Gina Barnes
SOAS University of London, History of Art & Archaeology, Department Member
- Durham University, Department of Earth Sciences, Department MemberDurham University, East Asian Studies (closed), Emeritusadd
- East Asian Archaeology, East Asian Art and Archaeology, Japanese geology, State Formation, Japanese archaeology, Korean archaeology, and 24 moreChinese archaeology, Artefact Studies, Landscape Archaeology, Geoarchaeology, Japanese Geography, Geology, Urbanism (Archaeology), Plate Tectonics, Sacred Landscape (Archaeology), Palaeogeography, Central Asian Archaeology, Early Agriculture, Yayoi Period (Archaeology), Buddhist Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Eurasian Nomads, Rock Art, Radiocarbon Dating (Earth Sciences), Tectonic Archaeology, GIS and Landscape Archaeology, Disaster Archaeology, Tephroarchaeology, The archaeology of state formation, and Ancient states and their formation processedit
- With a PhD in Archaeology and a BSc in Geology, I write on these topics as they apply to East Asia.edit
This book can be downloaded as a FREE PDF from the Archaeopress website.
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by Song Nai RHEE, C. Melvin AIKENS, with Gina L. BARNES. Oxford: Archaeopress (2021)
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This new edition of CKJ 1993/1999, thoroughly rewritten with colour illustrations, is OUT. It is available in Hardback ISBN 9781785700705 , and in THREE eBook formats (from late October): PDF: 9781785700736; Mobi: 9781785700729; e-Pub:... more
This new edition of CKJ 1993/1999, thoroughly rewritten with colour illustrations, is OUT. It is available in Hardback ISBN 9781785700705 , and in THREE eBook formats (from late October): PDF: 9781785700736; Mobi: 9781785700729; e-Pub: 9781785700712
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This work is uploaded in four parts: the 'text' holds my analysis, 'tables' accompany this analysis, the 'appendix' gives all references to women in the NS, and the 'index' locates women and others by name.
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Academia is trying to name William Wayn as co-author to this book; he is not. William Wayne Farris wrote a review of the book for "Journal of Asian Studies" but he does not have an Academia site and is unrelated to the Wiliam Wayn who is... more
Academia is trying to name William Wayn as co-author to this book; he is not. William Wayne Farris wrote a review of the book for "Journal of Asian Studies" but he does not have an Academia site and is unrelated to the Wiliam Wayn who is claiming to have authored the work.
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Available in paperback for $20:
https://www.press.umich.edu/18696/protohistoric_yamato
https://www.press.umich.edu/18696/protohistoric_yamato
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This e-book is available FREE from the publisher's website! Here is the URL:
http://archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/displayProductDetail.asp?id={03CEF6AB-844E-4EBE-93BE-A222A45D4E82}
http://archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/displayProductDetail.asp?id={03CEF6AB-844E-4EBE-93BE-A222A45D4E82}
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This introduction to the volume provides background information necessary for understanding the arrangement and content of the succeeding articles. The origin and general concepts of the Buddhist religion as they affect material culture... more
This introduction to the volume provides background information necessary for understanding the arrangement and content of the succeeding articles. The origin and general concepts of the Buddhist religion as they affect material culture are set out, with a glossary of terms keyed to all the articles. The spread of Buddhism is then briefly described through Sri Lanka into Southeast Asia, and through Afghanistan into East Asia. The articles are subsequently arranged in this geographical order. Because of the cumulative nature of the information presented, following the chronological development and spread of the religion, the volume is best read from beginning to end.
The Miwa Project Report was published in 1993 as a British Archaeological Report (International Series 582). It is still available through Archaeopress for £59.00.... more
The Miwa Project Report was published in 1993 as a British Archaeological Report (International Series 582). It is still available through Archaeopress for £59.00.
[http://www.archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/defaultAll.asp?QuickSearch=The+Miwa+Project&displayedSearchLanguageID=true&LanguageID=0]
The work is copyright by Gina L. Barnes & Masaaki OKITA. The illustrations can be used in other publications, given appropriate citation.
I have uploaded here the Table of Contents (ToC) and those parts of the report for which I am author or co-author. The full report contains tremendous more information including all the excavation data in appendices.
The work at the Miwa site required an excavation permit. I was encouraged by my Japanese colleagues to apply for it under my own name. To my knowledge, this is the first and only excavation permit granted to a foreigner not employed in Japan. I am sad that no one else seems to have followed suit. Mind you, I worked with these colleagues for 15 years before establishing the project, and it takes this kind of networking and building of relationships with colleagues before such a thing can happen. Speaking fluent Japanese was also essential.
The constructs and analyses used by many of the Japanese authors are somewhat different to Western practices. They are useful to understand the way archaeology was conducted in Japan. Note, however, that this volume is now 20 years old; things have changed.
In particular, all the affiliations and contact information of authors are likely to be out of date. Please double check before attributing anything.
GLB 29jan’15
[http://www.archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/defaultAll.asp?QuickSearch=The+Miwa+Project&displayedSearchLanguageID=true&LanguageID=0]
The work is copyright by Gina L. Barnes & Masaaki OKITA. The illustrations can be used in other publications, given appropriate citation.
I have uploaded here the Table of Contents (ToC) and those parts of the report for which I am author or co-author. The full report contains tremendous more information including all the excavation data in appendices.
The work at the Miwa site required an excavation permit. I was encouraged by my Japanese colleagues to apply for it under my own name. To my knowledge, this is the first and only excavation permit granted to a foreigner not employed in Japan. I am sad that no one else seems to have followed suit. Mind you, I worked with these colleagues for 15 years before establishing the project, and it takes this kind of networking and building of relationships with colleagues before such a thing can happen. Speaking fluent Japanese was also essential.
The constructs and analyses used by many of the Japanese authors are somewhat different to Western practices. They are useful to understand the way archaeology was conducted in Japan. Note, however, that this volume is now 20 years old; things have changed.
In particular, all the affiliations and contact information of authors are likely to be out of date. Please double check before attributing anything.
GLB 29jan’15
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The download is for the Table of Contents of this volume. The book is still available from the University of Michigan Center for Japanese Studies in paperback for only $30:
https://www.press.umich.edu/18628/windows_on_the_japanese_past
https://www.press.umich.edu/18628/windows_on_the_japanese_past
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pp 491 to 547 in Festschrift for M.V. Vorobiev (2022), discussing the word 'ki' in Nihon Shoki placenames and personal names.
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The main focus of the conference, 26-28 June 2021, is undergraduate and graduate student research. It is open to all students and faculty of East Asian archaeology, does not require SEAA membership, and is free of charge. The SEAA 2021... more
The main focus of the conference, 26-28 June 2021, is undergraduate and graduate student research. It is open to all students and faculty of East Asian archaeology, does not require SEAA membership, and is free of charge. The SEAA 2021 Online Student Conference is co-hosted by SEAA and Professor Sungjoo Lee and colleagues at Kyungpook National University. Presentations or short films will be on all topics that highlight the growth and depth of East Asian archaeology in Korea, China, and Japan and adjacent regions, such as Southeast Asia, the Pacific, North Asia, Central Asia and the East Asian diaspora. Examples of possible topics include, but are not limited to: scientific approaches to the archaeology of East Asia, theoretical themes that crosscut geographical boundaries, and studies of particular sites, regions, and cultures.
To register please visit: https://seaa-web.org/conference/upcoming/about
And then think about becoming a SEAA member for the live conference in Korea in 2022
To register please visit: https://seaa-web.org/conference/upcoming/about
And then think about becoming a SEAA member for the live conference in Korea in 2022
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by NOTO Takeshi & Gina L. Barnes, chapter 14 in "TephroArchaeology in the North Pacific", Archaeopress, Oxford (2019) FREE E-BOOK DOWNLOAD
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de Boer, E.; Yang, M.; Kawagoe, A. & Barnes, G. (2020) "Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread." Evolutionary Human Sciences 2: e13, 20pp. Formally, the Farming/Language Dispersal hypothesis as applied to Japan... more
de Boer, E.; Yang, M.; Kawagoe, A. & Barnes, G. (2020) "Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread." Evolutionary Human Sciences 2: e13, 20pp.
Formally, the Farming/Language Dispersal hypothesis as applied to Japan relates to the introduction of agriculture and spread of the Japanese language (between ca. 500 BC–AD 800). We review current data from genetics, archaeology, and linguistics in relation to this hypothesis. However, evidence bases for these disciplines are drawn from different periods. Genetic data have primarily been sampled from present-day Japanese and prehistoric Jōmon peoples (14,000–300 BC), preceding the introduction of rice agriculture. The best archaeological evidence for agriculture comes from western Japan during the Yayoi period (ca. 900 BC–AD 250), but little is known about northeastern Japan, which is a focal point here. And despite considerable hypothesizing about prehistoric language, the spread of historic lan- guages/ dialects through the islands is more accessible but difficult to relate to prehistory. Though the lack of Yayoi skeletal material available for DNA analysis greatly inhibits direct study of how the pre-agricul- tural Jōmon peoples interacted with rice agriculturalists, our review of Jōmon genetics sets the stage for further research into their relationships. Modern linguistic research plays an unexpected role in bringing Izumo (Shimane Prefecture) and the Japan Sea coast into consideration in the populating of northeastern Honshu by agriculturalists beyond the Kantō region.
Formally, the Farming/Language Dispersal hypothesis as applied to Japan relates to the introduction of agriculture and spread of the Japanese language (between ca. 500 BC–AD 800). We review current data from genetics, archaeology, and linguistics in relation to this hypothesis. However, evidence bases for these disciplines are drawn from different periods. Genetic data have primarily been sampled from present-day Japanese and prehistoric Jōmon peoples (14,000–300 BC), preceding the introduction of rice agriculture. The best archaeological evidence for agriculture comes from western Japan during the Yayoi period (ca. 900 BC–AD 250), but little is known about northeastern Japan, which is a focal point here. And despite considerable hypothesizing about prehistoric language, the spread of historic lan- guages/ dialects through the islands is more accessible but difficult to relate to prehistory. Though the lack of Yayoi skeletal material available for DNA analysis greatly inhibits direct study of how the pre-agricul- tural Jōmon peoples interacted with rice agriculturalists, our review of Jōmon genetics sets the stage for further research into their relationships. Modern linguistic research plays an unexpected role in bringing Izumo (Shimane Prefecture) and the Japan Sea coast into consideration in the populating of northeastern Honshu by agriculturalists beyond the Kantō region.
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Beginning with definitions of 'neolithic', this paper will first review the origins of and changes in the Western concept of the Neolithic and then illustrate how that concept does not fit with most East Asian data. The problems to be... more
Beginning with definitions of 'neolithic', this paper will first review the origins of and changes in the Western concept of the Neolithic and then illustrate how that concept does not fit with most East Asian data. The problems to be identified are the changing technological skills in stone-tool manufacture, the emergence of ceramic vessel production, and the shifts in understanding human management of and symbiosis with plant communities. It is concluded that the terms 'Neolithic' and even 'neolithization' are not useful for comparative research dealing with the transition from hunting and gathering to agricultural societies.
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This paper anchors itself in the spread of Yayoi culture from Kyushu into eastern Japan during the Early Yayoi period. The transition from Jomon culture to Yayoi culture at the end of Early Yayoi into Middle Yayoi periods in the Kantō... more
This paper anchors itself in the spread of Yayoi culture from Kyushu into eastern Japan during the Early Yayoi period. The transition from Jomon culture to Yayoi culture at the end of Early Yayoi into Middle Yayoi periods in the Kantō region is then inspected through the lenses of jōkonmon (scraped surface) ceramics, then secondary jar burials and settlement in Gunma Prefecture, and finally subsistence. In particular, the finds of non-rice grain impressions in pottery are beginning to illuminate lifeways before the adoption of irrigated rice agriculture from the mid-Middle Yayoi period onwards. Significantly in Gunma, irrigated rice agriculture is not thought to have evolved locally through western influences or borrowing but was brought in by newcomers from Nagano Prefecture, resulting in the disappearance of Jōmon-Yayoi transitional lifeways and dominance of the Yayoi 'package' as in western Japan. This particular situation in Gunma defies the traditional interpretation of the spread of rice agriculture into eastern and northern Japan without migration. Data from other Kantō areas undoubtedly offer comparative material to obtain more comprehensive views on the northeastern Yayoi culture and should be combined with what is presented here.
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Journal of the British Academy 6 (2018) DOI 10.5871/jba/006.001 For millennia, jade has been valued in many cultures in Chinese archaeology. The favoured types and sources of jade have changed over time, as has our knowledge of the... more
Journal of the British Academy 6 (2018) DOI 10.5871/jba/006.001
For millennia, jade has been valued in many cultures in Chinese archaeology. The favoured types and sources of jade have changed over time, as has our knowledge of the stones themselves. One of the greatest problems in dealing with archaeological jades is the correct identification of the stones in order to trace their source and thereby understand the social relations underlying their patterns of procurement, pro duction, and consumption. This paper examines the problems of identification and sourcing of Chinese archaeological jades from a worldwide point of view, dissecting terminological problems arising from mineralogy and rock geochemistry, and expli citly identifying the geological constraints on the formation of nephrite and jadeite. In particular, the role of plate tectonics in determining the occurrence of jade provides an overarching perspective on where in China jade sources might occur and how nephrite might be mined and distributed, together with its associated rocks and minerals. The latter associations are equally important to this jade sourcing endeavour.
For millennia, jade has been valued in many cultures in Chinese archaeology. The favoured types and sources of jade have changed over time, as has our knowledge of the stones themselves. One of the greatest problems in dealing with archaeological jades is the correct identification of the stones in order to trace their source and thereby understand the social relations underlying their patterns of procurement, pro duction, and consumption. This paper examines the problems of identification and sourcing of Chinese archaeological jades from a worldwide point of view, dissecting terminological problems arising from mineralogy and rock geochemistry, and expli citly identifying the geological constraints on the formation of nephrite and jadeite. In particular, the role of plate tectonics in determining the occurrence of jade provides an overarching perspective on where in China jade sources might occur and how nephrite might be mined and distributed, together with its associated rocks and minerals. The latter associations are equally important to this jade sourcing endeavour.
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pp.449-478 in Windows on the Japanese Past, ed. by Richard Pearson et al. (1986); Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan.
This is an analysis of how ceramic types are determined in Japanese archaeology.
This is an analysis of how ceramic types are determined in Japanese archaeology.
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This is a paper I presented at the 5th International Conference on Korean Studies. Its contents were subsequently incorporated into my book on "State Formation in Korea".
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Paper A-6 in "SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ANCIENT CERAMICS 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ( ISAC '92 )" ed. by LI Jiazhi & CHEN Xianqiu, p. 64-69, (Shanghai: Shanghai Research Society of Science and Technology of Ancient... more
Paper A-6 in "SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ANCIENT CERAMICS 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ( ISAC '92 )" ed. by LI Jiazhi & CHEN Xianqiu, p. 64-69, (Shanghai: Shanghai Research Society of Science and Technology of Ancient Ceramics, 1992).
Sherds for analysis provided by CHOO Youn-Sik and incorporated into the Ashmolean Museum collection by Mary Tregear.
Sherds for analysis provided by CHOO Youn-Sik and incorporated into the Ashmolean Museum collection by Mary Tregear.
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Gina L. Barnes © EAANnouncements 3 (1991)
[Announcements of the East Asian Archaeology Network,
subsequently the Society for East Asian Archaeology www.SEAA-web.org]
[Announcements of the East Asian Archaeology Network,
subsequently the Society for East Asian Archaeology www.SEAA-web.org]
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In Section 9: Korean Studies in Europe. 7pp. Yeongwol Yonsei Forum, Yeongwol, Korea, 22-26 May 2011
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pp. 297-208, in Pacific northeast Asia in prehistory, ed. by C. Melvin Aikens and Song Nai Rhee. Pullman, WA: Washington State University Press, 1993. [content incorporated into State Formation in Korea, 2001]
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In E.H. Weeder (ed.) The Rise of a Great Tradition: Japanese archaeological ceramics from the Jomon through Heian periods (10,500 BC-AD 1185), pp. 28-39 (1992). Tokyo/New York: Agency for Cultural Affairs, Govt. of Japan/Japan Society.... more
In E.H. Weeder (ed.) The Rise of a Great Tradition: Japanese archaeological ceramics from the Jomon through Heian periods (10,500 BC-AD 1185), pp. 28-39 (1992). Tokyo/New York: Agency for Cultural Affairs, Govt. of Japan/Japan Society. Also published in Japan Society Newsletter 38.4: 2-7 (1992) [see elsewhere under same title]
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Joseph Ryan, as first author, has updated information about and finds of iron armor of the 3-6th centuries AD in Pen/Insular East Asia. I provided the context as second author.
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This article continues the argument proposed in Barnes 2007 that Early Kofun rulership was predicated on knowledge of Chinese Queen Mother of the West mythology. A variety of archaeological and textual data, plus consideration of the... more
This article continues the argument proposed in Barnes 2007 that Early Kofun rulership was predicated on knowledge of Chinese Queen Mother of the West mythology. A variety of archaeological and textual data, plus consideration of the historical circumstances in Japan’s relation to the continent, are pulled together to support the idea that the Queen Mother was both legitimator of political rulership and a ruler’s guide in the afterlife. It is shown archaeologically that the Miwa polity of the Early Kofun period was territorially circumscribed and could not have ruled over the entire western archipelago. The spread of the Mounded Tomb Culture beyond Miwa can be explained by the existence of a charismatic avatar of the Queen Mother (Himiko?) who attracted adherents for their own benefit. The Early Kofun burial system can be interpreted in terms of Queen Mother attributes, beginning with the monumental tombs themselves, their stone chambers, and the various pseudo jade objects and bronze mirrors—the most important of which bear the image of the Queen Mother herself. It is further argued that Amaterasu is likely the extension of Queen Mother ideology as reconstituted between the fifth and seventh centuries, continuing the important political functions of legitimating the rulership of historic Japan.
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This article mainly deals with the Bronze Age (Korea) and Mid-Late Yayoi (Japan) and their transformations into early states. As these societies are protohistoric (rather than prehistoric), much documentary, as well as archaeological,... more
This article mainly deals with the Bronze Age (Korea) and Mid-Late Yayoi (Japan) and their transformations into early states. As these societies are protohistoric (rather than prehistoric), much documentary, as well as archaeological, material is included.
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This is a summary, written by David Brook, of a lecture I gave on 12 June 2013 at the Harrow & Hillingdon Geological Society. It is available, without illustrations, on their website.
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This article was first presented at the British Museum Symposium on Man Nature & Art, 6-8 September 2001. Submitted to the "East Asia Journal: studies in material culture" in 2005, it has been accepted but is yet to appear. This version... more
This article was first presented at the British Museum Symposium on Man Nature & Art, 6-8 September 2001. Submitted to the "East Asia Journal: studies in material culture" in 2005, it has been accepted but is yet to appear. This version is the author’s preprint.
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This is a write-up of the lecture I gave on 21 September 2012 to COLAS, City of London Archaeological Society. (c) GBarnes
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This is a revised version for the second edition of the Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2012. It was submitted under the title Kofun/Kobun (for Japan and Korea respectively), but the editors overrode this sensitive issue and assigned the... more
This is a revised version for the second edition of the Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2012. It was submitted under the title Kofun/Kobun (for Japan and Korea respectively), but the editors overrode this sensitive issue and assigned the title Kofun. Apologies...
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This is a revised entry for the second edition of the Oxford Companion to Archaeology, author's preprint.
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This article describes the relationships of successive Japanese cultures (hunter-gatherers, early agriculturalists, historic agriculturalists, urban dwellers) with the island landscape. Distinctions between mountain and sea exploitation... more
This article describes the relationships of successive Japanese cultures (hunter-gatherers, early agriculturalists, historic agriculturalists, urban dwellers) with the island landscape. Distinctions between mountain and sea exploitation patterns are paramount in early periods, while the coastal plains become the focus of habitation later. The geomorphology of plains development is covered, and a review of Japanese notions of plains classification reveals a very different approach from Western ideas.
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Earthquake archaeology developed in Japan simultaneously with that in the Mediterranean in the mid-1980s. By 1996, evidence of earthquake occurrence had been documented at 378 sites throughout the archipelago. The main features identified... more
Earthquake archaeology developed in Japan simultaneously with that in the Mediterranean in the mid-1980s. By 1996, evidence of earthquake occurrence had been documented at 378 sites throughout the archipelago. The main features identified include various results of liquefaction, faults, landslips, and surface cracking. This evidence differs greatly from the standard Mediterranean focus on building damage, and the reasons for the very different natures of archaeoseismology in these world regions are explained herein. This article recounts the development of this new subfield, inspired by the interest of geomorphologist Sangawa Akira and taken to its most recent advances in identifying soft-sediment deformation structures by geoarchaeologist Matsuda Jun-ichirō. The evidence of earthquake activity at archaeological sites can be matched with earthquakes caused by either active fault movement or subduction. The historical record of earthquake occurrence, already documented back to 599 C.E., is extended into the prehistorical record through relative dating of artifacts and features on archaeological sites. Both the identification and the dating of the archaeological evidence of earthquakes can be challenged, though the “territorial approach” gives the data a significance that is not achieved through analysis of single sites.
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In this article, the author examines the available archaeological record for evidence illuminating the origin and development of the Silla state, which historians traditionally claimed to have been a major force on the Korean peninsula as... more
In this article, the author examines the available archaeological record for evidence illuminating the origin and development of the Silla state, which historians traditionally claimed to have been a major force on the Korean peninsula as early as the first century BCE. Archaeological research in the Kyôngju basin, the home of the Silla state, suggests, however, that Silla developed as a state in the late fourth and early fifth centuries CE. Further archaeological research in the area will no doubt increase understanding of Silla's development.
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This article was written in 1983 and published in English in Archaeology in Korea 10: 40-51. It was thought important and still valid enough to have been translated into Korean by KIM Gyong Taek and published in Archaeology: Journal of... more
This article was written in 1983 and published in English in Archaeology in Korea 10: 40-51. It was thought important and still valid enough to have been translated into Korean by KIM Gyong Taek and published in Archaeology: Journal of the Seoul-Gyeonggi Archaeological Society, 2.2:47-55 (2003). The article here for downloading is the Korean version.
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Paper presented at the ‘和の口二連続国際シンポジウム２００１年度：２１世紀へのメッセージ, December 2000, Nara. In it, I propose a new dating system for technological transfer to Japan from the continent. Both Japanese and English versions attached.
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Typescript for entries in the 'Archaeology' section of The Encyclopedia of Korea, edited by Y.H. Choe-Wall. The highlighted sentences were deleted from the publication, apparently deemed to be too political. Note that the old museum... more
Typescript for entries in the 'Archaeology' section of The Encyclopedia of Korea, edited by Y.H. Choe-Wall. The highlighted sentences were deleted from the publication, apparently deemed to be too political. Note that the old museum building was torn down in 1996 and the Seoul National Museum now resides on a disused base in Yongsan, which was originally the headquarters for the Japanese Imperial Army, taken over as an American Army base post-war. Swings & roundabouts, as the British would say.
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As scientific archaeology takes hold in Japan, our understanding of the nature and content of Japanese prehistory is changing radically. All of the period boundaries of Japanese prehistory are being rewritten, and many new “archaeologies”... more
As scientific archaeology takes hold in Japan, our understanding of the nature and content of Japanese prehistory is changing radically. All of the period boundaries of Japanese prehistory are being rewritten, and many new “archaeologies” are growing up around particular scientific techniques. New publications in English give greater access to archaeological thinking in Japan, while Japanese publications focus on ever-narrowing aspects of prehistoric lifeways. Policy changes are giving archaeologists more access to the imperial tombs, and rescue teams are under less obligation to “save everything” as selective preservation is instituted.
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Iron armor has long been known from excavations of Kofun-period (AD 300-710) tombs in Japan, but new excavations of iron armor in South Korea from the mid-1980s have thrown up new questions of the relationship between these two areas in... more
Iron armor has long been known from excavations of Kofun-period (AD 300-710) tombs in Japan, but new excavations of iron armor in South Korea from the mid-1980s have thrown up new questions of the relationship between these two areas in iron resources and technology, armor manufacture, military activity, and trade. This article reviews the armor typology in terms of origins and influences, examines technological and social issues in terms of specific site excavations, and it reviews the arguments for trade and exchange between the Yamato and Kaya polities. Environmental data are proposed as contributing to the shifts in manufacturing loci against the background of constant socio-political competition among the surrounding states.
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See instead 2nd edition in 2012:
Japan and Korea: Early States in Japan and Korea
Japan and Korea: Mounded Tombs of Japan and Korea
Japan and Korea: Early States in Japan and Korea
Japan and Korea: Mounded Tombs of Japan and Korea
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The relic Neolithic landscape at Niuheliang was recognized and partially excavated by the Liaoning Provincial Archaeological Research Institute in the mid‐1980s. A decade later, scholars are competing to re‐interpret the landscape's... more
The relic Neolithic landscape at Niuheliang was recognized and partially excavated by the Liaoning Provincial Archaeological Research Institute in the mid‐1980s. A decade later, scholars are competing to re‐interpret the landscape's symbolic and ritual nature deriving from its unique and unprecedented complexity within the East Asian Neolithic. In these new interpretations, the old pitfall of untestable speculation is joined by politically emotive considerations in acting to shape the significance of Niuheliang within the origins of Chinese civilization.
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The Kyoto University Archaeological Mission carried out research on the Bamiyan caves in Afghanistan between 1970 and 1978. We aimed at making a general photogrammatic map of the whole area, attributing numbers to all the caves and... more
The Kyoto University Archaeological Mission carried out research on the Bamiyan caves in Afghanistan between 1970 and 1978. We aimed at making a general photogrammatic map of the whole area, attributing numbers to all the caves and documenting their murals. The principal cliff extends over 1,300 m linear distance and its maximum height is 150 m. More than 750 Buddhist caves were hollowed out along this cliff. The caves consist of several types of construction: two niches of standing Grand Buddhas, five niches of Seated Buddhas, domed‐ceiling caves, vaulted‐ceiling caves, laternendecke‐ceiling caves and flat ceiling caves. About fifty caves have murals remaining inside; various types of figures are depicted in these: buddhas, decorated buddhas, boddhisatva figures (particularly Avalokitesvara) and circular mandala motifs are popular Some designs were influenced by Sassanian art.
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This introduction to the volume provides background information necessary for understanding the arrangement and content of the succeeding articles. The origin and general concepts of the Buddhist religion as they affect material culture... more
This introduction to the volume provides background information necessary for understanding the arrangement and content of the succeeding articles. The origin and general concepts of the Buddhist religion as they affect material culture are set out, with a glossary of terms keyed to all the articles. The spread of Buddhism is then briefly described through Sri Lanka into Southeast Asia, and through Afghanistan into East Asia. The articles are subsequently arranged in this geographical order. Because of the cumulative nature of the information presented, following the chronological development and spread of the religion, the volume is best read from beginning to end.
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This article proposes a new subdiscipline, Tectonic Archaeology, based on the efforts of Japanese archaeologists to deal with the effects of earthquakes, volcanic tephra cover, and tsunami on archaeological sites. Tectonic Archaeology is... more
This article proposes a new subdiscipline, Tectonic Archaeology, based on the efforts of Japanese archaeologists to deal with the effects of earthquakes, volcanic tephra cover, and tsunami on archaeological sites. Tectonic Archaeology is conceived as an umbrella term for those efforts and as a foundation for Geoarchaeology in general. Comparisons distinguish between Geoarchaeology and Tectonic Archaeology, and a survey of major archaeological journals and textbooks reveals how the concept of ‘tectonics’ and specifically the processes of Plate Tectonics have been treated. Al-though the term ‘tectonics’ occurred fairly frequently, particularly as affecting coastlines and sea levels, it was not thoroughly defined and discussed. Volcanic activity was most mentioned in journals due to its provision of resources and modification of the landscape, while the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan seems to have stimulated more studies in Archaeoseismology. The textbooks were found to have scattered references to Plate Tectonic processes but no clear approach tying these together. The major exception is the Encyclopedia of Archaeology which addresses volcanoes, Archaeoseismology, and tsunami—soon to be linked together vis à vis Earth processes. Tectonic Archaeology attempts first to explain the processes of Plate Tectonics to underwrite investigation of their effects; it is applicable worldwide, in continental and coastal contexts.
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"Earthquakes in Japan: archaeology, seismology, and society" in Turkish
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Co-authored with Felix Riede, Mark Elson, Gerry Oetelaar, Karen Holmberg & Payson Sheets;
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Journal of the British Academy 6 (2018) DOI 10.5871/jba/006.001 For millennia, jade has been valued in many cultures in Chinese archaeology. The favoured types and sources of jade have changed over time, as has our knowledge of the... more
Journal of the British Academy 6 (2018) DOI 10.5871/jba/006.001
For millennia, jade has been valued in many cultures in Chinese archaeology. The favoured types and sources of jade have changed over time, as has our knowledge of the stones themselves. One of the greatest problems in dealing with archaeological jades is the correct identification of the stones in order to trace their source and thereby understand the social relations underlying their patterns of procurement, production , and consumption. This paper examines the problems of identification and sourcing of Chinese archaeological jades from a worldwide point of view, dissecting terminological problems arising from mineralogy and rock geochemistry, and explicitly identifying the geological constraints on the formation of nephrite and jadeite. In particular, the role of plate tectonics in determining the occurrence of jade provides an overarching perspective on where in China jade sources might occur and how nephrite might be mined and distributed, together with its associated rocks and minerals. The latter associations are equally important to this jade sourcing endeavour.
For millennia, jade has been valued in many cultures in Chinese archaeology. The favoured types and sources of jade have changed over time, as has our knowledge of the stones themselves. One of the greatest problems in dealing with archaeological jades is the correct identification of the stones in order to trace their source and thereby understand the social relations underlying their patterns of procurement, production , and consumption. This paper examines the problems of identification and sourcing of Chinese archaeological jades from a worldwide point of view, dissecting terminological problems arising from mineralogy and rock geochemistry, and explicitly identifying the geological constraints on the formation of nephrite and jadeite. In particular, the role of plate tectonics in determining the occurrence of jade provides an overarching perspective on where in China jade sources might occur and how nephrite might be mined and distributed, together with its associated rocks and minerals. The latter associations are equally important to this jade sourcing endeavour.
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Asian Perspectives 56.2 (2017):132-165
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This is the summary by Dr. David Brook of a talk I gave at the Geologists Association 7 Feb 2014 on how volcanic soils were used (or not) in Japan. Despite being hailed around the world as extremely fertile, the volcanic soils in Japan... more
This is the summary by Dr. David Brook of a talk I gave at the Geologists Association 7 Feb 2014 on how volcanic soils were used (or not) in Japan. Despite being hailed around the world as extremely fertile, the volcanic soils in Japan are acidic with low nutrients and plagued by allophane formation which sequesters water and humic materials, depriving plants of their use.
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This is a summary by Dr. David Book (c) of my lecture on 15 June 2013 for the Harrow & Hillingdon Geological Society
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This is a summary of a lecture I gave to the Farnham Geological Society; it is available in their Newsletter for June 2012 at http://www.farnhamgeosoc.org.uk/
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A geographical introduction to Japan for students
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In this article, the authors summarize 20 years of scholarship and two field projects on geoarchaeology in Nara, Japan, carried out by researchers from 12 different institutions in 4 countries. The research goal was to test an aerial... more
In this article, the authors summarize 20 years of scholarship and two field projects on geoarchaeology in Nara, Japan, carried out by researchers from 12 different institutions in 4 countries. The research goal was to test an aerial photographic reconstruction of surface landforms in the Nara Basin with subsurface data. Project A was conducted at Asawa; it tested, through geological coring, whether a suspected swampy backmarsh in the eastern basin existed and whether it would yield data on the transition to wet rice agriculture in the mid-1st millennium B.C. Project B was conducted at Miwa; it tested, through geological coring and subsequent excavation, the nature of upland agricultural terrace formation in the southeastern basin and whether the suspected existence of a 4th-century palace site could be confirmed.Two layers of carbonaceous clay at Asawa were dated to the Early (˜5000–3500 B.C.) and Final (˜1000-300 B.C.) phases of the Jomon period. Pollen data revealed the establishment of an evergreen oak forest from 5,000 years ago and anthropogenic changes in forest cover from 2,000 years ago. Phytoliths from rice, millets, reeds, and bamboo were recovered in layers postdating the Final Jomon carbonaceous clay. A fault scarp with anthropogenic modification of the terraces was identified at Miwa. It was discovered that an incised stream valley had been infilled in the Medieval period at the same time surface layers were razed; the front of the terrace was extended in the premodern period. Remains were recovered from the Middle Yayoi (˜100 B.C.–A.D. 100) and the Medieval (˜A.D. 1185–1603) periods. However, as the terracing involved razing the early historic levels, no data were recovered on the alleged 4th-century palace site.The significance of these findings lies in the identification of (a) a swampy backmarsh at Asawa, where initial agricultural efforts in growing wet rice in the basin may have occurred, confirming the aerial photographic reconstruction; and (b) hillside terracing activities at Miwa, from the Medieval period onwards, which have radically changed the configuration of the natural topography. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Research on modern paddy field soils in Southeast Asia by Kawaguchi and Kyuma has produced a new classification of ten soil types for growing wet rice. Further study has yielded five fertility classes and a description of the nutritive... more
Research on modern paddy field soils in Southeast Asia by Kawaguchi and Kyuma has produced a new classification of ten soil types for growing wet rice. Further study has yielded five fertility classes and a description of the nutritive requirements for good rice yields. These data are reviewed with the aim of identifying prehistoric practices for choosing and modifying soil materials in order to maximize crop yields.
Methods are being developed in Japan for identifying subsurface paddy fields without the recovery of actual field system features through excavation. Most of this work consists of phytolithic analysis by Fujiwara and colleagues. A review of this research is accompanied by the test results of phosphate levels under modern paddy fields carried out by the author and colleagues. It is concluded that the assumption that structured fields in the archaeological record were used for growing wet rice is potentially misleading without phytolithic evidence, and that phosphate tests are underused in Japan due to the ungrounded fear of contamination by modern fertilizers.
Methods are being developed in Japan for identifying subsurface paddy fields without the recovery of actual field system features through excavation. Most of this work consists of phytolithic analysis by Fujiwara and colleagues. A review of this research is accompanied by the test results of phosphate levels under modern paddy fields carried out by the author and colleagues. It is concluded that the assumption that structured fields in the archaeological record were used for growing wet rice is potentially misleading without phytolithic evidence, and that phosphate tests are underused in Japan due to the ungrounded fear of contamination by modern fertilizers.
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This is the first half of my dissertation on Japanese state formation in the Nara Basin, Japan. It is a methodological examination of site survey in a paddy field regime, including a reconstruction from aerial photography of the basin's... more
This is the first half of my dissertation on Japanese state formation in the Nara Basin, Japan. It is a methodological examination of site survey in a paddy field regime, including a reconstruction from aerial photography of the basin's basic topography, discussion of the nature of the archaeological record and a new definition of 'site', and a discussion of sites as they are manifested on the surface through landscape modification and their representativeness.
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Ritual Poetry and the Politics of Death in Early Japan, by Gary L. Ebersole. Princeton University Press (1990)
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Review of "Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries". Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2007.
Published in the SOAS Bulletin 71.1: 153-155, 2008.
Published in the SOAS Bulletin 71.1: 153-155, 2008.
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Book Review published in the International Journal of Asian Studies 8.1: 108-111 (2011).
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International Journal of Asian Studies 8.2:255-6 (2011)
This is a typescript without the Chinese characters as in the published version
This is a typescript without the Chinese characters as in the published version
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Reviewed by Robert Borgen and Gina L. Barnes
Published in the Journal of Japanese Studies, 22:1: 129–133 (1996)
Published in the Journal of Japanese Studies, 22:1: 129–133 (1996)
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes
Published in the "Journal of Japanese Studies" 29.2: 412-416 (2003).
Published in the "Journal of Japanese Studies" 29.2: 412-416 (2003).
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Reviewed by G.L. Barnes, published in “Papers of The Prehistoric Society” 52: 372-73 (1986)
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes
Published in "Japanese Studies" 18.3: 314-17 (1998).
Published in "Japanese Studies" 18.3: 314-17 (1998).
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes, published in "Helenium" 25: 303-04, 1985.
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes, published in the "Journal of Chinese Studies" 65:355-361, 2017.
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes, published in "Antiquity" 59.225:73, March 1985.
PLUS postscript 16 June 2017
PLUS postscript 16 June 2017
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes, published in the "Journal of The Economic and Social History of The Orient" 37.4: 328-331 (1994).
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes, published in "Monumenta Nipponica" 54.1: 123-6 (1999).
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes 1993, published in "Ars Orientalis" 24:168-9 (1994) with minor modification from typescript here.
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes, published in "Antiquity" 55:226-7 (1982).
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes
Published in "Antiquity" 55:238 (1982)
Published in "Antiquity" 55:238 (1982)
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes
Published in the "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies" 79.1 (Feb. 2016)
Published in the "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies" 79.1 (Feb. 2016)
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes
Published in "Japan Review" 28: 235-237 (2015)
Published in "Japan Review" 28: 235-237 (2015)
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This is the typescript of the book review published in Monumenta Nipponica 69.1: 103-9 (2014). Ford Hallam has commented on my assessment: "There was one point I'd like to mention though. Your contention that 'forge' isn't legitimately... more
This is the typescript of the book review published in Monumenta Nipponica 69.1: 103-9 (2014). Ford Hallam has commented on my assessment: "There was one point I'd like to mention though. Your contention that 'forge' isn't legitimately used in the context of gold. As a master goldsmith of over 30 years experience (I trained under German Master Goldsmiths) I would have to disagree. Forging is a term we routinely use to describe many of our shaping processes. In fact a whole range of classical ladies rings feature what are called forged shanks.
"I appreciate your distinction in terms of the forging process being one of material refinement, the working out of slag etc., and it is admittedly an awkward pairing with the other meaning implied in the book, that of a forgery. However, silversmiths cold forge cutlery, jewellers and goldsmiths forge bangles and rings and in the Japanese tradition we forge water cast non-ferrous ingots down into plate or sheet. I also regularly engage in iron making and forging.
"The seal in question was most likely cast to rough form and then further worked with hand tools but it could also have been forged into a 1 inch square bar from a larger cast bar ingot. The decorative upper part could have been forged to an approximation of the desired form and then finally carved to shape. But the only way to really know, as I'm sure you are well aware, would be to do a metallographic examination of the gold's structure."
I thus stand corrected, but the verb 'chuuzou' should still be translated as 'cast'.
"I appreciate your distinction in terms of the forging process being one of material refinement, the working out of slag etc., and it is admittedly an awkward pairing with the other meaning implied in the book, that of a forgery. However, silversmiths cold forge cutlery, jewellers and goldsmiths forge bangles and rings and in the Japanese tradition we forge water cast non-ferrous ingots down into plate or sheet. I also regularly engage in iron making and forging.
"The seal in question was most likely cast to rough form and then further worked with hand tools but it could also have been forged into a 1 inch square bar from a larger cast bar ingot. The decorative upper part could have been forged to an approximation of the desired form and then finally carved to shape. But the only way to really know, as I'm sure you are well aware, would be to do a metallographic examination of the gold's structure."
I thus stand corrected, but the verb 'chuuzou' should still be translated as 'cast'.
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes
Published in "Monumenta Nipponica" 60.4: 525-8 (2005)
Published in "Monumenta Nipponica" 60.4: 525-8 (2005)
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes
Published in "Asian Perspectives" 43.1: 177-8 (2004).
Published in "Asian Perspectives" 43.1: 177-8 (2004).
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This is the typescript for a review in Antiquity 62.237:802-3 (1988) dealing with:
1) K.C. Chang (ed.) "Studies of Shang archaeology". Yale U Press, 1986
2) Li, Xueqin, "Eastern Zhou and Qin civilizations". Yale U Press, 1986
1) K.C. Chang (ed.) "Studies of Shang archaeology". Yale U Press, 1986
2) Li, Xueqin, "Eastern Zhou and Qin civilizations". Yale U Press, 1986
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Reviewed by Gina L. Barnes
Published in "Archaeological Review from Cambridge" (ARC) 3.2: 125-7 (1984)
Published in "Archaeological Review from Cambridge" (ARC) 3.2: 125-7 (1984)
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Journal of Ancient Korean Historical Society (Hanguk Sangosa Hakbo), Vol. 114 (November 30, 2021)
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KIM Jong Il (2004) in "Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies" 1: 179-185.
William Wayne Farris (2001) in "Journal of Asian Studies" 60.3: 881-882.
William Wayne Farris (2001) in "Journal of Asian Studies" 60.3: 881-882.
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Joan Piggott (2009) in "Journal of Japanese Studies" 35.2:413-419.
Ken Sasaki (xx) in "Kokogaku Kenkyu" 56.4(224):89-91.
Ken Sasaki (xx) in "Kokogaku Kenkyu" 56.4(224):89-91.
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Sarah M. Nelson (1991) in "American Antiquity" 56.3:573.
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Paul G. Bahn (1988) in "Nature" 331:572, 18 Feb 1988
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Janet E. Goff (1989) in "Japan Quarterly" Apr-June: 223. J. Edward Kidder Jr. (1989) in "Monumenta Nipponica" 44.4: 524-527. Richard Pearson (1990) in "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies" 50.2:768-775. Fumiko Ikawa-Smith (1990) in "The... more
Janet E. Goff (1989) in "Japan Quarterly" Apr-June: 223.
J. Edward Kidder Jr. (1989) in "Monumenta Nipponica" 44.4: 524-527.
Richard Pearson (1990) in "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies" 50.2:768-775.
Fumiko Ikawa-Smith (1990) in "The Journal of Asian Studies" 49.1:151-152.
C. Melvin Aikens (1990) in "American Anthropologist" NS92.2:544-545.
Akira GOTO (1991) in "Asian Perspectives" 30.2:267-269.
Walter Edwards (1991) in "Journal of Japanese Studies" 17.1:178-185.
J. Edward Kidder Jr. (1989) in "Monumenta Nipponica" 44.4: 524-527.
Richard Pearson (1990) in "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies" 50.2:768-775.
Fumiko Ikawa-Smith (1990) in "The Journal of Asian Studies" 49.1:151-152.
C. Melvin Aikens (1990) in "American Anthropologist" NS92.2:544-545.
Akira GOTO (1991) in "Asian Perspectives" 30.2:267-269.
Walter Edwards (1991) in "Journal of Japanese Studies" 17.1:178-185.
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Reviewed by Peter Kornicki
See http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0041977X00008090
See http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0041977X00008090
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Reviewed by CHOO Youn-Sik in the "Journal of the Korean Archaeological Society (Hanguk Koko-Hakbo)" v. 10:341-54 (1994). Reviewed by TSUDE Hiroshi in "Antiquity" 68 (Sept 260): 675-6 (1994). Reviewed by TSUDE Hiroshi in Kokogaku Kenkyu... more
Reviewed by CHOO Youn-Sik in the "Journal of the Korean Archaeological Society (Hanguk Koko-Hakbo)" v. 10:341-54 (1994).
Reviewed by TSUDE Hiroshi in "Antiquity" 68 (Sept 260): 675-6 (1994).
Reviewed by TSUDE Hiroshi in Kokogaku Kenkyu 42.2(162):111-14 (1994).
Reviewed by Anne P. Underhill in "Asian Perspectives" 34.2:312-15.
Reviewed by OTSUBO Sumiko in "The Middle East and South Asia Folklore Bulletin" Spring: 3-4 (1994).
Reviewed By Stan Roman in "Dacorum and Chiltern Potters Guild" newsletter
Reviewed by TSUDE Hiroshi in "Antiquity" 68 (Sept 260): 675-6 (1994).
Reviewed by TSUDE Hiroshi in Kokogaku Kenkyu 42.2(162):111-14 (1994).
Reviewed by Anne P. Underhill in "Asian Perspectives" 34.2:312-15.
Reviewed by OTSUBO Sumiko in "The Middle East and South Asia Folklore Bulletin" Spring: 3-4 (1994).
Reviewed By Stan Roman in "Dacorum and Chiltern Potters Guild" newsletter
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This is a précis for discussion at a British Museum workshop, 10 November 2005.
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Forum Abstract: Archaeological excavations in areas heavily covered with tephra from past volcanic eruptions are carried out at numerous places in the world. Japan has a named sub-discipline to demarcate such investigations from those in... more
Forum Abstract: Archaeological excavations in areas heavily covered with tephra from past volcanic eruptions are carried out at numerous places in the world. Japan has a named sub-discipline to demarcate such investigations from those in non-volcanic areas: kazanbai kōkogaku (7 0 6 B
Typescript of book review published in Monumenta Nipponica 45.4: 471-4 (1990)
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In the post-war years, the palaeolithic of Japan has become one of the best documented areas of Stone Age studies. In terms of both quantity and quality, the Japanese palaeolithic record has no equal in East Asia. This paper is an... more
In the post-war years, the palaeolithic of Japan has become one of the best documented areas of Stone Age studies. In terms of both quantity and quality, the Japanese palaeolithic record has no equal in East Asia. This paper is an up-to-date review of the western language literature, identifying new trends of research in this important area. It first examines the chronological development of research into the Japanese palaeolithic in relation to the broader palaeolithic perspective. Then regional variability is described, and attention in particular is drawn to postglacial transitions, lithic technology, behavioural archaeology, and the peopling of the New World.
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that there is long-term evidence for pastoralism in the Pyrenees, and, a few early finds of plums and grain notwithstanding, that agriculture only developed in the area under the pressure of increased levels of population, possibly as... more
that there is long-term evidence for pastoralism in the Pyrenees, and, a few early finds of plums and grain notwithstanding, that agriculture only developed in the area under the pressure of increased levels of population, possibly as late as the late Bronze .\ge (p. 66). It is good to see emphasis laid on the origins of raw materials, especially stone, in discussing site ‘catchment areas’ (p. 7) , although the writer does tend to mention ‘flints’ rather than identify types of assemblage. The description of stone circles as ‘cromlechs’ also strikes a rather dated note. The cobbled areas at VilleneuveTolosane are not all surrounded by an interrupted ditch (p. 287) . Overall, however, Bahn has produced a fascinating mine of titbits and ideas, from wood technology to tunnel-sites, and is to be congratulated on such a well-researched volume.
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light of the changing present. T o do this we must admit those previously thought unworthy of controlling or guarding it. As Eric Willmot says, Australian Aboriginals are no longer a separate indigenous nation, but part of an Australian... more
light of the changing present. T o do this we must admit those previously thought unworthy of controlling or guarding it. As Eric Willmot says, Australian Aboriginals are no longer a separate indigenous nation, but part of an Australian nation. ‘As such they own the future, and the past belongs to the past and the story-tellers. Aborigines are determined, in the future, to be among the storytellers’ (p. 48). This thoughtful and thought-provoking book, carefully edited by Isabel McBryde, whose introduction skilfully blends the new and the old, the familiar and the less familiar, deserves a wide and-dare one say-multicultural audience. I . v. s . M E G A W and M . R U T H M E G A W
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by Song Nai RHEE, C. Melvin AIKENS, with Gina L. BARNES. Oxford: Archaeopress (2021)
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This article continues the argument proposed in Barnes 2007 that Early Kofun rulership was predicated on knowledge of Chinese Queen Mother of the West mythology. A variety of archaeological and textual data, plus consideration of the... more
This article continues the argument proposed in Barnes 2007 that Early Kofun rulership was predicated on knowledge of Chinese Queen Mother of the West mythology. A variety of archaeological and textual data, plus consideration of the historical circumstances in Japan’s relation to the continent, are pulled together to support the idea that the Queen Mother was both legitimator of political rulership and a ruler’s guide in the afterlife. It is shown archaeologically that the Miwa polity of the Early Kofun period was territorially circumscribed and could not have ruled over the entire western archipelago. The spread of the Mounded Tomb Culture beyond Miwa can be explained by the existence of a charismatic avatar of the Queen Mother (Himiko?) who attracted adherents for their own benefit. The Early Kofun burial system can be interpreted in terms of Queen Mother attributes, beginning with the monumental tombs themselves, their stone chambers, and the various pseudo jade objects and bronze mirrors—the most important of which bear the image of the Queen Mother herself. It is further argued that Amaterasu is likely the extension of Queen Mother ideology as reconstituted between the fifth and seventh centuries, continuing the important political functions of legitimating the rulership of historic Japan.
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This review essay mainly compares two articles by G.L. Barnes on Japanese geology, previously published in Japan Review (2003, 2008), with a series of articles on ‘New Paradigms’ in Japanese plate tectonics published in Chigaku zasshi in... more
This review essay mainly compares two articles by G.L. Barnes on Japanese geology, previously published in Japan Review (2003, 2008), with a series of articles on ‘New Paradigms’ in Japanese plate tectonics published in Chigaku zasshi in 2009–2010. The first purpose is to update and add new details to flesh out the previous Japan Review overviews. A discussion about collisional and accretionary tectonics then follows, outlining problems of interpretation by scholars coming from different academic backgrounds (Alpine geology and subduction-zone geology). This text is highly technical, based on the previous offerings which should be read first. Japanese geologists are forging ahead in determining new ways to measure and interpret geological processes in a subduction zone. The Japanese archipelago, composed of twenty seven geological belts, is affected by movement of four different plates: two oceanic plates subducting under the main islands, and the islands themselves apportioned between two continental plates. The 500 million year history of the formation of the Japanese landmass is of great general and theoretical interest but not well covered in formal textbooks. Thus, scientific papers such as the Chigaku zasshi offerings in Japanese as well as those in English published in the prominent geology journals must be synthesized to gain an understanding of this region. Since these subduction-zone movements have given rise to modern volcanoes and earthquakes, that understanding forms a crucial background for disaster management. New research mentioned herein includes zircon-dating of sediments in accretionary complexes, identification of “second continent” formations in the mantle, and tectonic erosion/accretion alternation.
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This article proposes a new subdiscipline, Tectonic Archaeology, based on the efforts of Japanese archaeologists to deal with the effects of earthquakes, volcanic tephra cover, and tsunami on archaeological sites. Tectonic Archaeology is... more
This article proposes a new subdiscipline, Tectonic Archaeology, based on the efforts of Japanese archaeologists to deal with the effects of earthquakes, volcanic tephra cover, and tsunami on archaeological sites. Tectonic Archaeology is conceived as an umbrella term for those efforts and as a foundation for Geoarchaeology in general. Comparisons distinguish between Geoarchaeology and Tectonic Archaeology, and a survey of major archaeological journals and textbooks reveals how the concept of ‘tectonics’ and specifically the processes of Plate Tectonics have been treated. Al-though the term ‘tectonics’ occurred fairly frequently, particularly as affecting coastlines and sea levels, it was not thoroughly defined and discussed. Volcanic activity was most mentioned in journals due to its provision of resources and modification of the landscape, while the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan seems to have stimulated more studies in Archaeoseismology. The textbooks were found to have scat...
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Research Interests: Geography and Archaeology
Protohistoric societies are those for which we do not have full written records. In addition to archaeological information, they are variously known through isolated inscriptions, retrospective histories, or other peoples’ views of them.... more
Protohistoric societies are those for which we do not have full written records. In addition to archaeological information, they are variously known through isolated inscriptions, retrospective histories, or other peoples’ views of them. The societies on the southern Korean peninsula in the first three centuries of the common era are protohistoric, in that they are known – apart from archaeology – through Chinese writings about them. This article offers a view of Samhan (Three Han) societies from the Chinese viewpoint during the existence of Chinese commanderies maintained on the Korean peninsula between 108 BCE and 313 CE. The texts below have previously been translated and published separately, but here they are aligned for comparison. Mark BYINGTON ( 翻譯 ) and Gina BARNES ( 比較 ), 三國志、魏略及後漢書中關於 “ 韓 ” 的文本比較 研 究 原史時期社會是指那些我們找不到完整書面記錄的社會。除了考古資料，要了解他們，可以通過各種零散的銘文，回溯史，或其他人對於他們的看法。朝鮮半島南部的社會在最初的三個世紀中處於共同的時代，即原史時期，因為除了考古發現，只能通過涉及他們的中國文獻了解他們。在西元前108年至西元313年間中國在朝鮮半島設置了郡，本文就是通過這個中國視角來觀察三韓社會。下...
한반도 남부의 국가형성에 대한 접근은 소위 靑銅器시대와 鐵器시대의 통합에 그 관건이 있는데, 이 통합은 실제적인 집단들과 보다 폭 넓은 정치적 사회적 네트워크에서의 이들 집단들과 개개 집단들과의 관계에 초점을 맞춘 주거유형 개념을 이용하는 것이 필요하다. 지금까지 거의 대부분의 고고학적 성과는 매장시설에 집중되어 왔으며, 불과 몇몇 靑銅器ㆍ鐵器時代 취락...
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archaeology of east asia the rise of civilisation in china korea and japan by is just one of the best seller publications in the world? Have you had it? Not? Silly of you. Currently, you can get this remarkable book simply below. Find... more
archaeology of east asia the rise of civilisation in china korea and japan by is just one of the best seller publications in the world? Have you had it? Not? Silly of you. Currently, you can get this remarkable book simply below. Find them is format of ppt, kindle, pdf, word, txt, rar, as well as zip. How? Merely download or even read online in this website. Currently, never ever late to read this archaeology of east asia the rise of civilisation in china korea and japan. Have downtimes? Read archaeology of east asia the rise of civilisation in china korea and japan writer by Why? A best seller book worldwide with wonderful value and content is integrated with interesting words. Where? Simply below, in this site you can read online. Want download? Of course available, download them additionally here. Readily available files are as word, ppt, txt, kindle, pdf, rar, as well as zip. Our goal is always to offer you an assortment of cost-free ebooks too as aid resolve your troubles. We h...
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Abstract Volcanic eruptions and interactions with the landforms and products these yield, are a constant feature of human life in many parts of the world. Seen over long timespans, human–volcano interactions become stratified in... more
Abstract Volcanic eruptions and interactions with the landforms and products these yield, are a constant feature of human life in many parts of the world. Seen over long timespans, human–volcano interactions become stratified in sedimentary archives containing eruptive products and archaeological remains. This review is concerned with charting the overlapping territory of volcanology and archaeology and attempts to plot productive routes for further conjoined research. We define archaeological volcanology as a field of study that brings together incentives, insights, and methods from both volcanology and from archaeology in an effort to better understand both past volcanism as well as past cultural change, and to improve risk management practices as well as the contemporary engagement with volcanism and its products. There is an increasing appreciation that understanding these human impacts and manifold human-volcano interactions requires robust multi-, inter- or even trans-disciplinary collaboration. Our review is written in the hope of providing a clearinghouse resource that (i) maps the many forms of past human-volcano interactions, (ii) provides study design templates for how to integrate archaeological perspectives into investigations of past volcanism, and (iii) makes suggestions for how the insights gained from such an archaeological volcanology can be integrated into reducing contemporary and future vulnerability amongst at-risk communities.
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Research Interests: Geography, Languages and Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Population Genetics, Migration, and 10 moreTone systems, Ancient Agriculture & Farming (Archaeology), Kofun Period (Archaeology), Japanese archaeology, Jomon, Dialect Geography, Ainu language, Ancient Agriculture and Farming, Yayoi period archaeology, and Japanese Pitch Accent
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The Geological Society of America Special Paper 471 2010 Earthquake archaeology in Japan: An overview Gina L. Barnes School of Oriental ... offer criteria by which to determine an earthquake cause for deformed sediments (eg, Rossetti and... more
The Geological Society of America Special Paper 471 2010 Earthquake archaeology in Japan: An overview Gina L. Barnes School of Oriental ... offer criteria by which to determine an earthquake cause for deformed sediments (eg, Rossetti and Góes, 2000; Moretti, 2000; Greb et ...
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Thirty years after Glyn Daniel's perceptive publication on the ‘idea of prehistory’ (Daniel 1962), the topic is enjoying a return engagement in the archaeological literature. Not only have the sources of the words for ‘prehistory’... more
Thirty years after Glyn Daniel's perceptive publication on the ‘idea of prehistory’ (Daniel 1962), the topic is enjoying a return engagement in the archaeological literature. Not only have the sources of the words for ‘prehistory’ been traced in various languages (Chippindale 1988; Clermont & Smith 1990). but a new nuance has been added to the word ‘idea’. In the new chapters added to the re-issue of Daniel’s book, Renfrew uses the phrase ‘idea of prehistory’ to mean ‘a picture of the past’ or a ‘reconstruction of the past’ (Daniel & Renfrew 1988: 198, 203). In other words, Renfrew has subtly shifted the meaning of ‘idea’ from the concept of a time of human existence before the advent of written history, as I perceive Daniel originally used it, to an interpretation of what went on in that time period.
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The modern countries of China, the two Koreas and Japan constitute East Asia. Korea and Japan share a protohistoric developmental trajectory that is dependent upon and considerably later than that of China. The Korean Peninsula has often... more
The modern countries of China, the two Koreas and Japan constitute East Asia. Korea and Japan share a protohistoric developmental trajectory that is dependent upon and considerably later than that of China. The Korean Peninsula has often been seen as a conduit for transferring the cultural advances and technological innovations of the Chinese mainland to the archipelagic rim of East Asia (Rhee et al . 2007), generating a communality of political philosophy, religion and administrative technology that characterised the early states in the region. In terms of the timing and sourcing of development, however, the peninsula and islands can be grouped together as a later-emerging Pen/Insular region against the earlier developing China Mainland. The first section examines issues of technological development, political status and the implications of written documents for investigating complex society in the East Asia periphery. Second, we look at the archaeological evidence for complex social development, and finally the challenge of explaining state formation in Pen/Insular East Asia will be taken up. Korea and Japan within Their East Asian Setting Technological transfers from China and Northeast Asia The Korean Peninsula and Japanese Islands were drawn into China’s sphere of influence from the late 2nd millennium bce (Fig 2.10.1). By this time, the first Bronze Age states had arisen in central China, though iron was not exploited until 800 bce . Between 2000 and 1000 bce the hunting-gathering-horticultural Chulmun and Jomon societies occupying the Pen/Insular region adopted millet farming and wet-rice agriculture emanating from China. Bronze technology, however, spread through the Korean Peninsula after 700 bce from the Scythian-influenced steppe region and melded with Chinese bronze traditions only after the introduction of iron from China c. 400 bce . Artifacts of these two metals were then introduced into the Japanese Islands together, following the adoption of rice agriculture also from the peninsula.
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... the first millennium of histori-cal society in Japan, the hills and mountains were exploited by specialists who had liminal status vis-à-vis ... 20.5 Plains Development and Paddy Field Landscapes By the time wet-rice technology was... more
... the first millennium of histori-cal society in Japan, the hills and mountains were exploited by specialists who had liminal status vis-à-vis ... 20.5 Plains Development and Paddy Field Landscapes By the time wet-rice technology was introduced to Japan, the coastal plains had been ...
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Joseph Ryan, as first author, has updated information about and finds of iron armor of the 3-6th centuries AD in Pen/Insular East Asia. I provided the context as second author.
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As the title suggests, this book is a historiography—an analytical history of historical writings. Its topic is a gold seal found on Shikanoshima (an island that is part of modern-day Fukuoka prefecture) in 1784. Author Joshua Fogel’s... more
As the title suggests, this book is a historiography—an analytical history of historical writings. Its topic is a gold seal found on Shikanoshima (an island that is part of modern-day Fukuoka prefecture) in 1784. Author Joshua Fogel’s playful invocation near the end of his introduction—“Let the games begin” (p. 11)—is an apt lead-in to his review of a prolonged scholarly contest that even today is not quite over. The first half of the game is a face-off between Neo-Confucianists and nativists. Philologists then perform at half time, and the game continues in the second half between scientists (given short shrift, actually) and scholars who denigrate science; the latter are characterized as nihilists and social constructivists (see pages 5–6). And the football? It’s an inch-square, half-inch-tall block of gold topped with a curled snake and inscribed with five Chinese characters on its base: 漢委奴国王, which are today generally understood to mean “[seal awarded to] the ruler of the state[let] of Na within Wa under the Han” (p. 20). The seal is transformed over the course of the game from secular relic, to text, to object. The gold seal was found intentionally buried under a large rock nestled between three smaller rocks—that is, a dolmen-like structure—at a site overlooking Hakata Bay in northern Kyushu, not far from where the Yayoi-period country (kuni) of Na was ostensibly located. The seal has been linked with a passage in the Hou han shu (the official history of the later Han dynasty) stating that in 57 c.e. Emperor Guangwu gave a gold seal and ribbon to an emissary from Na. From the time of its discovery in the late eighteenth century, the seal was heralded as a historic relic, but fifty years later it was decried as an ingenious forgery. And the debate continues. Fogel has translated many passages from the scholarly writings he discusses, and he included in appendices his own translations of three seminal essays that he describes as “paradigm-shifting” (p. 3) in how the gold seal has been treated and interpreted. Appendix A is philologist Miyake Yonekichi’s erudite and definitive interpretation of the discovery (published in 1892), while appendix B contains an essay describing the seal as a forgery (written by Matsuura Michisuke in 1836 but published by Miyake in 1898). Appendix C, by archaeologist Okazaki Takashi, presents a scientific argument for the authenticity of the seal and was published in 1968.
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A singular event in Japanese antiquity is the sudden appearance around the end of the third century C.E. of monumental keyhole-shaped tombs, differing sharply from elite burials of the preceding Yayoi period in both size and uniformity.... more
A singular event in Japanese antiquity is the sudden appearance around the end of the third century C.E. of monumental keyhole-shaped tombs, differing sharply from elite burials of the preceding Yayoi period in both size and uniformity. The 280-meterlong Hashihaka, located in the southeast Nara basin and considered the oldest of the colossal keyhole tombs, dwarfs the earlier Yayoi mounds, which never exceeded one hundred meters in length. And whereas the latter varied in outward form according to region, the standardized keyhole shape spanned the area from northern Kyushu to Kinai in the first stage of its appearance, then spread as far north as the Tôhoku region by the mid-fourth century. Recent reappraisals have moreover pushed the age of the earliest keyhole tombs back to the latter decades of the third century, tantalizingly close to the age of Himiko’s hegemony, intensifying interest over possible links between the two. State Formation in Japan, Gina Barnes’s latest contribution to the study of the Japanese past, focuses on the keyhole tombs’ appearance and spread as critical steps toward the fifth-century emergence of the Yamato state. Approaching this topic from a comprehensive array of perspectives, it begins with a historical sketch against the wider canvas of northeast Asia (“Yellow Sea Interaction Sphere”), tracing the development from the Yayoi period of exchange with polities of the Korean peninsula and northern China, as seen through the movement of prestige goods such as bronze mirrors and strategic commodities such as iron, and through Chinese historic records. Barnes analyzes interaction in this arena as a combination of “core/periphery relations” on the one hand, such as the tributary system through which the Chinese court appeased distant peoples by providing prestige goods and titles, and “peer polity interaction” on the other, involving competitive emulation and differentiation among transregional networks of peers, both within Japan and between Japan and the Korean peninsula. Within this multidimensional framework, Barnes traces the development of a Yayoi prestige-goods system in which western Japan, and particularly the northern Kyushu region, had greater access to bronze and iron sources through core/periphery and peerpolity relations than did the areas at the eastern end of the Inland Sea corridor, which were probably dependent on their western Japanese counterparts for the metal that filtered down to them. Prestige items like the bronze bells commonly found in the eastern region were not used for the promotion of individual or group status, but rather as part of fertility rites for the benefit of the community as a whole. By contrast, the prestige