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Jelly candy is syrup-phase, non-crystalline candy made using sugar, corn syrup and gelling agents such as gelatin, natural gums, pectin or starch. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has red edible calyx that is the potential to be used as a... more
Jelly candy is syrup-phase, non-crystalline candy made using sugar, corn syrup and gelling agents such as gelatin, natural gums, pectin or starch. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has red edible calyx that is the potential to be used as a natural colorant for jelly candy as it contains anthocyanins. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of different concentrations of dried roselle calyx and sucrose on the characteristics of roselle calyx jelly candy developed. The concentrations of sucrose used were 63.56%, 70.62%, 77.68% and 84.75%. The concentrations of dried roselle calyx used were 6.67%, 10.00%, 13.33% and 16.67%. Sensory analysis was done with 70 untrained panelists to analyze physical characteristics and preferences toward the jelly candies. Results of hedonic tests indicated that the best-formulated jelly candy according to aroma, texture, color and taste was made using 16.67% of dried roselle calyx and 63.56% of sucrose. The best-formulated jelly candy c...
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s: Cancer is a leading cause of mortality globally. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a pivotal role in the biotransformation of both endogenous and exogenous compounds. Various lines of evidence from epidemiological, animal, and... more
s: Cancer is a leading cause of mortality globally. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a pivotal role in the biotransformation of both endogenous and exogenous compounds. Various lines of evidence from epidemiological, animal, and clinical studies point to the instrumental role of CYPs in cancer initiation, metastasis, and prevention. Substantial research has found that CYPs are involved in activating different carcinogenic chemicals in the environment, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tobacco-related nitrosamines. Electrophilic intermediates produced from these chemicals can covalently bind to DNA, inducing mutation and cellular transformation that collectively result in cancer development. While bioactivation of procarcinogens and promutagens by CYPs has long been established, the role of CYP-derived endobiotics in carcinogenesis has only emerged in recent years. Eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid via CYP oxidative pathways have been implicated in tumorigenesis, cancer progression and metastasis. The purpose of this review is to update the current state of knowledge about the molecular cancer mechanism involving CYPs with a focus on the biochemical and biotransformation mechanisms in the various CYP-mediated carcinogenesis and the role of CYP-derived reactive metabolites, from both external and endogenous sources, in cancer growth and tumor formation.
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Research Interests: Chemistry, Flavonoids, Antioxidant, Phenols, Plant extracts, and 4 moreDPPH, Flavonoid, Carotene, and Vitexin
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The pericarp is the outer layer of a fruit. Often, pericarps are not used and are usually discarded. However, they may have untapped pharmacological potential. This study explored the tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant activities, and... more
The pericarp is the outer layer of a fruit. Often, pericarps are not used and are usually discarded. However, they may have untapped pharmacological potential. This study explored the tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant activities, and total phenolic content of five pericarp extracts from Mimosacea family, namely Adenanthera pavonina, Archidendron jiringa, Leucaena glauca, Parkia speciosa and Pithecellobium dulce. Ethanolic extract was obtained after continuous extraction of dried pericarp with petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. L-Tyrosine and L-Dopa are the substrates of tyrosinase in the monophenolase and diphenolase reaction, respectively. Both reactions are crucial in melanin production. Thus, tyrosinase inhibitor has broad potential in the fields of cosmetics and medicine. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by reducing power assay and metal chelating assay. Extracts inhibited both diphenolase and monophenolase reactions were analyzed by HPL...
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Introduction: The use of chemical insecticides has raised concerns regarding its consequences on human health and as well as its detrimental environmental impacts. Essential oils obtained from botanical origins can be used as natural... more
Introduction: The use of chemical insecticides has raised concerns regarding its consequences on human health and as well as its detrimental environmental impacts. Essential oils obtained from botanical origins can be used as natural alternatives to circumvent these concerns. As such, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of essential oil extracted from Syzygium aromaticum against Aedes albopictus. Methods: Larvae sampled were reared and maintained under insectary conditions following standard protocols. The essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum was extracted by hydrodistillation and tested against Aedes albopictus larvae for its susceptibility and lethality at 24 and 48 hours. The LC50 and LC90 lethal concentration values were determined using Probit regression analysis. Results: Syzygium aromaticum essential oil revealed larvicidal actions against Aedes albopictus species which was concentration-dependent, causing 100% larval mortality at 300 ppm. LC50 ...
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Non-invasive hormone monitoring of endangered wildlife provides an essential tool to optimize breeding strategies, mainly in captive management. However, the protocol of reproductive hormone monitoring on pregnancy status using... more
Non-invasive hormone monitoring of endangered wildlife provides an essential tool to optimize breeding strategies, mainly in captive management. However, the protocol of reproductive hormone monitoring on pregnancy status using non-invasive faecal samples in Malayan tapir is still inconclusive. Therefore, we compared the metabolites reproductive hormones; 17β-oestradiol and progesterone in the faecal samples extracted using methods of Schwarzenberger et al. (1996) (Methods A and B), Brown et al. (2001) (Method C) and Shutt et al. (2012) (Method D) from pregnant and non-pregnant captive Malayan Tapir. Faecal samples from four female of Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) were collected for five months at Sungai Dusun Wildlife Reserve (n = 2), Zoo Taiping (n = 1) and Zoo Negara (n = 1), Malaysia. Analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) confirmed that progesterone was detected in all fecal sample extracted by extraction Method A, while 17β-oestradiol was undetectable in ...
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s: Cancer is a leading cause of mortality globally. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a pivotal role in the biotransformation of both endogenous and exogenous compounds. Various lines of evidence from epidemiological, animal, and... more
s: Cancer is a leading cause of mortality globally. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a pivotal role in the biotransformation of both endogenous and exogenous compounds. Various lines of evidence from epidemiological, animal, and clinical studies point to the instrumental role of CYPs in cancer initiation, metastasis, and prevention. Substantial research has found that CYPs are involved in activating different carcinogenic chemicals in the environment, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tobacco-related nitrosamines. Electrophilic intermediates produced from these chemicals can covalently bind to DNA, inducing mutation and cellular transformation that collectively result in cancer development. While bioactivation of procarcinogens and promutagens by CYPs has long been established, the role of CYP-derived endobiotics in carcinogenesis has only emerged in recent years. Eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid via CYP oxidative pathways have been implicated in tumorigenesis,...
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Special Thai oolong tea is oolong tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) steamed with selected Thai botanical drugs. Oolong tea steamed with ginger (Zingiber officinale), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), and celery (Anathallis graveolens... more
Special Thai oolong tea is oolong tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) steamed with selected Thai botanical drugs. Oolong tea steamed with ginger (Zingiber officinale), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), and celery (Anathallis graveolens L.) is called eternity tea (EN), whereas peaceful rest (PR) tea is made of oolong tea leaves steamed with Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), Turkey berry (Solanum torvum), and wild betel leaf bush leaves (Piper sarmentosum). Oolong tea is known for its numerous biological activities including antidiabetic properties. However, the effect of the additional botanical drugs on the biological activities of special oolong teas has not yet been explored. From the results, the PR extract exhibited the best activity in the in vitro assays relevant to antidiabetic properties such as chemical antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-adipogenesis, enzyme inhibition, and glucose uptake and consumption. The UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS profiles of PR and EN extracts indicate...
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A total of 35 extracts from 20 species of Mimosaceae plants consisted of selected materials as pods, leaves and bark were studied. The biological activities as cytoxicity, antimicrobial, and antioxidant of the ethanolic extracts prepared... more
A total of 35 extracts from 20 species of Mimosaceae plants consisted of selected materials as pods, leaves and bark were studied. The biological activities as cytoxicity, antimicrobial, and antioxidant of the ethanolic extracts prepared by successive extraction in soxhlet apparatus were evaluated. Thirteen extracts showed cytotoxicity in the brine shrimp lethality test with the extract of Pithecellobium dulce stem bark was the most toxic (LC50=3.45µg/ml). In the paper disc diffusion method, extracts of Samanea saman leaves (zone inhibition=20.67 ± 0.55 mm) and extract of Archidendron jiringa pericarp (zone inhibition =13.35 ± 0.45 mm) showed the highest growth inhibition against E.coli and S. aureus, respectively. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of Mimosaceae ethanolic extracts were also being evaluated by broth microdilution method. Different results on antibacterial activity from broth microdilution method were obtained compared to the paper disc diffusion method. In th...
p-l,3-glucanase enzyme from culture filtrate o/Trichoderma harzianum BIO 10671 was successively purified by precipitation with 80% acetone followed by anion-exchange chromatography on Neobar AQ and chromatofocusing on a Mono P HR 5/20... more
p-l,3-glucanase enzyme from culture filtrate o/Trichoderma harzianum BIO 10671 was successively purified by precipitation with 80% acetone followed by anion-exchange chromatography on Neobar AQ and chromatofocusing on a Mono P HR 5/20 column. Two fi-l,3~glucanases of 32kDa and 66kDa were purified to homogeneity as judged by SDS-PAGE. The pH optimum for the enzymes activity was pH 4-5 and maximum activity was obtained at 45°C. Enzyme activity was slightly inhibited by 20-45% in its activity by 20mM of Zn, Ca, Co*, Mg\ Cu\ Mn and Fe*. The highest J5-l,3-glucanase hydrolysis activity was obtained on laminarin due to the similarity on p-glucosidic bonds and followed on pustulan, glucan and cellulose, respectively. INTRODUCTION Trichoderma spp. has long been recognised as an effective biocontrol agent of plant pathogens. The antagonistic mechanisms involve are chemotropism (Chet^aZ. 1981), lectin-mediated recognition (Inbar and Chet 1994) and the formation of trapping and penetrating str...
Water and 80% methanol crude extracts from the leaves of Citrus aurantifolia, C. hystrix, C. grandis, and Citrofortunella microcarpa were investigated for their total phenolic content and its relationship with total antioxidant activity.... more
Water and 80% methanol crude extracts from the leaves of Citrus aurantifolia, C. hystrix, C. grandis, and Citrofortunella microcarpa were investigated for their total phenolic content and its relationship with total antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content was determined using a Folin-Ciocalteu reagent whereas determination of total antioxidant activity was carried out using a β-carotene bleaching method. Among the citrus leaves extracts, the highest total phenolic content was found from the water extract of Citrofortunella microcarpa whereas the water extract of C. maxima and Citrofortunella microcarpa gave the highest total antioxidant activity and was comparable with the antioxidant activity of marker BHT. However, no clear correlation was found between the total phenolic content and the total antioxidant activity of citrus leaves in both crude extract. Eleven flavonoid components were isolated and identified from the 80% methanolic extract of the leaves of Citrus auranti...
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β-1,3-glucanase enzyme from culture filtrate of Trichoderma harzianum BIO 10671 was successively purified by precipitation with 80% acetone followed by anion-exchange chromatography on Neobar AQ and chromatofocusing on a Mono P HR 5/20... more
β-1,3-glucanase enzyme from culture filtrate of Trichoderma harzianum BIO 10671 was successively purified by precipitation with 80% acetone followed by anion-exchange chromatography on Neobar AQ and chromatofocusing on a Mono P HR 5/20 column. Two β-1,3-glucanases of 32kDa and 66kDa were purified to homogeneity as judged by SDS-PAGE. The pH optimum for the enzymes activity was pH 4-5 and maximum activity was obtained at 45oC. Enzyme activity was slightly inhibited by 20-45% in its activity by 20mM of Zn2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and Fe2+. The highest-1,3-glucanase hydrolysis activity was obtained on laminarin due to the similarity on -glucosidic bonds and followed on pustulan, glucan and cellulose, respectively.
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Bioactive natural compounds derived from plants are the source for the development of new drugs. Numerous in vitro studies have explored the anti-inflammatory effect of eurycomanone and fargesin, derived from Eurycoma longifolia and... more
Bioactive natural compounds derived from plants are the source for the development of new drugs. Numerous in vitro studies have explored the anti-inflammatory effect of eurycomanone and fargesin, derived from Eurycoma longifolia and Flosmagnoliae, respectively. However, before anti-inflammatory investigation is conducted, it is important to obtain the safe doses of these compounds to ensure the validity of the anti-inflammatory results. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of eurycomanone and fargesin towards macrophage RAW 264.7. cells to determine the safe doses of these compounds. Different concentrations of eurycomanone and fargesin were subjected to RAW 264.7 cells. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated by MTT assay and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of these compounds was determined. Morphological changes of RAW 264.7 cells upon exposure to these compounds were also observed. Eurycomanone exhibited its cytotoxic effect by reduci...
Research Interests: Chemistry, Cytotoxicity, In Vitro, Pharmaceutical, Ic, and 3 moreRaw Material, Viability assay, and MTT assay
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World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 88% of its member or 61 countries acknowledge the use of traditional and complementary medicines. Persicaria odorata is being used as traditional herbs to treat fever, nausea and promoting... more
World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 88% of its member or 61 countries acknowledge the use of traditional and complementary medicines. Persicaria odorata is being used as traditional herbs to treat fever, nausea and promoting hair growth. Besides, it is used as an anti-inflammatory agent in Vietnam to relieve swelling and treat wounds, sores, and ulcers. This review aims to evaluate the phytochemical and pharmacological status of P. odorata. P. odorata is a plant with a high content of phenols and flavonoids. Among the essential chemical constituents in the P. odorata are methyl gallate, (+)-catechin, eupatoriochromene, n-dodecanal, polygonumins A, α-humulene and anthraquinone. P. odorata also exerts many pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticancer effects. The commonly used part of P. odorata for extraction are leaves followed by the aerial part, rhizomes and stems. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to identify the effic...