Jean Mezzalira

É de conhecimento que bovinos melhoram sua eficiência alimentar percebendo as qualidades do ambiente pastoril e adaptando seu comportamento ingestivo. Mas como ações de manejo, como o controle da oferta de forragem, afetariam essa interface? Nesse foco este trabalho primeiramente investigou as decisões tomadas por novilhas em pastejo sob diferentes ofertas de forragem e como estas decisões poderiam estar relacionadas às características do ambiente pastoril. Por fim, investigou-se como o manejo das ofertas de forragem poderia criar estruturas de vegetação peculiares que incrementem a produção animal individual e por área. Para tanto, quatro tratamentos de oferta de forragem, fixas ao longo do ano, foram testadas (4, 8, 12 e 16 kg de matéria seca/100 kg de peso vivo), além de três combinações de ofertas: 8% na primavera e 12% no verão/outono/inverno (VOI) (8-12%); 12% na primavera e 8% no VOI (12-8%); e 16% na primavera e 12% no VOI (16-12%), constituindo um delineamento experimental ...

O trabalho foi conduzido em campo nativo melhorado com introdução de espécies exóticas (Trevo Branco, Trevo Vermelho e Cornichão) mais adubação e calagem, em Água Doce-SC, entre junho de 2004 e maio de 2005. O objetivo foi avaliar a influência de duas intensidades de pastejo na produção animal. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas massas de forragem (MF) pretendidas: 2000 e 1000 kg de massa seca ha-1 (MS ha-1) para massa alta (MA) e massa baixa (MB), respectivamente, em lotação continua com taxa de lotação variável. No entanto, os valores reais dos tratamentos foram de 1875 e 988 kg de MS ha-1 para MA e MB (P<0,05), respectivamente. A oferta de forragem (OF) média foi de 27 e 10 kg de MS 100 kg-1 de peso vivo (PV) para MA e MB, respectivamente (P<0,05). Não houve interação significativa entre tratamento e período (P>0,05) para a carga animal (CA), os valores foram de 484 e 309 kg de PV ha-1 para MB e MA, respectivamente. Houve interação entre tratamento e período (P<0,05) ...

Nesta tese investigaram-se relações de causa-efeito em curto prazo entre a estrutura do pasto e parâmetros do comportamento ingestivo de bovinos. Criaram-se contrastes de estruturas de pasto com uma espécie temperada e outra tropical e métodos de pastoreio (contínuo e rotativo). Os experimentos com Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85 (1 e 2) foram conduzidos entre janeiro e março de 2011. Os com Avena strigosa cv. Iapar 61 (3 e 4), entre julho e setembro de 2011. A altura de pasto que proporcionou a máxima taxa de ingestão (TI) no pastoreio contínuo foi considerada como altura pré-pastejo nos Experimentos 2 e 4, que simulavam o pastoreio rotativo. A esta altura impôs-se níveis de rebaixamento de 20; 40; 60 e 80%. O delineamento utilizado em todos os experimentos foi o de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições. O consumo foi estimado pela técnica da dupla pesagem. Os animais foram equipados com aparelhos registradores de movimentos mandibulares. As máximas TI foram observadas em 2...

1. The functional response (i.e. the relationship between consumers’ intake rate and resource density) is central in plant-herbivore interactions. Its shape and the biological processes leading to it have significant implications for both foraging theory and ecology of grazing systems. 2. A type IV functional response (i.e. dome-shaped relationship) of short-term intake rate of dry matter (intake while grazing) has rarely been reported for large herbivores and the conditions that can lead to it are poorly understood. 3. We report a type IV functional response observed in heifers grazing monocultures of Cynodon sp. and Avena strigosa. The mechanisms and consequences of this type of functional response for grazed system dynamics are discussed. 4. Intake rate was higher at intermediate than at short or tall sward heights in both grass species. The type IV functional response resulted from changes in bite mass instead of a longer time needed to encounter and process bites. Thus, the decrease of intake rate of dry matter in tall swards is not explained by a shift from process 3 (potential bites are concentrated and apparent) to process 2 (potential bites are apparent but dispersed, Spalinger & Hobbs 1992). Bite mass was smaller in tall than in intermediate swards due to a reduction of bite volume possibly caused by the greater proportion of stem and sheath acting as a physical barrier to bite formation. 5. It is generally accepted that potential bites are abundant and apparent in most grassland and meadow systems, as they were in the present experiments. Therefore, a type IV response of intake rate not directly related to digestive constraints may determine the dynamics of intake and defoliation under a much larger set of conditions than previously thought. These results have implications for foraging theory and stability of grazing systems. For example, if animals prefer patches of intermediate stature that yield the highest intake rate, grazing should lead to the widely observed bimodal distribution of plant mass per unit area, even when tall patches are not of significantly lower digestive quality than the pasture average

We assessed the effects of high-intensity and low-frequency (HILF) vs. low-intensity and high-frequency (LIHF) grazing on herbage production and performance of beef cattle grazing sorghum pastures. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with two treatments and four replicates (paddocks), carried out in 2014/15. The management target of 50 and 30 cm for pre- and post-grazing, respectively, a LIHF grazing management strategy oriented to maximize beef cattle herbage intake per unit time, was compared with a HILF grazing management strategy of 80 and 20 cm for pre- and post-grazing, respectively, aiming to maximize herbage accumulation and harvest efficiency. Sixteen Brangus steers of 15-month-old and 265 ± 21 kg of live weight (LW) were randomly distributed to paddocks (experimental units). The LIHF resulted in shorter rest periods when compared with the HILF. The greater leaf lamina mass in LIHF allowed greater sward light interception at post-grazing, resulting in gr...

Part of the Plant Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons This document is available at https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc/22/2-4/8 The 22nd International Grassland Congress (Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities) took place in Sydney, Australia from September 15 through September 19, 2013. Proceedings Editors: David L. Michalk, Geoffrey D. Millar, Warwick B. Badgery, and Kim M. Broadfoot Publisher: New South Wales Department of Primary Industry, Kite St., Orange New South Wales, Australia

The time per bite is the result of the interaction between mouth morphology, animal behaviour and sward structure (Laca et al. 1994). The time per bite increases with bite mass (Laca et al. 1994), but it has a constant component that is the time required to open and close the jaws, namely, the time required for one jaw movement (Hirata et al. 2010, Newman et al. 1994). In this experiment we tested the hypothesis that the time per jaw movement will remain constant independently of sward structure and grazing method.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se a influência de diferentes ofertas de forragem e suas combinações ao longo do ano sobre a dinâmica do crescimento da pastagem e o desempenho animal. O experimento foi conduzido em área de pastagem natural com novilhas de sobreano mantidas em pastejo contínuo com taxa de lotação variável. Os tratamentos foram ofertas de forragem fixas ao longo do ano: 4; 8; 12 e 16kg de matéria seca 100kg de peso vivo-1 por dia e combinações de 8 na primavera e 12 no outono-inverno-verão (8-12%); 12 na primavera e 8 no outono-inverno-verão (12-8%); 16 na primavera e 12 no outono-inverno-verão (16-12%), constituindo um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com duas repetições. A produção de forragem e o ganho de peso animal foram medidos na estação de crescimento de 2007-2008. Os resultados comprovaram que o uso de oferta de forragem muito baixa, como 4%, prejudica o desempenho animal individual e por área. O manejo combinado de ofertas 8-12% promoveu aumento de 35...

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da estratégia de pastoreio rotacionado sobre a dinâmica do rebaixamento do milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) pastejado por vacas leiteiras. Os tratamentos consistiram de um fatorial entre duas alturas pré-pastejo, 60 e 40cm, e duas pós-pastejo, 20 e 10cm, alocados em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. A estrutura do pasto foi avaliada durante o processo de pastejo a cada 10 minutos, por meio de medições de altura. A taxa de rebaixamento da altura do pasto no tratamento 40-20 apresentou-se relativamente constante ao longo de todo o rebaixamento. O tratamento 60-10 apresentou o maior declínio na taxa de rebaixamento. A taxa de rebaixamento no tratamento 40-10 diminuiu em ritmo mais lento em relação à dos tratamentos com 60cm de altura pré-pastejo. As maiores taxas de ingestão foram observadas nos tratamentos de altura pré-pastejo de 60cm, e considerou-se como a melhor estratégia de manejo a combinação 60-20cm de altura do pasto.

The functional response (i.e. the relationship between consumers' intake rate and resource density) is central in plant-herbivore interactions. Its shape and the biological processes leading to it have significant implications for both foraging theory and ecology of grazing systems. A type IV functional response (i.e. dome-shaped relationship) of short-term intake rate of dry matter (intake while grazing) has rarely been reported for large herbivores and the conditions that can lead to it are poorly understood. We report a type IV functional response observed in heifers grazing monocultures of Cynodon sp. and Avena strigosa. The mechanisms and consequences of this type of functional response for grazed system dynamics are discussed. Intake rate was higher at intermediate than at short or tall sward heights in both grass species. The type IV functional response resulted from changes in bite mass instead of a longer time needed to encounter and process bites. Thus, the decrease of...

Invasion by exotic grasses is a severe threat to the integrity of grassland ecosystems all over the world. Because grasslands are typically grazed by livestock and wildlife, the invasion is a community process modulated by herbivory. We hypothesized that the invasion of native South American grasslands by Eragrostis plana Nees, an exotic tussock-forming grass from Africa, could be deterred by grazing if grazers switched dietary preferences and included the invasive grass as a large proportion of their diets. Bos taurus (heifers) and Ovis aries (ewes) grazed plots with varying degrees of invasion by E. plana in a replicated manipulative experiment. Animal positions and species grazed were observed every minute in 45-min grazing session. Proportion of bites and steps in and out of E. plana tussocks were measured and used to calculate several indices of selectivity. Both heifers and ewes exhibited increasing probability of grazing E. plana as the proportion of area covered by tussocks ...

This study tested the hypothesis that different sward structures, which were constructed by varying the pre- and post-grazing sward heights of annual ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in southern Brazil, affect the short-term intake rate (STIR) by dairy cows. Treatments consisted of four sward-management strategies defined by a combination of two pre- (25 and 15 cm) and two post-grazing sward heights (10 and 5 cm): 15-05, 15-10, 25-05 and 25-10. A completely randomized block design with four replicates was used for the experimental design. The STIR was determined by the double-weighing technique. Jaw movements were evaluated using automatic recorders (IGER Behaviour Recorder). The results showed that treatment 25-10 allowed the animals to collect more herbage with a greater bite mass and thus resulted in a greater STIR. Treatments in which sward height was reduced to 10 cm generally favoured the ingestion process than treatments with a post-grazing sward height of 5 cm.

ABSTRACT The relationship between herbage intake by herbivores and herbage available depends on the interaction between sward structure and animal behaviour. This relationship is a crucial component determining the stability, function and productivity of grazing systems. The present study aims at quantifying the mechanisms by which intake rate is determined in swards of contrasting structure and forage species, and it reveals the importance of animal choice in the interaction between animal and sward. We hypothesised that as sward height and herbage mass increased, bite mass and intake rate would increase. The relationship between intake rate and bite mass should exhibit a higher asymptote for the more succulent, less fibrous Avena than for Cynodon due to differences in chewing requirements per unit dry mass of intake. In four different experiments, Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85 and Avena strigosa cv. Iapar 61 swards of different heights were obtained by various durations of short time high-intensity grazing or by different growth periods. Bite mass and intake rate were estimated by the double-weighing technique with correction for insensible losses. Number and timing of jaw movements and bites were measured with behaviour recorders. Bite mass was the main variable determining intake rate. Contrary to expectations, bite mass first increased and then decreased with increasing sward height, a result that seems due to animal choice and not from restrictions imposed by the swards. As expected, Cynodon sp. swards required more chewing per unit DM intake due to their higher DM content (39.5 vs. 22.6, P < 0.0001) and higher fibre (67.8 vs. 51.3, P < 0.0001) content than A. strigosa. Harvesting and chewing jaw movements, the components of total jaw movements and time per bite, had different time costs, and values were remarkably similar to previously published values. On average, each harvesting jaw movement took 1 s and a chewing jaw movement took 0.68 s. The reduction in bite mass with increasing sward height in tall swards is discussed as a destabilising mechanism that generates spatial heterogeneity in sward height and bite mass

ABSTRACT One of the variables in the structure of the sward with the most influence on the short-term herbage intake rate by grazing ruminants is the canopy height. The objective of this study was therefore to characterise the effect of the canopy height on short-term herbage intake rate using Sorghum bicolor cv BR 501. as a reference. Two experiments were conducted at Research Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between December 2009 and April 2010. The treatments in experiment 1 were used to determine the influence of the pre-grazing canopy height on the short-term herbage intake and consisted of six canopy heights (30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 cm). The treatments in experiment 2 used the pre-grazing canopy height from experiment 1 that maximised the short-term herbage intake rate to evaluate the influence of the severity of grazing down (16, 33, 50, 67 and 84%) on the herbage intake. Both experiments used a completely randomised block design, with two replicates in experiment 1 and three replicates in experiment 2. Four heifers (24 ± 2 months and 306 ± 56.7 kg) were used in experiment 1. Three of these animals were used in experiment 2, which were then 26± 2 months and 339 ± 45.5 kg. The short-term herbage intake rate was measured by weighing the heifers pre-and post-grazing, corrected for insensible weight losses. The number of grazing jaw movements (biting and non-biting) was counted automatically using an IGER Behaviour Recorder. In both ex-periments, the sward measurements included the pre-and post-grazing canopy height, the pre-grazing herbage mass and the vertical distribution of morphological components. In experiment 2, the post-grazing herbage mass was also measured. The results showed that the grazing canopy height that maximised the short-term herbage intake rate was approximately 50 cm. The grazing down protocol showed that the short-term herbage intake rate was constant until the depletion of 40% of the optimal pre-grazing canopy height. After this level of depletion, there was a marked reduction in the short-term herbage intake rate. The results show that the best target management height in a Sorghum cv. BR 501 pasture, allowing for high levels of the short-term herbage intake rate, is 50 cm. With intermittent stocking, this level should be considered as the pre-grazing canopy height, and the level of herbage depletion should not exceed 40%.

ABSTRACT a b s t r a c t In natural grasslands, plant species preferred by grazing animals are intermixed with less preferred species. We hypothesise that increasing proportion of Eragrostis plana Nees tus-socks, a non-preferred diet item in natural grassland, will constrain the accessibility of the preferred diet item for grazing animals, and sheep would be less restricted than cat-tle. The experimental paddocks contained approximately 0, 25, 50 and 75% E. plana, in vegetative stage. Inter-tussock areas were proportionally maintained at a non-limiting for-age allowance. Records were made every 1-min of the stratum (tussock, inter-tussock or intra-tussock) grazed by each of four beef heifers or four ewes. Short-term intake rate was calculated for each 45-min grazing session by weighing the animals before and after grazing, and correcting for insensible weight losses (evaporative and gaseous losses). Beef heifers reduced grazing time on the inter-tussock areas by 0.60% per each 1% increment in tussock cover, whilst ewes exhibited a smaller reduction of 0.36% (P < 0.05). Virtually all of beef heifers' reduction in inter-tussock grazing time was replaced by tussock graz-ing. However, the ewes were more selective and attempted to find preferred food in the intra-tussock stratum. Ewes adjusted their foraging strategies and maintained a constant short-term intake rate regardless of percentage of tussock cover. Beef heifers exhibited the highest short-term intake rate with 34% tussock cover. Beef heifers bite mass decreased when tussock cover increased over 44%, whereas no trend was detected for ewes. Tus-socks may act as a vertical and/or horizontal barrier interfering with the process of bite formation and affecting bite mass of beef heifers. Conversely, ewes were able to adapt their grazing behaviour with increasing tussock cover, so that no effects on the measures taken in this study were observed. This response is consistent with the finer resolution of grazing selectivity by ewes and with the allometry of short-term intake rate. (C. Bremm).

Despite all the biotic and abiotic factors affecting foraging by ruminants, there is a common and fundamental process, which is bite gathering. We hypothesised that because the mechanics of bite formation dominate the foraging process, changes in short-term bite mass are reflected in longer-term animal performance across a wide range of sward conditions. We focus at the meal level of foraging, using experiments in which the effect of abiotic factors and digestive constrains are minimised, making intake rate the main currency. We estimated bite mass across a wide range of structural challenges to large-herbivore foraging in a long-term experiment with heterogeneous native grasslands. A conceptual model was developed for average daily gain, where energy gain and energy costs were proximate causal variables. Energy gain was a function of diet quality and components of daily intake rate, where bite mass was the main component estimated. In turn, components of intake rate were determined...

The behavior of forage species (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Panicum maximum cvs. Tanzânia, Aruana and Mombaça, Hemarthria altissima cv. Florida; Paspalum notatum cv. Pensacola, Axonopus catharinensis, Cynodon sp. hybrid Tifton-85; Arachis pintoi cvs. Alqueire and Amarillo) submitted to different radiation levels produced by Pinus taeda trees (open sky, 9 meters between tree rows and 3 meters within the row and 15 meters between tree rows and 3 meters within the row) was evaluated in this trial. Variables such as forage biomass production, leaf to stem ratio, plant height, flowering rate, nutritional value of leaves, meteorological and soil variables under the tree canopy and between rows were evaluated. The forage production was negatively affected by shading, but forage crude protein increased with shading compared with open sky. Besides the decrease in radiation under trees, lower wind speed and soil temperature were observed when compared to open sky plots. The NDF (neutral detergent fiber) of leaves was not affected by the radiation levels, although leaf to stem ratio was greater in the middle of the 9 × 3 m plot when compared to open pasture. The most productive species and those that showed potential yield to grow in silvipastoral system were Axonopus catharinensis and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu.