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Este trabajo aborda la evolución de las coutadas de Almeirim entre aproximada- mente 1560 y 1650. Se hace un breve estado de la cuestión para posteriormente describir y analizar los materiales y métodos empleados. En este espacio... more
Este trabajo aborda la evolución de las coutadas de Almeirim entre aproximada- mente 1560 y 1650. Se hace un breve estado de la cuestión para posteriormente describir y analizar los materiales y métodos empleados. En este espacio convergían los aprovecha- mientos múltiples de la Corona, los habitantes de la villa de Almeirim y otros organis- mos. De ser un espacio predominante para la actividad cinegética, desde finales del siglo XVI los pinares para la construcción naval ganaron en importancia, por lo que la Corona llevó a cabo políticas activas de plantíos, y conservación de los pinos existentes. Por últi- mo, se analizan las disputas surgidas a partir del proceso impulsado por la Corona entre 1615 y 1640 de reducción de los bosques reales, y se aportan indicios de su reversión tras la entronización de la dinastía Braganza en 1640.
Este estudio aborda los procesos de reordenación y exploración del territorio realizados por la Monarquía portuguesa durante los años finales del reinado de Felipe II y el de Felipe III. Estos procesos estuvieron condicionados por las... more
Este estudio aborda los procesos de reordenación y exploración del territorio realizados por la Monarquía portuguesa durante los años finales del reinado de Felipe II y el de Felipe III. Estos procesos estuvieron condicionados por las necesidades materiales de la Corona. Los ministros establecidos en las cortes de Lisboa y Madrid pretendían asegurar la futura existencia de recur- sos forestales apropiados para la construcción naval en Lisboa. Las reservas forestales debían estar cerca de los afluentes fluviales para asegurar un transporte económico y rápido. Por consi- guiente, los agentes del rey generaron una documentación administrativa con el objetivo de hacer el territorio más legible para facilitar la toma de decisiones políticas a los ministros de Lisboa y Madrid encargados de la gestión de las armadas empleadas en los conflictos maríti- mos. Ello tuvo un impacto significativo tanto en la percepción del paisaje como en la preserva- ción de las masas forestales.
Combined dendrochronological and archival research revealed the history of construction and subsequent repairs to the roof structures of Segovia Cathedral, the last gothic cathedral built in Spain. Although this iconic building has been... more
Combined dendrochronological and archival research revealed the history of construction and subsequent repairs to the roof structures of Segovia Cathedral, the last gothic cathedral built in Spain. Although this iconic building has been extensively documented by different scholars, the completion date of the 16th century original sacristy was uncertain. Furthermore, disaster struck the building on two occasions, in the 17th and 18th centuries. First, on September 1614, lightning hit the bell tower and fire spread through the roof of the nave. Then, on 1 November 1755, the Lisbon earthquake shook the cathedral building. However, the extent of the damage caused by these events was unknown. Our combined research revealed that the trees used to make the tie-beams of the sacristy were cut in the late summer/winter months of 1676/77, one century later than the completion date, suggesting that this part of the original sacristy was renewed when a new one was built together with the offices in an annexed building. Furthermore, absolute dates obtained for the nave indicate that the trees used to build the current roof structure were cut in the autumn/winter of 1614/15, which implies that the 16th century original roof must have burned down entirely due to the lightning fire. A historical document registering the purchase of the wood to repair this structure in 1614 confirms this information. Finally, the damage caused by the Lisbon earthquake must have compromised the structural integrity of the roof, as the support timbers used to reinforce it belong to small trees cut in the spring or summer of that same year 1755. Archival research revealed that the roofs were inspected a few weeks after the earthquake, and that repairs were carried out in 1756. This suggests that the wood to prop up the structure was most likely purchased shortly after the inspection (probably in a nearby saw mill where cheap wood from trees cut in the summer of 1755 was available), and before the repairs took place.
Este artículo aborda los bosques reales en Portugal durante la Unión de Coronas en el campo de la historia ambiental política. En primer lugar, se analizan los bosques reales a partir de la legislación emitida entre los siglos XV y XVII... more
Este artículo aborda los bosques reales en Portugal durante la Unión de Coronas en el campo de la historia ambiental política. En primer lugar, se analizan los bosques reales a partir de la legislación emitida entre los siglos XV y XVII para después, contribuir al debate de la degradación ambiental por las necesidades bélicas de la corona en tiempos de Felipe II y Felipe III, de Portugal, cuando la deforestación fue empleada como un argumento para la justificación y descrédito de las drásticas políticas forestales de reducción, racionalización y protección del patrimonio forestal. Se emplea el término de “deforestación administrativa” porque las medidas adoptadas respondían a una crisis político-administrativa de la corona de Portugal más que a un retroceso crítico de las masas forestales.
Resumen: Este trabajo pretende analizar el impacto ambiental causado por la construcción naval en Portugal durante los siglos XVI y XVII, prestando especial atención al periodo de Unión de Coronas. En primer lugar, se realiza un recorrido... more
Resumen: Este trabajo pretende analizar el impacto ambiental causado por la construcción naval en Portugal durante los siglos XVI y XVII, prestando especial atención al periodo de Unión de Coronas. En primer lugar, se realiza un recorrido a algunos de los enfoques desde los cuales aproximar la deforestación. Posteriormente, se analiza la significancia de la madera durante la época moderna como marco para realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la degradación ecológical en Portugal por la construcción naval. Por último, se aborda la explotación y conservación de los bosques portugueses emprendidos por la Corona para la actividad naval en el área de Lisboa.

Abstract: This essay intends to analyzing the environmental footprint due to shipbuilding in the kingdom of Portugal throughout 16-17th centuries, looking more in concrete to the so-called «Unión de Coronas». Firstly, this article addresses some of the approaches that can be applied to the study of deforestation. It will look at the significance of the wood and timber during the early modern age as well as state-of-art of the ecological degradation for shipbuilding in Portugal. Last but not least, it sheds light upon the forests' exploitation and conservation measures conducted by the Crown in regard with the shipbuilding in Lisbon.
Resumen. En este trabajo se abordan ciertos aspectos de las políticas forestales puestas en marcha por Felipe III y Felipe IV en Portugal en relación con la construcción de las armadas reales. En primer lugar, se estudian algunas de las... more
Resumen. En este trabajo se abordan ciertos aspectos de las políticas forestales puestas en marcha por Felipe III y Felipe IV en Portugal en relación con la construcción de las armadas reales. En primer lugar, se estudian algunas de las disposiciones legislativas aprobadas en las décadas de 1590 y 1600, porque permiten comprender luego las posteriores políticas de búsqueda e incorporación de las masas forestales al patrimonio real mediante la figura de coutar, ya entre las décadas de 1610 y 1630. En segundo lugar, se muestran algunos procesos contrarios de desmantelamiento y desvinculación de la gestión real de ciertas áreas forestales a manos de los oficiales reales. Y, por último, se analizan los mecanismos de administración directa empleados por la monarquía, tanto a través de los oficiales reales como de las comisiones extraordinarias, para la provisión de maderas con destino a la construcción de sus armadas. Abstract. This article aims at shedding light upon some elements of the state forestry policies implemented in the realm of Portugal during the kingships of Philip III and Philip IV, in regard with the shipbuilding activity for the royal fleets. Firstly, it intends to know some of the laws issued during the 1590s and 1600s, as they were the ground for the subsequent state forestry policies implemented by the Crown during the decades 1610 to 1630 by the so-called mechanisms of coutar. Secondly, the article explores processes of shrinking the royal forests and taking the administration away from the royal ministers. Furthermore, this article also focuses on the mechanisms run by the Crown to ensure the timber supply for shipbuilding either conducted by the royal officials or extraordinary appointments.
This research aims at shedding light upon the evolution of a unique natural spot of the Spanish Monarchy throughout sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Royal Site of Soto de Roma, located between Genil and Cubillas rivers in the... more
This research aims at shedding light upon the evolution of a unique natural spot of the Spanish Monarchy throughout sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Royal Site of Soto de Roma, located between Genil and Cubillas rivers in the Granada Kingdom, was shaped and managed in accordance to the political evolution and military struggles of the Spanish Monarchy. Furthermore, the article explores as well the various natural uses of Soto de Roma, from a natural spot dedicated to hunting activities to a forested area devoted to supply timber for Catholic Kings’  eets and fortresses.
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Resumen Este artículo pretende estudiar la legislación forestal emanada de Portugal entre los siglos XV y XVII para la conservación y protección de los bosques reales durante tres dinastías: los Avis, Habsburgo y Braganza. Así mismo,... more
Resumen
  Este artículo pretende estudiar la legislación forestal emanada de Portugal entre los siglos XV y XVII para la conservación y protección de los bosques reales durante tres dinastías: los Avis, Habsburgo y Braganza. Así mismo, explora el establecimiento y la evolución de la organización administrativa desarrollada para la conservación de las áreas forestales y la evolución de los aprovechamientos forestales. Ello se ha realizado teniendo en consideración la evolución de las estructuras político-institucionales del reino de Portugal, la expansión marítima y los contextos internos e internacional.

Palabras clave: Bosques Reales (coutadas y matas); legislación forestal; reino de Portugal; construcción naval; actividades cinegéticas; alcornoques, silvicultura.

Abstract
This article aims to shed light upon the forestry legislation for the conservation and protection of the royal forests issued in Portugal during three ruling-dynasties, from the 15th to the 17th century: the Avis, Habsburg and Braganza. It does not only explore both the establishment and the evolution of the administrative management system to handle the royal forests, but also the evolution of forests exploitation over time. This analysis was done by taking into consideration the political and institutional structures of the realm of Portugal, the overseas expansion as well as the domestic and foreign junctures.

Key-words: Royal forests; forestry legislation; realm of Portugal; shipbuilding; hunting activities; cork oaks, silviculture.
Throughout the early modern age, timber was an essential raw material for shipbuilding, and its consumption had increased since the age of discovery in the Portuguese and Spanish Monarchies. Demand was superior to the supply capacity of... more
Throughout the early modern age, timber was an essential raw material for shipbuilding, and its consumption had increased since the age of discovery in the Portuguese and Spanish Monarchies. Demand was superior to the supply capacity of Iberian forest areas, which forced Iberian kings to carry out legislation concerning the safekeeping, maintenance and control of the forests that belonged to them. The union of both crowns in the figure of Philip II in 1580 brought together two distinct traditions. The king respected the political heritage of the Portuguese kingdom, including its forestry management.
Therefore, the objective of this paper is to shed light on the Portuguese forests belonging to the kings that supplied timber for shipbuilding. It also explores the dynamics of politics and forestry in the Castilian case to better understand the Portuguese case. It aims to present a comparative perspective that will clarify the different management systems shaped by Spanish and Portuguese kings in relation to the political institutionalization of both Monarchies. The political structures of the Portuguese Crown evolved from the mid-fifteenth century onwards, while this change did not take place in the Spanish Monarchy until Philip II’s reign (1556-1598).
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The way in which the Spanish Monarchy was organized during Charles V and Philip II reigns, broke up at the second half of Philip IV reign. So, there was necessary to find new alternatives with which the Spanish Monarchy returned to be... more
The way in which the Spanish Monarchy was organized during Charles V and Philip II reigns, broke up at the second half of Philip IV reign. So, there was necessary to find new alternatives with which the Spanish Monarchy returned to be viable. The recognition of don John of Austria by Philip IV, must be frame in this process, because it tried to recompose the relationships between the court of Madrid and the other European territories of the Monarchy. So, the earliest years of the political career of don John were connected with the political evolution of the whole Monarchy. His different political destinations prove this: Portugal, Flanders, the government of the royal navy to recover the Presidi
Toscani and, finally, the reign of Naples. To obtain the success in all these territories, Philip IV situated around him different advisers and ministers whom composed his successives households. In this paper we will analyze them to understand the political role played by don John before his arrival in Naples at the second half of 1647.

La forma en que se había configurado la Monarquía Hispánica durante los reinados de Carlos V y Felipe II quebró durante la segunda mitad del reinado de Felipe IV, por lo que se hizo necesaria la búsqueda de nuevas fórmulas para que la constitución de la Monarquía volviera a ser viable. El reconocimiento de don Juan de Austria, por parte de Felipe IV, se enmarca en éste proceso mediante el intento de recomposición de las relaciones de la corte de Madrid con los territorios periféricos de la Monarquía, por lo que la trayectoria política de don Juan durante los primeros años estuvo vinculada a la coyuntura y evolución global de la Monarquía. Así lo demuestra su periplo: Portugal, Flandes, gobierno de la Armada marítima para la recuperación de los presidios toscanos y, finalmente, Nápoles. Para llevar a cabo todas esas empresas políticas, Felipe IV situó a su alrededor a una serie de asesores y ministros que conformaron sus sucesivos servicios. En estas líneas se va a proceder al estudio de las mismas, con el fin de comprender el papel político desempeñado por don Juan antes de su llegada a Nápoles en la segunda mitad de 1647.
Publication: Dutch Crossing, 2015, 39-1 (March 2015), pp. 3-25, ISSN: 0309-6564 In September 1517, Archduke Charles left the Habsburg Netherlands to make his way to Castile accompanied by his complete entourage, including the Household... more
Publication: Dutch Crossing, 2015, 39-1 (March 2015), pp. 3-25, ISSN: 0309-6564

In September 1517, Archduke Charles left the Habsburg Netherlands to make his way to Castile accompanied by his complete entourage, including the Household of Burgundy. After that date, other than during the occasional visit by Charles V or Philip II, the Burgundian service was not to return to Flemish lands, which prompted the search for a new model to hold the various elites in the Habsburg Netherlands together when the monarch was not present. Until quite recently, historiography had systematically neglected the study of the households of the governors-general in the Habsburg Netherlands in favour of the political history arising from the famous Dutch Revolt. Lately, however, this has been changing, so that we are now able to present a general framework describing the way these households were used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as they searched for a suitable model. This, as we shall see, was bound up with the changing circumstance­s affecting the Court in Madrid and was modified as the dominant Court factions came to decisions about the way that the Spanish Monarchy should be organized and the various nations integrated into it. With this in mind, this article will examine the way in which the choice of one model or another enabled the Flemish elites to feel that they were involved, at least to some extent, in governing their own territories, and the difficulties that arose when they felt excluded.
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After the death of Cardinal Infant and the fall of the Count-Duke of Olivares, there were some variations about the government of Flanders’s states in the court of Madrid along the years 1643 and 1644. Fray Juan de San Agustin and Count... more
After the death of Cardinal Infant and the fall of the Count-Duke of Olivares, there were some variations about the government of Flanders’s states in the court of Madrid along the years 1643 and 1644. Fray Juan de San Agustin and Count of Oñate were the two courtiers who dispatched most of the political affairs of Flanders. Around the appointment of Don Juan as governor general, they tried to mark a different form of government from the previously conducted since the end of the decade of 1620. Not all proposals were implemented. However, the Household of Don Juan is the clearest example of the new policy that was weaving. In the following decades, some of the measures that had been proposed by Fray Juan were one way or another adapted by Philip IV, with different rates depending on the situation.

Available online: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S1669-90412013000100006&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es
Este trabajo pretende abordar en perspectiva comparada las políticas forestales llevadas a cabo entre los siglos XV y XVII en los reinos de Cas- tilla y Portugal. Siendo el objeto de estudio bastante ambicioso, vamos a centrarnos en los... more
Este trabajo pretende abordar en perspectiva comparada las políticas forestales llevadas a cabo entre los siglos XV y XVII en los reinos de Cas- tilla y Portugal. Siendo el objeto de estudio bastante ambicioso, vamos a centrarnos en los bosques reales y bosques del reino de ambos espacios. Así, en Castilla vamos a prestar especial atención a los bosques bajo la administración de la Superintendencia de Montes y Plantíos, y en los en- cargados de proveer leña y combustible a la villa de Madrid. En relación a los bosques reales del reino de Castilla, especial atención se va a dar al Soto de Roma, por ser el enclave que mejor conocemos. Asimismo, se va a indi- car los diferentes organigramas administrativos que se fueron estableciendo para implementar las normativas forestales. Al ser el tema de investigación amplio, y el espacio reducido, vamos a centrarnos especialmente en la le- gislación forestal.
Durante las décadas de 1620 y 1630 la Corona Portuguesa tuvo que hacer frente a la creciente pujanza de las potencias del norte de Europa, especialmente de los holandeses, tanto en Brasil como en la India. El enfrentamiento que se remon-... more
Durante las décadas de 1620 y 1630 la Corona Portuguesa tuvo que hacer frente a la creciente pujanza de las potencias del norte de Europa, especialmente de los holandeses, tanto en Brasil como en la India. El enfrentamiento que se remon- taba a comienzos de la centuria tenía un marcado carácter marítimo. Con el fin de asegurar la supremacía en los mares, la Monarquía hispana tuvo que recurrir a fórmulas extraordinarias para la composición de las armadas, como fue el nombra- miento del marqués de Castel-Rodrigo en 1628.
El objetivo del siguiente trabajo es realizar una aproximación a la utilización, explo- tación y protección de las áreas forestales emprendidas por la Monarquía hispana en el reino de Portugal para la construcción y reparación naval, especialmente en la zona de Lisboa, durante los años finales de la Unión de Coronas. Asimismo, se va a realizar un recorrido a los mecanismos empleados por la Corona para asegurar la provisión de madera para la industria naval. Posteriormente, se pondrá de relieve las medidas adoptadas por la Corona para preservar los bosques portugueses con visos a disponer de futuras reservas madereras.
Este artículo pretende aproximarse al conocimiento de los aprovechamientos forestales de los bosques reales de Portugal durante la Unión Ibérica desde una perspectiva cartográfica. Se trata de un trabajo minucioso e inédito, siendo la... more
Este artículo pretende aproximarse al conocimiento de los aprovechamientos forestales de los bosques reales de Portugal durante la Unión Ibérica desde una perspectiva cartográfica. Se trata de un trabajo minucioso e inédito, siendo la primera vez en el que se utiliza un modelo de datos SIG para la representación cartográfica de la legislación forestal del reino de Portugal de la época moderna. Para su realización se han combinado fuentes históricas documentales con cartografía histórica antigua y cartografía SIG actual.
La Unión de la corona de Portugal a la Monarquía hispana en la persona de Felipe II supuso la agregación del imperio portugués al conjunto patrimonial de Felipe II. El funcionamiento de la Monarquía era impensable sin la operatividad de... more
La Unión de la corona de Portugal a la Monarquía hispana en la persona de Felipe II supuso la agregación del imperio portugués al conjunto patrimonial de Felipe II. El funcionamiento de la Monarquía era impensable sin la operatividad de las armadas del Rey. Durante los sesenta años que el reino luso estuvo incorporado al patrimonio de los Hasburgo, se produjo un intercambio y transferencia de hombres, recursos económicos y materiales entre las cortes de Madrid y Lisboa que permitieron mantener en funcionamiento las armadas del rey en el reino de Portugal. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer algunas de las estrategias empleadas por Felipe II para garantizar el aprovisionamiento de madera para las armadas en la corte de Lisboa. Estrategias que fueron repetidas durante la Unión. Por un lado, la conservación y explotación de las coutadas y matas en el reino de Portugal y, por otro lado, la firma de asientos por los ministros del Rey Católico en las cortes de Lisboa y Madrid. Palabras clave: Armadas del rey, cortes de Madrid y Lisboa, madera, Coutadas y matas, asientos.
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Desde finales del siglo XV, periodo en el que reino napolitano estaba estructurado en torno a una casa real, el oficio de caballerizo mayor estuvo vinculado a una de las familias más potentes del reino: los marqueses de Santeramo.... more
Desde finales del siglo XV, periodo en el que reino napolitano estaba estructurado en torno a una casa real, el oficio de caballerizo mayor estuvo vinculado a una de las familias más potentes del reino: los marqueses de Santeramo. Fernando I, tras su proclamación como soberano, resucitó los siete Grande Uffici con el objetivo de integrar a la aristocracia cerca de su persona. Aunque con excepciones los titulares de los linajes se sucedieron hasta finales del siglo XVII.
El propósito de las siguientes líneas de realizar una aproximación a la evolución del oficio de caballerizo mayor del reino de Nápoles desde finales del reinado de Felipe II hasta la supresión, por parte de Carlos II, de las caballerizas reales en 1687. Para ello, se va a analizar en perspectiva con las transformaciones políticas del reino de Nápoles y de la Monarquía hispana.
In April 1617, in times of the problematic political articulation of the Portuguese kingdom within the Catholic Monarchy, Don Diego de Silva, marquis of Alenquer and count of Salinas, made his entry in the court of Lisbon as the new alter... more
In April 1617, in times of the problematic political articulation of the Portuguese kingdom within the Catholic Monarchy, Don Diego de Silva, marquis of Alenquer and count of Salinas, made his entry in the court of Lisbon as the new alter ego of Philip III. The beginning of the Thirty Years War and the active participation of the court of Madrid led to the strengthening of the naval squadrons of the Monarchy. The objective of this article is to give an approximation to the way the royal forests of the Portuguese Kingdom were used to remodel the naval power of the fleets of the Consulado and the Eastern Indies.
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En este capítulo se analiza la evolución de la trayectoria política de don Juan de Austria en relación con las casas de servicio y la evolución política e internacional de la Monarquía Católica entre 1642 y 1659
En este capítulo de la obra "La reconfiguración de la Monarquía Católica: el reinado de Felipe IV (1621-1665)" dirigida por José Martínez Millán y José Eloy Hortal Muñoz, analizamos la trascendencia de la cámara de la casa real de... more
En este capítulo de la obra "La reconfiguración de la Monarquía Católica: el reinado de Felipe IV (1621-1665)" dirigida por José Martínez Millán y José Eloy Hortal Muñoz, analizamos la trascendencia de la cámara de la casa real de Borgoña en la configuración de la Monarquía Católica y cómo entró en crisis durante el reinado de Felipe IV
Este trabajo contiene un índice, estructurado por oficios, de todos los servidores de don Juan de Austria entre 1642-1669. Asimismo, contiene una biografía de cada uno de ellos
The aim of this contribution is to study some famililes whom were linked to don Juan de Austria as criados and at the same time they had a military robe of Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara, Montesa or San Juan, focusing on those who served... more
The aim of this contribution is to study some famililes whom were linked to don Juan de Austria as criados and at the same time they had a military robe of Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara, Montesa or San Juan, focusing on those who served as gentilhombres de la cámara and mayordomos between 1642 and 1679.
The particular politicar career of don Juan was reflected in the composition of him households. Thanks to it, we can observe that there were castilians, aragonians, valencians, flemish, catalans and, even, americans at the most important offices. This feature influenced, decisively, in the patronage networks which were established by don Juan throughout his life, as we can see during his years as valido.


El objetivo de las siguientes líneas es realizar una aproximación al estudio de la trayectoria de miembros de ciertos linajes que fueron criados de las casas de don Juan y que, al mismo tiempo, portaron un hábito de las órdenes militares de Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara, Montesa o San Juan. Con objeto de no ser prolijos, hemos privilegiado a los servidores que ejercieron los oficios de mayordomo y gentilhombres de cámara entre 1642 y 1679.
El peculiar decurso vital del hijo de Felipe IV tuvo su reflejo en la composición de sus casas. Entre sus miembros encontramos castellanos, aragoneses, valencianos, flamencos, catalanes e, incluso, americanos en los cargos más importantes. Ello influyó, decisivamente, en las amistades y redes clientelares forjadas por don Juan a lo largo de su vida, tal como quedó de manifiesto durante los años de su valimiento.
In 1645, Philip IV replaced don Juan de Austria on the government of Flanders by Archduke Guillermo- Leopoldo. The decision was due to the aggressive policy pursued from by the court of Paris in the Mediterranean sea since 1643. The loss... more
In 1645, Philip IV replaced don Juan de Austria on the government of Flanders by Archduke Guillermo- Leopoldo. The decision was due to the aggressive policy pursued from by the court of Paris in the Mediterranean sea since 1643. The loss of the Tuscan fortress in 1646 accelerated the decisions taken by Philip IV. To achieve this task was decreed the restaffing of the persons who composed the service of the household of don Juan José. To perform it Philip IV provided the renewal of the persons who composed the service of the household. This aim was postponed after the outbreak of the revolts at the Kingdom of Naples.
n December 1643 Philip IV made public the transmission of the government of Flanders to his son don John of Austria. This royal decision made it necessary to provide him a house- hold. However, circumstances that occurred during the years... more
n December 1643 Philip IV made public the transmission of the government of Flanders
to his son don John of Austria. This royal decision made it necessary to provide him a house- hold. However, circumstances that occurred during the years of 1644 and 1645 in several realms of the Catholic Monarchy changed the political fate of don John. The King thought it was better to send his son to those realms where difficulties had arisen. Therefore, in the first months of 1645 Philip IV decided to take up again the political negotiations with the Court of Vienna, so that the archduke Leopold William would accept the government of the states of Flanders. During the negotiations don John of Austria remained in Ocaña, waiting for the cousin of Philip IV to accept the government of Flanders. Meanwhile, the court of Madrid proceeded to organize his treasury and to reform his household.
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The traditional historiography of the Spanish Monarchy has studied the second half of the seventeenth century through the perspective of “decadence”. According to this interpretation, since the beginning of the reign of Philip IV... more
The traditional historiography of the Spanish Monarchy has studied the second half of the seventeenth century through the perspective of “decadence”. According to this interpretation, since the beginning of the reign of Philip IV (1621-1665), the Spanish Monarchy was not able to guarantee the survival of the Monarchy. However, the renewal of political studies had shed new light over the political configuration of the Monarchy in Europe and America. Thus, the political leaders of the Monarchy tried to set up a new system which could be understood as the reconfiguration of the whole Monarchy.
In the case of Catholic Netherlands, Philip IV was trying to find a solution from 1641 onwards. Nevertheless, the military defeats of 1643-1646 slowed his thought up until 1656, when he nominated Infant Juan José (1629-1679) as Governor General. During his stay in Brussels (1656-1659), Infant Juan José established a new political order which still needed to be continued. For that reason at the beginning of the 60’s, Philip IV named his son governor general during his lifetime. Otherwise the King was still reluctant to trust the governing in Flemish aristocracy.
Infant Juan Jose was aware of the political crisis of the Catholic Monarchy. Henceforth, he started off a new policy, different from the one his father had done before. Unlike his father, Infant John trusted Flemish aristocracy and used the royal patronage giving to Flemish aristocracy employs across the length and breadth of Spanish Monarchy. Moreover, he set up several marriage agreements in order to relate the universal government of the Monarchy to Flemish, Aragoneses, the Valencians, Catalonian and new elites. This policy was continued until the end of the century not only by him, but also by other ministers.
Therefore, the main goal of this panel is to analyse the political reconfiguration of Catholic Netherlands during the second half of the seventeenth century taking into account the importance of policies, religion and marriages.
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In 1656, Philip IV appointed his illegitimate son, Infant don Juan José of Austria (1629-1679), as governor general in Spanish Netherlands. From the very beginning, Philip IV put Infant Juan José in charge of the political reconfiguration... more
In 1656, Philip IV appointed his illegitimate son, Infant don Juan José of Austria (1629-1679), as governor general in Spanish Netherlands. From the very beginning, Philip IV put Infant Juan José in charge of the political reconfiguration of Flemish court and the establishment of a new political structure which remained until the beginning of the eighteenth century: the maison royalle de Bruxelles. Infant don Juan stayed in Spanish Netherlands until 1659; otherwise his political legacy outlasted him. The book written by Jesús Lozano in 1693 demonstrated the continuity of the political system during the second half of seventeenth century.
The aim of Philip IV was to set up tightest relationships with Flemish vassals, avoiding the problems which could appear because of delegating the administration of the territory in a member of a royal family. He and some of his ministers such as don Luis de Haro or Count Peñaranda made up a new political system, taking out some of the prerogatives, which had usually been given to others General Governors. Despite of the departing of don Juan José, Philip IV nominated him Governor General  during his lifetime. By this way, he solved the lack of a royal family as his alter ego.
Therefore, the purpose of this contribution is to shed new light over the political reconfiguration shaped in Madrid court for the Brussels’ court and accomplished by don Juan José from 1656 to 1659.
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In the last decades the Environmental history studies growth hugely, analysing among other themes human footprint in the environment. Throughout early modern period wood and timber were the most demanding raw materials. Hence, European... more
In the last decades the Environmental history studies growth hugely, analysing among other themes human footprint in the environment. Throughout early modern period wood and timber were the most demanding raw materials. Hence, European Kings issued regulation codes in order to assure the requests coming from shipyards. Kings did not only regulate forests belonged to them, but also those whose owners were private individuals and body communities. In this paper we are focusing on the Royal forest (Real Sitio) Soto de Roma situated in Granada’s meadow.
In Castile reign forests lands belonged the king were known as Sitios Reales, whereas in Portugal coutadas and matas was the name given. Kings made use of them for rather activities than hunting, being a nature resource from where wood was withdraw for several purposes. Portuguese’s coutadas and matas had been studied in relation with shipbuilding, whereas the Spanish Sitios Reales have been mainly analysed from Art historians’ perspective. The Royal forest Soto de Roma has been received lesser attention in comparison with other Reales Sitios.
Soto de Roma’s forest resources played a significant role in the maintenance of Spanish Empire, becoming an area from which timber was extracted for artillery gun carriage. King’s fleets and fortresses artillery deployed Soto de Roma’s white and black poplar timber. Therefore, this paper shed light upon the Soto de Roma’s importance and its evolution from an interdisciplinary approach throughout early modern period. It aimed at exploring how the interaction of political policy-making, social environment, dwellers everyday life and Spanish Monarchy internal and external evolution affected Soto de Roma’s natural resources.

En las últimas décadas la historia medioambiental (Enviromental History) ha conocido un gran auge, al analizarse el impacto que ha tenido la explotación de los recursos naturales por parte del ser humano en la configuración de los espacios geográficos. La explotación de los bosques para la obtención de madera tuvo como consecuencia la deforestación de los bosques, con el siguiente impacto ecológico y mutaciones en el mapa geográfico europeo. Desde esta perspectiva, en el siglo XVI se produjo a nivel europeo una escasez de madera que obligó a los soberanos a desarrollar una intensa actividad legislativa tendente a reglamentar los bosques que formaban parte de su patrimonio y aquellos que no les pertenecía, sino que estaba en manos de otros propietarios.
En el reino Castilla las tierras que pertenecían al Rey eran conocidos con el nombre de Sitios Reales, mientras que en el reino de Portugal lo eran como coutadas y matas. La utilización y aprovechamiento de estos espacios forestales no se circunscribían a actividades cinegéticas, sino que constituían una fuente de aprovisionamiento de madera para numerosas actividades. Las coutadas y matas han sido estudiadas e interrelacionadas con la construcción naval, mientras que en el caso hispanos los Sitios Reales han sido principalmente analizados desde la perspectiva de la Historia del Arte.
El Real Sitio y Soto de Roma, situado en el fértil valle de Granada, ha recibido menos atención por parte de los especialistas de la materia. Por ello, el objetivo de la siguiente propuesta es realizar un estudio del significado e importancia del Real Sitio y Soto de Roma a través de  una perspectiva interdisciplinar. Se va a interrelacionar la articulación territorial del Real Sitio y Soto de Roma con la utilización de sus recursos naturales, desde las personas encargadas de su cuidado y explotación hasta su utilización en la industria de la construcción naval. La documentación histórica consultada permite reparar la evolución y cambios acaecidos en el paisaje a lo largo de la Edad Moderna, observándose una transformación paisajística como consecuencia de la explotación de los recursos realizada por el ser humano. Asimismo, pretendemos ponerlo en relación con la evolución político-histórica de la Monarquía hispana, desde el momento en que el Real Sitio y Soto de Granada fue incorporada a la Monarquía en 1492 hasta mediados del siglo XVII.
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The death of Philip IV of Spain in 1665 meant an inflection point in the political attitude of his illegitimate son John of Austria. Since his stay at the court of Brussels (1656-1659), John came into conflict with the Imperial family of... more
The death of Philip IV of Spain in 1665 meant an inflection point in the political attitude of his illegitimate son John of Austria. Since his stay at the court of Brussels (1656-1659), John came into conflict with the Imperial family of Vienna, who did not agree to treat him as an Infant of Spain. These problems of acknowledgment increased during the minority of Charles II, John’s stepbrother. The contacts of John with the Imperial ambassador Pötting were frustrating for both sides, as neither of the two accepted the treatment demanded by the other. Therefore, the relationships were carried out through unofficial interviews of informal agents of John as Francisco Bremundan, Diego de Velasco or Mateo Patiño with different representatives of the Imperial embassy.
The chief topic discussed was the negotiation to marry King Charles II to Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria. This was the desired plan of Dowager Queen Marianne of Austria, but when John became ‘First Minister’ in 1677, he changed the political line developed until that time. John distrusted the alliance with his Viennese family and preferred to arrange the marriage of Charles II with the French Maria Luisa of Orleans. The aim of this paper is to show how unofficial diplomacy was used by John of Austria for the advancement of his own interests and its influence in the policy-making between the Habsburgs’ Courts between 1665 and 1679.
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La investigación que procedo a exponerles forma parte de un proyecto de investigación más amplio dirigido por la profesora Rosa Varela Gomes dentro del Instituto de Arqueología y Paleociencias de la Universidad Nova de Lisboa. En ella mi... more
La investigación que procedo a exponerles forma parte de un proyecto de investigación más amplio dirigido por la profesora Rosa Varela Gomes dentro del Instituto de Arqueología y Paleociencias de la Universidad Nova de Lisboa. En ella mi compañero, Antonio Rocha Santos, y yo desarrollamos una investigación en la que combinamos varias disciplinas y enfoques variados con el propósito de responder a una serie de cuestiones relacionadas con la madera y la construcción naval. El nombre del proyecto es “Forest Resources for Iberian Empires: Ecology and Globalization in the Age of Discovery”.
Las preguntas clave de las hipótesis de nuestro proyecto son las siguientes:

1) ¿Eran los recursos forestales ibéricos suficientes para proveer la madera suficiente para la construcción naval?
2) ¿De dónde procedía la madera?
3) ¿Cuáles fueron los recursos movilizados por los Reyes para su obtención?
4) ¿Quiénes formaban parte en el proceso de
5) ¿Cuál fue la importancia de la provisión de madera dentro de la Monarquía Católica?

Los bosques del rey en Portugal y en Castilla eran insuficientes para garantizar toda la madera requerida en los astilleros de Lisboa y otros puertos de la Península Ibérica. Los reyes utilizaron cuatro estrategias para asegurar la provisión de madera para construcción naval, siendo importados aquellos componentes navales que no se encontraban en la Península Ibérica. De esta forma los bosques del rey, tierras privadas, asientos (desembolso económico) y comercio se interrelacionaban con un propósito claro: la construcción y reparación naval en el reino de Portugal. El objetivo de esta ponencia es detallar la importancia de cada una de las estrategias desarrolladas por los monarcas Habsburgo durante el periodo de Unión de Coronas entre 1580 y 1640.
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RESUMEN La Unión de la corona de Portugal a la Monarquía hispana en la persona de Felipe II supuso la agregación del imperio portugués al conjunto patrimonial de Felipe II. El funcionamiento de la Monarquía era impensable sin la... more
RESUMEN
La Unión de la corona de Portugal a la Monarquía hispana en la persona de Felipe II supuso la agregación del imperio portugués al conjunto patrimonial de Felipe II. El funcionamiento de la Monarquía era impensable sin la operatividad de las armadas del Rey. Durante los sesenta años que el reino luso estuvo incorporado al patrimonio de los Hasburgo, se produjo un intercambio y transferencia de hombres, recursos económicos y materiales entre las cortes de Madrid y Lisboa que permitieron mantener en funcionamiento las armadas del rey en el reino de Portugal. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer algunas de las estrategias empleadas por Felipe II para garantizar el aprovisionamiento de madera para las armadas en la corte de Lisboa. Estrategias que fueron repetidas durante la Unión. Por un lado, la conservación y explotación de las coutadas y matas en el reino de Portugal y, por otro lado, la firma de asientos por los ministros del Rey Católico en las cortes de Lisboa y Madrid.

Palabras clave: Armadas del rey, cortes de Madrid y Lisboa, madera, Coutadas y matas, asientos.

ABSTRACT
The union of Portuguese and Castile Kingdoms in the person of Philip II meant that the Portuguese Empire was added to his personal heritage. The Monarchy could not be maintained without ensuring the operation of the King’s fleets. Throughout the sixty years of Political Union, there were a transfer and an exchange of men, funding and supplies between the Courts of Madrid and Lisbon whereby King’s fleets on Portugal kept on. The main purpose of this article is to shed light upon the different strategies sought by the Kings in order to guarantee timber supply for their fleets: not only about the conservation and utilization of the forest resources which belonged to the King in Portugal (coutadas and matas), but also about the large loan (asientos) signed by King’s officers in the Courts of Lisbon and Madrid.

Keywords: King’s fleets, courts of Madrid and Lisbon, timber, Coutadas and matas, asientos.
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The aim of the conference is to present the ForSEAdiscovery project in which we are currently leading our research.
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During the Modern Ages, wood represented a natural resource, indispensable to naval construction. Since the discoveries period, both Portuguese and Spanish Monarchies increased the consumption of this prime-material. However, the demand... more
During the Modern Ages, wood represented a natural resource, indispensable to naval construction. Since the discoveries period, both Portuguese and Spanish Monarchies increased the consumption of this prime-material. However, the demand was superior to the supply capacities of Iberian woodlands. This matter lead the Iberian sovereigns to develop legislations concerning the safekeeping, maintenance and control of forests and woods (Sitios Reales in Castilla; Coutadas y Matas in Portugal). The union of both crowns, in 1580, by Filipe II, brought together two distinct traditions.
The objective of this presentation is to approach the institutionalization held by the Courts of Lisbon and Madrid during the 16th century, with particular attention to the reign of Filipe II (I of Portugal). During his ruling we recognize the establishment of political structures, regulated by the crown. This administrative changes had impact on the ordination of Iberian forests, understood as natural areas, source of a necessary provision of arsenals and naval dockyards.
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En la siguiente conferencia voy a tratar de realizar una aproximación a la forma en que Felipe II (Felipe I en el reino de Portugal) configuró institucionalmente los Reales Sitios en la corona de Castilla entre 1560 y 1598, para... more
En la siguiente conferencia voy a tratar de realizar una aproximación a la forma en que Felipe II (Felipe I en el reino de Portugal) configuró institucionalmente los Reales Sitios en la corona de Castilla entre 1560 y 1598, para posteriormente proceder con el reino de Portugal que constituye mi objeto de estudio.

Para ello, vamos a estructurar la ponencia en cuatro puntos:

1) La institucionalización de la Monarquía hispana
2) Gestión de los sitios reales: junta de obras y bosques
3) Los Sitios Reales: el real sitio y soto de Granada
4) As coutadas y matas en el reino de Portugal
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Desde finales del siglo XV, en un periodo en el que reino napolitano estaba estructurado en torno a una casa real, el oficio de caballerizo mayor estuvo vinculado a una de las familias más potentes del reino: los marqueses de Santeramo.... more
Desde finales del siglo XV, en un periodo en el que reino napolitano estaba estructurado en torno a una casa real, el oficio de caballerizo mayor estuvo vinculado a una de las familias más potentes del reino: los marqueses de Santeramo. Fernando I al ser proclamado rey de Nápoles resucitó los siete Grande Uffici con el objetivo de integrar al baronaggio cerca de su persona. Estos fueron asociados a linajes que continuaban ejerciéndolos en el siglo XVII.
Tras la institucionalización de la Monarquía hispánica en las décadas 70 y 80 del siglo XVI, se produjo la separación del “honor” y del “oficio” propiamente dicho. Sus titulares seguían conservando los honores, como quedaba patente en las entradas de los virreyes, pero no servían personalmente junto a la persona del virrey. El caballerizo mayor formaba parte de la familia del rey pero, a diferencia del montero o capellán mayor, no lo ejercía en Palacio sino fuera de él. 
El objetivo de la siguiente ponencia es tratar de realizar una aproximación a la evolución del oficio de caballerizo mayor o teniente de caballerizo mayor del reino de Nápoles desde finales del reinado de Felipe II hasta la supresión de las caballerizas reales de Nápoles en 1687. Para ello, se va a poner en relación a los titulares del oficio con la evolución política de la Monarquía y del reino napolitano.
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resumen: La percepción de la imagen de don Juan en Flandes fue varian- do a lo largo de los tres años de gobierno (1656-1659). La brillante victoria obtenida en valenciennes con la consiguiente instrumentalización política de don Juan... more
resumen: La percepción de la imagen de don Juan en Flandes fue varian- do a lo largo de los tres años de gobierno (1656-1659). La brillante victoria obtenida en valenciennes con la consiguiente instrumentalización política de don Juan (en forma de mercedes y su difusión en cuadros y grabados) resaltaron la buena relación existente entre el hijo de Felipe iv y los flamencos.
Sin embargo, las derrotas militares en las campaña de 1657 y 1658 cam- biaron la situación, llegándose a actos de desobediencia por villas como am- beres y gante. además, en el intento por salvar los estados flamencos y en la exaltación de su gobierno y persona, don Juan cometió una serie de actos que acabaron causando desconfianza en el rey y sus ministros de las cortes de ma- drid y Bruselas. Sin embargo, en esta delicada situación estableció lazos perso- nales y fidelidades que, posteriormente, fueron recompensados.
Palabras clave: don Juan de austria, Flandes, gobierno, corte.
abstract: the image of don Juan in Flanders was changing in the three years of his government (1656-1659). the success at valenciennes, which was obtained in 1656, was politically exploited by don Juan through paintings and engravings. it emphasized the good relationship between don Juan and the fle- mish people.
however, the military defeats in 1657 and 1658 changed the situation. Some cities as antwerp and ghent made acts of disobedience. moreover, in the attempt to save Flanders states don Juan made some mistakes, which broke up the confidence between him, the King and his ministers in the courts of madrid and Brussels. however, in this delicate situation don Juan established personal ties and loyalties that were subsequently rewarded.
Keywords: don Juan of austria, Flanders, government, court.
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According to traditional historiography, the decline of the Spanish Monarchy began during the reign of Philip IV, especially in the second half of the reign, due to several reasons (economical, political,...). One of the ways in which... more
According to traditional historiography, the decline of the Spanish Monarchy began during the reign of Philip IV, especially in the second half of the reign, due to several reasons (economical, political,...). One of the ways in which this idea can be tested is by looking at the Royal Household. Its main function until that moment – the integration of the territorial elites – gradually ceased to exist, resulting in the dissatisfaction of many people from the different territories of which the Monarchy was composed. Our paper will focus on the political role played by some of the key figures in the Royal Chapel during this episode: the ‘sumilleres de cortina’ and the royal chaplains of Philip IV. The Chapel was one of the main sections of the Household, especially because it was the environment in which the spirituality of the Spanish Monarchy was defined at a crucial moment in its history.
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El desempeño de lo que hoy denominamos “oficio” no se justifica en los fundamentos filosófico-políticos del estado liberal sino en la filosofía clásica aristotélica. Tales principios fueron asumidos por el cristianismo y fundamentaron... more
El desempeño de lo que hoy denominamos “oficio” no se justifica en los fundamentos filosófico-políticos del estado liberal sino en la filosofía clásica aristotélica. Tales principios fueron asumidos por el cristianismo y fundamentaron ideológicamente las organizaciones de las monarquías modernas.
Existen numerosos tratados y comentaristas que tratan de justifiar la realidad político-social en tales principios Así el cardenal de la Cessa defendía que el servicio en la “casa” se regulaba por
Por su parte, Marco Antonio Camos siguiendo la doctrina aristotélica comenzaba su “Microcosmia y Gobierno Universal del hombre Cristiano para todos los Estados y cualquiera de ellos, dirigido a Don Antonio de Cardona, Duque de Sessa y Soma”, escrita en 1592, comenzaba su obra que “El philosopoho escribiendo a Alexandro su parecer en el asiento y gobierno de su Real Casa, haciendo corporación de los que siruen los sentidos interiores y exteriores al hombre, con lo que deben servir los criados al Príncipe, divide el servicio de la persona real en tres géneros”, a saber “uno criados que sirven las cosas intrínsecas y secretas; los otros que tocan a la sustentación de la vida corporal del príncipe; los otros ue tienen cuenta y cuidado de la guarda de la Real persona”. Los primeros forman la cámara real y está compuesta por “mayordomos, caballerizos y otros que llaman de la Cámara”, “los de boca” que dan de comer al rey y las guardas.
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The aim of this contribution is to study some famililes whom were linked to don Juan de Austria as criados and at the same time they had a military robe of Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara, Montesa or San Juan, focusing on those who served... more
The aim of this contribution is to study some famililes whom were linked to don Juan de Austria as criados and at the same time they had a military robe of Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara, Montesa or San Juan, focusing on those who served as gentilhombres de la cámara and mayordomos between 1642 and 1679.
The particular politicar career of don Juan was reflected in the composition of him households. Thanks to it, we can observe that there were castilians, aragonians, valencians, flemish, catalans and, even, americans at the most important offices. This feature influenced, decisively, in the patronage networks which were established by don Juan throughout his life, as we can see during his years as valido.

El objetivo de las siguientes líneas es realizar una aproximación al estudio de la trayectoria de miembros de ciertos linajes que fueron criados de las casas de don Juan y que, al mismo tiempo, portaron un hábito de las órdenes militares de Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara, Montesa o San Juan. Con objeto de no ser prolijos, hemos privilegiado a los servidores que ejercieron los oficios de mayordomo y gentilhombres de cámara entre 1642 y 1679.
El peculiar decurso vital del hijo de Felipe IV tuvo su reflejo en la composición de sus casas. Entre sus miembros encontramos castellanos, aragoneses, valencianos, flamencos, catalanes e, incluso, americanos en los cargos más importantes. Ello influyó, decisivamente, en las amistades y redes clientelares forjadas por don Juan a lo largo de su vida, tal como quedó de manifiesto durante los años de su valimiento.
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In 1645, Philip IV replaced don Juan de Austria on the government of Flanders by Archduke Guillermo- Leopoldo. The decision was due to the aggressive policy pursued from by the court of Paris in the Mediterranean sea since 1643. The loss... more
In 1645, Philip IV replaced don Juan de Austria on the government of Flanders by Archduke Guillermo- Leopoldo. The decision was due to the aggressive policy pursued from by the court of Paris in the Mediterranean sea since 1643. The loss of the Tuscan fortress in 1646 accelerated the decisions taken by Philip IV. To achieve this task was decreed the restaffing of the persons who composed the service of the household of don Juan José. To perform it Philip IV provided the renewal of the persons who composed the service of the household. This aim was postponed after the outbreak of the revolts at the Kingdom of Naples.
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Durante la década de 1640 se produjo la quiebra de la forma en que se había organizado constitucionalmente la Monarquía Católica desde los reinados de Carlos V y Felipe II. Felipe IV consciente de ello y de la necesidad de dar una nueva... more
Durante la década de 1640 se produjo la quiebra de la forma en que se había organizado constitucionalmente la Monarquía Católica desde los reinados de Carlos V y Felipe II. Felipe IV consciente de ello y de la necesidad de dar una nueva orientación a la misma reconoció a Don Juan de Austria como hijo legítimo en 1642 para destinarlo, en un primer momento, a Portugal (1642) y Flandes (1643-1646). A su vez se produjo el traslado del monarca a Aragón. Los viajes del monarca no fueron únicamente para ‘mostrarse’ por la Corona de Aragón y contribuir, de esta manera, a la conquista de los territorios de la Corona.
En estos inviernos, se produjeron diversos acontecimientos que permiten afirmar que, en los años 1643-1646 comenzaron los primeros intentos de reformación de la organización constitucional de la Monarquía, cuando el monarca se hallaba en Zaragoza. El estudio de Don Juan resulta incompleto si dejamos de lado esta afirmación, ya que el hijo del monarca participó, en distinto grado, en la mencionada reorganización como demuestra su decurso vital durante el reinado de Felipe IV al pasar por Nápoles, Sicilia, Cataluña, Flandes y Portugal. De esta manera, Don Juan se convirtió en el símbolo que articuló las relaciones entre las llamadas ‘cortes periféricas’ y la corte madrileña, con un claro proyecto político.
Resulta posible arrojar nueva luz al estudio de la Monarquía y del propio infante, si se procede a un análisis de las distintas casas de servicio que le fueron formadas, ya que permiten vislumbrar las transformaciones políticas de la monarquía, además de conocer a los cortesanos que le sostuvieron durante la regencia. De esta forma, en el periodo de la regencia de Doña Mariana se contrapusieron y enfrentaron dos proyectos políticos distintos.
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La chimera. Boschi e acque nel Novarese di età moderna L’intervento si propone di affrontare il tema delle risorse boschive con particolare riferimento a un’area di confine tra Piemonte sabaudo e Lombardia spagnola, il Novarese... more
La chimera. Boschi e acque nel Novarese di età moderna

L’intervento si propone di affrontare il tema delle risorse boschive con particolare riferimento a un’area di confine tra Piemonte sabaudo e Lombardia spagnola, il Novarese opportunamente definito “una terra tra due fiumi”, la Sesia e il Ticino. Negli anni a ridosso del Trattato di Utrecht (1713), decisivi per la futura acquisizione della città e provincia di Novara da parte del governo di Torino (1735), si moltiplicarono gli episodi di conflitto riguardanti l’uso del bosco da parte di abitanti di località confinanti, come a esempio Vicolungo Novarese e Arborio, nel Vercellese. Se ne illustreranno alcuni sulla scorta della documentazione conservata presso l’Archivio di Stato di Torino nella serie Confini antichi con lo Stato di Milano, avendo a mente la storiografia pregressa e tentando di dialogare con le varie componenti del progetto Bo.S.Co, al fine di evidenziare in particolare ragioni giurisdizionali e pratiche di possesso tipiche dell’Antico regime.
This conferences intends to shed light upon the use and exploitation of the forest and river resources in the Iberian Peninsula from 15th to 19th century by bringing together historians of different backgrounds (environmental, maritime,... more
This conferences intends to shed light upon the use and exploitation of the forest and river resources in the Iberian Peninsula from 15th to 19th century by bringing together historians of different backgrounds (environmental, maritime, economic or court studies), archaeologists and other disciplines
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Director: Álvaro Aragón Ruano Universidad del País Vasco El Congreso trata, por un lado, de evaluar cuál fue el papel de los suministros forestales en la construcción del Estado fiscal-militar español, con todas sus implicaciones... more
Director: Álvaro Aragón Ruano
Universidad del País Vasco
El Congreso trata, por un lado, de evaluar cuál fue el papel de los suministros forestales en la construcción del Estado fiscal-militar español, con todas sus implicaciones regionales, nacionales e internacionales, y, por otro, acercarse a los proyectos y políticas forestales que a lo largo de la época moderna (siglos XVI-XVIII) emprendieron las dinastías de los Habsburgo y Borbones para impulsar y desarrollar las marineas reales y mercantes.
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ForSEAdiscovery (EU Marie Curie Actions project) aims to reconstruct past Iberian forestry in relation to shipbuilding from the 16 th to 18 th centuries. The project comprises fifteen research fellows from diverse academic backgrounds to... more
ForSEAdiscovery (EU Marie Curie Actions project) aims to reconstruct past Iberian forestry in relation to shipbuilding from the 16 th to 18 th centuries. The project comprises fifteen research fellows from diverse academic backgrounds to develop a multidisciplinary approach to data collection from archives, archaeological sites, and forests. The team is divided into three research work packages: history, nautical archaeology, and wood science. Our team of nautical archaeologists have been recording, sampling, and analysing timber from shipwrecks in order to provide other work packages with significant data. In this way, individual research projects are incorporated within the broader aims of ForSEAdiscovery, with the project's framework resting on this multidisciplinary team and the confluence of different scientific perspectives. Here we present two case studies of fieldwork during 2015. The Galician case study is based on the data collected from three wooden shipwrecks: an 18 th century French corvette, an 18 th century Spanish frigate, and a 16 th century Spanish galleon. The Portuguese case study investigated the remains of a 16 th century Iberian shipwreck washed ashore. These examples demonstrate how a multidisciplinary, international team has approached shared research questions, the lessons that have been learned, and how these can be applied to future multidisciplinary investigations.
La percepcion de la imagen de don Juan en Flandes fue variando a lo largo de los tres anos de gobierno (1656-1659). La brillante victoria obtenida en Valenciennes con la consiguiente instrumentalizacion politica de don Juan (en forma de... more
La percepcion de la imagen de don Juan en Flandes fue variando a lo largo de los tres anos de gobierno (1656-1659). La brillante victoria obtenida en Valenciennes con la consiguiente instrumentalizacion politica de don Juan (en forma de mercedes y su difusion en cuadros y grabados) resaltaron la buena relacion existente entre el hijo de Felipe IV y los flamencos. Sin embargo, las derrotas militares en las campana de 1657 y 1658 cambiaron la situacion, llegandose a actos de desobediencia por villas como Amberes y Gante. Ademas, en el intento por salvar los estados flamencos y en la exaltacion de su gobierno y persona, don Juan cometio una serie de actos que acabaron causando desconfianza en el Rey y sus ministros de las cortes de Madrid y Bruselas. Sin embargo, en esta delicada situacion establecio lazos personales y fidelidades que, posteriormente, fueron recompensados.
Abstract In September 1517, Archduke Charles left the Habsburg Netherlands to make his way to Castile accompanied by his complete entourage, including the Household of Burgundy. After that date, other than during the occasional visit by... more
Abstract In September 1517, Archduke Charles left the Habsburg Netherlands to make his way to Castile accompanied by his complete entourage, including the Household of Burgundy. After that date, other than during the occasional visit by Charles V or Philip II, the Burgundian service was not to return to Flemish lands, which prompted the search for a new model to hold the various elites in the Habsburg Netherlands together when the monarch was not present. Until quite recently, historiography had systematically neglected the study of the households of the governors-general in the Habsburg Netherlands in favour of the political history arising from the famous Dutch Revolt. Lately, however, this has been changing, so that we are now able to present a general framework describing the way these households were used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as they searched for a suitable model. This, as we shall see, was bound up with the changing circumstances affecting the Court in Madrid and was modified as the dominant Court factions came to decisions about the way that the Spanish Monarchy should be organized and the various nations integrated into it. With this in mind, this article will examine the way in which the choice of one model or another enabled the Flemish elites to feel that they were involved, at least to some extent, in governing their own territories, and the difficulties that arose when they felt excluded.
In the early seventeenth century, the construction of galleons and high seas warships became an essential strategic concern for the king of Spain, even more so than in the previous century. In 1603, Philip III ordered the establishment of... more
In the early seventeenth century, the construction of galleons and high seas warships became an essential strategic concern for the king of Spain, even more so than in the previous century. In 1603, Philip III ordered the establishment of a Committee for the Building of Ships ( Junta para la Fábrica de Navíos), which signed several contracts ( asientos) with private individuals to build squadrons and ships. What were the shipbuilding conditions outlined in contracts signed under the auspices of such a committee? By addressing this question, this research note sheds light on the shipbuilding strategies of the Spanish Crown before the Twelve Years’ Truce (1609–1621). The notes are part of an ongoing research project on the Spanish Empire’s political restructuring of shipbuilding policies during the first half of the seventeenth century.
Combined dendrochronological and archival research revealed the history of construction and subsequent repairs to the roof structures of Segovia Cathedral, the last gothic cathedral built in Spain. Although this iconic building has been... more
Combined dendrochronological and archival research revealed the history of construction and subsequent repairs to the roof structures of Segovia Cathedral, the last gothic cathedral built in Spain. Although this iconic building has been extensively documented by different scholars, the completion date of the 16th century original sacristy was uncertain. Furthermore, disaster struck the building on two occasions, in the 17th and 18th centuries. First, on September 1614, lightning hit the bell tower and fire spread through the roof of the nave. Then, on 1 November 1755, the Lisbon earthquake shook the cathedral building. However, the extent of the damage caused by these events was unknown.
Our combined research revealed that the trees used to make the tie-beams of the sacristy were cut in the late summer/winter months of 1676/77, one century later than the completion date, suggesting that this part of the original sacristy was renewed when a new one was built together with the offices in an annexed building. Furthermore, absolute dates obtained for the nave indicate that the trees used to build the current roof structure were cut in the autumn/winter of 1614/15, which implies that the 16th century original roof must have burned down entirely due to the lightning fire. A historical document registering the purchase of the wood to repair this structure in 1614 confirms this information. Finally, the damage caused by the Lisbon earthquake must have compromised the structural integrity of the roof, as the support timbers used to reinforce it belong to small trees cut in the spring or summer of that same year 1755. Archival research revealed that the roofs were inspected a few weeks after the earthquake, and that repairs were carried out in 1756. This suggests that the wood to prop up the structure was most likely purchased shortly after the inspection (probably in a nearby saw mill where cheap wood from trees cut in the summer of 1755 was available), and before the repairs took place.
During dredging works in the Ribadeo estuary of northwest Spain, in 2011, a large and well-preserved shipwreck was discovered. Construction features suggested a date for the ship in the late 16th century, making this wreck a remarkable... more
During dredging works in the Ribadeo estuary of northwest Spain, in 2011, a large and well-preserved shipwreck was discovered. Construction features suggested a date for the ship in the late 16th century, making this wreck a remarkable find for Spanish heritage, as it is one of the best-preserved shipwrecks from that time ever found in Spanish waters.
Dendrochronological research on 29 samples retrieved in 2012 failed to produce dates for the timbers; consequently, the exact date of the ship and its possible construction location remained unknown. In 2015 additional archaeological survey works were planned for the site in order to document further exposed structures of the shipwreck, and to collect additional samples for dendrochronological research. Simultaneously, historical research was conducted in Spanish archives to search for documents referring to the wreckage of ships in the Ribadeo estuary in the 16th and early 17th centuries.
The results of this multidisciplinary research have led to the hypothesis that the shipwreck could be the Santiago de Galicia galleon built at Castellamare di Stabia, near Naples, Italy, in the late 1580s or early 1590s, and sunk in Ribadeo in AD 1597. Dendrochronological dates obtained for two planks date the construction of the ship after 1580. Construction features of the shipwreck have been compared to those reported in 16th-century documents for the Santiago de Galicia galleon; and, the potential limitations of our methods for identifying the shipwreck are discussed.
Combined dendrochronological and archival research revealed the history of construction and subsequent repairs to the roof structures of Segovia Cathedral, the last gothic cathedral built in Spain. Although this iconic building has been... more
Combined dendrochronological and archival research revealed the history of construction and subsequent repairs to the roof structures of Segovia Cathedral, the last gothic cathedral built in Spain. Although this iconic building has been extensively documented by different scholars, the completion date of the 16th century original sacristy was uncertain. Furthermore, disaster struck the building on two occasions, in the 17th and 18th centuries. First, on September 1614, lightning hit the bell tower and fire spread through the roof of the nave. Then, on 1 November 1755, the Lisbon earthquake shook the cathedral building. However, the extent of the damage caused by these events was unknown.
Our combined research revealed that the trees used to make the tie-beams of the sacristy were cut in the late summer/winter months of 1676/77, one century later than the completion date, suggesting that this part of the original sacristy was renewed when a new one was built together with the offices in an annexed building. Furthermore, absolute dates obtained for the nave indicate that the trees used to build the current roof structure were cut in the autumn/winter of 1614/15, which implies that the 16th century original roof must have burned down entirely due to the lightning fire. A historical document registering the purchase of the wood to repair this structure in 1614 confirms this information. Finally, the damage caused by the Lisbon earthquake must have compromised the structural integrity of the roof, as the support timbers used to reinforce it belong to small trees cut in the spring or summer of that same year 1755. Archival research revealed that the roofs were inspected a few weeks after the earthquake, and that repairs were carried out in 1756. This suggests that the wood to prop up the structure was most likely purchased shortly after the inspection (probably in a nearby saw mill where cheap wood from trees cut in the summer of 1755 was available), and before the repairs took place.

Keywords
Dendrochronology Cathedral roof timbers Building history Historical research Natural hazards Pinus nigra/sylvestris
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