Life Expectancy

This analysis of the Austrian health system reviews recent developments in organization and governance, health financing, health-care provision, health reforms and health-system performance. The Austrian health system provides universal coverage for a wide range of benefits and high-quality care. Free choice of providers and unrestricted access to all care levels (general practitioners, specialist physicians and hospitals) are characteristic features of the system. Unsurprisingly, population satisfaction is well above EU average. Income-related inequality in health has increased since 2005, although it is still relatively low compared to other countries. The health-care system has been shaped by both the federal structure of the state and a tradition of delegating responsibilities to self-governing stakeholders. On the one hand, this enables decentralized planning and governance, adjusted to local norms and preferences. On the other hand, it also leads to fragmentation of responsibi...

1. J Am Coll Radiol. 2010 Oct;7(10):814-9. Radiology in Mexico: professionalism and high-quality radiology practice. Ramírez-Arias JL, Ríos-Reina JL, Fajardo-Dolci G. Hospital Angeles del Pedregal, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. ...

Senescence arises from age-specific deterioration of the soma as a consequence of optimization of life history, and such effects of senescence should appear when comparing species that differ in intensity of sexual selection, as well as when comparing, within a species, the two sexes that often differ in intensity of sexual selection. However, any extrinsic cause of mortality that reduces life expectancy will reduce the possibility of detecting sex-specific differences in senescence. We investigated geographical variation in human sex differences in longevity across 121 countries to test whether differences in sexual competition for limiting resources, reflecting intensity of sexual selection, affected sex differences in longevity. Men on average lived 5 years shorter than women. High rates of childhood morbidity and mortality reduced the sex difference in longevity, while increased overall longevity increased the sex difference in longevity. Increased resource availability estimated from gross domestic product per capita reduced the sex difference in longevity, accounting for 10% of the variance, while there was no additional effect of income inequality as reflected by the Gini coefficient. In a separate analysis of sex differences in longevity among the states of the US, there was a strong effect of the Gini coefficient on sex difference in longevity, with the negative effect on male longevity being stronger than that on female longevity. In contrast, there was only a marginal effect of average household income. Thus, there was evidence of increased competition for resources contributing to increased sex differences in longevity within a single nation. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Results: Early postoperative mortality (in the first 30 days) was 3.4% (n = 1). The overall estimated Kaplan–Meier survival was 56.7% at 36 months, 46.7% at 60 months, and 43.3% at 96 months. HD program was discontinued for two patients after renal transplantation in the ...

Adolescence is one of the most sensitive and most critical periods of human growth, because due to the instability in mental status the individual decisions may lead to risky behaviors. The main aim of study was investigating the relationship of life expectancy, attitude towards delinquent behavior, and experience of drug abuse among male senior high school students in Shirabad suburban area and downtown of Zahedan. The objective of study was to compare the variables of this study among the students  of Shirabad area and downtown. The method of this study was descriptive, correlational designs. The statistical population included all students in Shirabad and schools of district 2 in downtown. Among them, using the cluster random sampling method, 200 students were selected (100 students in Shirabad and 100 students in downtown). The measurement tools were the Fazli Attitude towards Delinquent Behaviors Questionnaire (2010) and the Miller & Powers Hope Scale (1998). To analyze the obtained data Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis and independent t-test were used. The results of this study showed that life expectancy was significantly and positively related to negative attitude towards delinquent behavior, moreover, life expectancy was significantly and diversely correlated with positive attitude towards delinquent behavior (p≥0.001). In addition, the results of regression analysis showed that the life expectancy explains respectively 29, 6 and 33 percent of the variance of experience of drug abuse, positive attitude towards delinquent behavior and nagative attitude towards delinquent behavior. Moreover, the results of study revealed that there is a significant difference between the students of Shirabad and the students of downtown regarding the experience of drug abuse, negative and positive attitude towards the delinquent behavior and life expectancy (p≥0.001). Considering the results of this study it is recommended to hold workshops and trainings to improve mental and physical health of students by increasing hope and life expectancy.

A three period overlapping generations model is developed to investigate the impact of shorter life expectancy due to disease, on human capital investment decisions and income growth. This research is particularly relevant to Sub-Saharan Africa given the dramatic reduction in life expectancy due to HIV/AIDS and the potential lasting effects on growth. Our results indicate that as life expectancy shortens so does schooling inducing a lower growth rate of income. These relationships are even more pronounced for the African continent than for the rest of the world.

Using the age- and sex-specific data of 14 developed countries, we compare the short- to medium-term accuracy of ten principal component methods for forecasting mortality rates and life expectancy. These ten methods include the Lee-Carter method and many of its variants and extensions. For forecasting mortality rates, the weighted Hyndman-Ullah method provides the most accurate point forecasts, while the Lee-Miller

The HIV/AIDS pandemic marks a severe development crisis in Africa, which remains by far the worst affected region in the world. Forty-two million people now live with HIV/AIDS of which 29.4 million (70.0%) are from sub-Saharan Africa. Approximately 5 million new infections occurred in 2002 and 3.5 million (70.0%) of these were also from sub-Saharan Africa. The estimated number of children orphaned by AIDS living in the region is 11 million. In 2002, the epidemic claimed about 2.4 million lives in Africa, more than 70% of the 3.1 million deaths worldwide. Average life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa is now 47 years, when it would have been 62 years without AIDS. HIV/AIDS stigma is still a major problem despite the extensive spread of the epidemic. A complex interaction of material, social, cultural and behavioural factors shape the nature, process and outcome of the epidemic in Africa. However, too many partners and unprotected sex appear to be at the core of the problem, Even if ex...

Several studies in the new field of cognitive epidemiology have shown that higher intelligence predicts longer lifespan. This positive correlation might arise from socioeconomic status influencing both intelligence and health; intelligence leading to better health behaviours; and/or some shared genetic factors influencing both intelligence and health. Distinguishing among these hypotheses is crucial for medicine and public health, but can only be accomplished by studying a genetically informative sample. We analysed data from three genetically informative samples containing information on intelligence and mortality: Sample 1, 377 pairs of male veterans from the NAS-NRC US World War II Twin Registry; Sample 2, 246 pairs of twins from the Swedish Twin Registry; and Sample 3, 784 pairs of twins from the Danish Twin Registry. The age at which intelligence was measured differed between the samples. We used three methods of genetic analysis to examine the relationship between intelligence...

ObjectivesThe life expectancy of the population increasing, contrary to the resources of beds in reanimation, the question of the admission of the old subject in reanimation is increasingly frequent. We will be interested in the role of the age in the medical decision-making.

Aim of the Study To study the benefits of Hypnotherapy, as a supplement therapy in the management of terminally ill patients. Method All the patients who took part in the trial were day hospice patients of Ann Delhom Centre, Wisdom Hospice, Rochester, UK. Patients were offered three hypnotherapy sessions and were assessed before the first session and after the third one together with a follow up after 3/4 months after the last session. Particular attention was paid to: • management of anxiety, depression, anger, frustration • management of pain, fatigue, insomnia • management of side-effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy • visualization to promote health improvement All hypnotherapy sessions were individually tailored to cover the specific individual needs. Results At the end of the study data was analyzed to evaluate the effect of Hypnotherapy on the individual quality of life, life expectancy, cost savings to the hospital in terms of reduced medication and need for medical care.