Georg Gartner

This book gives a general view of research-driven activities related to the location and map-based services. Such activities emerged in the last years especially concerning issues of positioning, spatial modelling, cartographic communication as well as in the fields of ...

... Soundslike“ the potential of the acoustic channel for the communciation of spatial information, while Robert Edsall (USA) a ... and art” were given, including presentations of Sabine Müller-Funk (Österreich), Waltraud Palme (Österreich), Christian Spanring (Österreich), Evamaria ...

ABSTRACT Open Geo Government Data (editorial for issue 3/2014 publishing papers from conference mentioned below) Daten der öffentlichen Verwaltung bilden heute eine wesentliche Basis für zahlreiche Entwicklungsaktivitäten, Analysen und Informationsangebote. Mit Open Government Data (OGD) konnte sich in den vergangenen Jahren ein Prinzip etablieren, welches die Freigabe von Daten aus der Verwaltung für die Öffentlichkeit fordert und fördert, einerseits um Transparenz gegenüber den BürgerInnen herzustellen und andererseits um Mehrwert für Gesellschaft wie auch Wirtschaft durch eine Weiterverwendung dieser Daten zu schaffen. Dieses Prinzip wurde zunächst im anglo-amerikanischen Sprachraum mit seiner Tradition der ‚public domain data‘ nicht nur zu einer Forderung von Bürgern, sondern zunehmend auch von der Politik aufgegriffen. Dabei steht vor allem die Forderung im Mittelpunkt Datenbestände, die von der öffentlichen Verwaltung im Interesse der Allgemeinheit und unter Aufwendung von öffentlichen Geldern erhoben werden, kostenlos und in einem offenen, maschinenlesbaren Format zur beliebigen digitalen Weiterverwendung zur Verfügung zu stellen, sofern dadurch nicht Privatinteressen oder die öffentliche Sicherheit berührt werden. Diese offene Bereitstellung von Daten aus der Verwaltung zielt darauf ab, die „strukturellen Trennlinien zwischen den Teilsystemen Öffentlichkeit, Politik und Verwaltung durchlässiger zu machen“. Dadurch sollen gesellschaftspolitische Aspekte wie Partizipation, Transparenz und BürgerInnenbeteiligung gefördert sowie wirtschaftliche Potentiale nutzbar gemacht werden. Die Grundprinzipien von OGD fanden in den vergangenen Jahren international in zahlreichen gesetzlichen Bestimmungen, Richtlinien, Programmen und Initiativen auf der Ebene von Regierung und Verwaltung ihren Niederschlag. Speziell im angloamerikanischen Raum werden die Aktivitäten zur Öffnung der Datenbestände der öffentlichen Verwaltung sehr offensiv betrieben (datacatalogs.org). Auch in der Europäischen Union wurden in der jüngeren Vergangenheit zahlreiche Aktivitäten gesetzt. Allerdings sind die Ansätze, Angebote und Fortschritte innerhalb der Mitgliedsstaaten bis dato noch sehr uneinheitlich mit eher zufällig wirkender Zusammensetzung konkreter Angebote (http://open-data.europa.eu). In Österreich wurde im Juli 2011 die Cooperation Open Government Data Österreich durch das Bundeskanzleramt und die Städte Wien, Linz, Salzburg und Graz gegründet, welche sich unter Miteinbeziehung maßgeblicher weiterer Gebietskörperschaften, Ministerien, Wissenschaftsvertreter und Wirtschaftsvertreter die Schaffung von Rahmenbedingungen für eine Öffnung der Datenbestände der öffentlichen Verwaltung zum Ziel gesetzt hat. Ein Ergebnis dieser Aktivitäten ist die Etablierung des OGD-Portals data.gv.at, welches einen Katalog gemäß den OGD-Prinzipien und unter Creative-Commons Lizenz veröffentlichten Datensätze bietet. Zahlreiche organisatorische, rechtliche und technische Aspekte im Zusammenhang mit OGD sind unter Diskussion und benötigen eine differenzierte Betrachtung. So sind Fragen der rechtlichen Grundlagen für Datenfreigaben, Lizenz- und Vergebührungsmodelle, überinstitutionelle Synchronisation der Dateninfrastrukturen oder generell die Schaffung stabiler Strukturen für den nachhaltigen Betrieb eines Datenanbieters aus der öffentlichen Verwaltung zu beantworten. Die Länder-Kooperationsinitiative geoland.at nimmt dabei eine wichtige Koordinationsrolle ein und ermöglicht den wichtigen Abgleich der rasch zunehmenden Angebote auf Länderebene. Die ersten Beispiele der Entstehung neuer Werte- und Wissensketten auf der Basis von OGD sind vielversprechend und eröffnen interessante Perspektiven auf die Dynamik der Entwicklung neuer Dienste und Leistungen Dritter. Wichtig wird es sein, deren Nachhaltigkeit zu gewährleisten – gerade im Kontext der zunehmenden Bedeutung von Geoinformation als universelle Infrastruktur, von ‚Geodateninfrastrukturen‘, wird die Rolle, Position und Leistungsfähigkeit von ‚Open Geo Government Data‘ zu demonstrieren und zu bestätigen sein. Nachdem ein dominanter Anteil der Daten aus dem Bereich OGD einen "Geo"-Bezug aufweist und die Bedeutung der genannten Fragen und Aspekte eine differenzierte Betrachtung verdient hat die Kommission GIScience der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften beschlossen, eine Veranstaltung zu diesem Themenkreis durchzuführen. Ziel der Veranstaltung und des nun vorliegenden Heftes der VGI mit ausgewählten Beiträgen ist es, Potentiale von und für OGD im "Geo"-Bereich zu identifizieren, zur Bewusstseinsbildung für den Nutzen von OGD unter den "Stakeholdern" in diesem Bereich beizutragen, die Identifikation eventueller Einflussfaktoren für die Realisierung der Potentiale von OGD zu diskutieren und generell zum Themenkreis "Open Data" beizutragen, der aktuell zu einem zentralen Thema im öffentlichen wie auch privatwirtschaftlichen Sektor, ebenso wie in der…

Mobile tools for wayfinding combined with Location Based Services (LBS) can provide pedestrians with practical information concerning optimal routes and useful facilities in their vicinity. However, what is considered as “optimal” and “useful” largely varies between different kinds of individuals. Inappropriate information may hinder effective information extraction for a person seeking specific navigational and environmental information. A successful mobile spatial information service should therefore be based on a profound understanding of pedestrian spatio-temporal behaviour. We provide an “across-method” triangulation approach for studying human spatial behaviour based on a combination of localisation and tracking techniques (GPS, Bluetooth, unobtrusive observation) as well as inquiries concerning intentions, lifestyle attributes and socio-demographic characteristics. From the quantitative and qualitative data sets, we determine and extract discriminative features for different ...

The term 'GeoMultimedia' conjures up a number of exploration and realisation tools that can be applied to the visualization of the Earth and the built environment. Cartography has developed geo(visualization) tools apace with the development of general multimedia software and hardware and the cartographic profession now embraces interactive multimedia as a key component of what this geo-scientific community offers to planning professionals and the general public. It is argued that Multimedia Cartography, a 'new' method of access to and representation of geospatial information, is different to what could be described as the 'traditional' cartographic methods and therefore a 'fledgling' cartographic genre that demands investigations regarding how it might be used for the exploration of geospatial information and the exploitation of the myriads of geospatial databases now available and being generated. This paper will specify what is unique about multime...

Until today maps have proven to be a very efficient presentation form when communicating route information to people. Yet many different types of maps, with different styles and different extent, are used without any evidence about their auxiliary qualities in wayfinding. Traditional city maps contain a lot of detail and could therefore overload the user with information. Possibly the user gets distracted and is hindered in his wayfinding task. Schematic maps, on the other hand, usually lack information that could help a pedestrian to find his way. Presumingly the most helpful information source for pure navigation purposes is a cross of a topographic and a schematic map. This submission describes current efforts at the Technical University of Vienna to prove the effectiveness of certain levels of map abstraction for route communication in pedestrian navigation systems.

1 ABSTRACT In this description of a work in progress the general assumption is followed, that the perception and conception of space is individual and influenced by emotions. Based on an exisiting project on using emotional responses to space for enhancing navigation systems for pedestrians the conceptional work in progress is presented, to use cartographic tools for migrants and locals to exchange their perception of their neighbourhood and environment. The overall hypothesis is accordindly, that integration processes need communication and cartographic communication processes might be useful in this context. 2 EMOTIONAL WAYFINDING Emotional response to space can be characterized by its emotional significance for an individual, wheras a physical connection to the environment does not exist. The individual moulding of an objectsémotional significance can be further classified to direct-, indirect-and collaborative response according to the form and status of physiological developmen...

The technology of Airborne Laserscanning data is becoming increasingly interesting for the production of orienteering maps. This is based on the fact that Laserscanning data are available more easily and to lower costs and also that the quality of these data is permanently increasing. They are used to derive very precise contour lines and path networks. But Laserscanning data have an advanced potential for derving other elements of orienteering maps as well that should be the objective for further research, which will be discussed in this article, adding to former research on this topic (cp. Gartner et al, 2007; Ditz et al, 2005).

One of the major issues in the development of mobile pedestrian navigation services concerns the poor understanding of pedestrian spatio- temporal behaviour. Findings reveal that human route choice behaviour relies on a huge variety of influence factors. Therefore, common concepts like those used in car navigation systems will not conform to the requirements of pedestrians, as people on foot do

This submission describes current efforts at the Technical University of Vienna to prove the effectiveness of certain levels of map abstraction for route communication in pedestrian navigation systems. The project NAVIO (Pedestrian Navigation in Indoor- and Outdoor environments) aims on the user friendliness of Location Based Services (LBS) in order to increase the acceptance of such systems. Therefore possibilities on

In this chapter map-based location based services (LBS) are analyzed by describing the basic elements (positioning, information modelling and presentation, the user and questions of adapta- tion), the state of the art of current systems and the main fields of research. Selected results of experi- ences in terms of fundamental research (potential of cartographic presentations forms), in positioning (active landmarks),

In this paper the infl uence of the display size on the acquisition of spatial knowledge is investigated. The acquisition of spatial knowledge based on presentation forms with different display sizes has been analysed in an empirical test for pedestrian navigation. This contribution describes and interprets the test and results and gives an outlook on the overall importance for future application developments in the context of LBS, as mobile systems typically use small displays and the overall concern exists, that these displays can not communicate any useful spatial information in typical map form to pedestrians.

... Developing a Pedestrian Typology for Personalised Mobile Information Systems 87 ... walk at comparatively high speed (approximately 1.04 m/s), but still stop almost as frequently as people belonging to ... The average age lies by 30-35 years, no subject appears to be older than 60 ...

... Additionally geovisualization advantages concern the ability to render time-and space-changes in real ... ACM GIS), Seattle, WA Jiang B, Huang B, Vasek V (2003) Geovisualisation for Planning ... Rizos C (2007) A critical evaluation of location based services and their potential, in ...

This paper reports on a study analyzing verbal descriptions of route choices collected in the context of two in situ experiments in the cities of Salzburg and Vienna. In the study 7151 propositions from 20 participants describing route choices along four routes directly at decision points (100 decision points in total) are classified and compared to existing studies. Direction and

Recent years have witnessed rapid advances in online map-based mashups with Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and web services. Map-based mashups often display different kinds of information (eg, POIs, represented as icons) on base maps, such as Google Maps and Bing Maps. The visualization of large number of icons in a map on web browsers or mobile devices often results in the icon cluttering problem with icons touching and overlapping each other. This problem decreases map legibility, and thus prevents ...

This book is based on a series of symposiums on Location Based Services and Telecartography that have been held since 2002 at the Vienna University of Technology. The meetings themselves were a response to technological developments in miniaturizing devices for ...

The rapid development of the mobile internet enforces the emergence of location based services. Beside car navigation systems, which are standard equipment to many drivers all over the world today, guiding systems for pedestrians gain more and more importance. While drivers are dependent on tight directions, pedestrians can be provided with more detailed information. Many different possibilities are imaginable in

This book is based on a series of symposia on Location Based Services and Telecartography that have been held since 2002 at the Vienna University of Technology, the Polytechnical University HongKong and Salzburg Research. The meetings themselves were a response to ...

... tion of geospatial database contents and analysis, which simulates full GIS functionality via the ... It becomes easy to generate virtual 3D environments and therefore invoke in-tuitive ... complex structures need further investigation, as the UNESCO convention for intangible cul-tural ...

This chapter aims to analyze elements and the effects of cartographic communication processes in the context of mobile Internet applications. TeleCartography and map-based location based services (LBS) are analyzed by describing their basic elements (positioning, information modeling and presentation, the user and questions of adaptation), the state of the art of current systems and the main areas of research, especially

Periodically throughout history, advances in technology have affected cartography. Some current forces for change in cartography are interactivity, multimedia, computer-animation and the Internet. Cartographers complain of a missing quality in the maps associated with this new technology. This paper examines the meaning of quality in cartography. It is argued that only when terms such as quality are understood in a larger, external context can the goal of map-making- making better maps - be pursued. This includes esthetical and cognitive aspects as well as aspects of communication, GIS and geographic visualization.