Irena KOTOWSKA

Artykul opisuje wspolczesne przemiany demograficzne Europy prowadzące do „nowej demografii Europy”. Określa ona trwale odmienne warunki rozwoju kontynentu wynikle nie tylko ze zmian liczby ludności i przeksztalcen struktur wieku, ale takze z przemian struktur rodzin i gospodarstw domowych oraz relacji miedzy pokoleniami. Przemiany struktur wieku w krajach Unii Europejskiej zostaly zilustrowane wynikami projekcji ludnościowej Eurostatu z 2010r. Omowiono nowe, ale coraz cześciej wystepujące formy rodzin i innych związkow bedące rezultatem zasadniczych zmian przebiegu zycia jednostki. W tekście zwraca sie uwage na dlugofalowe konsekwencje aktualnych procesow demograficznych, cechy wspolne przemian ludnościowych i ich zroznicowanie miedzy krajami. Takze podkreśla sie koniecznośc badania procesow ludnościowych przy zastosowaniu zarowno w makro jak i mikro perspektywy, przy czym badania zachowan demograficznych i ich uwarunkowan powinny byc prowadzone z perspektywy przebiegu zycia jednostki.

Published by Central European University Press Nadorutca 15 H-1051 Budapest Hungary 4(K) West 59lh Street New York. NY 10019 USA An imprint of the Central European University Share Company © 2001 by Mike 1ngham, Hilary 1ngham and Henryk Domański ...

1. Demographic Trends, population related policies and general attitudes,- 1.1. Demographic change and family policy regimes Osmo Kontula / Ismo Soederling,- 1.2. Demographic knowledge and evaluation of demographic trends Jurgen Dorbritz,- 1.3. Who should take care for them? Expectations placed on the welfare state and its influence on attitudes towards care for the elderly Ralf Mai / Robert Naderi / Peter Schiman,- 2. Changing attitudes on population policies? A comparison between the first and second rounds of the PPAS Jurgen Dorbritz,- 3. Comparative Delphi-Study,- 3.1. 2030: Another Europe? Results from the policy-Delphi study Rossella Palomba / Pierre Dell'Anno,- 3.2. Action programs of socio-political actors. A cross-national comparision, taking account of contextual factors and opinion of the populace Alfred Bertschinger,- 3.3. Making dialogue possible: The view of Delphi panellists and citizens on female employment Adele Menneti / Maura Misiti,- 4. Gender roles,- 4.1. Fa...

The collection of articles included in this Discussion Paper captures the state-of-the-art research in the field of Gender (In)Equality. The contributions present in a condensed version the key theories, socio-demographic trends and remaining questions regarding gender (in)equality across multiple domains of life. All of the articles also draw their empirical evidence from data from the Generations & Gender Programme (GGP). GGP is a social science research infrastructure devoted to the study of the life course and family dynamics.   Contents: Introduction. Anne H. Gauthier and Irena E. KotowskaDoes Gender Equality Affect Fertility Decisions in Europe? Letizia MencariniGender Division Of Unpaid Work. Trude LappegardWhat Place Does Female and Male Sterilisation Have in the Contraceptive Regimes of Europe? Mieke C. W. Eeckhaut and Megan M. SweeneyGender Gap in Repartnering. Martin Kreidl and Zuzana Žilincikova Grandparenthood and Female Employment. Valeria Bordone and Bruno ArpinoGende...

In this edition we address the issue of work across the lifespan which, in the face of the ongoing demographic changes and population ageing, is a key problem for the future of Poland and Europe. We discuss the impact of demographic changes on the labour market and examine what policy adjustments are required in order to counter the negative effects of population ageing on the economy and to ensure the stability of the age structure in Poland in the long term. Part I discusses the macroeconomic aspects of demographic changes in Poland, also in the light of the past and future reforms of the pension system. Long-term projections (up to 2060) of labour market indicators and basic macroeconomic variables are the core element of this Part. The forecasts demonstrate the various possible institutional responses to problems caused by population ageing in the fi elds of labour market policy, social policy and immigration policy. They also provide a macroeconomic background to the remaining parts of the report. In Part II we focus on the marginal age groups of labour market participants, i.e. youth below 24 and the elderly above 54. Their situation is analysed against the age group consisting of prime-aged individuals. We analyse their relative wages, labour market indicators as well as present the results of an experiment investigating the scale of age and gender discrimination in the Polish labour market. It can be observed that the improvement of the labour market position of young people in Poland is accompanied by the relatively worse situation of the elderly, which can be partly explained by discriminatory behaviours of employers. The recognition of the obstacles that the analysed age groups encounter in the labour market is crucial for shaping public policies geared at increasing their labour market participation. Part III adopts a comparative approach to present the labour market positions of men and women. The analysis of mutual relations between institutions, cultural background, labour market situation of women and demographic developments is an important element of Part III. It is also in this section that we discuss a mix of public policies which will best counteract gender discrimination in the labour market, improve male and female participation and raise the fertility rate. Part IV is less concerned with demography, focusing instead on individual choices related to education and enhancing one’s skills across a lifespan. We argue that despite high educational attainment at tertiary level, Poles’ involvement in lifelong learning is very limited. This is likely to form an obstacle to the quick absorption of technological progress and impede adaptation to the increasing expectations of employers. At the same time, low lifelong learning participation in Poland can be largely blamed on public policies, which are sufficient in scope but improperly shaped. Employment in Poland 2008 concludes with recommendations presenting a coherent vision of a public policy which would adequately respond to demographic challenges and labour market problems looming on the horizon.

Poland risks getting old before getting rich. The share of working age population is going down, while that of older population is increasing rapidly. There are more and more older workers among the working age population. This volume shows that these trends are likely to have a negative impact on employment, and consequently on national income and social welfare. It argues that pro-active and radical policy measures need to be taken to mitigate the adverse effects of population ageing. Priority should be given to encouraging higher fertility, including through the development of child care services, promoting investment in skills and lifelong learning, developing a smart immigration policy that addresses the needs of the labour market, and gearing the health care system towards the needs of older people, including through the development of a long-term care system. Yet most importantly, this policy should aim to prolong working lives, in line with the growing life expectancy. People need to work longer, otherwise their retirement income will be low, as will be the income of the population at large.

In this edition we address the issue of work across the lifespan which, in the face of the ongoing demographic changes and population ageing, is a key problem for the future of Poland and Europe. We discuss the impact of demographic changes on the labour market and examine what policy adjustments are required in order to counter the negative effects of population ageing on the economy and to ensure the stability of the age structure in Poland in the long term. Part I discusses the macroeconomic aspects of demographic changes in Poland, also in the light of the past and future reforms of the pension system. Long-term projections (up to 2060) of labour market indicators and basic macroeconomic variables are the core element of this Part. The forecasts demonstrate the various possible institutional responses to problems caused by population ageing in the fi elds of labour market policy, social policy and immigration policy. They also provide a macroeconomic background to the remaining parts of the report. In Part II we focus on the marginal age groups of labour market participants, i.e. youth below 24 and the elderly above 54. Their situation is analysed against the age group consisting of prime-aged individuals. We analyse their relative wages, labour market indicators as well as present the results of an experiment investigating the scale of age and gender discrimination in the Polish labour market. It can be observed that the improvement of the labour market position of young people in Poland is accompanied by the relatively worse situation of the elderly, which can be partly explained by discriminatory behaviours of employers. The recognition of the obstacles that the analysed age groups encounter in the labour market is crucial for shaping public policies geared at increasing their labour market participation. Part III adopts a comparative approach to present the labour market positions of men and women. The analysis of mutual relations between institutions, cultural background, labour market situation of women and demographic developments is an important element of Part III. It is also in this section that we discuss a mix of public policies which will best counteract gender discrimination in the labour market, improve male and female participation and raise the fertility rate. Part IV is less concerned with demography, focusing instead on individual choices related to education and enhancing one’s skills across a lifespan. We argue that despite high educational attainment at tertiary level, Poles’ involvement in lifelong learning is very limited. This is likely to form an obstacle to the quick absorption of technological progress and impede adaptation to the increasing expectations of employers. At the same time, low lifelong learning participation in Poland can be largely blamed on public policies, which are sufficient in scope but improperly shaped. Employment in Poland 2008 concludes with recommendations presenting a coherent vision of a public policy which would adequately respond to demographic challenges and labour market problems looming on the horizon.

... SGH dr Katarzyna Tymowska, UW Autorzy raportu: Anna Baranowska Dominik Batorski Janusz Czapiński Izabela Grabowska Janusz Grzelak Irena E. Kotowska Wiesław Łagodziński Magdalena Muras Tomasz Panek Paweł Strzelecki Tadeusz Szumlicz Katarzyna Tymowska ...

Nasz projekt jest próbą uzupełnienia diagnozy opartej na wskaźnikach instytucjonalnych o kompleksowe dane na temat gospodarstw domowych oraz postaw, stanu ducha i zachowań osób tworzących te gospodarstwa; jest diagnozą warunków i jakości życia Polaków w ich własnym sprawozdaniu. Za pomocą dwóch odrębnych kwestionariuszy badamy gospodarstwa domowe oraz wszystkich dostępnych ich członków, którzy ukończyli 16 lat.Kompleksowość naszego projektu oznacza uwzględnienie w jednym badaniu wszystkich ważnych aspektów życia poszczególnych gospodarstw domowych i ich członków - zarówno ekonomicznych (np. dochodu, zasobności materialnej, oszczędności, kredytów), jak i pozaekonomicznych (np. edukacji, leczenia, ubezpieczeń, sposobów radzenia sobie z kłopotami, stresu, dobrostanu psychicznego, stylu życia, zachowań patologicznych, uczestnictwa w kulturze, korzystania z nowoczesnych technologii komunikacyjnych i wielu innych). W tym sensie projekt jest interdyscyplinarny. Odzwierciedla to także skład...

Dokumentas patalpintas interneteThis paper examines fertility and family policies in 15 Central and East European (CEE) countries to establish firstly, whether cohort fertility is likely to further decline, stabilise or increase in the coming decade; and secondly, to provide an overview of family policies in CEE countries, and to assess their impact on the direction of cohort fertility trends. This study takes into account a variety of social, economic and political circumstances in the region. Demographic analysis suggests that cohort fertility in the majority of CEE countries is likely to decline at least among the 1970s birth cohorts. This is because births that were postponed by women born during the 1970s were not being replaced in sufficient numbers for cohort fertility to increase in the foreseeable future, and shares of low parity women (childless and one child) were considerably larger than shares of high parity women among the late 1960s birth cohorts than in older cohorts...

The below replacement fertility, persisting in many industrial countries, impacts the decrease in the population dynamics and consequently, the population decline. It also imposes the durable shifts in the age composition, which result in distorting relationships between subsequent generations (children, adults, old people). Therefore, fertility growth has become an increasingly highlighted goal of family policy. The article presents the situation in Poland in terms of changes in births and fertility on the one hand, and family policy reforms on the other hand. The attempt to evaluate whether family policy reforms implemented since 2008 might be considered as supportive for demographic renewal refers to numerous comparative studies on fertility effects of different policy measures. In the conclusion, a strong statement is formulated that to evaluate adequately the effects for demographic renewal from a longer time perspective, policy panel surveys on family relative behaviours and c...

A fertility decline and a childbearing postponement appear to be common features of contemporary fertility changes in Europe. In the be ginning of the 21st century European fertility was at its lowest level since the Second World War. An early childbearing pattern is being replaced by a late pattern, however, that pro cess is visibly less advanced in Central and Eastern Europe. Furthermore, despite common trends low fertility and delayed parenthood cross-country differences in both fertility levels and its postponement are observed. Among many comprehensive explanations of these fertility developments changing women’s social and economic positions are considered highly relevant. They are related inter alia to their increasing access to education and employm ent. Since in parallel the labour market in European countries has been deeply transf ormed, especially in the recent two decades, the labour market is becoming increasingly accounted for in studies on fertility and family change...

ENEPRI Research Reports publish the original research results of projects undertaken in the context of an ENEPRI project. This paper was prepared as part of the Adequacy of Old-Age Income Maintenance in the EU (AIM) project-which has received financing from the European Commission under the 6 th Research Framework Programme (contract no. SP21-CT-2005-513748). The views expressed are attributable only to the authors and not to any institution with which they are associated. ISBN 978-92-9079-795-1 Available for free downloading from the ENEPRI website Abstract This research report seeks to answer the question of whether old-age benefit rules for women could be altered with the aim not only of ensuring better benefits for older women but also of stimulating fertility. To address this question, a micro-simulation model has been developed. The input data for the model has been drawn from labour force survey data on employment patterns by age, gender, education, numbers of children, varia...