- Yona Lopes received her M.Sc. degree in Telecommunication Engineering and her D.Sc. degree in Computer Science from F... moreYona Lopes received her M.Sc. degree in Telecommunication Engineering and her D.Sc. degree in Computer Science from Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil, in 2019 and 2013, respectively.edit
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Smart grids depend on a solid foundation of communications. Although standards like IEC 61850 proposes interoperability, autoconfiguration, and autonomous control solutions for the communication network, there are still open problems on... more
Smart grids depend on a solid foundation of communications. Although standards like IEC 61850 proposes interoperability, autoconfiguration, and autonomous control solutions for the communication network, there are still open problems on how to efficiently forward high priority sensitive data. This work proposes a complete architecture for autonomic management and control of communication networks for substations based on IEC 61850. The proposed solution, called SMARTFlow, uses OpenFlow in order to achieve granularity and flexibility in the treatment of data flows. SMARTFlow proactively calculates Layer 2 multicast trees to forward the high priorities GOOSE and Sampled Values messages and reconfigures all flow entries in case of network failures. Also, the proposed system monitors the network and defines the configuration of client-server flows on-demand. The proposal was implemented and tested using Mininet and showed a total load up to 44 % lower than the load using typical switches.
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The use of IEC 61850 standard is strongly based in ethernet networks. In addition to provide a series of technical standardization the standard allows data integration among different bays protection devices in the same substation. As a... more
The use of IEC 61850 standard is strongly based in ethernet networks. In addition to provide a series of technical standardization the standard allows data integration among different bays protection devices in the same substation. As a result, a significant cost reduction of eletrical substations projects is observed. After the publication of Technical Report 90-1, this communication has been expanded to bays from different substations, allowing for more efficient and safer protection solutions. This article approaches the communication among substations based on IEC 61850-GOOSE via tunneling method with synchronous optical networks. In addition, it presents a study case involving the implementation of a project at Braskem company. The delay found in communicating using GOOSE messages between different substations relays was 4,14ms (95% confidence interval). It shows the use of synchronous optical network attended the teleprotection applications requirements.
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Research Interests: Smart Grid, Substation automation, Iec, Smart Grid Operation, Smart Grid Communications, and 8 moreMicrogrids and Smart Grids, Smart Grids In Power Sector, Distribution and Substation Automation, Distributed Power Systems Smart Grids, network for the smart grid, Smart Grid Substations, Smart grid Migration, and Supervisão e Controle
As redes inteligentes surgem como uma evolucao do sistema de energia que incorpora redes de telecomunicacoes a redes eletricas. Como consequencia, torna-se possivel realizar monitoramento em tempo real, deteccao e recuperacao de falhas... more
As redes inteligentes surgem como uma evolucao do sistema de energia que incorpora redes de telecomunicacoes a redes eletricas. Como consequencia, torna-se possivel realizar monitoramento em tempo real, deteccao e recuperacao de falhas rapidas e integracao de fontes renovaveis de forma mais facil na rede eletrica. Os programas de gerenciamento do lado da demanda apresentam solucoes para ajustar o consumo do usuario a geracao. Este trabalho introduz um sistema de gestao do lado da demanda chamado Defleger-Eco projetado para usuarios residenciais. A Defleger-Eco oferece uma gestao eficiente pelo lado da demanda, considerando os parâmetros de conforto definidos pelo usuario com o objetivo de reduzir a “conta energia eletrica” ao usar uma tarifa variavel. Simulamos nossa proposta em quatro cenarios diferentes, apresentando as vantagens do mecanismo para consumidores e distribuidoras de energia, considerando a proposta da tarifa branca como estudo de caso. Smart grids arises as a power s...
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In smart grids, the broad use of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in distribution networks introduces the need for protective relaying schemes similar to those used in high-voltage networks. The introduction of intermittent DERs, as... more
In smart grids, the broad use of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in distribution networks introduces the need for protective relaying schemes similar to those used in high-voltage networks. The introduction of intermittent DERs, as solar panels, also requires more autonomic and dynamic SCADA networks. Hence, power systems experience an increased demand for resilience in the distribution communication network. However, resilience methods currently in use still cannot meet those protection requirements. This work proposes ARES, a framework for autonomic and resilient communication for smart grids. ARES provides resilient, robust, and flexible communication for smart grids with Software Defined Network (SDN). Our proposal also provides autonomic services for SCADA that can improve smart grid application performance and efficiency. ARES fault resilience module is implemented and tested using Mininet 2.2.1 and RYU controller and presents maximum recovery time of 610 microseconds, whi...
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The IEC 61850 standard provides services, protocols, and a language to ease modeling and communication of IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices) and supervision devices in power system automation. However, functional and vulnerability... more
The IEC 61850 standard provides services, protocols, and a language to ease modeling and communication of IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices) and supervision devices in power system automation. However, functional and vulnerability testing in IEC 61850 substations can become a non-trivial and expensive task. The event-based behavior of the GOOSE protocol hampers performance tests on IEC 61850 networks. Also, the processing cycle of IEDs itself limits communication speed by tying the sending rate to its cycle. The obstacles found in changing the values of attributes in real IEDs are also a limitation while performing vulnerability tests. This paper proposes a packet generator that allows users to create and send packets according to GOOSE, SV and MMS protocols using a graphical interface. This sets our proposal apart from other tools discussed in this paper, by providing a user-friendly interface that focuses specifically on generating packets for each IEC 61850 protocol to make it...
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Supervisory and control systems should provide reliable and autonomic functionalities for real-time communication. The new generation of communication-based energy applications relies on networks to exchange messages between devices in... more
Supervisory and control systems should provide reliable and autonomic functionalities for real-time communication. The new generation of communication-based energy applications relies on networks to exchange messages between devices in the substation. Therefore, the underlying communication network must satisfy strict temporal constraints imposed by these complex electrical power systems. In this work, we present a practical description of THANOS: an SDN-based application built on top of ONOS that facilitates discovery, communication configuration, and monitoring of intelligent devices in IEC 61850 compliant substations. THANOS enables automatic configuration of IEC 61850 protocols with failure recovery support. THANOS also supports multiple backup instances to improve control resiliency. We first present an overview of THANOS architecture. Then, we highlight the challenges and lessons learned during the development of THANOS. Finally, we present experiments that evaluate THANOS’ fu...
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With the protection devices, evolution towards the digital microprocessor technology comes new challenges and opportunities. It may be easier today, for example, to create and keep a protection devices asset lists. This paper presents a... more
With the protection devices, evolution towards the digital microprocessor technology comes new challenges and opportunities. It may be easier today, for example, to create and keep a protection devices asset lists. This paper presents a software tool for scanning and analysis over 61850 networks and by this way, create an asset report for the protection devices within an electrical substation and, with the scan results, it offers a list of IEC 61850 enabled devices and a list of available functions protection for each IED.
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The use of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) in electrical substations has brought a great improvement in terms of speed, costs, maintenance, and reliability. In this context, the use of IEC 61850 standard appears as one of the main... more
The use of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) in electrical substations has brought a great improvement in terms of speed, costs, maintenance, and reliability. In this context, the use of IEC 61850 standard appears as one of the main recommendations for substation automation in smart grids that digitally perform the electrical network control and protection. Nevertheless, this improvement may be prone to a number of security issues. Therefore, security threats in substation networks must be detected in order to improve cyber security solutions. GEESE is a command-line packet generator software following the IEC 61850 standard. In this work, we propose GEESE 2.0, an extension to GEESE that provides a graphical user interface that easily allows substation cyber security threat evaluation. Moreover, GEESE 2.0 can sniff, capture, modify and send GOOSE packets on the network, so that it can create different attacks in order to evaluate the substation security. We have locally deployed...
Nowadays, several smart grid solutions have been proposed to improve electrical power systems. These solutions are based on a stronger, faster and more reliable network communication. Analyzing communication requirements is one of the... more
Nowadays, several smart grid solutions have been proposed to improve electrical power systems. These solutions are based on a stronger, faster and more reliable network communication. Analyzing communication requirements is one of the first step in deploying a smart grid solutions, such as new applications and systems. However, this is normally not taken into account as electrical power systems and communication networks are treated as two separate fields. This paper therefore relates smart grid communication requirements and the need to make the deployment possible. The most used SCADA protocols, such as MMS and DNP3, are discussed. The most important points are highlighted aimed at providing resources to a smarter choice for smart grid communication.
New solutions based on SDN has been proposed for substations. SDN has represented a significant gain in network configuration and dynamic management. Despite the advantages of using SDN technology, security mechanisms to prevent... more
New solutions based on SDN has been proposed for substations. SDN has represented a significant gain in network configuration and dynamic management. Despite the advantages of using SDN technology, security mechanisms to prevent substation attacks are needed. In order to avoid Denial-of- service attacks, this work proposes an IED authentication mechanism. The proposal was implemented with Mininet and RYU controller. Results indicate the effectiveness of the mechanism and also it shows the need for security implementation in substations.
The advent of smart grid promotes the upgrade of substation automation technology, adding processing and communication capabilities to control and protection devices. Thereby, research on substation data communication networks is... more
The advent of smart grid promotes the upgrade of substation automation technology, adding processing and communication capabilities to control and protection devices. Thereby, research on substation data communication networks is pressured to find new, efficient, and reliable ways to support such scenario. In particular, the IEC 61850 standard defines stringent temporal requirements for the power systems communication comprising teleprotection schemes. Given that the power grid is a critical infrastructure, availability is also a strong requirement. In that context, Software-Defined Network (SDN) may provide powerful tools to fulfill those requirements at acceptable costs. In this paper, we survey and compare several available SDN controllers and their applicability to the teleprotection scenario.
Differential protection presents a great sensibility when it comes to isolating equipment under fault conditions. With the arrival of IEC 61850 standard, the use o nonconventional instrument transformers, and the need for a communication... more
Differential protection presents a great sensibility when it comes to isolating equipment under fault conditions. With the arrival of IEC 61850 standard, the use o nonconventional instrument transformers, and the need for a communication network to perform the exchange of messages inside and in between substations, a new horizon has been presented to protection engineers with new opportunities emerging. This paper proposes the o use o Sampled Value messages – IEC 61850 standard – to use it on differential protection for transmission lines. A feasibility study for the use of differential protection is carried out on two 500 kV transmission lines belonging to the company TAESA, through the Aspen Oneliner software. The communication network to support the proposal has also been evaluated with switches utilized in substations. The results indicate that the solution is feasible; however, the communication network’s simplicity is essential to achieve a balance between speed and resilience...
The insertion of the Distributed Generation (DG) in the electrical system has increased every day. However, it is observed that the penetration of DGs, besides advantages, brings some problems for the system. An undesired protection... more
The insertion of the Distributed Generation (DG) in the electrical system has increased every day. However, it is observed that the penetration of DGs, besides advantages, brings some problems for the system. An undesired protection operation may occur in the presence of DGs due to unbalanced loads during a reverse fault. This problem is known as sympathetic tripping and can cause several problems in a power grid, such as accidental disconnection of loads, companies and undue shutdowns. As a result, the financial aspects and quality of distributed power in the grid are damaged. This work proposes a solution for sympathetic tripping in distribution networks with Photovoltaic DGs based on the concepts and techniques present in the IEC 61850 standard. For this purpose, Sampled Values (SV) messages are used, with the aid of Merging Units, and Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messages. The proposal was evaluated using a pilot project implemented in a CTEEP substation.
This paper presents main communication requirements on teleprotection implementation and a study comparing different communication media used in these systems, based on state of art. After the requirements survey, it was identified the... more
This paper presents main communication requirements on teleprotection implementation and a study comparing different communication media used in these systems, based on state of art. After the requirements survey, it was identified the need to evaluate the media latency over teleprotection time restrictions, specially when network traffic competes with other services as video and voice streaming, or supervisory and control systems. This study also compares traditional teleprotection scenario with new communication networking scenario. The signals propagation achieved times were higher over the network media than the scenario with copper pilot wire cable as evaluated. There’s a gradual impact on the teleprotection signals latency when the concurrent network traffic increases.
A escolha de um ambiente de experimentacao para Redes Definidas por Software (Software Defined Networking - SDN) adequado ao tipo de experimento e um desafio frequente para pesquisadores devidoa gama de possibilidades existentes,... more
A escolha de um ambiente de experimentacao para Redes Definidas por Software (Software Defined Networking - SDN) adequado ao tipo de experimento e um desafio frequente para pesquisadores devidoa gama de possibilidades existentes, peculiaridades de cada ambiente e orcamento restrito para compra de equipamentos. O objetivo deste estudo e analisar os diferentes ambientes de experimentacao sob a otica das solucoes existente de switch OpenFlow, considerando questoes como desempenho e custos. Varios parâmetros de desempenho foram avaliados em ambientes com configuracoes semelhantes de rede, mas implementacoes do switch OpenFlow, controlador e clientes diversas. A proposta do artigo nao e afirmar qual a melhor solucao, mas sim prover insumos para a escolha do ambiente que melhor se adapteas necessidades da pesquisa, considerando desempenho, controlabilidade e custos.
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Smart grid refers to the advancement of the current electric grid with the help of information and communication technologies. In such scenarios, an efficient and secure smart grid communication system is essential. Accordingly,... more
Smart grid refers to the advancement of the current electric grid with the help of information and communication technologies. In such scenarios, an efficient and secure smart grid communication system is essential. Accordingly, Software-Defined Networks (SDN) have been gaining more prominence for smart grids in recent years, as this paradigm allows monitoring and managing these communication networks efficiently. An example is the Autonomic and Resilient Framework for Smart Grids (ARES). ARES allows integration between the supervisory system and the SDN controller, allowing for better energy applications. Although ARES emphasizes the need for security as a premise for its implementation, it does not provide a concrete implementation of this aspect. In this work, we provide an extensive review of the related literature about Authentication, Authorization, and Accountability (AAA) for smart grids, classifying approaches according to several relevant characteristics. We further propos...
The smart grid employs information and communication technologies to improve the management of the electric system. Devices connected to the grid can cause damage to the electric system if they exhibit unpredictable behavior. Electric... more
The smart grid employs information and communication technologies to improve the management of the electric system. Devices connected to the grid can cause damage to the electric system if they exhibit unpredictable behavior. Electric vehicles are examples of critical devices which do not have a defined time or place to connect to the power grid. Therefore, the smart grid requires a mechanism to identify each electric vehicle and avoid spurious devices, and also providing the correct billing and auditing logs. In this paper, we propose an authentication mechanism grounded on software-defined networks and based on the IEC 61850 standard. The proposed mechanism acts over the data link layer and guarantees the devices’ authentication with a low control load. The proposal ensures that only authenticated devices communicate within the smart grid, preventing malicious interference from unauthorized devices. A prototype was developed and evaluated through emulation in Mininet. The test res...
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Smart parking systems can manage real-time city resources, and geo-locally provides them to drivers. It involves on- and off-street parking management; that is why smart parking has been considered promising inception and a leading... more
Smart parking systems can manage real-time city resources, and geo-locally provides them to drivers. It involves on- and off-street parking management; that is why smart parking has been considered promising inception and a leading paradigm of a smart city. The design of a smart city ecosystem, especially on urban mobility, has a tremendous impact on resource status and city capacities. Although its high capacity to work for quality of experience and Business Intelligence, works about smart parking in the literature do not take advantage of this in its proposes. This work proposes the BEM framework that intends to take advantage of the car park Management and improve Quality Experience and Business Intelligence being an essential vector for the advancement of smart cities. A proof of concept was implemented, proving the solution viability.
One of the most critical issues in Smart Cities (SC) is how to use the energy system properly. The capacity to provide more detailed consumption information and more accurate consumer feedback is an essential step towards energy... more
One of the most critical issues in Smart Cities (SC) is how to use the energy system properly. The capacity to provide more detailed consumption information and more accurate consumer feedback is an essential step towards energy sustainability. On the end-user side, a system that supports the measurement of several points of consumption and provides visual information can help consumers reduce energy waste. On the other side, electric utilities can use a real-time measurement system to infer the energy consumption behavior, to find metering inconsistencies, to optimize the system, or to maintain the reliability of the supply system based on data information. This work presents a demand-side management Framework for smart cities which aims to provide integration between consumers and energy distribution utilities. This Framework can help the electricity demand control, presenting real-time consumption data and presenting relevant data on their consumption points to consumers. A prototype was developed as a proof of concept.
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The implementation of a robust communication system is essential for smart grids. This new system should provide an excellent quality of service (QoS) and a robust communication infrastructure, which must integrates the various devices on... more
The implementation of a robust communication system is essential for smart grids. This new system should provide an excellent quality of service (QoS) and a robust communication infrastructure, which must integrates the various devices on the network and its areas. This paper presents a study of the major network's needs, and describes the main applications of smart grids, and its QoS requirements. Some proposals in the literature are presented, and QoS needs in electrical grids are discussed. Because of its importance, the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is evaluated and tested. The tests are made in an AMI with QoS implemented and also without QoS. The results indicate that the mechanisms and parameters for QoS in AMI are needed an also improving the messages speed.
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Advances in smart grids and in communication networks allow the development of an interconnected system where information arising from different sources helps building a more reliable electrical network. Nevertheless, this interconnected... more
Advances in smart grids and in communication networks allow the development of an interconnected system where information arising from different sources helps building a more reliable electrical network. Nevertheless, this interconnected system also brings new security threats. In the past, communication networks for electrical systems were restrained to closed and secure areas, which guaranteed network physical security. Due to the integration with smart meters, clouds, and other information sources, physical security to network access is no longer available, which may compromise the electrical system. Besides smart grids bring a huge growth in data volume, which must be managed. In order to achieve a successful smart grid deployment, robust network communication to provide automation among devices is necessary. Therefore, outages caused by passive or active attacks become a real threat. This chapter describes the main architecture flaws that make the system vulnerable to attacks for creating energy disruptions, stealing energy, and breaking privacy.
Smart Grid is an innovating solution for the electrical systems that consists in an integrated architecture for all system components, including generation, transmission, distribution, and users. This architecture is strongly based on... more
Smart Grid is an innovating solution for the electrical systems that consists in an integrated architecture for all system components, including generation, transmission, distribution, and users. This architecture is strongly based on telecommunications networks with potential and inherent advantages such as greater overall efficiency and system-wide reliability, providing communication among intelligent devices. This short-course explains the main smart grid concepts and challenges and explores the IEC 61850 standard which, in turn, standardizes the communications among devices. The IEC 61850 and other relevant protocols are the basic building blocks of a communication network in a smart grid style. The challenges discussed include a new generation of telecommunications network for the smart grid together with security, management, control, quality of service, and migration issues.