations of turbulent flow; and second, comparing UCP variables with spatially-averaged properties obtained from RANS simulations for the same configurations. The results show the importance of using a suitable parameterization of the drag force for different packing densities. An urban canopy parameterization that is a compromise between simplicity and accuracy is proposed. This scheme accounts for the variation of drag coefficients with packing densities, and has a parameterization of turbulent length scales. The technique adopted ensures that, at least for the simple configurations studied, the urban canopy parameterization gives values of spatially-averaged variables similar to those computed from a more complex simulation, such as RANS that resolves explicitly the flow around buildings. KeywordsDrag coefficients-Length scales-Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes-Urban canopy parameterization
Research Interests: Mechanics, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Boundary Layer Meteorology, Atmospheric sciences, Models, and 12 moreComputation Fluid Dynamics, Drag, Turbulent Flow, Coefficient of Variation, Drag Force, Length scale, Drag Coefficient, Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes, Mesoscale, Winds, Parametrization, and Drag Coefficients
... PAPER CFD simulation of airflow over a regular array of cubes. Part I: Three-dimensional simulation of the flow and validation with wind-tunnel measurements Jose Luis Santiago · Alberto Martilli · Fernando Martín Received ...
Research Interests: Physics, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Boundary Layer Meteorology, Direct Numerical Simulation, Atmospheric sciences, and 12 moreAir flow, Computation Fluid Dynamics, Turbulent Flow, Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Wind Tunnel, Atmospheric Dispersion, Street Canyon, Three Dimensional, Array, CFD simulation, Turbulent Kinetic Energy, and Airflow
Abstract The heat generated in buildings and the manner in which this heat is exchanged with the ambient environment can play an important role in urban climate. Recent studies have shown that anthropogenic heat from air-conditioning... more
Abstract The heat generated in buildings and the manner in which this heat is exchanged with the ambient environment can play an important role in urban climate. Recent studies have shown that anthropogenic heat from air-conditioning facilities can increase the ...
Research Interests: Environmental Science, Boundary Layer Meteorology, Heat Transfer, Sensitivity Analysis, Atmospheric sciences, and 15 moreMesoscale Meteorology, Urban Climate, Urban Climatology, Air Conditioning, Urban heat island, Heat Flux, Finite Volume, Microclimate, Coupling, Ambient Temperature, Terrain, Boundary Layer, Mesoscale, urban boundary layer, and Parametrization
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Research Interests: Environmental Engineering, Environmental Science, Air Quality, Atmospheric Chemistry, Computational Fluid Dynamics, and 15 moreMeteorology, Atmospheric sciences, Computation Fluid Dynamics, Steady state, Urban Air Quality, Pollutant, Turbulence Model, CFD simulation, Experimental Measurement, Experimental Data, Urban Area, Air Quality Index, urban boundary layer, Atmospheric Environment, and traffic emission
... Page 420 SIMULATION OF MUST EXPERIMENT USING RANS K-EPSILON MODEL: VALIDATION AGAINST WIND TUNNEL MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL AVERAGE PROPERTIES Jose Luis Santiago 1 and Alberto Martilli 2 ...