PRITAM GHOSH

In the twenty-first century, new research-prone areas have emerged in legal education which were previously unknown to the legal fraternity. One such area is International Humanitarian Law (IHL) or the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). This can best be described as that branch of International Human Rights Law which deals with provisions for humanitarian relief and humane treatment of victims of war and is applicable only during war or armed conflicts. The study and research of IHL has become imperative due to the rise in the number of armed conflicts in the twenty-first century concentrated mainly in Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia and the subsequent desire of the international community to reduce that number. Against this background discussion, this article gives a brief account of the academic efforts taking place across the globe to make this subject an integral part of law school curriculum. The article starts with a description as to how IHL was first accepted as a part of any standard courses in law particularly in the West. Further, the efforts undertaken in Asia are analyzed followed by the reasons as to why IHL has still not gained acceptance as a full-fledged course in Asia. Finally, the article ends with recommendations regarding what the Asian legal fraternity needs to do to increase awareness about IHL and to make it a mandatory teaching module in all Asian law schools.

In the twenty-first century, new research-prone areas have emerged in legal education which were previously unknown to the legal fraternity. One such area is International Humanitarian Law (IHL) or the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). This can best be described as that branch of International Human Rights Law which deals with provisions for humanitarian relief and humane treatment of victims of war and is applicable only during war or armed conflicts. The study and research of IHL has become imperative due to the rise in the number of armed conflicts in the twenty-first century concentrated mainly in Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia and the subsequent desire of the international community to reduce that number. Against this background discussion, this article gives a brief account of the academic efforts taking place across the globe to make this subject an integral part of law school curriculum. The article starts with a description as to how IHL was first accepted as a part of any standard courses in law particularly in the West. Further, the efforts undertaken in Asia are analyzed followed by the reasons as to why IHL has still not gained acceptance as a full-fledged course in Asia. Finally, the article ends with recommendations regarding what the Asian legal fraternity needs to do to increase awareness about IHL and to make it a mandatory teaching module in all Asian law schools.

Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Luminescent Metal Organic Complexes (LMOCs) have been reported for Explosive and Pollutant Nitro Aromatic (epNAC) recognition. The diamagnetic complex shows a highly intense AIE induced by NEt3H(+), which disappears after picric acid recognition and subsequently RET will quench the emission intensity. Radical stabilized paramagnetic LMOCs seem to be active but show lower sensing efficiency in comparison with diamagnetic LMOCs. Solution and solid state spectroscopy studies along with DFT-D3 have been executed to enlighten the host guest interaction. Limit of PA detection is ∼250 ppb with a binding constant of 1.2 × 10(5) M(-1). Time-stepping, i.e. intervening in the problem of picric acid recognition from surface water collected from several places of West Bengal, India, has been performed. Mutagenic picric acid has been successfully detected in an aqueous medium inside both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells at a ppm level using fluorescence microscopy.

The effect of a schiff base 2-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)phenol (HBAP) and its corresponding three 3d-transition metal complexes viz. Mn-HBAP, Co-HBAP and Ni-HBAP on the corrosion inhibiting behaviour against chrome steel bearing balls in 0.1 N HNO 3 solution were investigated by means of conventional weight loss method, potentiodynamic polarization and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. The adsorption nature of all inhibitors over chrome steel surface were spontaneous and were best fitted by Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. Stability of complexes in acid media were supported from spectrophotometry measurements. The mixed mode of inhibition was confirmed from polarization and inhibition efficiency (% I.E.) could be increased with concomitant increase in inhibitor concentration in bulk experimental solution. Correlation between the inhibitive effect and molecular structure of inhibitor's was further supported by Density Functional Theory (DFT) like quantum chemical ca...

ABSTRACT A novel colorimetric hydrazine based Schiff base chemoreceptor (E)-2-((2-(perfluorophenyl)hydrazono)methyl)phenol (PMP), for detection of fluoride (F−) is reported in this work. The receptor can selectively detect F− by turning from colorless to yellow. The recognition event is further confirmed by solution state spectrophotometric measurements like UV-Vis, Fluorescence and 1H-NMR titrimetric studies. The fluorescence ‘turn on’ phenomenon of PMP with gradual addition of F− can be well explained by inhibition of C = N isomerisation process. 1H-NMR titration experiments of PMP with F− further support the hydrogen bonding interaction between host PMP and guest F−. Interestingly, PMP has potential towards detection of intracellular F− in cells of Candida albicans (diploid fungus) and pollen grains of Techoma stans. The recognition phenomenon is reversible and we have successfully developed two input logic network where INHIBIT gate can be considered as an AND gate with one input inverted by a NOT function. Furthermore, this logic gate represents a potential ‘Write-Read-Erase-Read’ memory function possessing multi writing ability.

ABSTRACT A simple Schiff base chemosensor 2-((2-(2,4-dinitro phenyl)hydrazono)methyl)-4-nitrophenol (L) has been developed as a colorimetric and fluorimetric ‘turn on’ sensor for fluoride (F-). F- recognition at ppm level from mouth rinser and toothpaste water solution has been successful. Significantly, L can detect F- from fluorosis affected tooth and saliva samples by similar colorimetric changes. Test kit for F- detection from DMSO:water (1:1) mixture is also engineered. Intracellular F- from pollen grains of Techoma stans and Candida albicans (a diploid fungus), grown in 10-6(M) F- contaminated water has been successfully detected under fluorescence microscope.

ABSTRACT Structural, spectroscopic, electrochemical, electrical conductivity and biological characterizations of cobalt-HBAP [2-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino) phenol] complexes has been reported. This tridentate HBAP ligand forms a slightly distorted bis octahedral complex, [CoIII(OÇNÇO)2](NEt3H)(H2O)2 (1)-. Several solution state spectroscopic measurements e.g.; UV-Visible, Cyclic voltammetry, EPR, NMR, ESI-MS along with solid state characterizations e.g.; CHN, FT-IR and Single Crystal XRD are performed to authenticate the formation of the ligand as well as its Co-metallated complexes. 1e- oxidation of (1)- to (1)0 have shown an intense phenoxyl radical based transition in UV-Visible spectra. Electron paramagnetic resonance of (1)0 identifies the presence of phenoxyl radical. Meanwhile similar attempt in generation of 1e- reduced species (1)2- provides metal based reduction having metal hyperfines coming from Co nuclear spin I =7/2. Interestingly, the low spin diamagnetic mononuclear Co(III)-Schiff base complex forms a supramolecular saw teeth like 1D network via hydrogen bonding interaction in presence of countercation [NEt3H]+ and solvent water molecules which are present in the system as solvent of crystallization. Fascinatingly, semiconducting property is found in both ligand and its cobalt metallated complexes. Current-voltage (I-V) and alternating current (AC) studies are carried out to show their effectiveness as functional material. Ligand and Complex (1)- exhibited their effective anti-cancer and anti-bacterial activities. Density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations have shown redox noninnocence of Co-Schiff base complexes is in accord with the experimental outcomes.

A series of CO2-promoted Cu(II) coordination polymers in different coordination environments has been synthesized. The molecular description and properties of the four complexes have been investigated by CHN, MS, UV-VIS, IR, PXRD, TEM, SQUID, SC-XRD, NLDFT, and electrical property characterizations. Single crystal X-ray structure determination of [Cu(bpy)(C2O4)]n (1) and [Cu(2-AMP)2(C2O4)]n (2) depicts their polynuclearity [bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, 2-AMP = 2-aminopyridine; 2-AMP is a cleaved ligand of starting ligand L1= N-(phenyl(pyridin-2-ylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-amine]. Both complexes have distorted octahedral geometry. Starting from another tripodal ligand L2 [ L2 = 2-((((2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)(pyridin-2-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)phenol, L2' (cleaved L(2) ligand) = 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-N-((pyridin-2-yl)methyl)ethanamine], a mononuclear complex [Cu(L(2))(Cl)] (3) has been obtained with a distorted square pyramidal geometry. Polynuclear complexes 1, 2, and 4 are CO2-mediated functional materials that have been produced in benzonitrile solvent medium. Interestingly, complex 4 of cleaved ligand L2 is a wonderful copper-based functional material with appreciable surface area. Powder XRD and TEM analysis of complex 4 supports its mesoporosity. Moreover, all four complexes can function as semiconductors over a wide temperature range.

Indole and urea based two organic receptors have been synthesized by an easy synthetic process. These two receptors have strong sensitivity and selectivity for several bio-relevant anions. Receptor 1 and 2 were synthesized from indole-2-carboxylic acid and p-anisidine respectively, which are low cost starting materials. Receptor 1 can selectively sense anions like F(-), OAc(-) and H2PO4(-), while receptor 2 can only sense F(-) and H2PO4(-). Both receptors are silent toward anions like Cl(-), Br(-), I(-) and NO3(-). It is the difference in their shape and size which are responsible for different anion sensing. The nature of these host-guest type interactions was analyzed by convenient spectrophotometric techniques like UV-Vis, fluorescence, (1)H NMR, FT-IR studies and also confirmed by electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry studies of the two ligand receptors with convenient anions. Between receptor 1 and 2, receptor 2 was crystallographically characterized also.

... Adsorption and corrosion inhibition effect of 2-((5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)phenol Schiff base on mild steel. Ramazan Solmaz a , Corresponding Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , Ece Altunbaş b and Gülfeza Kardaş b. ...

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the atomic level were performed on three different substituted banana-shaped compounds derived from 1,3-phenylene bis[4-(4-n-hexyloxyphenyliminomethyl)benzoate] (P-6-O-PIMB). The DFT studies were carried out on the isolated molecules, and in the MD simulations clusters were treated with up to 64 monomers. The effect of polar substituents, such as chlorine and the

In the twenty-first century, new research-prone areas have emerged in legal education which were previously unknown to the legal fraternity. One such area is International Humanitarian Law (IHL) or the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). This can best be described as that branch of International Human Rights Law which deals with provisions for humanitarian relief and humane treatment of victims of war and is applicable only during war or armed conflicts. The study and research of IHL has become imperative due to the rise in the number of armed conflicts in the twenty-first century concentrated mainly in Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia and the subsequent desire of the international community to reduce that number. Against this background discussion, this article gives a brief account of the academic efforts taking place across the globe to make this subject an integral part of law school curriculum. The article starts with a description as to how IHL was first accepted as a part of any standard courses in law particularly in the West. Further, the efforts undertaken in Asia are analyzed followed by the reasons as to why IHL has still not gained acceptance as a full-fledged course in Asia. Finally, the article ends with recommendations regarding what the Asian legal fraternity needs to do to increase awareness about IHL and to make it a mandatory teaching module in all Asian law schools.

"You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete."-Buckminster Fuller The abovementioned quote with which this chapter commences truly reflects the attitude of the Modi Government as right from the first year of holding power, the entire council of ministers with the Prime Minister at the head have been working tirelessly to bring about positive changes in every sector that contributes to the development of this country, thereby explaining to the people that the old models of development followed by the UPA I & II regimes and the other previous governments are now completely obsolete. The year 2014 can be safely said to be a landmark year in the history of the political and social scenario of India as that is the year when the current NDA government under the Honourable Prime Minister Mr. Narendrabhai Damodardas Modi took over the reign and started its journey with the resolve of "Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas" and "Saf Niyat Sahi Vikas". Has come a long way in changing the public perception about the word development in this country. The unflinching resolve towards uplifting the social, political, economic and cultural conditions of the common man and the determinate striving towards the goal of all-round development of all classes of the society has been evident ever since the year 2014. One of the major techniques through which such changes have come about within a short span of time are the social justice and public empowerment schemes formulated and implemented by the government in the last four years. In this context, it is worthwhile to note the various development models and schemes introduced by the Modi Government and the huge success all such schemes have met.