Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Control of papaya anthracnose with field fungicide sprays in the Atlantic Region of Costa Rica. Seven fungicides were tested in the field against papaya (Carica papaya) fruit anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., in Costa Rica's Atlantic region. Fungicides were applied from flowering to harvest at biweekly intervals during the dry season and at weekly intervals during the rainy season.

Infection of mango fruit cv Nam Dok Mai by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was studied using artificial inoculation. Under optimum conditions (95–100% RH, 25°C), germination and appressorium formation started at 12 h and 14 h, respectively, after deposition of conidia on the peel. After 48 h, 60% of fungal propagules present were appressoria. The fungus could infect mangoes through both pedicel and peel wounds, causing stem end rot and anthracnose in ripe fruit. Inoculation of wounded peel resulted in symptom development in unripe fruit whereas un wounded peel showed no symptoms. Resistance of fruits to disease depended on cultivar. Testing of fruit resistance to the fungus could be conducted by inoculation of fruit at 24 h after harvesting. When inoculated at both pre- and post-harvest stages, mango cvv Nam Dok Mai, Nang Klang Wan and Chok Anan were found to be susceptible to anthracnose whereas Rad and Kaew were relatively resistant.

RESUMEN
El hongo Trichoderma spp. Pers. es de importancia en la agricultura principalmente en el control de enfermedades de plantas, por su capacidad antagónica y biofungicida sobre otros hongos y pseudohongos patógenos. En este sentido, se aislaron 21 cepas nativas de Trichoderma spp. a partir de muestras de suelo de la rizósfera de plantas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el Municipio Antonio Pinto Salinas del Estado Mérida, Venezuela. Los aislados fueron identificados basados en su morfología, obteniéndose nueve especies: T. harzianum (8), T. koningii (3), T. citrinoviride (2), T. reesei (2), T. fasciculatum (2), T. pseudokoningii, T. piluliferum, T. longibrachiatum e Hypocreanum. Los índices de diversidad ID= 0,43 y DMg = 2,63 nos mostró una diversidad media para el agroecosistema cacao, que es similar a lo encontrado en selvas tropicales. Mediante el uso de la técnica de cultivos duales in vitro y un diseño unifactorial completamente al azar los aislamientos más la cepa comercial (INIA, T. harzianum) se enfrentaron al patógeno Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. causante de antracnosis en cultivos de cacao de la zona. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos en Tukey (P<0,05) variable PICR, se aplicó la escala de Bell et al., 1982, encontrándose que el 90,91% de los aislados presentaron Grado 1 y 2 de antagonismo, se evaluó también la presencia de antibiosis y actividad micoparasítica. Por último, se tomaron en cuenta los diferentes mecanismos de acción del antagonista, resultando seleccionadas como especies promisorias los aislados TD3, TA5, TD2 y TE*, los dos primeros de la especie T. koningii y los dos últimos de T. harzianum respectivamente para el biocontrol de la antracnosis en cacao.

ABSTRACT
EVALUATION OF THE in vitro ANTAGONISTIC CAPACITY OF Trichoderma spp. Pers. ISOLATES FROM CACAO CULTIVARS (Theobroma cacao L.) Vs. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.
Trichoderma spp. Pers. is a fungus of importance in agriculture, mainly in controlling plant diseases by their antagonistic and fungicide on other fungi and pathogens pseudofungi capacity. In this regard, 21 native strains of Trichoderma were isolated from soil samples from the rhizosphere of plants cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Antonio Pinto Salinas Municipality of Merida State, Venezuela. Isolates were identified by their morphology obtained nine species, as follows: T. harzianum (8), T. koningii (3), T. citrinoviride (2), T. reesei (2), T. fasciculatum (2), T. pseudokoningii, T. piluliferum, T. longibrachiatum and Hypocreanum. Diversity indices ID = 0.43 and DMg = 2,63 at an average diversity for cacao agroecosystem and follows similar to that found in rain forests. Using the dual in vitro culture technique and a completely random unifactorial design, the isolates more the commercial strain (INIA, T. harzianum) were faced with the pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. causing anthracnose in cocoa crops in the area. Significant differences between treatments Tukey (P<0.05) was found varying PICR is, the scale was applied Bell et al.,1982, finding that 90.91% of isolates exhibit Grade 1 and 2 antagonism, was also evaluated the presence of antibiosis and mycoparasitic activity. Finally, taking into account the different mechanisms of action of the antagonist, they were selected as promising species isolated TD3, TA5, TD2 and TE*, the first two of the species T. koningii and the last two of T. harzianum respectively for the anthracnose biocontrol of cocoa.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.), the King of the fruits, is the eighth most produced fruit over the world with a production of more than 43 million tons in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and many other tropical countries. It is an essential component of the diet in many developing countries as it supplies vitamins and minerals and the demand is increasing day by day. In Bangladesh, mango ranks the first position in annual production with an average yield of 82 kg per acre. This amount is not high when compared to other mango producing countries in the world due to different pest attacks and diseases. This review was carried out to investigate the different pre- and post-harvest treatment methods used in controlling anthracnose disease with their efficiencies. Anthracnose disease, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is one of the most important diseases of Mango in humid areas and also in Bangladesh. About 25 to 30% losses of total mango production have been reported due to anthracnose and stem-end rot which can spread with raindrops. Several pre-harvest and post-harvest management approaches have been used to control this anthracnose disease of mango fruits including
chemical treatments.

Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología, AC guillermofuentes_davila@hotmail.com ISSN (Versión impresa): 0185-3309 MÉXICO ... Juan Gabriel Gutiérrez Alonso / Omar Gutiérrez Alonso / Daniel Nieto Angel / Daniel Téliz Ortiz ...

Colletotrichum causes anthracnose in crops around the world producing postharvest losses up to 60%. There are a great variety of Colletotrichum strains isolated from mango orchards. Thus, it is important to characterize their pathogenicity, as well as to perform a correct identification, in order to implement good strategies to eradicate the produced disease. The aim of this work is to identify Colletotrichum spp. and to determine the production of Pectate Lyase (PL) as a virulence factor in the pathogenicity process. Macroscopic characteristics of isolated colony vary from grey to salmon, sometimes showing luxuriant orange conidial masses with grey or white bottom. Conidia vary from 10.39 to 14.83 × 2.75 to 3.40 μm corresponding to C. gloeosporioides or C. acutatum according to Sutton. Growth rates vary from 0.1948 to 0.2239 day-1. The pectate lyase activity was induced by mango cells (240.81 VS 398U/L). According to CgInt and ITS4 PCR amplification M2V and SA correspond to C. gloeosporioides

Abstract. Shade trees reduce the stress of coffee (Coffea spp.) and cacao (Theobroma cacao) by ameliorating adverse climatic conditions and nutritional imbalances, but they may also compete for growth resources. For example, shade trees buffer high and low ...

The seeds of Mucuna pruriens (L.) D.C. (Leguminosae) were extracted first with hexane, then with ethyl acetate, and finally with methanol. The solvents were removed to get the respective extractives. These were assessed for the mycelial growth inhibition of three phytopathogenic fungi—Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum capsici, and Fusarium solani—by the poisoned-food technique. Methanol extractive showed highest activity against all the three test organisms. L-dopa [3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine], which was qualitatively detected in the ethyl acetate and methanol extractives and quantitatively assessed in the seeds, showed antifungal activity against all the three test organisms, showing that it is one of the active principles in these extractives.

Three and four isolates of the antagonistic bacteria Bacillus firmus and Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively, as well as plant extracts with fungitoxic properties were evaluated for the biological control of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Also, the effects of the disease on some physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of papaya fruits Maradol Roja (Carica papaya) were evaluated. In vitro, only two strains of B. firmus reduced the growth of C. gloeosporioides in 75.32, and 69.17% in a period of 96 h. They did not provide any protection against the fungus, when applied during postharvest. Out of 18 plant extracts, only Allium sativum, Piper auritum, Psidium guajava, and Eucalyptus globulus significantly reduced (in 54.34, 48.82, 47.77, and 39.03%, respectively) growth of C. gloeosporioides; however, P. guajava showed a high degree of contamination. In papaya fruits stored at 25°C, garlic and eucalyptus extracts reduced disease severity in 45.06 and 41.73...

Osmotin and osmotin-like proteins are stress proteins belonging to the plant PR-5 group of proteins induced in several plant species in response to various types of biotic and abiotic stresses. We report here the overexpression of tobacco osmotin in transgenic mulberry plants under the control of a constitutive promoter (CaMV 35S) as well as a stress-inducible rd29A promoter. Southern analysis

A gene from Magnaporthe grisea was cloned using a cDNA clone of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides cutinase gene as a heterologous probe; the nucleotide sequence of a 2 kb DNA segment containing the gene has been determined. DNA hybridization analysis shows that the M. grisea genome contains only one copy of this gene. The predicted polypeptide contains 228 amino acids and is homologous to the three previously characterized cutinases, showing 74% amino acid similarity to the cutinase of C. gloeosporioides. Comparison with previously determined cutinase sequences suggests that the gene contains two introns, 115 and 147 bp in length. The gene is expressed when cutin is the sole carbon source but not when the carbon source is cutin and glucose together or glucose alone. Levels of intracellular and extracellular cutinase activity increase in response to growth in the presence of cutin. The activity level is higher in a transformant containing multiple copies of the cloned gene than in t...