Randomized Block design

During 2005 growing season, field experiments were conducted in two commercial raspberry fields to compare effectiveness of some fungicides and biofungicides in Botrytis cinerea control. The experiments consisted of four fungicide and two biofungicide treatments and untreated control, in randomized block design with four replicates per treatment. The fungicides: fenhxamid, vinclozolin, benomyl, and pyrimethanil were applied twice. The biofungicides Polyversum

The field experiment was conducted on the seasonal incidence of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Geyer and gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner on black gram at Chatha Farm, SKUAST-Jammu during summer 2018. The data on seasonal fluctuations of spotted pod borer and gram pod borer larval population was first observed during 10 th standard week with an initial population of 0.36 larvae/ m 2 area and 0.46 larvae/ m 2 area, respectively. The maximum larval population of M. vitrata (12.53 larvae/ m 2 area) was recorded during 15 th standard week, whereas, the maximum incidence of H. armigera (9.53 larvae/m 2 area) was recorded 18 th standard week of sown crop. Thereafter, the spotted pod borer and gram pod borer larval population decreased till 23 rd standard week up to 4.42 larvae and 0.26 larvae/ m 2 area, respectively on the same crop. A highly significant positive correlation was existed between weekly mean maximum temperature (0.633**) and spotted pod borer larval density, positively significant correlation with minimum temperature (0.586*), significantly negative correlation with relative humidity morning (-0.551*) and evening (-0.593*). While, the positive correlation between weekly mean maximum temperature (0.466) and gram pod borer larval density, positive correlation with minimum temperature (0.362), negative correlation with relative humidity morning (-0.457) and a significant evening (-0.498*) and non-significant negative correlation with rainfall (-0.252) and significant positive correlation with wind speed (0.489*) were recorded. The regression analysis indicated that all the weather parameters together were responsible for a significant variation of 62.50 and 54.10 per cent on the larval incidence of spotted pod borer and gram pod borer, respectively.

Soil fertility, one of the important determinants of agricultural productivity, is generally thought to be supplemented through the application of nutrients mainly through inorganic fertilizers. The physical fertility of the soil, which creates suitable environment for the availability and uptake of these nutrients, is generally ignored. The present study aims to characterize the soil physical environment in relation to the long term application of farm yard manure (FYM) and inorganic fertilizers in rice–wheat. The treatments during both rice and wheat crops were (i) farm yard manure @ 20 t ha−1 (FYM); (ii) nitrogen @ 120 kg ha−1 (N120); (iii) nitrogen and phosphorus @ 120 and 30 kg ha−1 (N120P30) and (iv) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium @ 120, 30 and 30 kg ha−1 (N120P30K30) in addition to (iv) control treatment, i.e. without any fertilizer and/or FYM addition. The treatments were replicated four times in randomized block design in a sandy loam (typic Ustipsament, non-saline, slightly alkaline). Bulk density, structural stability of soil aggregates and water holding capacity of 0–60 cm soil layer were measured.The average mean weight diameter (MWD) was highest in FYM-plots both in rice (0.237 mm) and wheat (0.249 mm) closely followed by that in N120P30K30 plots. The effect of FYM in increasing the MWD decreased with soil depth. The addition of both FYM and N120P30K30 increased the organic carbon by 44 and 37%, respectively in rice. The total porosity of soil increased with the application of both FYM and N120P30K30 from that in control plots. In 0–15 cm soil layer, the total porosity increased by 25% with FYM from that in control plots. This difference decreased to 13% in 15–30 cm soil layer. The average water holding capacity (WHC) was 16 and 11% higher with FYM and N120P30K30 application from that in control plots. The MWD, total porosity and WHC improved with the application of balanced application of fertilizers. The grain yield and uptake of N, P and K by both rice and wheat were higher with the application of FYM and inorganic fertilizers than in control plots. The carbon sequestration rate after 32 years was maximum (0.31 t ha−1 year−1) in FYM-plots, followed by 0.26 t ha−1 year−1 in N120P30K30-plots, 0.19 t ha−1 year−1 in N120P30 and minimum (0.13 t ha−1 year−1) in N120-plots.

Androgenetic response and its inheritance was studied in nine winter type and two spring type wheat genotypes by crossing them in line tester fashion. The 18 F1 and 11 parental genotypes were raised in completely randomized block design with three replications and subjected to anther culture. Data were recorded with respect to per cent calli induction, percent regeneration and per

The experiment was carried out during March through August, 2001, in the experimental field of the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, in La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico. A complete randomized block design with split-plots arrangement was used. The fresh and dry yield and growth of tender or young cladodes were evaluated in five prickly pear cultivars 'CEN-1', 'SQ-1', 'CAL-2', 'MEZQ'

Throughfall was monitored over a one-year period in a 48-year-old Pinus canariensis plantation on the northern side of the island of Tenerife, nine years after light thinning (mean 15% of basal area (BA)) or heavy thinning (mean 56% of BA). Three plots of each treatment (light thinning, heavy thinning, no thinning) were studied, using a randomized block design. Mean total throughfall over the year of study was about 2.0 times the incident rainfall in the control plots, about 2.2 times rainfall in the lightly thinned plots, and about 1.8 times incident rainfall in the heavily thinned plots. The high throughfall-to-rainfall ratios are as expected, given the importance of fog entrapment in these forests. The statistical analysis indicated that the observed differences in throughfall are attributable to the treatments, not to plot topography. Throughfall showed significant relationships with actual BA, surface roughness (as tree height variability) and leaf area index (LAI), all of which varied significantly among treatments (as expected). Our results are unexpected as heavy thinning led to a long-term decline, not increase, in throughfall. The explanation for this result is the importance of fog entrapment may mean that reducing LAI and surface roughness (height variability) has a negative effect on throughfall. The long period elapsed between thinning and throughfall estimation means that LAI of light thinning plots exceeded pre-thinning values, and then throughfall values.

Realizou-se este trabalho no setor de avicultura de DZO-UFLA, durante o período de junho a outubro de 2003. Foram utilizados 112 galos reprodutores da linhagem Lohmann- LSL, de 16 até 32 semanas de idade. As aves foram distribuídas num delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 3x2 + 1, com três tipos de óleo (Soja, Canola e Girassol), e dois níveis de vitamina E  (200 e 400 mg/kg de ração) e o controle (sem óleo e 0 mg de suplementação de vitamina E). As rações experimentais foram elaboradas à base de milho e farelo de soja. Nas 28ª e 29ª semanas foram realizadas coletas de sêmen para avaliação da motilidade, volume do sêmen, concentração, número de células totais e a morfologia espermática. As análises foram realizadas com utilização do programa SAEG. Foi observada interação significativa (P=0,08) entre as fontes de óleos testadas e os níveis de vitamina E, para a motilidade espermática na 28ª semana de idade. Não foi  observada diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre as fontes de óleo nem entre os níveis de vitamina E para  nenhuma  das  variáveis  estudadas. Conclui-se que qualquer fonte de óleo das utilizadas neste estudo pode ser adicionada à ração de galos reprodutores sem necessidade de elevados níveis de vitamina E.

Bangladesh is primarily an agricultural country and its agriculture is closely related to livestock. Livestock is a major component of agriculture in Bangladesh, and the present livestock population is estimated to be 23.5 million cattle and buffaloes, 14.61 million goats and ...

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different pruning systems on the yield and quality of tomatoes grown under greenhouse at the National Centre for Organic Agriculture, Yusipang for the growing period of March to November 2019. The experiment was conducted with a randomized complete block design with a single factor at three different levels viz. single leader system (T1), double leader system (T2), and unpruned plants (T3) which were treated as the control for the experiment. All the leaves and axillary shoots below the first flower cluster were pruned off. For treatment T1, only the main stem was encouraged to grow. As for the treatment T2, the sucker growing just below the cluster was also encouraged to grow along with the main stem. This sucker served as the second leader. No pruning of leaves or axillary shoots was carried out in the control plot (T3) at all times. The plants that were pruned started fruiting and maturing earlier than that of unpruned plants. I...

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the sex and the use of four commercial extruded foods (R1, R2, R3, and R4) and a pelleted food (R5) on the carcass yield and the by-product utilization of the bullfrog culture, after 56 days of experimentation. The commercial foods were recommended to different species or phases of growth: R1 = for frogs in the initial phase; R2 = for omnivorous fish in the initial phase; R3 = for trout (carnivorous fish) in phase of growth; and R4 = for trout in initial phase. The chemical composition (DM, CP, EE, CF and MM) was analyzed. Eighty bullfrogs with initial weight average of 51.57g were distributed in a completely randomized blocks design in factorial scheme (five foods X two sexes) with eight replicates of one animal for experimental unit. There was no significant interaction among the factors for all analyzed parameters. The lowest carcass yield was observed in animals fed with R3 food, and the others had the same. In the by-product exploitation, the R1 food provided the greater weight of liver and discarding, and R4 food, provided bigger weight of liver and fat body. The sex of the animal was only influenced in the exploitation of discarding, and the males had provided greater averages.