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Faculdade de Medicina
Programa de PsPs-Graduao em Medicina: Cincias Mdicas
DISSERTAO
DISSERTAO DE MESTRADO
Porto Alegre - 2008
Dissertao
apresentada
como
DISSERTAO DE MESTRADO
Porto Alegre 2008
BANCA EXAMINADORA
_____________________________________________________
Prof. Dr. Marcelo Pio de Almeida Fleck (UFRGS)
_____________________________________________________
Prof. Dra. Sdia Maria CallegariCallegari-Jacques (UFRGS)
______________________________________________________
Prof. Dra. Elaine Aparecida Flix (UFRGS)
NLM: WM 172
Catalogao Biblioteca FAMED/HCPA
A vida breve,
a cincia duradoura,
a oportunidade ardilosa,
a experimentao perigosa,
o julgamento difcil.
Hipcrates
Aforisma I.1
AGRADECIMENTOS
PROF DRA. IRACI LUCENA DA SILVA TORRES, pela orientao, seriedade e
incentivo pesquisa.
S FISIOTERAPEUTAS GLRIA
GLRIA MENZ FERREIRA E MARGARETE DIPRAT,
DIPRAT pelo
grande auxlio prestado na coleta de dados.
AO
GRUPO
DE
PESQUISA
DE
CRONOBIOLOGIA
DA
DOR
DO
SUMRIO
LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS
10
LISTA DE FIGURAS
11
LISTA DE TABELAS
12
RESUMO
13
ABSTRACT
15
1. INTRODUO
17
2. REVISO DE LITERATURA
23
24
28
33
conceitualizao e validao
2.4 Avaliao de um construto
38
3. MARCO TERICO
51
4. JUSTIFICATIVA
56
5. OBJETIVOS
60
5. 1. Objetivo Geral
61
5. 2. Objetivos Especficos
61
6. REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
62
82
121
121
PERSPECTIVAS FUTURAS
FUTURAS
126
126
128
Estado)
ANEXO 2. Avaliao de Fatores de Risco para Dor Ps-operatria
132
135
137
10
LISTA DE
DE ABREVIATURAS
Scale
STAXI: Inventrio de Expresso de Raiva Trao-Estado
IRT: Item Response Theory ou Teoria de Resposta ao Item
DIF: Differential Item Functioning ou Funcionamento Diferencial de Itens
PSI: Person Separation Index ou ndice de Discriminao de Sujeitos
CTT:
CTT Teoria Clssica dos Testes
11
LISTA DE FIGURAS
N Figura
1.
Pgina
Estratgia de busca de referncias
27
bibliogrficas
2.
52
perioperatria
3.
53
4.
(Fig
Fig.. 1 do artigo)
5.
(Fig
Fig.. 2 do artigo)
6.
119
120
120
123
123
anlise de Rasch
7.
124
124
12
LISTA DE TABELAS
N Tabela
1.
Pgina
Caractersticas dos pacientes e tipos de cirurgias
115
115
2.
116
116
3.
117
117
4.
118
13
RESUMO
ao
modelo
estatstico.
Os
itens
restantes
mostraram
14
unidimensionalidade,
independncia
local
adequado
ndice
de
15
ABSTRACT
Objetive:
This
study
evaluates
the
STAI
structure
using
Rasch
16
17
1 INTRODUO
18
1,2,3.
individuais
4,7.
J a ansiedade-trao refere-se s
relativamente
estveis
para
respostas
7,8.
1,9,10.
1,10.
Em
19
11.
To
12.
4,7.
questes, com mltipla escolha para cada um dos tipos de ansiedade (trao
e estado), limita seu uso como um instrumento prtico e de fcil aplicao
nos diferentes cenrios clnicos e de pesquisa, especialmente quando se
deseja fazer avaliaes repetidas. Embora apresente tais caractersticas, a
relevncia de avaliar a ansiedade se acentua devido importncia de
verificar, de modo mais aprofundado, a associao entre esta manifestao
no pr-operatrio e a recuperao ps-operatria
13,14.
Altos nveis de
14.
15
e infeco no local da
16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23.
Possivelmente,
as
discrepncias
sejam
20
explicadas no
por
21
Isto
sugere
que
combinar
tradicionais
modernas
24,25,26.
27,
22
23
2 REVISO DE LITERATURA
LITERATURA
24
apresentar
ou
tema
observacionais
buscou-se
e
tambm
suporte
em
em
estudos
ensaios
clnicos
ensaios
clnicos
randomizados,
cegos
ou
duplocegos
busca
foi
delimitada
pela
faixa
etria,
com
amostras
25
26
27
Cochrane
STAI
Lilacs
Pubmed
Scielo
888 em adultos
9 ECR
1062 artigos
STAI and
anxiety
3
23 artigos
10
52 artigos
226 artigos
STAI and
reliability
STAI and
surgery
- 9 revises
sistemticas
- 445 ensaios
clnicos
1 artigo
85 artigos
12
11 artigos
2 artigos
10
43 artigos
35 artigos
1 artigo
STAI and
anesthesia
STAI and
psychometric
properties
STAI and
Rasch
66 artigos
2 artigos
1 artigo
38 estudos selecionados
(23 coincidentes)
28
28,29.
30
32,
29
adaptativa,
33,
dividida
em
ansiedade-estado
trao.
34.
35
inquietao,
fadiga
fcil,
dificuldade
de
concentrao,
27
30
33.
36,
que
levam
em
considerao
multidimensionalidade
37,
39,
31
42,
as escalas de ansiedade
mais utilizadas na atualidade so: Escala de Ansiedade de Hamilton (HAMA), Escala de Ansiedade de Beck (BAI), Escala Clnica de Ansiedade (CAS),
Escala Breve de Ansiedade (BAS) e Escala Breve de Avaliao Psiquitrica
(BPRS). Para autoavaliao, os autores identificaram as seguintes escalas:
Inventrio de Ansiedade Trao-Estado (STAI ou IDATE), Escala de Ansiedade
de Zung, Escala de Ansiedade Manifesta de Taylor, Subescala de Ansiedade
do Symptom Checklist (SCL-90), Perfil de Estados de Humor (POMS) e Escala
Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depresso.
Um construto, com adequado poder de aferio, deve transpor
possveis interferncias de variveis como gnero, idade, comorbidades,
escolaridade, entre outros. Fuentes & Cox (2000)43 utilizaram trs escalas
de ansiedade, uma de depresso e uma de somatizao para comparar
sintomas entre idosos e jovens, no verificando diferenas entre as faixas
32
maiores
44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52.
ndices
de
ansiedade
no
sexo
feminino
41.
Essa
50,53,
33
4,54.
4,45,54.
Pela
34
27.
56.
7,8,45.
35
45,57,58.
59
44.
Anger
Expression
Inventory).
Em
1995,
Spielberger
60
36
54,61.
um instrumento de
37
4,
62.
54.
Na forma Y, Spielberger
38
64.
65,66,67.
68.
69.
70,71,72,
demonstrando que os
39
69,
69.
40
devem
promover
adequada
mensurao
do
fenmeno.
70.
graduada
em
pontos,
como,
por
exemplo:
discordo
41
73.
Alm disto,
74.
Contudo, Friborg et
42
74.
69,70.
pesquisas
na
rea
da
Psicologia
baseiam-se
em
43
um fundamento da pesquisa
69,76.
71.
77,78.
76,79.
A Teoria de Mensurao
desses
instrumentos
76.
encontra-se
aplicao
81,82,83.
de
mtodos
44
76,80.
88
89.
90.
91.
45
92
93.
interna por mtodos de correlao, significa que os itens das escalas foram
validados. Ainda na psicometria clssica, a validade discriminante avalia o
poder discriminatrio do instrumento, possibilitando a comparao de
escores mdios de cada domnio e o total. Espera-se que o instrumento
seja
capaz
de
diferenciar
populaes
com
caractersticas
distintas,
46
grupos
indivduos,
respectivamente.
linearidade
confere
maior
80,92,95,
76,84.
88,89,96.
A determinao da invarincia
97.
47
98.
de
computadorizados
itens
85.
com
parcialidade
testes
adaptativos
apresentado
no
76,94,95,99.
livro
100.
uma estratgia
101,
anlise
de
Rasch
tem
aplicabilidade
24,99,102,103,104.
na
avaliao
das
A aplicao da Teoria
48
105.
85,102.
76.
expressa.
Segue
equao
que
este
modelo
utiliza:
49
92.
106,
sendo os itens de
pela
unidimensionalidade
resposta
e
ao
outro.
independncia
Caso
local
os
sejam
requisitos
satisfeitos
de
e
50
80.
utilizados
os
testes
de
DIF
(Differential
92.
Tambm
Item Functioning ou
107.
97.
25,80.
51
3 MARCO TERICO
TERICO
52
Diversos
so
os
fatores
determinantes
da
ansiedade
Diagnstico
ANSIEDADE
PERIOPERATRIA
ASA
Comprometimento
neurolgico
Evoluo
da
patologia
Tipo
Tratamento
Equipe
Intervenes
anteriores
Intensidade dor
Idade
Sexo
Educao
Caractersticas
do paciente
Estado civil
Profisso
Fig.
Fig. 2 Fatores desencadeantes da ansiedade perioperatria Caumo W, Schmidt AP, Schneider CN, Bergmann J, Iwamoto CW, Bandeira D,
Ferreira MB. Risk factors for preoperative anxiety in adults. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001 Mar;45
45(
45(3):298-307.
):
53
Evoluo
patologia
Tratamento
ANSIEDADE
PERIOPERATRIA
IDATE
Escores
IDATE
Formato
original 20itens
Escalas
refinadas
Caractersticas
sociodemogrficas
Fig.
Fig. 3 Modelo conceitual das relaes entre ansiedade perioperatria e
aplicabilidade do IDATE orientador do processo de avaliao psicomtrica
deste estudo
de
cirurgias
eletivas,
com
anestesias
analgesias
54
9,12.
Cabe
23.
55
realizada separadamente.
Foram realizadas anlises com trs subamostras compostas por
300 sujeitos selecionados de modo aleatrio do total dos 900 pacientes que
constituem a amostra deste estudo. Esta estratgia foi utilizada para
confirmar a consistncia dos resultados do desempenho do instrumento.
Levando em considerao o predomnio de mulheres, foi realizada uma
nova anlise com 193 pacientes do sexo masculino e uma subamostra de
193 pacientes do sexo feminino, que foram selecionadas de modo aleatrio
da amostra total. Esta ltima anlise teve a finalidade de avaliar a possvel
influncia do gnero no desempenho do instrumento.
56
4 JUSTIFICATIVA
57
108.
Inmeros so os fatores
58
68
foi encontrado na
59
da
ansiedade
pela
equipe
cuidadora,
em
particular
do
60
5 OBJETIVOS
61
5. 1 Objetivo Geral
Avaliar as propriedades psicomtricas do IDATE, objetivando o
refinamento do instrumento atravs da anlise de Rasch.
5. 2 Objetivos Especficos
- Analisar a consistncia do Inventrio de Ansiedade Trao-Estado.
62
6 REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
63
1. Badner
NH,
Nielsen
WR,
Munk
S,
Kwiatkowska
C,
Gelb
AW.
64
Ansiedade
Trao-Estado
de
Spielberger.
Arq
Bras
Psic
1980;32
32:106-118.
32
11. Maranets
I,
Kain
ZN.
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anxiety
and
intraoperative
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14. Levandovski RM, Ferreira MB, Hidalgo MP, Konrath CA, Silva DL,
Caumo W. Impact of preoperative anxiolytic on surgical site infection
in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. American J Infect
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Jul;22(3):
22(3):309-315.
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19. Scott
LE,
Clum
GA,
Peoples
JB.
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of
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21. Wells JK, Howard GS, Nowlin WF, Vargas MJ. Presurgical anxiety and
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Clinical
Epidemiology,
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.03.002,2008.
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27. Spielberger CD. Theory and research on anxiety. In: Spielberger CD,
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28. Brebner J. Personality factors in stress and anxiety. In: Spielberger CD,
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29. Bonica JB, Loeser JD. History of pain concepts and therapies. In:
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33. Spielberger CD, O'Neil HF Jr, Hansen DN. Anxiety, drive theory, and
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39. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states:
comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the
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40. Endler NS, Parker JD, Bagby RM, Cox BJ. Multidimensionality of state
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52. McCleary R & Zucker EL. Higher trait and state-anxiety in female law
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53. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring
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55. Cattell RB, Scheier IH. The Meaning and Measurement of Neuroticism
and Anxiety. Ronald Press, New York 1961.
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82
ARTIGO
83
**
aPost-Graduate
dDepartment
Running title:
title Assessment of STAI structure using Rasch analysis
84
ABSTRACT
Objective: This
study evaluates
the
Rasch
gender. In the analysis, some items of the state scale (items 3,4,9,10,12,15
and 20) were deleted due to poor fit statistics. The remaining 13 items
showed unidimensionality, local independence, and adequate index of
internal consistency. Also, the original trait scale displayed several
85
86
INTRODUCTION
Most patients awaiting elective surgery experience preoperative
anxiety
1,2,3.
6,7.
8.
87
instrument.
Thus, it is essential to examine more in depth the standard
instrument used to determine the effectiveness of interventions directed at
reducing such anxiety. This is especially true because previous reports have
demonstrated that anesthesiologists appear to be inaccurate in assessing
patient anxiety during the preoperative visit
1,9.
Even though the distinction between state and trait anxiety has
been consistently shown in the literature by factor analysis studies of STAI
10,11,12,
little attention has been given to the structure of individual state and
trait scales. Given the importance of studying anxiety across cultures and
the need to establish cross-cultural equivalence of instruments, it is
important to investigate the psychometric properties of the STAI using a
statistical approach, such as Rasch analysis, to investigate the structure of
the STAI more in depth. It is important for theory and research, since an
instrument could assess anxiety appropriately independent of the situation
88
13.
14.
15,16.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study of adult patients was performed in a
89
tertiary care hospital in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, after institutional
approval by the local ethics committee. Written informed consent was
obtained from all patients. The sample was composed of patients admitted
to the hospital one day prior to elective surgery with general anesthesia or
neural blockage. Patients were classified in terms of physical status
according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists criteria (ASA, class
status I-III). Subjects were at least 18 years old. Exclusion criteria included a
medical history of organic brain damage, mental retardation, difficulty in
understanding verbal commands, use of pre-anesthetic medications before
the evaluation carried out for the present study, and ophthalmologic or
cardiac surgery. All patients were scheduled to be submitted to a variety of
elective surgeries classified as minor, medium and major according to blood
loss, degree of pain, invasiveness, degree of monitoring required, and
length of stay in the hospital due to the surgical procedure
17,18.
Measurement of anxiety
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), validated and adapted
to Brazilian Portuguese
19,20,21,
90
item could vary from 1 to 4, so that the total score for each scale ranges
from 20 to 80. Higher scores denote higher levels of anxiety.
collection
on
Data collecti
All tests were answered by individual patients in the presence of
an evaluator blinded to the objective of the study. If necessary, evaluators
were allowed to help patients read the questions during the application of
anxiety scales.
All patients answered a structured questionnaire regarding the
following aspects: gender, age, years of formal education, history of cancer,
previous surgery, chronic disease, alcohol use, psychiatric disorders and
psychotropic
medication.
To
guarantee
blinding,
the
questionnaire
91
Statistical analysis
The
Rasch
model
represents
template
that
is
able
to
22.
92
and item difficulty will be placed in a common metric scale (log-units scale
or logit), which permits a linear transformation of the raw scale; thus, when
the data fit the model, the scale is then suitable for valid parametric
approaches.15
Since
Rasch
analysis
is
strongly
dependent
on
25.
26.
93
27.
Threshold
28
94
would have a 99% confidence of person estimation of 0.5 logits. For non
well-targeted scales, however, a minimal sample size for satisfactory
estimations would be 243 subjects.
In order to avoid potential problems related to either too small or
too large sample sizes, a random sample of 300 subjects was drawn from
the total sample and was analyzed with the Rasch model. Kline et al.
(2005)29 states that there are some problems in relying solely on the chisquare test to assess model adequacy, since it is affected by the sample
size and large correlations among variables.
28.
95
30.
RESULTS
Subjects
Nine hundred patients were enrolled in the study. Of the total
sample, 78.9% were women; 8.9% were 18 to 30 years old; 41.7% were 31 to
45 years old; and 47.9% were older than 45 years. Sixty-eight per cent of
the patients studied had more than 4 years of formal education. Physical
status was ASA I and II in 90.22% of the patients. Table one describes the
demographic characteristics of the sample, as well as the types of surgeries.
Insert table 1 here
STAI
Psychometric performance of the ST
AI scales
Rasch analysis of the STAI scale was performed separately for
each scale (trait and state), since they represent distinct constructs, and
thus, have different clinical meanings.
96
and
20)
displayed
inadequate
fit
statistics
(namely
97
intermediate category. Thus, this finding demanded that all response scales
be rescored into three categories. Besides threshold disorders, the original
trait scale showed insufficient item-trait interaction and several individual
item misfits. Item 13 also showed a uniform DIF by gender. Following the
rescoring process, misperforming items were excluded (namely items 4, 6,
11, 14, 15 and 19). The new 14-item structure provided adequate
performance, no DIF problems and no threshold disorders. Furthermore,
local independence and unidimensionality were assured in this version, as
well.
Nevertheless,
the
retest
in
second
random
subsample
demonstrated a discrepancy from the first test. Item 15 (which was retained
in the first round of analyses) showed individual misfit when a second
sample was utilized. To correct this, item 15 was deleted and the new 13item
structure
was
tested.
It
then
showed
adequate
psychometric
performance again, and this finding was replicated in the first sample and in
a third random sample as well.
Since
the
total
sample
(n=900)
had
markedly
high
98
men (n=193) were selected, and a random selection of 193 women was
carried out. Thus, a new dataset of 386 subjects was analyzed to detect DIF
by gender. In fact, item 3 displayed uniform DIF by gender in this reanalysis,
and it was deleted from the trait scale. The trait scale was then re-examined
(after the deletion of item 3) in three random subsamples (n=300 each).
The findings indicated the retention of adequate psychometric performance.
Insert table 2 about here
The fit statistics for the original and the refined scales are shown
in Table 2. In addition, detailed item fits are presented for the refined trait
and state scales in Tables 3 and 4.
Insert table 3 and 4 about here
Figures 1 and 2 show the distributions of items and persons in a
common metric scale. The upper part of the figure illustrates the person
location, while the bottom shows the item locations. Regarding the refined
state scale, the average mean person location value was -1.12 (SD 1.17),
which indicates that the subjects were below the average of the scale. The
information curve shows that the range in which the scale provides more
information coincides with the person distribution. The item map for the
refined trait scale also showed a similar pattern. The mean person location
99
was -0.90 (SD 1.12), and the information curve also demonstrated that
there was a peak of the test information in accordance with the person
distribution.
Insert figures 1 and 2 about here
DISCUSSION
The present findings indicate that both of the original 20-item
state and trait scales do not show adequate psychometric properties (Table
2). First, both scales of state and trait anxiety failed to derive interval
scores. Thus, powerful statistical operations (such as parametric ones,
multiple linear regressions and pathway analysis) are not supported by
these scores
31,32.
seven items of the trait scale) showed individual misfits. It indicates that the
observed performance was significantly different from the theoretical
expected pattern for an appropriate item, as demonstrated by the high chisquare results and/or high residuals (data not shown). Third, DIF problems
were found with item 3 of the trait scale, which ultimately represents an
important limitation of the results. In other words, the presence of DIF
determines a lack of comparability between scores of female and male
100
subjects. The DIF would mean that the same item indicates a different
amount of anxiety in males and females, which raises concern in
interpreting the results of the scale
33.
34.
Fourth, extensive
threshold disorders were found in the trait scale, which limits the
application of the original 4-point response scale. Although four points are
presented, it appears that the subjects effectively considered three points
when responding to these items
35.
36,
psychometric properties of the STAI scale using the Rasch model. These
authors indicated that both trait and state scales failed to derive interval
measures. Moreover, both scales had extensive individual item misfits. The
mentioned study concluded that item deletion was necessary to develop an
adequate STAI structure. However, the potential weakness of the study was
101
the limited sample size (100 subjects in the trait analysis and 55 subjects in
the state analysis). In contrast, the present results were derived from a
representative sample of subjects and constitute consistent additional
information that permits the shortening of the state and trait anxiety scales.
This proposition is based on the present findings, which are derived from
Rasch analysis, a powerful statistics approach for refining assessment
instruments
14.
37
in different
38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45
cannot be
This
102
phenomenon with the same latent trait (i.e., with a similar real level of
anxiety). In fact, the application of the Rasch model to the development and
adaptation of scales in health sciences has been considered an outstanding
contribution, since it can refine measurements and derive an interval scale
46.
anxiety,
especially
because
preoperative
anxiety
may
5,47,48.
49,
of
preoperative
postoperative
anxiety
outcomes,
such
cardiovascular morbidity/mortality
the
positive
correlation
have
as:
51
been
pain
50,
associated
analgesic
with
consumption,
between
preoperative
critical
48.
However,
state-anxiety
38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45.
and
The discrepancy
between the studies may be explained by other factors that affect the
103
relationship between anxiety and pain, including not only the state versus
trait distinction, but also the source of the anxiety, and type of surgery
52.
53,
1,54,55,56
1,9.
14.
57,
104
105
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NH,
Nielsen
WR,
Munk
S,
Kwiatkowska
C,
Gelb
AW.
106
107
13. Manson SM. Culture and DSM-IV: Implications for the diagnosis of
mood and anxiety disorders. In JE Mezzich, A Kleinman, H Fabrega, Jr
& DL Parron (Eds), Culture and psychiatric diagnosis: ADSM-IV
perspective.
Washington,
DC:
American
Psychiatric
Association.
1994:99-113.
14. Chachamovich E, Fleck MP, Trentini CM, Laidlaw K, Power MJ.
Development and validation of the Brazilian version of the Attitudes to
Aging
Questionnaire
(AAQ):
An
example
of
merging
classical
108
18. Bush JP, Holmbeck GN, Cockrell JL. Patterns of PRN analgesic drug
administration in children following elective surgery. J Pediatr Psychol.
1989;14:433-448.
19. Biaggio AMB. Desenvolvimento da forma em portugus do Inventrio
de
Ansiedade
Trao-Estado
de
Spielberger.
Arq
Bras
Psic.
1980;32:106-118.
20. Biaggio AMB. A decade of research on State-Trait in Brazil. In:
Spielberger C, Diaz-Guerrero R, eds. Cross-cultural anxiety. New York:
Hemisphere, 1990:157-167.
21. Gorenstein C, Andrade L, Vieira Filho AHG, Tung TC & Artes R.
Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Beck
Depression Inventory on Brazilian college students. Journal of Clinical
Psychology. 1999;55:553-562.
22. Pallant J, Miller R, Tennant A. Evaluation of the Edinburgh Post Natal
Depression Scale using Rasch analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2006;6:28-38.
23. Wright BD, Stone MH. Best test design. Chicago: MESA Press, 1979.
24. Rasch G. Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment
tests. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.
109
and
questionnaires.
Journal
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Rehabilitation
Medicine.
2001;33: 4748.
32. Wittkowski KM, Lee E, Nussbaum R et al. Combining several ordinal
measures
in
clinical studies.
30;23(10):1579-1592.
Statitics
in Medicine.
2004 May
110
33. Bond
TG,
Fox
CM.
Applying
the
Rasch
Model.
Fundamental
of
Clinical
Epidemiology,
in
press.
DOI
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.03.002, 2008.
36. Tenenbaum G, Furst D, Weingarten G. A statistical reevaluation of the
STAI anxiety questionnaire. J Clin Psychol. 1985 Mar; 41(2)::239-244.
37. Davis AM, Perruccio AV, Canizares M, Tennant A, Hawker GA,
Conaghan PG, Roos EM, Jordan JM, Maillefert JF, Dougados M,
Lohmander LS. The development of a short measure of physical
function for hip OA HOOS-Physical Function Shortform (HOOS-PS): an
OARSI/OMERACT
initiative.
Osteoarthritis
Cartilage.
2008
111
May;16(5):551-559.
38. Feinmann C, Ong M, Harvey W, Harris M. Psychological factors
influencing post-operative pain and analgesic consumption. Br J Oral
Maxillofac Surg. 1987; 25(4)::285-92.
39. Martinez-Urrutia A. Anxiety and pain in surgical patients. J Consult
Clin Psychol. 1975 Aug ;43(4):437-442.
40. Reading AE, Cox DN. Psychosocial predictors of labor pain. Pain. 1985
Jul;22(3):309-315.
41. Scott
LE,
Clum
GA,
Peoples
JB.
Preoperative
predictors
of
112
Preoperative predictors of
113
114
55. Bondy LR, Sims N, Schroeder DR, Offord KP, Narr BJ. The Effect of
Anesthetic Patient Education on Preoperative Patient Anxiety Regional
Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1999;24(2):158-164.
56. Kalkman C.J., Visser K., Moen J., Bonsel G.J., Grobbee D.E., Moons
K.G.M. Preoperative prediction of severe postoperative pain. Pain.
2003;105:415423.
57. Wild D, Grove A, Martin M, Eremenco S, McElroy S, Verjee-Lorenz A,
Erikson P. ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation.
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ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation. Value
Health. 2005 Mar-Apr;8(2):94-104.
115
193/ 704
Age (years)
44.49 + 9.64
6.54 + 3.84
Yes/No
120/780
Psychotropic drugs
Yes/No
132/768
History of psychiatric
Yes/No
113/787
disorders
Surgical procedures
Minor surgery
(n=175)
Medium surgery
(n=417)
Major surgery
(n=308)
116
Table 2 Fit statistics for the two original scales and two refined ones
Scale
PSI
ChiChi-
df
Items
Persons
Persons
square
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
StateState-scale
20 State
.901
372.19
180
<0.0001
0.29
1.49
-0.35
1.32
.820
131.54
117
0.169*
0.00
1.12
-0.39
1.18
.851
401.08
180
<0.0001
0.40
2.67
-0.08
1.38
.801
146.12
108
0.01*
0.20
1.11
-0.21
1.24
items
13 State
items
TraitTrait-scale
20 Trait
items
12 Trait
items
* P non-significant after Bonferroni correction
117
Location
FitFit-
ChiChi-square
Probability
Residual
01.
I feel calm
-0.936
-0.093
10.604
0.303805
02.
I feel secure
-0.552
-2.094
18.079
0.034274
05.
I feel ease
-0.443
1.283
12.031
0.211595
06.
I feel upset
1.531
-0.636
4.992
0.834983
07.
I am presently worrying
0.86
0.293
7.433
0.592086
I feel rested
-1.169
0.977
12.277
0.198117
11.
I feel self-confident
-0.322
0.749
6.46
0.693115
13.
I feel jittery
0.771
-0.82
13.021
0.161662
14.
0.937
-0.364
10.844
0.286587
16.
I feel satisfied
-0.76
-0.716
5.501
0.788626
17.
I am worried
-0.005
2.018
5.984
0.741515
18.
I feel confused
1.383
-1.121
15.403
0.080436
19.
I feel steady
-1.296
0.628
8.92
0.444736
118
Location
1.
I feel pleasant
0.942
2.135
8.624
0.47265
2.
I tire quickly
-0.232
1.686
9.815
0.36570
5.
-0.12
0.58
9.097
0.42833
7.
0.257
1.249
21.84
0.00940
8.
-0.314
-0.009
10.593
0.30467
-0.45
-0.528
8.315
0.50276
10. I am happy
1.115
-0.542
7.648
0.56992
0.006
1.234
10.355
0.32248
16. I am content
0.431
0.586
16.791
0.05208
-0.463
-1.335
18.814
0.02682
-0.299
-0.995
14.859
0.09487
-0.873
-0.445
9.732
0.37259
119
120
121
CONSIDERAES
CONSIDERAES FINAIS
122
performances psicomtricas, livres de funcionamento diferencial de itens DIF (differential item functioning) e de limiar de respostas (threshold).
A anlise psicomtrica demonstrou que ansiedade pr-operatria
e desfechos clnicos no podem ser atribudos somente s caractersticas da
amostra e ao nmero de indivduos, mas podem ser explicados tambm
pela instabilidade psicomtrica do instrumento.
O IDATE-estado no formato original apresentou inadequada
performance, com alta interao entre itens (significncia dada pelo quiquadrado) e invarincia, resultando em instabilidade do instrumento. Nessa
escala no foram identificadas desordens no funcionamento diferencial de
itens - DIF (differential item functioning) ou no limiar de respostas
(threshold). Porm os itens 3,4,9,10,12 e 15 mostraram-se inadequados ao
modelo estatstico, sendo ento eliminados. A nova estrutura (figura 6)
ficou constituda de 13 itens que mostram unidimensionalidade e
123
Escala Original
Escala Refinada
1- Sinto-me calmo
2- Sinto-me seguro
3- Estou tenso
4- Estou arrependido
5- Sinto-me vontade
6- Sinto-me perturbado
7- Estou preocupado com
possveis infortnios
8- Sinto-me descansado
9- Sinto-me ansioso
10- Sinto-me em casa
11- Sinto-me confiante
12- Sinto-me nervoso
13- Estou agitado
14- Sinto-me uma pilha de
nervos
15- Estou descontrado
16- Sinto-me satisfeito
17- Estou preocupado
18- Sinto-me confuso
19- Sinto-me alegre
20- Sinto-me bem
Anlise
de
Rasch
1- Sinto-me calmo
2- Sinto-me seguro
5- Sinto-me vontade
6- Sinto-me perturbado
7- Estou preocupado com
possveis infortnios
8- Sinto-me descansado
11- Sinto-me confiante
13- Estou agitado
14- Sinto-me uma pilha de
nervos
16- Sinto-me satisfeito
17- Estou preocupado
18- Sinto-me confuso
19- Sinto-me alegre
que
os
itens
de
respostas
podem
ser
adaptados
124
alternativa
de
resposta)
poder
ser
vezes
ou
Escala Original
Escala Refinada
1. Sinto-me bem
2. Canso-me facilmente
5. Perco oportunidades porque no consigo
1. Sinto-me bem
2. Canso-me facilmente
3. Tenho vontade de chorar
4. Gostaria de poder ser to feliz quanto os
6. Sinto-me descansado
7. Sou calmo, ponderado e senhor de mim
mesmo
Anlise
de
Rasch
125
apresentaram
desajustes
individualmente,
indicando
que
os
resultados
demonstrados
nesta
pesquisa
reafirmam
sua
126
PERSPECTIVAS FUTURAS
127
128
ANEXO 1
129
QUESTIONRIO DE AUTO-AVALIAO
IDATE
(PARTES I e II)
Nome: _____________________________________________________________
Idade: ________a_______m
Data do nascimento: ____/____/________
Naturalidade ____________________ Estado civil ____________ Sexo_______
Nvel de instruo ____________________________________________________
Profisso ___________________________________________________________
Ocupao atual ______________________________________________________
INSTRUES
Nas pginas seguintes h dois Questionrios para voc responder.
Trata-se de algumas afirmaes que tm sido usadas para
descrever sentimentos pessoais.
No h respostas certas ou erradas.
Leia com toda ateno cada uma das perguntas da Parte I e
assinale com um crculo um dos nmeros (1, 2, 3 ou 4), direita de cada
pergunta, de acordo com a instruo do alto da pgina.
130
1- Sinto-me calmo........................................................................... 1
2- Sinto-me seguro.......................................................................... 1
3- Estou tenso................................................................................
4- Estou arrependido.......................................................................
5- Sinto-me vontade.....................................................................
6- Sinto-me perturbado.................................................................... 1
8- Sinto-me descansado...................................................................
9- Sinto-me ansioso......................................................................... 1
131
1. Sinto-me bem.............................................................................
2. Canso-me facilmente...................................................................
6. Sinto-me descansado...................................................................
132
ANEXO 2
133
134
Dose (mg):____________
Dose (mg):____________
Dose:________(mg)
2 ( ) peridural
Dose:_________(mg)
135
ANEXO 3
CONSENTIMENTO INFORMADO
INFORMADO
136
CO!SE!TIME!TO I!FORMADO
AUTORIZAO PARA PARTICIPAR DE UM PROJETO DE PESQUISA
NOME DO ESTUDO:
intensa
Nmero do protocolo: _________________________
INSTITUIO: Hospital de Clnicas de Porto Alegre
Pesquisador responsvel: Dr. Wolnei Caumo. Telefone: 9813977 Telebuska: 2371
Nome do paciente:_______________________________________
1. OBJETIVOS DESTE ESTUDO
A finalidade deste estudo avaliar se o estado emocional no perodo pr-operatrio influencia a intensidade de
dor ps-operatria.
2. EXPLICAO DOS PROCEDIME!TOS
O senhor (a) ter que responder algumas perguntas para avaliar os seus sentimentos na vspera da cirurgia.
Algumas dessas perguntas e o grau de dor sero avaliados depois da operao.
A sua operao ser realizada conforme a rotina do Hospital de Clnicas de Porto Alegre. No interferiremos na
anestesia, nem na cirurgia. Se apresentar dor na avaliao ps-operatria, a enfermagem ser avisada para
administrar medicamento conforme esquema prescrito pelo mdico assistente.
A sua participao voluntria. Se concordar, o (a) senhor (a) ter que responder as perguntas e marcar o grau
de dor que estiver sentindo. As avaliaes sero realizadas em dois momentos no perodo ps-operatrio.
3. POSSVEIS RISCOS E DESCO!FORTOS
O possvel desconforto do presente estudo so as perguntas realizadas ao senhor (a) antes e aps a operao.
4. POSSVEIS BE!EFCIOS DESTE ESTUDO
Para tratar adequadamente a dor ps-operatria preciso que se conheam os fatores que podem aument-la ou
diminu-la. Este estudo poder trazer informaes importantes para o tratamento da dor ps-operatria de
muitos pacientes, tanto no que se refere aos fatores que determinam a intensidade dolorosa, quanto para o
planejamento do tratamento da mesma.
5. EXCLUSO DO ESTUDO
O investigador responsvel poder exclui-lo do estudo, sem o seu consentimento, quando julgar necessrio,
para o melhor encaminhamento do seu caso ou se o (a) senhor (a) no cumprir o programa estabelecido.
6. DIREITO DE DESIST!CIA
O (a) senhor(a) podem desistir de participar a qualquer momento. Sua deciso de no participar ou de deixar a
pesquisa depois de iniciada, no afetar seu atendimento mdico posterior.
7. SIGILO
Todas as informaes obtidas deste estudo, bem como o pronturio hospitalar, podero ser publicados com
finalidade cientfica, mantendo-se o sigilo pessoal.
8. CO!SE!TIME!TO
Declaro ter lido - ou que me foram lidas - as informaes acima antes de assinar este formulrio. Foi-me dada
ampla oportunidade de fazer perguntas, esclarecendo plenamente minhas dvidas. Por este instrumento, tomo
parte, voluntariamente, do presente estudo.
________________________________
Assinatura do paciente
__________________________________
Assinatura do pesquisador responsvel
_______________________________
Assinatura da testemunha
Porto Alegre,
de
de 199 .
137
ANEXO 4
138