Dominik Horodyski

Artykuł analizuje przepisy dotyczące trybu wykonania przez polski sąd orzeczenia probacyjnego wydanego w innym państwie członkowskim UE. Taka możliwość została wprowadzona do kodeksu karnego na podstawie ustawy z dnia 16 września 2011 r. o zmianie ustawy – Kodeks postępowania karnego, ustawy o prokuraturze oraz ustawy o Krajowym Rejestrze Karnym (Dz. U. z dnia 10 listopada 2011 r.), która dokonywała wdrożenia m. in. Decyzji Ramowej Rady 2008/947/WSiSW z dnia 27 listopada 2008 r. o stosowaniu zasady wzajemnego uznawania do wyroków i decyzji w sprawie zawieszenia lub warunkowego zwolnienia w celu nadzorowania przestrzegania warunków zawieszenia i obowiązków wynikających z kar alternatywnych (Dz. Urz. UE L 337 z 16.12.2008, str. 102). Celem artykułu jest analiza przepisów polskiego kodeksu karnego w perspektywie przepisów unijnych a w rezultacie odpowiedź na pytanie o zgodność polskiej regulacji z prawem Unii Europejskiej.

This paper presents the Code of Conduct for arbitrators in CETA, which will apply to investor-state dispute settlement initiated under Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement concluded between the European Union and Canada. The Code of Conduct for arbitrators constitutes an innovation in investment treaties, especially taking into account that it is said to be binding. Therefore, in this article the provisions of the Code as well as its role and significance will be examined to assess whether the Code is a milestone in dealing with ethical issues in investment arbitration.

Przedmiot badan: Przedmiotem badania jest zaleznośc bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (BIZ) i sytuacji makroekonomicznej w gospodarkach w okresie transformacji oraz ocena znacze­nia zawieranych przez te kraje umow o popieraniu i wzajemnej ochronie inwestycji (ang. Bila­teral Investment Treaties – BIT) dla naplywu bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych. Badania są prowadzone w czterech krajach na Balkanach Zachodnich: Bośni i Hercegowinie, Chorwacji, Macedonii Polnocnej i Serbii w latach 2001–2019. Cel badawczy: Celem artykulu jest ocena zalezności bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (BIZ) i sytuacji makroekonomicznej w gospodarkach w okresie transformacji oraz ocena zna­czenia zawieranych przez te kraje umow o popieraniu i wzajemnej ochronie inwestycji (ang. Bilateral Investment Treaties – BIT) dla naplywu bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych. Bada­nia wypelniają luke w wiedzy na temat zarowno znaczenia BIT dla BIZ, jak i znaczenia BIZ dla sytuacji makroekonomicznej.1 Meto...

This article deals with the problem of third party funding in international commercial and investment arbitration. It analyses the basic concept of third party funding, identifies the main areas of challenge as well as presents recent changes and innovations associated with this concept. The article concentrates on transparency and disclosure requirements, which is, according to us, the major issue that influences further development and use of funding arrangements. The conducted analysis and case study drive us to the conclusion that third party funding is “here to stay” in international arbitration and will progress to the benefit of the arbitral community, but upon a condition of regulated, imposed and observed principle of disclosure.

Udział amicus curiae, czyli podmiotów niebędących stronami postępowania w międzynarodowym arbitrażu
inwestycyjnym, pomimo kontrowersji, wydaje się obecnie ugruntowany. Z uwagi na istotne problemy związane
z tą instytucją, doktryna międzynarodowego prawa inwestycyjnego poświęciła wiele miejsca przede wszystkim
na uzasadnienie występowania amicus curiae w postępowaniu arbitrażowym w świetle wzmocnienia transparentności
tego postępowania, procedurę związaną z możliwością przyjęcia stanowiska przez trybunał arbitrażowy czy
też przesłanki, którymi trybunał kieruje się przy decydowaniu o dopuszczeniu amicus curiae do postępowania.
Stosunkowo niewiele uwagi poświęcono jednak analizie konsekwencji udziału osoby trzeciej w postępowaniu oraz
faktycznemu wpływowi stanowiska osoby trzeciej na ostateczny wyrok trybunału arbitrażowego oraz na zagrożenia,
szczególnie w postaci wzrostu kosztów postępowania, związane z udziałem osoby trzeciej. Celem artykułu
jest przedstawienie amicus curiae jako instytucji występującej w różnych systemach prawnych, a zatem ważnej
systemowo, lecz, równocześnie, instytucji, której doniosłość praktyczna, przejawiająca się w postaci wpływu osób
trzecich na rozstrzygnięcie sporu, nie jest znaczna w porównaniu do obciążenia spowodowanego generowanymi
kosztami dla stron postępowania.

The role of amicus curiae in investment arbitration
This article deals with the issue of third party participation
(amicus curiae) in treaty-based investor-state dispute settlement
(ISDS). The objective of the article is to conduct a multilevel
analysis of the role of amicus curiae in the arbitration
proceedings on the basis of awards of arbitral tribunals, which
should enable an assessment of the impact of amici curiae’s
submissions on the fi nal arbitral awards. In addition, the article
deals with the perceived benefi ts and drawbacks of third party
participation, as well as tries to formulate practical instructions
for entities potentially interested in taking part in investment
arbitration proceedings as an amicus curiae.

The reviewed Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) of 22 April 2015, C – 357/13, decides that a partnership
limited by shares under Polish law must be regarded as a capital company within the meaning of the provisions of the Council Directive
2008/7/EC of 12 February 2008 concerning indirect taxes on the raising of capital even if only some of its capital and members are
able to satisfy the conditions laid down by that provision. Therefore it resolves the legal and tax issue which has divided the practice
of ruling of administrative courts. The Judgment decides in favor of taxpayers because it confirms that activities undertaken by Polish
partnerships limited by shares enjoy tax exemption on the same basis as capital companies.

The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the concept of transparency in investment arbitration recognized by the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration and Mauritius Convention on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration in the perspective of democratic principles of public participation, legitimacy and accountability. The paper holds that transparency of investment arbitration endorsed by these documents constitutes a next step in the process of democratizing investment arbitration, contributes to the increase of democratic principles and cures the alleged democratic deficit of investor – State arbitration.

The basic aim of this paper is to present two disparate legal institutions: the right to personal data protection and the right to access to public information, their mutual influence and the presumed directions of their development. The literature indicates a conflict between those legally protected values, which takes place when the right of an individual to protect his or her personal information and every person’s freedom to collect and process information collide. With a view to the above, in the present reflections the following will be proven: 1) the right to personal data protection is one of the elements determining the maximum scope of the application of the right to access public information, 2) the right to access public information may, in justified circumstances, restrict the application of the right to personal data protection.

This paper aims at presenting the evolution of European Union Law in the domain of personal data protection. It has been generally acknowledged that the EU law demanded updating as to protection of individuals’ privacy since it has been shaped mainly by a relatively old instrument - EU Data Protection Directive dated 1995. However, many authors suggest that the process of adjusting EU law to modern privacy framework follows a path of natural evolution, it appears that the form of a regulation can bring serious revolution to member states’ national legislations, which differ to a great extent as to protection of privacy. This paper claims that the EU personal data protection law may be seen both as an evolution when it comes to gradual change of substantive provisions and a revolution as to the form of universally binding instrument that will replace and unify national regulations.

La Commission de Surveillance Financière (CSF) est un organe de l'administration publique, qui supervise les marchés financiers, y compris le marché des capitaux en Pologne. La Commission en tant qu'organe administratif dispose d'une gamme large de pouvoir d'appréciation, de sorte qu’elle peut affecter les mécanismes de marché, en tant que garder leur bon déroulement. Le but de cet article est de présenter la portée, les moyens et les mécanismes de l'utilisation des pouvoirs discrétionnaires de la Commission de Surveillance Financière en vertu de la loi du 29 Juillet 2005 sur la surveillance du marché des capitaux  et la loi du 21 Juillet 2006 sur la surveillance des marchés financiers.

Polish legal system related to the use of punitive sanctions when analyzed from a horizontal perspective can be divided into two specific sections – criminal sanctions and administrative sanctions. The main aim of the presented thesis concerns the use of system of administrative sanctions in protection of safety. Through the ages the problem concerning distinction between criminal and administrative sanctions made significant difficulties: - What is the criterion of distinction in division between criminal and administrative sanctions? - Why each deviant behavior should be punished with criminal or administrative sanctions? The process is even more complicated, because one the one hand administrative procedure does not guarantee constitutional principles related to criminal sanctions like for example: principle of proportionality, presumption of innocent, principle nullum crime sine lege etc., but on the other hand the procedure of applying such administrative sanctions is cheaper and more effective than this related criminal sanctions. In order to present above mentioned legal problems, we will indicate particular examples of such administrative sanctions in the area of protection of security and legal problems contented with such method of establishing and protecting legal values.

The aim of this article is to present the scope of powers and obligations of the entrepreneur while concluding the contract of sale with consumer in regard of protection of personal data. The issue will be analyzed in view of relevant provisions of the Polish act of 29 August 1997 on Personal Data Protection (further PDP Act).  Not only is this problem actual, considering the amount of information the consumer transfers while concluding various daily agreements, but most of all this matter lacks strict and clear interpretation which leads to misunderstanding focusing at what the entrepreneur’s obligations are and to what extent he can process the personal date of consumers.

In 1980, concerned about the increasingly powerful data processing and sharing capability available to both public and private entities, the OECD issued a formal recommendation for the protection of privacy in transborder data flows. The OECD Privacy Guidelines aimed both to protect and promote the free flow of information. To achieve these goals, the OECD Guidelines set out eight principles for member countries that subsequently became the basis for national laws around the world. After more than 30 years it became pertinent to revise and rethink the original Guidelines by including solutions to immense change consisting in i. a. vast increase in online interactions and information sharing, relatively cheap data storage, outstanding facility of collecting and analyzing personal data.
This paper firstly analysis the original OECD Guidelines from 1980, than, it reviews the new 2013 OECD Guidelines by presenting the changes to the essential principles for the protection of individuals’ privacy in the 21st century, then, it will try to ascertain them in context of setting up an effective data protection system that will be capable of responding to new perils related to the age of “Big Data”. According to the paper, the 2013 OECD Guidelines constitute a reliable and effective soft law instrument to promote and protect in efficient fashion the personal data of individuals.

The aim of this paper is to present the limitations of the right to privacy resulting from the right of access to information. This paper presents the characteristics of the right to privacy, with particular emphasis on the sources of these rights and methods of their protection. Administrative-legal regulations (law on personal data protection), legal-civil regulations (tort liability), and criminal law regulations are indicated as the systems of protection of the right to privacy.
The next part of the study discusses specific examples of overlap between these rights and resulting situations where the right to privacy is restricted by the right to information. First, the paper explains the restrictions on the right to information resulting from the protection of personal data. Secondly, it discusses the restrictions resulting from the freedom of expression and, at the end, the restrictions resulting from the criminal law and the protection of the accused.
The summary presents an attempt to answer the question about the mutual relation between both rights and their future hierarchy.

Artykuł analizuje przepisy dotyczące trybu wykonania przez polski sąd orzeczenia probacyjnego wydanego w innym państwie członkowskim UE. Taka możliwość została wprowadzona do kodeksu karnego na podstawie ustawy z dnia 16 września 2011 r. o zmianie ustawy – Kodeks postępowania karnego, ustawy o prokuraturze oraz ustawy o Krajowym Rejestrze Karnym (Dz. U. z dnia 10 listopada 2011 r.), która dokonywała wdrożenia m. in. Decyzji Ramowej Rady 2008/947/WSiSW z dnia 27 listopada 2008 r. o stosowaniu zasady wzajemnego uznawania do wyroków i decyzji w sprawie zawieszenia lub warunkowego zwolnienia w celu nadzorowania przestrzegania warunków zawieszenia i obowiązków wynikających z kar alternatywnych (Dz. Urz. UE L 337 z 16.12.2008, str. 102).
Celem artykułu jest analiza przepisów polskiego kodeksu karnego w perspektywie przepisów unijnych a w rezultacie odpowiedź na pytanie o zgodność polskiej regulacji z prawem Unii Europejskiej.

This paper analyzes the Code of Conduct for arbitrators in CETA, which will apply to investor – state dispute settlement initiated under Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement concluded between European Union and Canada. The Code of Conduct for arbitrators constitutes an innovation in investment treaties, especially taking into account that it is said to be biding. Therefore, in this article the provisions of the Code as well as its role and significance will be examined to assess whether the Code is a milestone in dealing with ethical issues in investment arbitration.