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This paper presents developed attendance register module for a smart campus. A convenient test on four courses was carried out on the register module for courses A, B, C and D for five lecture days. A total of twenty students were... more
This paper presents developed attendance register module for a smart campus. A convenient test on four courses was carried out on the register module for courses A, B, C and D for five lecture days. A total of twenty students were involved in the test. This module is a careful improvement of the previous SAMSYS module. The validation of attendance manually has become cumbersome, energy sapping and leads to waste of productive time. The academic attendance policy has continually insisted on the 70/30 % benchmark which has also provoked a lot of issues at various fora. The improvement provides for instant print out of attendance after class lectures and after examination periods. In the design, the PIC18F462 microcontroller has been used to achieve adequate results. Also, the PIC16F88 was used for the keyboard decoder to convert scan codes to ASCII character for the microcontroller. Adequate attendance security measures have also been put in place for effective attendance management. It showed better performance over the previous design.
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The competitive nature of today's economies has forced the manufacturing sector, small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMMES), to collaborate with other sectors to achieve stability and consistency. Manufacturing... more
The competitive nature of today's economies has forced the manufacturing sector, small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMMES), to collaborate with other sectors to achieve stability and consistency. Manufacturing businesses are putting a lot of effort into managing their goods and services to reach a high level of client satisfaction. This is accomplished with the highest quality while maintaining a competitive cost tag. To accomplish this, the collaborative manufacturing technique (CMT) is used. It entails information exchange and dialogue amongst business processes concerning internal or external stakeholders in the hierarchy of value. An active CMT model that incorporates these present collaboration networks should provide operational value savings and significantly increase competitiveness. Therefore, the recent evaluation that provided a detailed view of such inclusion is no longer in existence. To promote collaboration techniques in the successful development o...
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Taking attendance for classes has become more challenging, especially at institutions, due to the growing students population. Typically, the teacher calls names and writes them down. This approach has a number of drawbacks because when... more
Taking attendance for classes has become more challenging, especially at institutions, due to the growing students population. Typically, the teacher calls names and writes them down. This approach has a number of drawbacks because when recording their attendance, students are diverted from the presentation and may register for absent classmates. The smart attendance solution suggested in this study allows students to tap their student identity (ID) card on a near field communication (NFC) reader, streamlining the attendance procedure by using near field communication (NFC) technology. The technique is affordable, effective, and simple to keep up. Automating student attendance saves time and alleviates anxiety. The average time for the NFC system to take a student's attendance is 3.5 seconds, compared to 16 seconds for the conventional method. The inaccuracy associated with recording attendance is reduced by 31% thanks to NFC technology. The numerical results of the NFC-based sc...
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This paper presents developed attendance register module for a smart campus. A convenient test on four courses was carried out on the register module for courses A, B, C and D for five lecture days. A total of twenty students were... more
This paper presents developed attendance register module for a smart campus. A convenient test on four courses was carried out on the register module for courses A, B, C and D for five lecture days. A total of twenty students were involved in the test. This module is a careful improvement of the previous SAMSYS module. The validation of attendance manually has become cumbersome, energy sapping and leads to waste of productive time. The academic attendance policy has continually insisted on the 70/30 % benchmark which has also provoked a lot of issues at various fora. The improvement provides for instant print out of attendance after class lectures and after examination periods. In the design, the PIC18F462 microcontroller has been used to achieve adequate results. Also, the PIC16F88 was used for the keyboard decoder to convert scan codes to ASCII character for the microcontroller. Adequate attendance security measures have also been put in place for effective attendance management. It showed better performance over the previous design.
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Research Interests:
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a technology that promises to improve network performance and realization of cost reduction for service providers through its flexibility, programmability, and separation of control plane from data... more
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a technology that promises to improve network performance and realization of cost reduction for service providers through its flexibility, programmability, and separation of control plane from data plane. However, the decoupling of control plane from data plane in SDN deployment has scalability challenges as controller has limited computing capacity. In this paper, we propose a hybrid switch based on OpenFlow to perform both data forwarding functions and some control plane functionalities delegated by SDN controller. The delegation controller function to hybrid switch can reduce work load and traffic between the controller and hybrid switch, therefore resulting to improved scalability and reduced path set-up latency. The proposed hybrid switch can be implemented in a Data Centre network to ensure scalable switching and reduced network latency.
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5G networks are the up and coming age of mobile web availability, offering quicker speeds and progressively solid connections on smartphones and different gadgets than at any other time. The general execution of 5G mobile correspondence... more
5G networks are the up and coming age of mobile web availability, offering quicker speeds and progressively solid connections on smartphones and different gadgets than at any other time. The general execution of 5G mobile correspondence network has gained extraordinary ground compared to the 4G network. This paper is focused on all foregoing generations of mobile technology, developmental aspect of 5G technologies and the basic architecture/concept behind this mobile technology trend. Combining cutting-edge network technology and the latest high-spec's devices, 5G should offer connections that are multitudes faster than previous mobile technology, with average download speeds of around 1Gbps expected to soon be the norm. The 5G frequency band is between 3GHZ to 300GHz, top notch video communication, top quality sight and sound spilling, interactive media papers, HD online TV, and so forth which causes this innovation to vary and one of a kind among all the accessible existing mo...
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Practical delivery is an important concept in the field of Engineering towards tackling challenges being faced globally especially in the Industry. Imperatively, it has been observed there are many produced engineers who are not... more
Practical delivery is an important concept in the field of Engineering towards tackling challenges being faced globally especially in the Industry. Imperatively, it has been observed there are many produced engineers who are not employable due to their insufficient practical knowledge in their chosen carrier; making them not to proper necessary solution to societal problem. Therefore it is highly required now to have a kind of synergy and leverages between the Industry and the Academia to acquire required technological skills in the field of engineering. However in every organization, Engineers should not be a problem provider but rather solution provider. This research thereby provides an eye openers on the need to adopt both Soft and Hard skills strategies in tackling Engineering practices menace.
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This GSM controlled electrical loads is designed using the Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) feature. The system is powered by 5volts dc power supply. The system has three electrical loads in which any load could be up to 2.2KVA. The heart... more
This GSM controlled electrical loads is designed using the Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) feature. The system is powered by 5volts dc power supply. The system has three electrical loads in which any load could be up to 2.2KVA. The heart of the system is the DTMF chip that converts keypad tones from a phone into binary. The circuit has two electrical wires; the first is connected to the load supply while the other is connected to a mobile phone within the circuit. A resident phone from any location connects to the mobile phone in order to control the loads, using its keypads to switch on and off the loads. Relays via transistors are connected to its output terminals and they will turn on and off the electrical loads depending on the number that is pressed on the resident phone. When a digital 1 is received by the transistor, it will get saturated, short-circuit the collector and emitter thereby switching on the relay.
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The increasing demand for radio channels, which emanates from the explosive requirement for wireless services in a metropolitan environment is one of the major challenges facing the path loss propagation prediction. However, this... more
The increasing demand for radio channels, which emanates from the explosive requirement for wireless services in a metropolitan environment is one of the major challenges facing the path loss propagation prediction. However, this prediction is necessary for link budget and in the determination of the coverage area of a particular base station. Therefore, in this paper, a fuzzy-logic based path loss prediction model is proposed for accurate link budget and optimal coverage determination. Also, a drive test is conducted and data were collected for non urban, urban, suburban, ex-urban, dense-urban, micro-urban and peri urban areas in Lagos metropolitan environment for training the proposed model. Network parameters were varied during the process of performance evaluation for the 900MHz and 1800MHz bands. Results show that the mean path loss for different environments is higher for the 900MHz band compared with 1800MHz band and this shows that propagation in the 900MHz environment is characterised with more challenges and dynamic propagation conditions than in 1800MHz. Additionally, the urban environment gives the highest value for the constant offset being 60dB for 900MHz but the ex-urban environment has a constant offset of 64dB in 1800MHz.
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In this Work, an artificial neural network model is introduced that combines the prediction from single neural network predictors according to an adaptive and heuristic credit assignment algorithm based on the theory of conditional... more
In this Work, an artificial neural network model is introduced that combines the prediction from single neural network predictors according to an adaptive and heuristic credit assignment algorithm based on the theory of conditional probability and Bayes' rule. Two single predictors are applied and combined linearly into a Bayesian combined neural network model. The credit value for each predictor in the combined model is calculated according to the proposed credit assignment algorithm and largely depends on the accumulative prediction performance of these predictors during the previous prediction intervals. Three indices, i.e., the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), the variance of absolute percentage error (VAPE), and the probability of percentage error (PPE), are employed to compare the forecasting performance. It is found that most of the time, the combined model outperforms the singular predictors.
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This paper examines the joint uplink and downlink energy consumption of current day wireless networks operating in the gigahertz spectrum while supporting a variety of wireless access devices, and propose a socially-inspired... more
This paper examines the joint uplink and downlink energy consumption of current day wireless networks operating in the gigahertz spectrum while supporting a variety of wireless access devices, and propose a socially-inspired energy-efficient resource allocation algorithm for the future wireless network. First, the problem is conceptualized, modelled, and formulated as a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem, which is further decomposed into sub-problems for ease and tractability. More importantly, we explore the benefits of utilizing the social ties formed by network users to improve energy efficiency and examine its overall impact on network performance. As such, a classical mathematical method is applied to solve the problem, and the results are compared to others obtained from several meta-heuristic algorithms. The simulation results show that our proposed algorithm is a better candidate to significantly improve the overall energy efficiency of the network.
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Various research studies have been carried out by different researchers on the behavior of radio wave propagation within different environment s under different environmental and geographic conditions. The models derived are specific for... more
Various research studies have been carried out by different researchers on the behavior of radio wave propagation within different environment s under different environmental and geographic conditions. The models derived are specific for most environments. This study presents a measurement-based model for path loss prediction in two GSM service areas at 900MHz. This area includes the vegetation areas of Molete environs and Oke Ita environs at Ifedore local government Igbaraoke ondo state. Downlink signal strength level data were collected by using drive test exercise consisting of test mobile phones, TEMS investigation software, and MapInfo and Google Earth. The data obtained was analyzed to obtain the path loss exponent. The path loss obtained for the vegetation is computed as 5.4, which shows a poor GSM signal level. An empirical model was proposed for the received power signal in a mangrove environment. The empirical model developed was validated by comparing with the measured va...
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Path loss prediction in a multi-urban environment is presented in this paper. The multi-urban environments comprise seven identified environment for the study. Forecasting of the path loss in rural, and other areas such as urban, dense... more
Path loss prediction in a multi-urban environment is presented in this paper. The multi-urban environments comprise seven identified environment for the study. Forecasting of the path loss in rural, and other areas such as urban, dense urban and so on performs a major part in order to effectively design wireless networks and mobile systems. Many researchers have exploited soft computing techniques to achieve accurate results over the years. However, in this paper, a unique novel approach of determining path loss employing ellipsoidal fuzzy inference set up is applied to the classified propagation environment. Adequate and reasonable results were obtained with superior Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE) values for both 900MHz band and 1800MHz bands. Also, the optimal implementation is provided by both fuzzy logic type 2 and EFIS, which examined the path attenuation with an RMSE and a MAPE less than 2.17% for the 900MHz band and 2.64% for the 1800MHz band. It reveals again that the number of rules used in EFIS is lesser compared to the number of rules used in a fuzzy system, making EFIS a more preferable model.
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Autonomous machines are becoming prevalent, even more so the advent of autonomous vehicles. While autonomous cars have been around for some time, the endless innovations in this domain have led to the removal of human-in-the loop, hence... more
Autonomous machines are becoming prevalent, even more so the advent of autonomous vehicles. While autonomous cars have been around for some time, the endless innovations in this domain have led to the removal of human-in-the loop, hence constantly seeking to remove human input while delivering optimal result. However, safety is a major concern, and users are wary of leaving safety level decisions to machines. There is a rise in road accident caused by autonomous cars, while some have blamed it on human’s total trust in machines, and researchers have called for the development of human-level accurate algorithms to tackle decision making using state-of-the-art techniques. Therefore, this paper seeks to use computer vision leveraging on deep learning techniques to detect pedestrians, traffic signs, important objects, and lane lines to infer crucial driver decisions.Mask R-Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was used for object classification with the aid of transfer learning saving the ...
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This paper presents an evaluation and analysis of 3G network in metropolitan area in Lagos, Nigeria. It was carried out with the collection of data through drive testing of which five parameters were analysed which are Rscp (Received... more
This paper presents an evaluation and analysis of 3G network in metropolitan area in Lagos, Nigeria. It was carried out with the collection of data through drive testing of which five parameters were analysed which are Rscp (Received signal code power), Ec/No, SQI (Speech quality index), Tx power (Transmitting power) and path loss. In this paper, ten (10) different site locations were covered and analysed. It was deduced that the RSCP range of -60 to 0 (db) covers just 25% while the Ec/No range of -8 to 0 covers 23% of the total coverage area both of which fall below the 75% being stipulated by the Nigeria Communication Commission (NCC) of the total coverage area. The transmitting power is even worse with analysis showing the transmitting power of most of the base stations in the area with a very low value and likewise the Speech quality index. Two common path loss models COST 231 HATA and OKUMURA-HATA were used. More so, the COST 231 HATA model yielded the value for the path loss r...
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This paper presents design and development of an Automated Home Control System (AHCS) using mobile phone. A cell (mobile) phone acts as a modem for the control of electrical home appliances. This is achieved when the mobile phone number... more
This paper presents design and development of an Automated Home Control System (AHCS) using mobile phone. A cell (mobile) phone acts as a modem for the control of electrical home appliances. This is achieved when the mobile phone number is dialed and an appropriate command button is pressed. The paper demonstrates how to develop a system that aids the control of remote devices using mobile phones to enable devices without infrared though connected to power sources to be controlled and considering the possibility of users to monitor the status and usage of these devices. It makes use of a programmable interface controller (PIC) to control the switching of the output. This design is customized as a central device for four pieces of home appliances using relay to activate each of the respective electronic gadgets.
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This paper describes a study on statistical data performance of indoor wireless signal strength prediction using Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy system. Measurements of signal strength was conducted on a third floor of a five storey office building... more
This paper describes a study on statistical data performance of indoor wireless signal strength prediction using Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy system. Measurements of signal strength was conducted on a third floor of a five storey office building situsted in Ilupeju area of Lagos State, Nigeria. The test drive was conducted in a fifteen meter closed corridor general office with furniture and other office equipment that may impact the propagation of wireless signals. Wireless signal strength measurement were taken using cisco Aironet 3602 access point. It has the capability to operate at both 2.4GHz and 5.0GHz radio spectrum. The measurement period was for six months. The minimum mean square error was used to determine the path loss exponent of 2.96. A model equation for the study was developed and can be used to predict indoor path loss. have shortcomings and are not able to fit the observed data effectively. This research focuses on using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to pre...
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The aim of this study is to investigate the problems and challenges faced by the prepaid metering system and efforts geared towards in resolving the identified issues using a humansurvey approach termed questionnaires to the EKEDC (Eko... more
The aim of this study is to investigate the problems and challenges faced by the prepaid metering system and efforts geared towards in resolving the identified issues using a humansurvey approach termed questionnaires to the EKEDC (Eko Electricity Distribution Company) officials and customers. Some of the identified challenges are absence of vending infrastructure, non-tripping of the contractor, the cost of acquiring the meter, and delays in receiving and installation of prepaid meters. The analysis of this study was based on the feedback mechanism and results received from the members of the public via questionnaire. The obtained results enabled this study to get to the far-reaching recommendations which are considered to be ideal for the successful implementation of the Prepaid Metering System. These include high quality meters, provision of electricity at all times, computerization of the Prepaid Metering System, introduction of prepayment metering country-wide and periodic trai...
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Advancements in the field of communications are moving towards the internet of things (IoTs). Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) can be used to monitor environmental conditions such as pollution using independent sensors communicating with... more
Advancements in the field of communications are moving towards the internet of things (IoTs). Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) can be used to monitor environmental conditions such as pollution using independent sensors communicating with each other using the IoTs technology thereby leading to a more accurate environmental monitoring system. Air pollution is a critical environmental challenge which is a major concern in cities and will have to be reduced if cities are to be regarded as smart cities. It has negative short and long term effects on human health that would deter people from moving to cities which would ultimately prevent economic growth. Therefore, the air pollution around the city and along traffic routes could be monitored using WSN nodes. In this work, the stationary nodes around the city would be deployed periodically to collect pollution data from sensors at the node. These data would be stored locally in its memory with a time and location stamp. Mobile nodes placed ...
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This paper presents the Comparative Analysis of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Power Transmission Lines Effects on the Human Body in Lagos Environs. This was achieved using the measured and calculated values of some electromagnetic... more
This paper presents the Comparative Analysis of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Power Transmission Lines Effects on the Human Body in Lagos Environs. This was achieved using the measured and calculated values of some electromagnetic parameters such as power density, and electric field intensity. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) exposure limit for BTS antennas is 0.1 W/m 2 (100 mw/m 2 ). For values of radiating power of the base station antenna ranging between 33Watts to 100Watts, the power density experienced in the vicinity of the antenna ranges from 0.8 mW/m 2 to 280 mW/m 2 . The health effect of the antennas is at its peak when the base station antenna is transmitting at 100Watts. At radiating power of 100Watts, the mean power density was found to be 39 mW/m 2 , and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value was 73 mW/m 2 . The distance away from the base station that is safe for residential purposes was found to be 16.m. The safety guide...
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Path loss propagation models developed in recent times are presented in this paper. Since it is a necessity for efficient and accurate planning during deployment, it is imperative to review some of the models. The model development... more
Path loss propagation models developed in recent times are presented in this paper. Since it is a necessity for efficient and accurate planning during deployment, it is imperative to review some of the models. The model development started from Japan but Nigeria has been one of the third world countries that benefited immensely from the models developed in Japan. The Japanese models were developed for Rural, Urban and Suburban areas. Research has shown that path loss model could be developed for metropolitan areas. Wireless design of accurate and reliable communication systems hinges upon the suitability of the path loss prediction choice and the adaptability of the enhanced methods in various classified environment of discourse. The effort of this paper is based on obtaining adequate propagation model for wetland and dryland areas in Lagos State. Measurement was conducted for four weeks in Rural Suburban and Urban environment. The frequency assignment for the measurement was 700MHz range that is on of the main band for the placement of long time evolution(LTE).
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This paper presents the impact of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) radiation exposure induced by wireless networks, most importantly 5G cellular networks for both the uplink and downlink radio emissions using exposure... more
This paper presents the impact of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) radiation exposure induced by wireless networks, most importantly 5G cellular networks for both the uplink and downlink radio emissions using exposure index-based power control algorithm (EIPCA), a novel simulation method that quantifies the realistic electromagnetic exposure of the human user. The exposure index (EI) is used to characterize the EMF exposure taking in account the power density, specific absorption rate (SAR); using both the electric field strength and magnetic field strength as well as considering the variability of other factors such as environment, the conductivity and the mass density of tissue. This work aims at simulating the radiations emitted from access points (APs) and mobile devices, analyzing and comparing them with the threshold set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) for the understanding of radiation impact. The numerical results reveal that the maximum radiation exposure emitted is far lower than the ICNIRP standard. It is shown that the exposure from mobile devices (uplink) has more EI compared with the ones due with the transmitting stations (downlink) radio emissions, and both can be minimized when there is an optimal power control scheme in the network as revealed in the power density received from the APs. Moreover, it compares the exposure level in both the fourth-generation (4G) and the fifth-generation (5G) networks, this will increase the health awareness concerning radiation exposure of 5G networks to the general public.
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This paper addresses the dynamic resource allocation in a multi-slice multi-tier multi-domain based network with different network players. The dynamic resource allocation problem is formulated as a maximum utility optimisation problem... more
This paper addresses the dynamic resource allocation in a multi-slice multi-tier multi-domain based network with different network players. The dynamic resource allocation problem is formulated as a maximum utility optimisation problem from multi-player multi-domain perspective. Furthermore, a 3-level hierarchical business model comprising infrastructure providers (InPs), mobile virtual network operators (MVNO), service providers (SP) and slice users is investigated. We propose a multi-tier multi-domain slice user matching game and a distributed backtracking multi-player multi-domain game schemes in solving the transformed maximum utility optimisation problem. We compare the multi-tier multi-tenant multi-domain game scheme with a genetic algorithm (GA) intelligent latency- aware resource allocation scheme (GI-LARE) and, a static slicing resource allocation scheme via Monte Carlo simulation. Our findings reveal that the proposed scheme outperforms these other schemes.
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The 5G slice networks will play a critical role in meeting the stringent quality-of-service requirements of different use cases, reducing the Capital Expenditure (CapEX) and Operational Expenditure (OpEX) of mobile network operators.... more
The 5G slice networks will play a critical role in meeting the stringent quality-of-service requirements of different use cases, reducing the Capital Expenditure (CapEX) and Operational Expenditure (OpEX) of mobile network operators. Owing to the flexibility and ability of 5G slice networks to meet the needs of different verticals, it attracts new network players and entities to the mobile network ecosystem, and therefore it creates new business models and structures. Motivated by this development, this paper addresses the dynamic resource allocation in a multi-slice multi-tier multi-domain network with different network players. The dynamic resource allocation problem is formulated as a maximum utility optimisation problem from a multiplayer multi-domain perspective. Furthermore, a 3-level hierarchical business model comprising Infrastructure Providers (InPs), Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs), Service Providers (SPs), and slice users are investigated. We propose two schemes...
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This paper investigates a joint uplink and downlink resource allocation problem for a 5G use case. We explore the social-awareness of the network operators to efficiently match users during any form of peer-to-peer communication. Thus, we... more
This paper investigates a joint uplink and downlink resource allocation problem for a 5G use case. We explore the social-awareness of the network operators to efficiently match users during any form of peer-to-peer communication. Thus, we proposed a peer-selection scheme to improve the overall utility of the network amid limited spectral resources while exploiting the social-ties of network users’. Consequently, we formulate a utility maximization problem as a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem to be solved using genetic algorithm. We perform extensive Monte-Carlo simulations alongside several meta-heuristic algorithms for comparison. The results reveal that our proposed scheme is a good candidate to appreciably and significantly improve the expected utility and network performance.
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This paper presents the design and analysis of a 10element 2.4 GHz Yagi antenna using the Method of Moment inculcated in an electromagnetic simulation software called SuperNec v2.9. The Yagi antenna is an example of a directional antenna.... more
This paper presents the design and analysis of a 10element 2.4 GHz Yagi antenna using the Method of Moment inculcated in an electromagnetic simulation software called SuperNec v2.9. The Yagi antenna is an example of a directional antenna. The antenna propagates electromagnetic field energy in the direction running from the driven element toward the director(s), and is most sensitive to incoming electromagnetic field energy in the same direction. Antenna characteristics that will be obtained in this work include current distributions, input impedance, input power and radiated power, efficiency and far-field radiation patterns in polar planes. It can be deduced that once the array geometry and positions of any feed are specified, both the radiation and scattering problem pertaining to Yagi-Uda array can be solved via the Method of Moment technique. Using the simulation software, SuperNEC, simulations are done within the frequency range of 1800MHz and 2400MHz at frequency interval of 100MHz for the Method of Moments analysis. The results of simulation will be displayed in polar and forms from the expressions established for the current distributions and far-field patterns using a ten element array.
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In Nigeria of today marketing strategies which involves the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are growing but still an aspect of marketing widely known as Shopping Cart in Information and Communication Technology has... more
In Nigeria of today marketing strategies which involves the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are growing but still an aspect of marketing widely known as Shopping Cart in Information and Communication Technology has not be seen as a means of interaction between sellers and buyers. A good Shopping cart framework will support improvements of a company’s productivity, management effectiveness and ultimately, the quality of services it offers to its clients/customers and the public in general. The challenges of successful implementation of a Shopping Cart by companies in developing countries like Nigeria are identified and analyzed in this work. Livestock industry is used as a case study and efforts were made in this paper to descriptively list the approach towards eliminating these challenges which will ultimately lead to maximization of profits by companies.