- University of Wales Trinity Saint David,
Lampeter Campus, School of Archaeology
SA48 7ED Ceredigion Wales
- Maritme Archaeology, Dendrochronology, ForSEAdiscovery E(S)Rs, Harbour Archaeology, History of Archaeology and Anthropology, 18th Century, and 9 moreShipwrecks, Portuguese Discoveries and Expansion, History Portuguese and Spanish, Iberian Studies, Technology, Archaeology, History, Computer Science, and Artificial Intelligenceedit
- PhD student in Archaeology and dendrochronologyedit
- Nigel Nayling, Jemma Bezant, Roderick Bale & Rosa Varela Gomesedit
This thesis focuses on the development of digital methodologies to identify evidence of timber supply and selection for traditional shipbuilding through the examination of the archaeological remains of ship timbers. Traditions of... more
This thesis focuses on the development of digital methodologies to identify evidence of timber supply and selection for traditional shipbuilding through the examination of the archaeological remains of ship timbers. Traditions of archaeological ship timber recording, with particular reference to the capture of information regarding the raw material (wood) used in shipbuilding, are reviewed and developed to provide a rigorous methodology by integrating digital three-dimensional technologies increasingly employed in maritime archaeology.
This investigation led to the development of a methodology to analyse assemblages of surviving ship timbers to identify potential correlations between woodlands, shipyards, and shipbuilding architecture during the Iberian Age of Discoveries. A range of digital technologies are used to allow the recording, analysis, and interpretation of surviving wood features. Data is captured using a combination of a FaroArm digitiser with Rhinoceros3D software (interpretative line data) and multi-image photogrammetry (non-interpretative cloud data) to obtain precise and accurate information.
The produced digital models reflect long-term conceptualisation and theorisation. By employing a carefully developed approach it has become possible to accurately reconstruct archaeological ship timbers’ parent trees and past woodscapes based on evidence recorded from the surviving timbers within a three-dimensional environment.
Wood features such as grain, knots, tree-ring patterns, and natural cracks are elevated to a new level of relevance. The digital reconstructions presented in this thesis are the result of a matured collection of tasks using several recording techniques within an approach focusing on the importance of trees as the fundamental source material for shipbuilding – one of the most complex industries in early modern society.
This investigation led to the development of a methodology to analyse assemblages of surviving ship timbers to identify potential correlations between woodlands, shipyards, and shipbuilding architecture during the Iberian Age of Discoveries. A range of digital technologies are used to allow the recording, analysis, and interpretation of surviving wood features. Data is captured using a combination of a FaroArm digitiser with Rhinoceros3D software (interpretative line data) and multi-image photogrammetry (non-interpretative cloud data) to obtain precise and accurate information.
The produced digital models reflect long-term conceptualisation and theorisation. By employing a carefully developed approach it has become possible to accurately reconstruct archaeological ship timbers’ parent trees and past woodscapes based on evidence recorded from the surviving timbers within a three-dimensional environment.
Wood features such as grain, knots, tree-ring patterns, and natural cracks are elevated to a new level of relevance. The digital reconstructions presented in this thesis are the result of a matured collection of tasks using several recording techniques within an approach focusing on the importance of trees as the fundamental source material for shipbuilding – one of the most complex industries in early modern society.
Research Interests:
No âmbito do mestrado em História, Arqueologia e Património, do discente Adolfo Miguel Martins pela Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa em colaboração com o Instituto Politécnico de Tomar e tendo como objecto de estudo o achado identificado... more
No âmbito do mestrado em História, Arqueologia e Património, do discente Adolfo Miguel Martins pela Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa em colaboração com o Instituto Politécnico de Tomar e tendo como objecto de estudo o achado identificado por Tróia 1, encontra-se a ser desenvolvido um projecto dinâmico, que irá considerar a intervenção arqueológica tal como a conhecemos, mas também a interdisciplinaridade, em áreas tão distintas como a Biologia, a Geologia ou Hidrografia.
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido ao longo de mais de dois anos e pretendeu encontrar repostas para questões tão pertinentes como: que navio é este? O porquê do seu naufrágio? Qual o seu propósito? e Desde quando ali se encontra? Para tal foi desencadeado um conjunto de acções na espectativa de que as respostas obtidas sejam esclarecedoras e contribuam para o estudo desta região e do seu contexto socioecónomico.
Recorde-se que o século XIX representa o exponente máximo das técnicas construção empregues pelos carpinteiros navais e que a crescente necessidade de transportar mais produtos, por maiores distâncias e a grande velocidade promoveram a construção desenfreada de embarcações e provocaram a alteração do paradigma de construção naval que veio a desafiar as regras básicas da flutuabilidade e da segurança marítima. Em paralelo com esta crescente necessidade de produzir embarcações tecnicamente mais evoluídas, também os estaleiros navais tiveram a necessidade de se adaptar a esta nova realidade e a dar resposta aos interesses comerciais além-fronteiras.
Neste século as rotas comerciais marítimas já se encontravam praticamente definidas e os corredores marítimos albergavam frequentemente embarcações das mais diversas nacionalidades e funcionalidades. Ao consultarmos (por exemplo) o acervo existente no Arquivo Distrital de Setúbal sobre as entradas e saídas das embarcações no porto desta região, poderemos verificar que por ali passaram só no ano de 18671 um total de 12 nacionalidades excluído as embarcações portuguesas - Suecos, russos “perusianos” noruegueses, italianos, ingleses, holandeses, espanhóis, alemães, franceses dinamarqueses e belgas, o que nos leva a presumir talvez por analogia com a actualidade que os portos nesse período representam um panorama multicultural e multifuncional onde tripulações, passageiros, estivadores e por vezes armadores se cruzavam em tão pequeno espaço.
Tendo por base este contexto socioeconómico, marítimo e cultural o presente trabalho desenrolar-se-á em três fases sendo que no primeiro capitulo será apresentado o panorama genérico das principiais rotas adoptadas pelas companhias de navegação portuguesas, seguidamente será apresentado um caso de estudo que abordará as técnicas de construção naval utilizadas no séc. XIX, bem como o sitio arqueológico designado por Tróia 1: que representa o naufrágio de uma embarcação inserida cronologicamente nesse século de forma a permitir traçar a “vida” de um navio desde a sua construção até aos nossos dias. Por fim, serão apresentadas algumas considerações e reflexões sobre esta matéria.
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido ao longo de mais de dois anos e pretendeu encontrar repostas para questões tão pertinentes como: que navio é este? O porquê do seu naufrágio? Qual o seu propósito? e Desde quando ali se encontra? Para tal foi desencadeado um conjunto de acções na espectativa de que as respostas obtidas sejam esclarecedoras e contribuam para o estudo desta região e do seu contexto socioecónomico.
Recorde-se que o século XIX representa o exponente máximo das técnicas construção empregues pelos carpinteiros navais e que a crescente necessidade de transportar mais produtos, por maiores distâncias e a grande velocidade promoveram a construção desenfreada de embarcações e provocaram a alteração do paradigma de construção naval que veio a desafiar as regras básicas da flutuabilidade e da segurança marítima. Em paralelo com esta crescente necessidade de produzir embarcações tecnicamente mais evoluídas, também os estaleiros navais tiveram a necessidade de se adaptar a esta nova realidade e a dar resposta aos interesses comerciais além-fronteiras.
Neste século as rotas comerciais marítimas já se encontravam praticamente definidas e os corredores marítimos albergavam frequentemente embarcações das mais diversas nacionalidades e funcionalidades. Ao consultarmos (por exemplo) o acervo existente no Arquivo Distrital de Setúbal sobre as entradas e saídas das embarcações no porto desta região, poderemos verificar que por ali passaram só no ano de 18671 um total de 12 nacionalidades excluído as embarcações portuguesas - Suecos, russos “perusianos” noruegueses, italianos, ingleses, holandeses, espanhóis, alemães, franceses dinamarqueses e belgas, o que nos leva a presumir talvez por analogia com a actualidade que os portos nesse período representam um panorama multicultural e multifuncional onde tripulações, passageiros, estivadores e por vezes armadores se cruzavam em tão pequeno espaço.
Tendo por base este contexto socioeconómico, marítimo e cultural o presente trabalho desenrolar-se-á em três fases sendo que no primeiro capitulo será apresentado o panorama genérico das principiais rotas adoptadas pelas companhias de navegação portuguesas, seguidamente será apresentado um caso de estudo que abordará as técnicas de construção naval utilizadas no séc. XIX, bem como o sitio arqueológico designado por Tróia 1: que representa o naufrágio de uma embarcação inserida cronologicamente nesse século de forma a permitir traçar a “vida” de um navio desde a sua construção até aos nossos dias. Por fim, serão apresentadas algumas considerações e reflexões sobre esta matéria.
Research Interests:
The usage of three-dimensional representations of artefacts has been widely adopted in humanities to demonstrate how humans lived in the past. An increasing number of researchers present their results through a digital environment in... more
The usage of three-dimensional representations of artefacts has been widely adopted in humanities to demonstrate how humans lived in the past. An increasing number of researchers present their results through a digital environment in which the achieved conclusions are expressed in very motivating and enthusiastic ways. On the other hand, it seems that archaeological data is being readdressed to the second level of scientific investigation. Films and other digital representations are now considered as the most efficient way for dissemination.
However, how accurate and scientifically robust is the data presented nowadays? Which techniques were used to collect the data and which are the aims that driven that task? Would it be for pure dissemination purposes (revealing the existence of an archaeological site) or to
report evidence following the higher standards in science?
The present article intends to demonstrate one of the potential ways of using CAD 3D software within the higher standards, by adopting specific protocols designed to record archaeological data. The study aims to identify, record and analyse evidence of forest practice and its relation
to the shipbuilding industry during the Iberian Age of Discoveries. This includes a definition of clear objectives and methodologies for the recording of conserved ship timbers and underwater archaeological sites.
“The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union´s Seventh Framework Programme (FP72007-2013) under REA grant agreement no. PITN-GA 2013-607545”.
However, how accurate and scientifically robust is the data presented nowadays? Which techniques were used to collect the data and which are the aims that driven that task? Would it be for pure dissemination purposes (revealing the existence of an archaeological site) or to
report evidence following the higher standards in science?
The present article intends to demonstrate one of the potential ways of using CAD 3D software within the higher standards, by adopting specific protocols designed to record archaeological data. The study aims to identify, record and analyse evidence of forest practice and its relation
to the shipbuilding industry during the Iberian Age of Discoveries. This includes a definition of clear objectives and methodologies for the recording of conserved ship timbers and underwater archaeological sites.
“The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union´s Seventh Framework Programme (FP72007-2013) under REA grant agreement no. PITN-GA 2013-607545”.
Research Interests:
Within the past four years, a multidisciplinary and innovative investigation focusing on the recording and analysis of ship timbers` parent trees has led to significant advances in archaeological research methods. The 3D digital... more
Within the past four years, a multidisciplinary and innovative investigation focusing on the recording and analysis of ship timbers` parent trees has led to significant advances in archaeological research methods. The 3D digital reconstruction of ship timbers` parent trees
facilitates a better understanding of the timber requirements, and related forestry practices, of the shipbuilding industry during the Iberian Age of Discovery.
An aggressive Iberian expansionist policy increased the demand for timber and led to the implementation of forest regulations and the imposition of programs for tree planting. Forest regeneration became threatened by the increased exploitation of timber for not only
shipbuilding but also agricultural intensification and urban growth. In Iberia, a perceived lack of appropriate local timber led to increases in timber importation, arguably leading to the interruption of the shipyards carpenter`s intimate relation with the woodlands.
The increasing pressure to build larger ships imposed by the crown and merchantmen changed the paradigm in Iberian shipbuilding from the 15th -century onwards. The “perfect timber log” was no longer available in the shipyards. Therefore, it became crucial to investigate potential shifts in shipbuilding technology and technique by analysing the growth pattern, wood morphologies and growth patterns of the shipwrecks surviving timbers. By adopting a dendroarchaeological approach, a multidisciplinary team aimed to analyse detailed information collected from a selection of Iberian shipwrecks. A 3D digital record was produced for the surviving timbers of three early Iberian ships: Belinho 1, Cais do Sodre and Corpo Santo. The species, morphologies and growth patterns of individual timbers were recorded and combined with data collected about their shapes, tool marks and other shipbuilding features allowed to reconstruct individual parent trees and pointed to the reconstruction of the ships` hull.
This paper will present the results from the investigation undertaken on the ships timber and parent tree`s morphologies employed in the construction of the vessels mentioned above.
facilitates a better understanding of the timber requirements, and related forestry practices, of the shipbuilding industry during the Iberian Age of Discovery.
An aggressive Iberian expansionist policy increased the demand for timber and led to the implementation of forest regulations and the imposition of programs for tree planting. Forest regeneration became threatened by the increased exploitation of timber for not only
shipbuilding but also agricultural intensification and urban growth. In Iberia, a perceived lack of appropriate local timber led to increases in timber importation, arguably leading to the interruption of the shipyards carpenter`s intimate relation with the woodlands.
The increasing pressure to build larger ships imposed by the crown and merchantmen changed the paradigm in Iberian shipbuilding from the 15th -century onwards. The “perfect timber log” was no longer available in the shipyards. Therefore, it became crucial to investigate potential shifts in shipbuilding technology and technique by analysing the growth pattern, wood morphologies and growth patterns of the shipwrecks surviving timbers. By adopting a dendroarchaeological approach, a multidisciplinary team aimed to analyse detailed information collected from a selection of Iberian shipwrecks. A 3D digital record was produced for the surviving timbers of three early Iberian ships: Belinho 1, Cais do Sodre and Corpo Santo. The species, morphologies and growth patterns of individual timbers were recorded and combined with data collected about their shapes, tool marks and other shipbuilding features allowed to reconstruct individual parent trees and pointed to the reconstruction of the ships` hull.
This paper will present the results from the investigation undertaken on the ships timber and parent tree`s morphologies employed in the construction of the vessels mentioned above.
Research Interests:
No Inverno de 2014 um importante conjunto de madeiras de cariz náutico foi sendo arrojado à costa a norte de Esposende, na praia de Belinho. Juntamente com as madeiras deram igualmente à costa artefactos metálicos diversos, concreções... more
No Inverno de 2014 um importante conjunto de madeiras de cariz náutico foi sendo arrojado à costa a norte de Esposende, na praia de Belinho. Juntamente com as madeiras deram igualmente à costa artefactos metálicos diversos, concreções ferrosas e pelouros em pedra.
Madeiras e artefactos provinham indubitavelmente de uma mesma origem: um local de naufrágio ainda desconhecido mas certamente situado ou ao largo daquela praia ou nas suas imediações.
Como a natureza rochosa do fundo, a frequência da agitação marítima e a fraca visibilidade dificultavam a localização do suspeitado destroço, a salvaguarda do sítio limitou-se ao acautelamento das peças arrojadas, tarefa levada a cabo pelas arqueólogas da Divisão de Acção Cultural da Câmara Municipal de Esposende (CME), com o apoio total da autarquia.
Entre 2015 e 2017, sucessivas tempestades levaram a novos arrojamentos. Muitos deles ocorreram a desoras, sem a supervisão dos técnicos da CME ou dos achadores originais, concorrendo para a delapidação dos bens arqueológicos, quer sob efeito do mau tempo, quer efectivamente desaparecendo por serem levados por outros utentes da orla marítima.
Madeiras e artefactos provinham indubitavelmente de uma mesma origem: um local de naufrágio ainda desconhecido mas certamente situado ou ao largo daquela praia ou nas suas imediações.
Como a natureza rochosa do fundo, a frequência da agitação marítima e a fraca visibilidade dificultavam a localização do suspeitado destroço, a salvaguarda do sítio limitou-se ao acautelamento das peças arrojadas, tarefa levada a cabo pelas arqueólogas da Divisão de Acção Cultural da Câmara Municipal de Esposende (CME), com o apoio total da autarquia.
Entre 2015 e 2017, sucessivas tempestades levaram a novos arrojamentos. Muitos deles ocorreram a desoras, sem a supervisão dos técnicos da CME ou dos achadores originais, concorrendo para a delapidação dos bens arqueológicos, quer sob efeito do mau tempo, quer efectivamente desaparecendo por serem levados por outros utentes da orla marítima.
Research Interests:
The usage of 3D digital timber recording techniques has increasingly been used to accurately document ship timber assemblages, and to develop hypothetical reconstructions. These techniques could also contribute for a better understanding... more
The usage of 3D digital timber recording techniques has increasingly been used to accurately document ship timber assemblages, and to develop hypothetical reconstructions. These techniques could also contribute for a better understanding of how trees were cut and converted into timbers for shipbuilding. My main research plan involves the usage of 3D digital techniques such as recording with Faro Arm and laser scanning, integrated with wood science studies (wood anatomy for species/genus identification, and dendrochronology). The aim is to develop an integrated methodology which allows reconstruction of the trees exploited for the production of ship timbers. Some of these techniques were used in the past especially in the northern countries of Europe, but as far known at the moment this is a completely new approach that combines archaeology , dendrochronology and computing. Within these techniques in order to find answers for our main question: how the carpenters convert trees in timbers? We believe that by developing digital techniques for 3D reconstruction of the growth pattern, age structure and morphology of parent trees employed in ship tim-bers in the Iberian shipbuilding of the Age of Discoveries; we will have enough data beginning to reconstruct the Iberian past forestry.
Research Interests:
The most essential part of an excavation is the record, it will give us the tools to analyse the site formation, its chronology and many other aspects. However, this pro-cess may be done using different methodologies: in the traditional... more
The most essential part of an excavation is the record, it will give us the tools to analyse the site formation, its chronology and many other aspects. However, this pro-cess may be done using different methodologies: in the traditional way by hand drawing timbers and artefacts on mylar or in other available support. At the opposite we may use specific hardware and software to draw auto-matically on the screen of a laptop the shapes and fea-tures of the material culture. Both are always an option, what really differs is the approach. In the next few words I will try to present my research project and, in what it consists. For that purpose first will be presented the basic concepts for the research and then will flow through the aspects of dendrochronology and maritime archaeology (shipbuilding methods). Finally, the purposed method for the Iberian ship timbers record.
Research Interests:
No âmbito do mestrado em História, Arqueologia e Património, do mestrando Adolfo Miguel Martins pela Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa em colaboração com o Instituto Politécnico de Tomar e tendo como objecto de estudo o achado identificado... more
No âmbito do mestrado em História, Arqueologia e Património, do mestrando Adolfo Miguel Martins pela Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa em colaboração com o Instituto Politécnico de Tomar e tendo como objecto de estudo o achado identificado por Tróia 1, encontra-se a ser desenvolvido um projecto dinâmico, que irá considerar a intervenção arqueológica tal como a conhecemos, mas também a interdisciplinaridade, em áreas tão diversas como a Biologia, a Geologia ou Hidrografia.
Procurar-se-á dar resposta a questões tão pertinentes como: Que navio é este? O porquê do seu naufrágio? Qual o seu propósito? Desde quando ali se encontra? Para tal, foi desencadeado um conjunto de acções, sob o ponto de vista científico e baseados em métodos de trabalho testados e comprovados (Burke e Smith, 20049), na expectativa que as respostas obtidas sejam esclarecedoras e contribuam para o estudo desta região e do seu contexto socioeconómico.
Procurar-se-á dar resposta a questões tão pertinentes como: Que navio é este? O porquê do seu naufrágio? Qual o seu propósito? Desde quando ali se encontra? Para tal, foi desencadeado um conjunto de acções, sob o ponto de vista científico e baseados em métodos de trabalho testados e comprovados (Burke e Smith, 20049), na expectativa que as respostas obtidas sejam esclarecedoras e contribuam para o estudo desta região e do seu contexto socioeconómico.
Research Interests:
Preliminary catalog of the Belinho 1 Shipwreck timbers analyzed in the summer of 2015.
Research Interests:
The 19th century is considered the epitome of shipbuilding techniques employed in Iberian dockyards. The increasing need to carry products over longer distances at higher speeds promoted the building of vessels and challenged the basic... more
The 19th century is considered the epitome of shipbuilding techniques employed in Iberian dockyards. The increasing need to carry products over longer distances at higher speeds promoted the building of vessels and challenged the basic rules of buoyancy and maritime safety. In parallel with the need to produce more advanced vessels, shipyards also had to respond to new commercial interests that increasingly exploited existing maritime trade routes. The preliminary conclusions presented here describe multicultural and multifunctional ports where crews, passengers, dockers and sometimes shipowners interacted in such a small space. Based on this socio-economic, maritime and cultural context, this paper will focus especially on the shipwreck of Tróia 1 which sunk in the second half of the 19th century, near the city of Setubal, Portugal.
Research Interests:
cominucacao apresentada em 16 de marco de 2018 no seminario "Lugares da Globalizacao" em Lagos, Portugal.
Evento organizado pela Vicentina - Associacao para o desenvolvimento do Sudoeste
Evento organizado pela Vicentina - Associacao para o desenvolvimento do Sudoeste
Research Interests:
The analysis of archaeological data has been strongly boosted by the usage of digital technology. The descriptive report of artefacts have proven to be rather insufficient or incomplete. Ship and artefact reconstruction has become part of... more
The analysis of archaeological data has been strongly boosted by the usage of digital technology. The descriptive report of artefacts have proven to be rather insufficient or incomplete. Ship and artefact reconstruction has become part of the researcher's methodologies for the interpretation of artefacts. Technology such as photogrammetry are being used for data analysis and dissemination, but how accurate is this technology if it does not follow a specific protocol. Similarly, using a FaroArm in conjunction with Rhinoceros 3D without adopting high standards for the recording of artefacts, may result on the loss of data or even inaccurate conclusions. However, when adopted prudently this technology makes it possible to develop a comprehensive study within a multidisciplinary team. The studies undertaken on the Bremen Ship using 3D digital techniques have revealed patterns in the timbers used to build the Bremen Ship and dissimilarities on the trees used to build it. A multidisciplinary team undertook studies focussing on the timbers from the Bremen ship which included dendro-sampling, tree reconstruction to analyse wood morphology and wood provenance. Digital techniques allowed the researchers to investigate carpentry, tree selection and in which extent the employed technology to build the Bremen Ship was influenced by the choices made by carpenters.
Research Interests:
The usage of three-dimensional representations of artefacts has been widely adopted in humanities to demonstrate how humans lived in the past. An increased number of researchers present their results through a digital environment in which... more
The usage of three-dimensional representations of artefacts has been widely adopted in humanities to demonstrate how humans lived in the past. An increased number of researchers present their results through a digital environment in which the achieved conclusions are expressed in very motivating and enthusiastic way. On the other hand, it seems that archaeological data is being readdressed to the second level of the scientific investigation. Several films and other digital representations are now considered as the most efficient way for dissemination. However, how accurate and scientifically robust is the data presented nowadays? Which techniques were used to collect the data and which are the aims that driven that task? Would it be for pure dissemination purposes (reveal the existence of an archaeological site) or to report evidence following the higher standards in science?
The present article intends to demonstrate one of the potential ways of using CAD 3D software within the higher standards, by adopting specific protocols designed to record archaeological data. The study aims to identify, record and analyse evidence of forest practice and its relation to the shipbuilding industry during the Iberian Age of Discoveries. This includes a definition of clear objectives and methodologies for the recording of conserved ship timbers and in underwater archaeological sites.
The present article intends to demonstrate one of the potential ways of using CAD 3D software within the higher standards, by adopting specific protocols designed to record archaeological data. The study aims to identify, record and analyse evidence of forest practice and its relation to the shipbuilding industry during the Iberian Age of Discoveries. This includes a definition of clear objectives and methodologies for the recording of conserved ship timbers and in underwater archaeological sites.
Research Interests:
Paper will be published in the conference proceeding.
Research Interests:
Steffy (1994, 9) através da sua publicação Wooden shipbuilding and the interpretation of shipwrecks (1994) ensina-nos que o acto de reassemblar as peças de uma embarcação há muito perdida, consiste em muito mais do que simplesmente... more
Steffy (1994, 9) através da sua publicação Wooden shipbuilding and the interpretation of shipwrecks (1994) ensina-nos que o acto de reassemblar as peças de uma embarcação há muito perdida, consiste em muito mais do que simplesmente observar os seus despojos.
A embarcação nasce no momento em que o armador movido pelo desejo de aumentar o seu lucro, travar uma batalha ou pelo sonho de explorar novos mundos inicia um percurso. Primeiro um esquisso em papel e depois no estaleiro, onde o saber, que passa de geração em geração, se une com a complexidade exigida na construção de uma máquina apta a sair de um porto, a atravessar um oceano e a alcançar o seu destino.
Uma vez construída e lançada ao mar, uma embarcação torna-se a residência do seu capitão e tripulação e com eles nasce a sua história.
A embarcação nasce no momento em que o armador movido pelo desejo de aumentar o seu lucro, travar uma batalha ou pelo sonho de explorar novos mundos inicia um percurso. Primeiro um esquisso em papel e depois no estaleiro, onde o saber, que passa de geração em geração, se une com a complexidade exigida na construção de uma máquina apta a sair de um porto, a atravessar um oceano e a alcançar o seu destino.
Uma vez construída e lançada ao mar, uma embarcação torna-se a residência do seu capitão e tripulação e com eles nasce a sua história.
Research Interests:
ForSEAdiscovery (EU Marie Curie Actions project) aims to reconstruct past Iberian forestry in relation to shipbuilding from the 16 th to 18 th centuries. The project comprises fifteen research fellows from diverse academic backgrounds to... more
ForSEAdiscovery (EU Marie Curie Actions project) aims to reconstruct past Iberian forestry in relation to shipbuilding from the 16 th to 18 th centuries. The project comprises fifteen research fellows from diverse academic backgrounds to develop a multidisciplinary approach to data collection from archives, archaeological sites, and forests. The team is divided into three research work packages: history, nautical archaeology, and wood science. Our team of nautical archaeologists have been recording, sampling, and analysing timber from shipwrecks in order to provide other work packages with significant data. In this way, individual research projects are incorporated within the broader aims of ForSEAdiscovery, with the project's framework resting on this multidisciplinary team and the confluence of different scientific perspectives. Here we present two case studies of fieldwork during 2015. The Galician case study is based on the data collected from three wooden shipwrecks: an 18 th century French corvette, an 18 th century Spanish frigate, and a 16 th century Spanish galleon. The Portuguese case study investigated the remains of a 16 th century Iberian shipwreck washed ashore. These examples demonstrate how a multidisciplinary, international team has approached shared research questions, the lessons that have been learned, and how these can be applied to future multidisciplinary investigations.
Research Interests:
The 19th century is considered the epitome of shipbuilding techniques employed in Iberian dockyards. The increasing need to carry products over longer distances at higher speeds promoted the building of vessels and challenged the basic... more
The 19th century is considered the epitome of shipbuilding techniques employed in Iberian dockyards. The increasing need to carry products over longer distances at higher speeds promoted the building of vessels and challenged the basic rules of buoyancy and maritime safety. In parallel with the need to produce more advanced vessels, shipyards also had to respond to new commercial interests that increasingly exploited existing maritime trade routes. The preliminary conclusions presented here describe multicultural and multifunctional ports where crews, passengers, dockers and sometimes shipowners interacted in such a small space. Based on this socioeconomic , maritime and cultural context, this paper will focus especially on the shipwreck of Troia 1 which sunk in the second half of the 19th century, near the city of Setubal, Portugal.
Research Interests:
During the ferocious winter storms of 2013 and 2014, over seventy ship timbers and numerous associated artefacts were washed from the sea onto the beach at Belinho. Thanks to effective collaboration between local inhabitants and the... more
During the ferocious winter storms of 2013 and 2014, over seventy ship timbers and numerous associated artefacts were washed from the sea onto the beach at Belinho. Thanks to effective collaboration between local inhabitants and the archaeologists of the City of Esposende, the timbers and artefacts were collected and placed into storage to allow more detailed study. This paper provides an overview of a programme of recording and sampling of the timber assemblage undertaken by a team from ForSEAdiscovery, a Marie Curie funded network, working in collaboration with local archaeologists through delivery of an international school of nautical and underwater archaeology in August 2015. The timbers were recorded using a range of techniques including traditional scale drawing, direct measurement and photography. For the first time in Portugal, selected timbers were recorded using a 3D contact digitizer as part of a program of research into development of techniques which facilitate reconstruction of the parent trees from which the timbers were cut, and provide a digital archive for future analysis and visualisation. Selected timbers were also sampled for dendrochronology and a range of wood science analyses as part of the ForSEAdiscovery program. Provisional interpretation of the ship timber assemblage will be presented and preliminary results of any completed analyses considered.
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During the ferocious storms of 2013/4, violent waves threw up a remarkable set of ship timbers and hundreds of pewter plates onto the beach of Belinho in northern Portugal. An international investigative team was assembled jointly between... more
During the ferocious storms of 2013/4, violent waves threw up a remarkable set of ship timbers and hundreds of pewter plates onto the beach of Belinho in northern Portugal. An international investigative team was assembled jointly between archaeological experts from the Council of Esposende and the ForSeaDiscovery project whose objective it is to develop innovative timber and shipwreck recording and analysis methodologies as well as exploring historic timber supply and forest management in the Iberian Age of Discoveries. A key recording strategy included the usage of Faro Arm digital measuring technology, which allowed the detailed recording of individual diagnostic ship timbers and was complemented using photogrammetry. This allowed a complex model of each timber to be rendered in Rhino engineering 3D modelling software. Alongside a detailed timber record using photography, measurement and contract tracing, a comprehensive record of the assemblage was collated. This data is allowing investigators to model and reconstruct parent tree forms for each ship timber. In this way, we can say something about how trees were grown, managed and selected as part of a major Iberian shipbuilding industry. Project Belinho has contributed in many ways to the development of a 3D digital glossary and new methodologies for recording and interrogating ship timber assemblages. The reconstruction of the whole story of 'ship' as a " floating forest " is innovative in this regard. Equally, the wider international expert team is studying the ship's reconstruction and hull form, wood sciences including dendrochronology, DNA and isotopes, GIS mapping looking at trade routes.
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THE DATA ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS... more
THE DATA ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE DATA OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE DATA. The 3D model has been created based on the following scientific publications and 2D drawings: Morrison, J.; Coates J. and Rankov, N. (2000) The Athenian Trireme: The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient Greek Warship 2nd Edition.These are detailed 3D models of an Athenian Trireme based on the research for the construction of real size model Olympias. There are several versions available in different formats
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THE DATA ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS... more
THE DATA ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE DATA OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE DATA. The 3D model has been created based on scientific publications and 2D drawings produced by Richard Steffy and Michael and Susan Katzev. Katzev, M. (1969). The Kyrenia Shipwreck. Expedition, [online] 11(2), pp.55-59. Available at: https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-kyrenia-shipwreck/. Katzev, S. (2007). The ancient ship of Kyrenia beneath Cyprus seas. In: P. Valavanis and D. HArdy, ed., Great moment in Greek archaeology, 1st ed. [online] Oxford University Press, pp.286-299. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id...
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The 19 century is considered the epitome of shipbuilding techniques employed in Iberian dockyards. The increasing need to carry products over longer distances at higher speeds promoted the building of vessels and challenged the basic... more
The 19 century is considered the epitome of shipbuilding techniques employed in Iberian dockyards. The increasing need to carry products over longer distances at higher speeds promoted the building of vessels and challenged the basic rules of buoyancy and maritime safety. In parallel with the need to produce more advanced vessels, shipyards also had to respond to new commercial interests that increasingly exploited existing maritime trade routes. The preliminary conclusions presented here describe multicultural and multifunctional ports where crews, passengers, dockers and sometimes shipowners interacted in such a small space. Based on this socio-economic, maritime and cultural context, this paper will focus especially on the shipwreck of Tróia 1 which sunk in the second half of the 19 century, near the city of Setubal, Portugal.
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Research Interests: Engineering and Schematic
Oceangoing wooden ships were built by specialists according to tradition, taste and availability of materials. When analysing and reconstructing a ship from its archaeological remains, it is not always easy to determine a ship’s size... more
Oceangoing wooden ships were built by specialists according to tradition, taste and availability of materials. When analysing and reconstructing a ship from its archaeological remains, it is not always easy to determine a ship’s size based on the size of its structural timbers. This paper proposes an approach to investigate whether there is a clear relation between the sizes of a ship’s main structural components and its overall size, and whether this relation is regional, functional, and changes in time. Adolfo Miguel Martins, Ana Almeida, Antonio Santos, Ivone Magalhaes, Filipe Castro, Jemma Bezant, Marta Dominguez-Delmas, Nigel Nayling & Peter Gronendijik University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter, Wales Title: Reconstructing Trees from Ship Timber Assemblages Using 3D Modelling Technologies: Evidence from Belinho in northern Portugal
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The usage of three-dimensional representations of artefacts has been widely adopted in humanities to demonstrate how humans lived in the past. An increasing number of researchers present their results through a digital environment in... more
The usage of three-dimensional representations of artefacts has been widely adopted in humanities to demonstrate how humans lived in the past. An increasing number of researchers present their results through a digital environment in which the achieved conclusions are expressed in very motivating and enthusiastic ways. On the other hand, it seems that archaeological data is being readdressed to the second level of scientific investigation. Films and other digital representations are now considered as the most efficient way for dissemination. However, how accurate and scientifically robust is the data presented nowadays? Which techniques were used to collect the data and which are the aims that driven that task? Would it be for pure dissemination purposes (revealing the existence of an archaeological site) or to report evidence following the higher standards in science? The present article intends to demonstrate one of the potential ways of using CAD 3D software within the higher sta...
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The Ribadeo shipwreck, identified as the San Giacomo di Galizia, lost in 1597 at Ribadeo, Galicia, Spain, is a unique example of a late 16th century Spanish warship. Brought to Ribadeo in the winter of 1597, this ship was salvaged, all... more
The Ribadeo shipwreck, identified as the San Giacomo di Galizia, lost in 1597 at Ribadeo, Galicia, Spain, is a unique example of a late 16th century Spanish warship. Brought to Ribadeo in the winter of 1597, this ship was salvaged, all the crew saved, and its remains abandoned. It was found in November 2011 during dredging operations, and it has been studied since. Excavated slowly at the pace allowed by the conservation budget, this site is revealing its secrets as the excavation progresses. This paper is an introduction to the ship’s history and a first report on the archaeological excavation of its hull remains.
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During the winter of 2013/14 a number of violent storms and related surges exposed a remarkable shipwreck site—tentatively dated to the early or mid-16th century—containing a timber assemblage, hundreds of pewter plates and other... more
During the winter of 2013/14 a number of violent storms and related surges exposed a remarkable shipwreck site—tentatively dated to the early or mid-16th century—containing a timber assemblage, hundreds of pewter plates and other artefacts on Belinho beach, near Esposende in the north of Portugal. An international team was assembled including archaeologists from the Esposende city council and researchers from the ForSEAdiscovery Project. The objective of this project was to join a number of different experts and explore innovative methodologies to record and analyse ship timbers with forest management and timber supply networks in the Age of Discoveries. A key recording strategy included the use of a Faro-Arm digitiser to record wood grain and timber conversion, together with photogrammetry, which was used to represent the timber surfaces. The compounded digital models were processed with Rhinoceros 3D modelling software. The collected data allowed researchers to model and develop r...
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Durante as fortes tempestades ocorridas no Inverno de 2013/4, violentas marés arremessaram um conjunto extraordinário de madeiras de navios bem como centenas de outros artefactos ao longo da praia de Belinho no norte de Portugal. Uma... more
Durante as fortes tempestades ocorridas no Inverno de 2013/4, violentas marés arremessaram um conjunto extraordinário de madeiras de navios bem como centenas de outros artefactos ao longo da praia de Belinho no norte de Portugal. Uma equipa de investigação internacional, composta por arqueólogos do Concelho de Esposende, bem como de investigadores do projeto ForSEAdiscovery, foi criada com o objetivo de estudar a coleção de madeiras e de artefactos arrojados, recorrendo a técnicas de registo digital e análise multidisciplinar. O projeto de investigação adotou uma metodologia que incluiu a representação tridimensional das madeiras em registo digital. A recolha de dados foi realizada com recurso ao digitalizador 3D FARO-Arm que potencializou a obtenção de dados com elevado nível de detalhe da superfície das madeiras da embarcação. Esta abordagem proporcionou a criação de um modelo integral digital de cada um dos espécimes, que foi posteriormente processado e analisado através do software Rhinoceros 3D. A informação recolhida permitiu aos investigadores envolvidos modelar e teorizar acerca das linhas originais do casco do navio, mas também sobre as árvores utilizadas na sua construção. O projeto ForSEAdiscovery tem como objetivo investigar a gestão das florestas dedicadas à construção naval ibérica entre os séculos XVI e XVIII. Neste âmbito a embarcação Belinho 1 representou um excelente candidato pelas suas características únicas. Por este motivo foi incluído como caso de estudo num projeto internacional e multidisciplinar, permitindo o desenvolvimento de metodologias de registo arqueológico e pela primeira vez em Portugal adotar-se o conceito de reconstrução do “navio” como uma floresta flutuante.
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As creative and spiritual creatures, human beings have always been inspired to modify surrounding environments to be colourful and pleasant for living. The growing demand for paint resulted in the exploitation of various raw materials... more
As creative and spiritual creatures, human beings have always been inspired to modify surrounding environments to be colourful and pleasant for living. The growing demand for paint resulted in the exploitation of various raw materials which, after being ground and mixed with a binding medium, yielded delightful colours for painting objects used in everyday life. The aim of this paper is to present a study of lead-based raw materials used in paint production found at two shipwreck sites: a 1st century AD ship sunk near the Cape Glavat on the island of Mljet, and a 16th century Venetian merchantman sunk near the islet of Gnalić. Taking into consideration the other cargo items and ships' inventories, these minerals were probably transported as merchant goods. Well-known since Antiquity for their great covering properties, white lead (cerussite, PbCO3) and red lead (minium, Pb3O4) were artificially produced; both compounds were found in the Gnalić and Cape Glavat shipwreck cargos. T...
The usage of three-dimensional representations of artefacts has been widely adopted in humanities to demonstrate how humans lived in the past. An increasing number of researchers present their results through a digital environment in... more
The usage of three-dimensional representations of artefacts has been widely adopted in humanities to demonstrate how humans lived in the past. An increasing number of researchers present their results through a digital environment in which the achieved conclusions are expressed in very motivating and enthusiastic ways. On the other hand, it seems that
archaeological data is being readdressed to the second level of scientific investigation. Films and other digital representations are now considered as the most efficient way for dissemination.
However, how accurate and scientifically robust is the data presented nowadays? Which techniques were used to collect the data and which are the aims that driven that task? Would it be for pure dissemination purposes (revealing the existence of an archaeological site) or to
report evidence following the higher standards in science?
The present article intends to demonstrate one of the potential ways of using CAD 3D software within the higher standards, by adopting specific protocols designed to record archaeological data. The study aims to identify, record and analyse evidence of forest practice and its relation
to the shipbuilding industry during the Iberian Age of Discoveries. This includes a definition of clear objectives and methodologies for the recording of conserved ship timbers and underwater archaeological sites.
“The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union´s Seventh Framework Programme (FP72007-2013) under REA grant agreement nº PITN-GA 2013-607545”.
archaeological data is being readdressed to the second level of scientific investigation. Films and other digital representations are now considered as the most efficient way for dissemination.
However, how accurate and scientifically robust is the data presented nowadays? Which techniques were used to collect the data and which are the aims that driven that task? Would it be for pure dissemination purposes (revealing the existence of an archaeological site) or to
report evidence following the higher standards in science?
The present article intends to demonstrate one of the potential ways of using CAD 3D software within the higher standards, by adopting specific protocols designed to record archaeological data. The study aims to identify, record and analyse evidence of forest practice and its relation
to the shipbuilding industry during the Iberian Age of Discoveries. This includes a definition of clear objectives and methodologies for the recording of conserved ship timbers and underwater archaeological sites.
“The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union´s Seventh Framework Programme (FP72007-2013) under REA grant agreement nº PITN-GA 2013-607545”.
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Durante as fortes tempestades ocorridas no Inverno de 2013/4, violentas marés arremessaram um conjunto extraordinário de madeiras de navios bem como centenas de outros artefactos ao longo da praia de Belinho no norte de Portugal. Uma... more
Durante as fortes tempestades ocorridas no Inverno de 2013/4, violentas marés arremessaram um conjunto extraordinário de madeiras de navios bem como centenas de outros artefactos ao longo da praia de Belinho no norte de Portugal. Uma equipa de investigação internaci- onal, composta por arqueólogos do Concelho de Espo- sende, bem como de investigadores do projeto ForSEA- discovery, foi criada com o objetivo de estudar a coleção de madeiras e de artefactos arrojados, recorrendo a técnicas de registo digital e análise multidisciplinar. O projeto de investigação adotou uma metodologia que incluiu a representação tridimensional das madeiras em registo digital. A recolha de dados foi realizada com re- curso ao digitalizador 3D FARO-Arm que potencializou a obtenção de dados com elevado nível de detalhe da superfície das madeiras da embarcação. Esta abordagem proporcionou a criação de um modelo integral digital de cada um dos espécimes, que foi posteriormente proces- sado e analisado através do software Rhinoceros 3D. A informação recolhida permitiu aos investigadores envolvi- dos modelar e teorizar acerca das linhas originais do casco do navio, mas também sobre as árvores utilizadas na sua construção.O projeto ForSEAdiscovery tem como objetivo investigar a gestão das florestas dedicadas à construção naval ibérica entre os séculos XVI e XVIII. Neste âmbito a embarcação Belinho 1 representou um excelente candidato pelas suas características únicas. Por este motivo foi incluído como caso de estudo num projeto internacional e multidisciplinar, permitindo o desenvolvi- mento de metodologias de registo arqueológico e pela primeira vez em Portugal adotar-se o conceito de reconstrução do “navio” como uma floresta flutuante.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Durante as fortes tempestades ocorridas no Inverno de 2013/4, violentas marés arremessaram um conjunto extraordinário de madeiras de navios bem como centenas de outros artefactos ao longo da praia de Belinho no norte de Portugal. Uma... more
Durante as fortes tempestades ocorridas no Inverno de 2013/4, violentas marés arremessaram um conjunto extraordinário de madeiras de navios bem como centenas de outros artefactos ao longo da praia de Belinho no norte de Portugal. Uma equipa de investigação internacional, composta por arqueólogos do Concelho de Esposende, bem como de investigadores do projeto ForSEAdiscovery, foi criada com o objetivo de estudar a coleção de madeiras e de artefactos arrojados, recorrendo a técnicas de registo digital e análise multidisciplinar. O projeto de investigação adotou uma metodologia que incluiu a representação tridimensional das madeiras em registo digital. A recolha de dados foi realizada com recurso ao digitalizador 3D FARO-Arm que potencializou a obtenção de dados com elevado nível de detalhe da superfície das madeiras da embarcação. Esta abordagem proporcionou a criação de um modelo integral digital de cada um dos espécimes, que foi posteriormente processado e analisado através do software Rhinoceros 3D. A informação recolhida permitiu aos investigadores envolvidos modelar e teorizar acerca das linhas originais do casco do navio, mas também sobre as árvores utilizadas na sua construção. O projeto ForSEAdiscovery tem como objetivo investigar a gestão das florestas dedicadas à construção naval ibérica entre os séculos XVI e XVIII.
Neste âmbito a embarcação Belinho 1 representou um excelente candidato pelas suas características únicas. Por este motivo foi incluído como caso de estudo num projeto internacional e multidisciplinar, permitindo o desenvolvimento de metodologias de registo arqueológico e pela primeira vez em Portugal adotar-se o conceito de reconstrução do “navio” como uma floresta flutuante.
Neste âmbito a embarcação Belinho 1 representou um excelente candidato pelas suas características únicas. Por este motivo foi incluído como caso de estudo num projeto internacional e multidisciplinar, permitindo o desenvolvimento de metodologias de registo arqueológico e pela primeira vez em Portugal adotar-se o conceito de reconstrução do “navio” como uma floresta flutuante.
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The present paper aims to identify particularities and patterns of trees employed in the Iberian shipbuilding industry. According to the archaeological evidence suggested that trees were not randomly chosen. To present this investigation,... more
The present paper aims to identify particularities and patterns of trees employed in the Iberian shipbuilding industry. According to the archaeological evidence suggested that trees were not randomly chosen. To present this investigation, the following section will be focusing on the legacy of previous studies in which ship timbers assumed the major relevance. The subsequent section aims to present three case studies of successful tree reconstruction based on the existent archaeological evidence. Finally, the last section will present the provisional conclusions on tree reconstruction techniques and which data can be extracted by employing this method of analysis.
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How can archaeologists address questions about shipbuilding, forestry practices, wood selection and the symbiotic relationship between shipyards and forests? The answer lies in reverse engineering. This approach involves studying timbers... more
How can archaeologists address questions about shipbuilding, forestry practices, wood selection and the symbiotic relationship between shipyards and forests? The answer lies in reverse engineering. This approach involves studying timbers as living objects with natural properties, rather than as inanimate objects. Ship timbers, whether
assembled or disassembled, are remnants of a past forest, harvested for their best raw material to supply shipyards.
The aim is to perform a wood feature analysis by reversing ship timbers to the morphology of their original parent tree. To accomplish this task, it will be necessary to analyse wood characteristics and use knowledge of forest environmental behaviour to reconstruct the parent trees of ship timbers and link them to landscapes. This approach will use the assessed timber assemblages presented in this book to record wood characteristics. The expected outcome of this process is to obtain a body of data that will provide missing information on the past forest practices
used to supply timber to Iberian shipbuilding from the 15th to the 18th centuries.
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assembled or disassembled, are remnants of a past forest, harvested for their best raw material to supply shipyards.
The aim is to perform a wood feature analysis by reversing ship timbers to the morphology of their original parent tree. To accomplish this task, it will be necessary to analyse wood characteristics and use knowledge of forest environmental behaviour to reconstruct the parent trees of ship timbers and link them to landscapes. This approach will use the assessed timber assemblages presented in this book to record wood characteristics. The expected outcome of this process is to obtain a body of data that will provide missing information on the past forest practices
used to supply timber to Iberian shipbuilding from the 15th to the 18th centuries.
www.barpublishing.com