AYALEW NEGASH

The article strives to contribute to the growing field of conflict resolution by analyzing contrasting cross-cultural perceptions through insights from multiple areas to resolve intercultural conflicts and disputes. Western-centric mediation techniques are dissected in juxtaposition to indigenous methodologies in degrees of (1) substantiality and its prominence in indigenous communities; (2) connectivity in the ability for these methodologies to resonate within other cultures; and (3) determinism through application to aid in the manifestation of possible resolutions. By analyzing various global indigenous systems, we argue individualistic and collectivist mediation techniques often lack synergy between peoples in cross-cultural conflicts, which can lead to miscommunication. In this paper, we present the Cross-Cultural Mediation Model and methodology for managing conflict that incorporates a wide variety of mediation techniques found throughout the world at every level of society.

AIM Muscle abnormalities after spinal cord ischemia caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have not been explored for degenerative variations in the soma of second motor neurons of the spinal cord gray matter. This study aimed to investigate histopathological alterations in the gray matter and the role of peripheral nerves in SAH. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-two rabbits were allocated in the control (Group I, n = 5), SHAM (Group II, n = 5), and research (Group III, n = 12) groups. Muscle weakness of the upper extremities innervated by radial nerves was evaluated at the initial day, and outcomes were recorded as control data. Re-measurements were done after injecting 0.5 ml of SF for SHAM and autolog artery blood inside craniocervical subarachnoid space for the study group. After 3 weeks, radial nerve roots, their ganglia, and segments of the spinal cord around C5-6 root entry zones were extracted bilaterally. Degenerated second motor neuron somas and the degenerated radial nerve motor axons at the intervertebral foramen were assessed. RESULTS The average degenerated soma intensity/mm3 at the C5-6 levels in the spinal cord was 2 ± 1/mm3, 13 ± 4/mm3, and 56 ± 10/mm3 for Groups I, II, and Group III. The average degenerated axon intensity of radial nerves was 3 ± 1/mm2, 34 ± 9/mm2, and 234 ± 78/mm2 for Groups I, II, and III. CONCLUSION Gray matter ischemia in the spinal cord may lead to axonal deterioration on equal levels at the peripheral nerves with advanced SAH. Detected or undetected spinal SAH should be considered an important factor on the etiology of second motor neuron diseases.

Antiseptics are extensively used in Hospital and other health care setting for a variety of topical applications. In particular antiseptics are essential part of infection control practice and aid in the prevention of nosocomial infection. A wide variety of active chemical agents (biocides) are found in these products, many of which have been used for hundreds of years including alcohol and iodine. Chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium permanganates are also among the commonly used antiseptics. Most of these active agents demonstrate broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Antiseptics may have lethal effect (e.g., Sporocidal, virucidal and bactericidal) or static effect on microorganisms. They are applied to unbroken skin or mucus membrane, to burns and to open wounds to prevent sepsis by removing or excluding microbes from this area. The efficacy of antiseptics affected by several factors including: concentration and contact time, temperature, ph, presence of organic other...

Bela Krajina je najbolj jugovzhodna pokrajina v Sloveniji. Poleg izrazitih kraskih znacilnosti je Bela krajina znana kot ravnik, saj je geolosko del Slunjske plosce. Prav ta odprtost proti vzhodu omogoca neposredne vplive iz Panonske kotline ter Kvarnerja. Geografska pestrost privablja mnoge, da si ogledajo ta del Slovenije. V prirocniku je nanizana predstavitev panonskih, alpskih in kraskih pokrajin, ki jih lahko opazujemo na poti med Mariborom in Belo krajino. Opisi pokrajin so geografski, posebna pozornost je namenjena naravnogeografskim dejavnikom, torej geolosko-litoloski podlagi, vodam, podnebju, prsti in vegetaciji. Raba tal kot rezultat prepleta naravnih in družbenih znacilnosti je najbolj viden element v pokrajini. Soavtorji prispevkov posameznih pokrajin so studentje geografije. Strokovno so spoznavali na to pokrajino na terenskem delu v okviru predmeta Geografija slovenskih pokrajin.

Mycobacterium is acid fast genus of bacteria that include many pathogenic and non pathogenic species. Treatment is made quite difficult by the presence of metabolically silent, persistent or dormant bacteria within host lesions, which are not susceptible to the anti-mycobacteria drugs that usually kill growing bacteria but not persistent mycobacteria. The emergence of antibiotic resistance strains has raised the need towards the development of new antibiotics or drug molecules which can kill or suppress the growth of pathogenic Mycobacterium species. Novel efforts in developing drugs that target the intracellular metabolism of M. tuberculosis often focus on metabolic pathways that are specific to mycobacterium. Potential drug targets were also identified from pathways related to lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, vitamin and cofactor biosynthetic pathways and nucleotide metabolism. The objective this paper was to review those mycobac...

Mastitis means inflammation of the parenchyma of mammary gland regardless of the cause. It is characterized by physical, chemical and usually bacteriological changes in milk and by pathological changes in the glandular tissues. Bacterial infections are considered the primary cause of mastitis in domestic animals. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species and members of the Enterobacteriaceae are among the most important agents in cows and other animals. The occurrence depends on the interaction between the host, agent and environment. Forms of mastitis can be categorized in to two major forms; clinical mastitis is a form of mastitis detected grossly by signs of flakes or clots in the milk and slight swelling of infected quarters when it is mild signs and subclinical mastitis. It is the most common and costly disease in milk production, causing loss yield and treatment cost for dairy farmers. With mastitis there is a danger that the bacterial contamination of milk from affected co...

This review focuses on gasterophilosis in equine population and its objective is to give highlight about epidemiology and parasitic points of Gasterophilus. Larvae of flies belonging to this genus are common obligate parasites in the gastrointestinal tract of equine (including horses, donkeys and zebras) and cause gastrointestinal myiasis. The results of most studies have shown that Gasterophilus profoundly affect the health status of equines. The effects of these parasites are more evident in young and under nourished horses, although virtually all equids are infected with Gasterophilus. Small numbers causes minimal damage, but large number pose a risk for colic and other gastrointestinal roblems. Clinical symptoms, season of the year, geographical location of the place, fecal examination of feces and equines hairs, necropsy or indirectly by serological tests are helpful for diagnosis. Biological, chemical and physical measurements are some approaches to control and preventing of G...

Bacteriophages, also called phages, are obligate intracellular parasite that infect bacteria and reproduce by taking their host’s biosynthetic pathways. They are the most abundant living entities on earth which affect the abundance and evolution of bacterial species. Two categories of bacteriophages are recognized; temperate and virulent, which propagate in two possible ways; lytic life cycle and lysogenic life cycle. They have been characterized by their host range and the physical characteristics, including capsid size, shape and structure, as well as genome size and type. These advances can have a profound impact on the development of safe therapeutic phage preparations having optimal efficacy against their specific bacterial hosts in humans and animals. Bacteriophages have been reported to be effective in treating various bacterial diseases such as cerebrospinal meningitis, skin infections, hepatic abscesses, lung infections, eye infections and urinary tract infections. Although...

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala azar is a fatal neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae.L. donovani complex (L. donovani and L.infantum) are the causative agents of VL in Ethiopia.L. donovani is regarded as the major cause of VL in Ethiopia, although L. infantum was identified as a main causative agent of the recent VL outbreak inLiboKemkem, in the Amhara regional state.In Ethiopia, the burden of leishmaniasis especially that of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major problem to public health development. Every year, health facilities report thousands of cases and hundreds of deaths. In Ethiopia leishmaniasis especially VL is highly association with dog ownership, seasonal migration of labours to and from endemic areas and poor nutritional status. Transmission of Leishmaniaparasites can be zoonotic or anthroponotic; however, the principal way of transmission in Ethiopia remains unclear. Furthermore...

This seminar paper reviewed the occurence and distribution of bacterial pathogens from commonly catched fish species in lake tana of amhara region, north west Ethiopia. Fish are ubiquitous inhabitants of this ecosystem. Fish are the most diverse groups of vertebrates occupying a variety of marine and freshwater habitat. Fish represent a very important food source for low-income populations for whom it may be the only source of protein. Fish and other aquatic animals (Farmed and wild) are prone to bacterial infections in the same way as land animals, especially when they are stressed. Bacterial disease is an illness of fish body caused by bacteria organisms creating infection or internal disorder. It is an expression of a complex interaction between a susceptible host, a pathogen and the environment. The bacterial pathogens associated with fish have habitat one way or the other and examples include Escherichia coli, Clostridium botulinum, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aurous, ...

This seminar paper reviews on heart water in domestic animals with respect to itsepidemiology, treatment, prevention and control. Heart water or cowdriosis is and peracute, acute, and subacute, non contagious and tick borne rickettsia disease of ruminants caused by Rickettsiaruminantiumand transmitted by Amblyomma ticks. It occurs in nearly all subSaharan countries of Africa and affects domestic and wild ruminant species. The organism multiplies in vascular endothelial cells throughout the body and in the reticulum cells of the lymph nodes. The disease is characterized by fever, nervous signs, hydro-pericardium, hydrothorax, ascites, edema of the lungs, and high mortality. The diagnosis of the heart water depends on the history, clinical sign, and epidemiological and postmortem examination. Tetracycline antibiotics (especially oxytetracycline) are very effective in the treatment of heart water especially when animals are treated early in the course of the disease. However, in the la...

This study was conducted from November, 2015 to April, 2016 in Arada sub-city which is one of the ten sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The sub-city covers area of 949.85 ha and has a population size of about 225,999 which makes it one of the densely populated sub-cities in Addis Ababa. The study is done in a cross-sectional study design and multistage sampling procedures were employed to select households for this study. Arada sub city were randomly selected from Addis Ababa. Three Administrative woreda were selected using lottery method from the list of Arada sub city, followed by selection of households from each woreda using systematic random sampling method. The data were collected from 384 households through face to face interview using pretested and structured questionnaires. SPSS Windows version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statics techniques and Pearson’s chi squares analysis were used to manage the data and the association between outcome (KAP) and expla...

A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2015 to Jun 2016 to estimate the prevalence and the association of different risk factors with the disease in the study area of strongyle infection in donkeys and mules at mechaworeda, west Gojjam zone, northwest Ethiopia. Fresh fecal samples were obtained from 384 randomly selected donkey (n=190) and mule (n=194). The floatation technique was employed to know parasite eggs in the faeces and examined microscopically for presence of parasite oval eggs. The overall prevalence of strongyles infection in the study area was 77.6% (n=298). The prevalence of strongyles infection in mules and donkeys were 81.4%, 73.7%, respectively, while in male and female animals the rates were 74.8% and 79.6%, respectively. The prevalence of strongyle infection in poor, medium and good body condition was 85.4%, 75.8% and 75%, respectively. The infection rates of strongyles were 70.4% and 80.1% in young and adult, respectively. The prevalence of strong...

The digestive tract is subject to infection by many pathogens, which are a major cause of economic loss due to illness, suboptimal performance and death.Digestive tract diseases constitute a major threat to the health and welfare of animals in Ethiopia.A case study was carried out in University of Gondar veterinary teaching clinic to assess the major digestive tract problem treated and their therapeutic management. More than 2336 caseswhich were treated atGondar veterinary teaching clinicfrom September 2014 to April 2016 were assessed. The study revealed that from 2336 cases treated during the specified period, 222 (9.5%) cases were treated for digestive tract problem.The most frequently diagnosed digestive tract problems identified in the present study was impaction 16.22%, salmonellosis 14.41%, bloat 11.71%, acidosis 9.91%, simple indigestion 8.11%, coccidiosis7.66%, colic7.21%, enteritis 5.86%, GIT parasite 5.41% and other digestive tract problem accounts for 13.51%. The most com...

Mycobacterium is acid fast genus of bacteria that include many pathogenic and non pathogenic species. Treatment is made quite difficult by the presence of metabolically silent, persistent or dormant bacteria within host lesions, which are not susceptible to the anti-mycobacteria drugs that usually kill growing bacteria but not persistent mycobacteria. The emergence of antibiotic resistance strains has raised the need towards the development of new antibiotics or drug molecules which can kill or suppress the growth of pathogenic Mycobacterium species. Novel efforts in developing drugs that target the intracellular metabolism of M. tuberculosis often focus on metabolic pathways that are specific to mycobacterium. Potential drug targets were also identified from pathways related to lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, vitamin and cofactor biosynthetic pathways and nucleotide metabolism. The objective this paper was to review those mycobac...

Antiseptics are extensively used in Hospital and other health care setting for a variety of topical applications. In particular antiseptics are essential part of infection control practice and aid in the prevention of nosocomial infection. A wide variety of active chemical agents (biocides) are found in these products, many of which have been used for hundreds of years including alcohol and iodine. Chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium permanganates are also among the commonly used antiseptics. Most of these active agents demonstrate broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Antiseptics may have lethal effect (e.g., Sporocidal, virucidal and bactericidal) or static effect on microorganisms. They are applied to unbroken skin or mucus membrane, to burns and to open wounds to prevent sepsis by removing or excluding microbes from this area. The efficacy of antiseptics affected by several factors including: concentration and contact time, temperature, ph, presence of organic other...