Paolo Tedeschi

The article aims to contribute to the discussion on the causes and the trajectories of the process of industrialization and economic development between the 18th and the 19th centuries. Focusing on the case study of the Lombard Alpine area, it will test the usefulness of the concept of uneven and combined development (UCD) in order to better understand the process of economic growth. The Alpine case study is particularly interesting because, in some Lombard Valleys, it involves a shift from a very advanced economy in the Early Modern period to a demographic and economic collapse from the mid‐19th century onward, when in contrast, other mountain territories in the Italian area were moving towards industrialization.

The paper illustrates the progressive improvement of the quality and retailing of wine in the provinces of Bergamo and Brescia (Eastern Lombardy) during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Some important changes concerned winegrowing and winemaking and led to improving the quality of the wine. In the early nineteenth century most of viticulturists in fact produced low-quality wine: there were only two relevant exceptions. Outbreaks of powdery mildew, peronospora, and phylloxera seriously damaged vines and grapes and strongly reduced the land cultivated by vines as well as the number of winemakers. These latter had to renew their vines and they also created consortia for the protection and sale of their wine. During the twentieth century, the viticulture and winemaking benefited from the improvements and innovations concerning the oenological technology and transport networks. Since the 1960s the “enotechno-revolution” allowed best winemakers to create new high-quality sparkling ...

The article aims to contribute to the discussion on the causes and the trajectories of the process of industrialization and economic development between the 18th and the 19th centuries. Focusing on the case study of the Lombard Alpine area, it will test the usefulness of the concept of uneven and combined development (UCD) in order to better understand the process of economic growth. The Alpine case study is particularly interesting because, in some Lombard Valleys, it involves a shift from a very advanced economy in the Early Modern period to a demographic and economic collapse from the mid‐19th century onward, when in contrast, other mountain territories in the Italian area were moving towards industrialization.

Agrarstrukturerhebungen in der Lombardei im 19. Jh. In diesem Beitrag stellt der Verfasser die Agrarstrukturerhebungen des 19. Jh. in der Lombardei vor, ihre Struktur (Fragen und Veroffentlichung der Ergebnisse), ihre ziele und ihre wirtschaftliche und politische Relevanz. Die Erhebungen wurden von Beamten, Agronomen und Grosgrundbesitzern ausgearbeitet, die sich fur die Grose der Betriebe, die Bodennutzung (Fruchtwechsel, Feldbestellung, Dungemittel), Geratschaften, Viehbestande, Pachtvertrage und die Lebensbedingungen der Bauern interessierten. Auch wenn diese Erhebungen nicht immer ganz verlasslich scheinen, so werfen sie doch ein Licht auf die lombardische Landwirtschaft und schlagen Losungen vor, wie die Ernten verbessert und die Einkommen der landlichen Bevolkerung gesteigert werden konnten. Anhand lokaler Statistiken konnte die Regierung die Situation der lombardischen Landbevolkerung gut kennen und Masnahmen zur weiterentwicklung der Landwirtschaft ergreifen. Der Effekt der Agrarstrukturerhebungen war dennoch begrenzt : Meist folgten die Regierenden kaum den Vorschlagen zur weiterentwicklung der Landwirtschaft und der Pachtvertrage. Einzig das Steueraufkommen (und dessen Steigerung) scheint die Regierenden zu interessieren. Sie uberliesen auch weiterhin den Grosgrundbesitzern und den Grospachtern die Schlusselpositionen auf dem Land. Die Angaben waren meist zu ungenau um die Agrarerhebungen zu Steuerzwecken zu nutzen ; meist blieb es daher in der Lombardei bei einer verhaltnismasig hoheren Besteuerung der landlichen Familien, ganz im Gegensatz zu den niedrigeren Abgaben fur die Grundbesitzer, und somit bei der Tendenz zu sozialen Unruhen auf dem Land.

This paper aims to illustrate the impact of emigration on the Belgian economy and society during the twentieth century. We analyse some particular case studies and illustrate the effects of the arrival of foreign workers in Belgian mines, textile and iron and steel factories, and the building sector. Our research also illustrates the related changes in the Belgian life style (concerning food, music, sport, agronomics etc.) and in particular the creation of a real melting pot in the Belgian society. The paper also shows that the migration process included, especially in the second half of the twentieth century, very different people as far as language, religion and education are concerned (from the poorest migrants who needed training courses for improving their language and labour skills to the high skilled migrants who came as the executives of the European institutions in Brussels). The integration process of “foreigners” was complicated in particular for those who had a different religion and/or skin colour and/or a low knowledge of the French (or Dutch) language. As it happened elsewhere in Europe, while the immigration in Belgium until the second world war was almost exclusively white, Catholic and European, the post-war immigration was in fact much more different, with its large numbers of non-white and non-Christian manual workers from outside Europe.

Le present article montre le processus de renouvellement des connaissances agronomiques italiennes par la circulation des savoirs venant des campagnes europeennes. Le reseau international forme par les agronomes influence et favorise la creation d’un savoir agronomique national et d’institutions qui le gerent. On forme un modele agricole italien qui melange la recherche scientifique et les pratiques empiriques. Les resultats des experiences et des etudes sont partages lors des congres et publies avec les notes sur les innovations experimentees dans les pays transalpins. Au debut, la diffusion du savoir-faire agronomique moderne est toutefois limitee car le reseau compte un petit nombre d’aristocrates et de riches bourgeois. Apres l’unification, le reseau s’elargit grâce au soutien des institutions publiques et a la creation de nouvelles ecoles d’agriculture, des consortiums et des cooperatives agricoles, ce qui permet d’augmenter la production et la productivite dans les campagnes italiennes.

This paper shows the reasons why the European institution created thecommon currency, the endogenous factors (as the countries members' resistanceto the monetary integration) and the exogenous ones (the economicand financial crisis that arrived during the period under analysis)that brought about the long delay of the birth of the Euro. During thedebate about the birth of the common currency in the 1960s and 1970s,all the most important characteristics of the future Euro were defined.Before its birth (considered fundamental for the political, economic andsocial integration of Western Europe), some economists and bankers putin evidence what was necessary (and what had to be avoided) in order toallow the new common currency to give a real advantage to European citizensand enterprises. They underlined that the success of the Euro (andof all the EU members) asked for a strong political and economic integration:they in fact declared that «Europe is realized by a common currency, or it will never be realized» and that monetary integration was necessaryfor the existence of the European Institution. So the failure of theEMU will not depend on the Euro: the ones who are really responsiblearepoliticians and economists who continue to ignore the suggestionsand risks indicated in the past, and so they do not allow the enlargementof the European institutions' powers and more particularly those of theECB.

Agrarstrukturerhebungen in der Lombardei im 19. Jh. In diesem Beitrag stellt der Verfasser die Agrarstrukturerhebungen des 19. Jh. in der Lombardei vor, ihre Struktur (Fragen und Veroffentlichung der Ergebnisse), ihre ziele und ihre wirtschaftliche und politische Relevanz. Die Erhebungen wurden von Beamten, Agronomen und Grosgrundbesitzern ausgearbeitet, die sich fur die Grose der Betriebe, die Bodennutzung (Fruchtwechsel, Feldbestellung, Dungemittel), Geratschaften, Viehbestande, Pachtvertrage und die Lebensbedingungen der Bauern interessierten. Auch wenn diese Erhebungen nicht immer ganz verlasslich scheinen, so werfen sie doch ein Licht auf die lombardische Landwirtschaft und schlagen Losungen vor, wie die Ernten verbessert und die Einkommen der landlichen Bevolkerung gesteigert werden konnten. Anhand lokaler Statistiken konnte die Regierung die Situation der lombardischen Landbevolkerung gut kennen und Masnahmen zur weiterentwicklung der Landwirtschaft ergreifen. Der Effekt der Agrarstrukturerhebungen war dennoch begrenzt : Meist folgten die Regierenden kaum den Vorschlagen zur weiterentwicklung der Landwirtschaft und der Pachtvertrage. Einzig das Steueraufkommen (und dessen Steigerung) scheint die Regierenden zu interessieren. Sie uberliesen auch weiterhin den Grosgrundbesitzern und den Grospachtern die Schlusselpositionen auf dem Land. Die Angaben waren meist zu ungenau um die Agrarerhebungen zu Steuerzwecken zu nutzen ; meist blieb es daher in der Lombardei bei einer verhaltnismasig hoheren Besteuerung der landlichen Familien, ganz im Gegensatz zu den niedrigeren Abgaben fur die Grundbesitzer, und somit bei der Tendenz zu sozialen Unruhen auf dem Land.

The History of Migration in Europe belies several myths by arguing, for example, that immobility has not been the "normal" condition of people before the modern era. Migration (far from being an income-maximizing choice taken by lone individuals) is often a household strategy, and local wages benefit from migration. This book shows how ssuccesses arise when governments liberalize and accompany the international movements of people with appropriate legislation, while failures take place when the legislation enacted is insufficient, belated or ill shaped. Part I of this book addresses mainly methodological issues. Past and present migration is basically defined as a cross-cultural movement; cultural boundaries need prolonged residence and active integrationist policies to allow cross-fertilization of cultures among migrants and non-migrants. Part II collects chapters that examine the role of public bodies with reference to migratory movements, depicting a series of successes...

L’article presente les origines et le developpement des organisations des entrepreneurs milanais entre le debut du processus italien d’industrialisation et les premieres phases du processus d’integration economique europeenne. Les industriels milanais s’associent pour defendre leurs interets face a l’Etat — dont le role economique se renforce — et, puis, aux syndicats des travailleurs — qui augmentent la force contractuelle de la main-d’œuvre. Les organisations patronales milanaises representent les interets des entreprises du principal centre industriel et financier italien : elles assument progressivement un role guide pour tous les entrepreneurs prives italiens et sont aussi consultees par les autorites politiques afin de conseiller des strategies economiques. En particulier, elles aident les bureaux publics a gerer les grants et les loans arrives par le plan Marshall (ERP) et a negocier les clauses techniques des traites concernant l’adhesion italienne a la CECA et au Marche Commun.

Lumezzane, a village in the Lombard Prealps, in XVIII and XIX century was characterized by the presence of important manufactures favoured by the local availability of raw material and water power. People worked in forges of 2nd level and produced components for fire-arms, sidearms and hand-manufactured goods in iron or in brass. People financed their activities by domestic patrimony or

ABSTRACTThis article illustrates various characteristics of the real-estate market in Lumezzane, a village in the Lombard Prealps between the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries. It reveals the types of property sold, the objectives of the buyers and sellers, the prices paid and, in some cases, the credit arrangements undertaken. The research indicates the relationship between the credit market and the type of manufacture in the region. Particular institutions, most notably religious foundations known as the Luoghi Pii, as well as private individuals, provided capital to artisans in the absence of banks. This availability of credit at favourable rates allowed artisans to produce manufactured goods at a competitive price even in difficult economic times. The importance of industry in the region both influenced strategies of inheritance and limited the need for the type of out-migration that characterized most Alpine regions during the period.