Stems

Abstract. Nowadays, the plant biodiversity is threatened and its conservation represents a priority at the international level. Conservation strategies are based on the management of wild populations in nature, but they require additional methods of ex situ conservation ...

Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst is an important multipurpose tree in the savanna belt of South Kordofan. The tree produces frankincense—locally known as Luban—which is used as incense and as a raw material in the food, perfume and pharmaceutical industries. In Sudan frankincense is used in homes to produces a nice smell from its smoke.The economic important of frankincense gum is well recognized by Sudanese merchants in the local market and for export. Resin productions in South Kordofan represent the main source of income during hard times. Recently, the production has declined as a result of the increase in human and animal populations, drought and desertification, seasonal fire and poor natural regeneration of the trees. Despite its importance little information on how to improve resin production is available.Therefore, two experiments were conducted in a natural stand of Boswellia papyrifera at Um Abdalla forest reserve during October in the 2002 growing season. The objectives were to determine the effect of position of tapping, intensity of tapping (number of tapping incisions) and tree stem diameter (DBH) on resin yield, and to find an improved procedure and suitable tool for tapping the tree. The design of both experiments was a two factor, randomized complete block design. The resin of each tree was collected after four weeks, dried in the shade for 2 weeks and then weighed.In the first experiment the two variables (treatments) were tree stem diameter (DBH) (3 size classes—10–15 cm, 16–20 cm and >20 cm) and intensity of tapping stem (number of tapping incisions) which was tested at two levels namely tapping two opposite sides (North and South), and tapping four sides. In the second experiment position of tapping was tested in three levels (50cm, 100cm and 150cm) relative to stem base.The second experiment looked at 2 tapping tools (Mengaf which was used for tapping Boswellia papyrifera and Sonki which was used for tapping Acacia Senegal). The result showed that tree stem diameter (dbh) had a very significant (P < 0.01) on frankincense yield, that obtained from 10–15 cm and 16–20 cm stem diameter being 60% and almost 38% lower than that of stems over 20 cm stem diameter.There were no significant differences between the yields when tapping on two or four sides. The interaction effect between tree size and tapping intensity was not significant. Position of tapping also had a significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect on resin yield. The yield was increased with increase in the level of tapping. The yield from the lowest (50 cm) was 40% lower than the yield obtained from the highest level of tapping (150cm). The tapping tools used had a significant (P ≤ 0.01) effect on resin yield. Tapping by the Mengaf tool gave a total yield nearly twice that for the Sonki tool. The interaction effect between position of tapping and tapping tools was not significantly different.The results suggest that yields of over 800 g per tree may be expected from trees over 20 em dbh using the mangaf tool and tapping over l m from the ground level and tapping on 4 sides; more intensive tapping is thought to be excessive and may cause the death of the tree.

The present study was meant to explore the thrombolytic action of methanol extract of Senna sophera stems (MESS) and Caesalpinia digyna stems (MECD) alongside streptokinase as positive control and saline water as negative control. In the In vitro thrombolytic model, the MESS stems and MECD stems has been indicated 32.79±4.51% and 9.19±0.80% clot lysis individually. Between two extracts, MESS stems. has been demonstrated the noteworthy percent of clot lysis (32.79±4.51%) with reference to streptokinase (66.09±2.37%). From our investigation it has been uncovered that between the plants, MESS stems uncovered moderate thrombolytic action. In this way, steps ought to be taken to search in vitro clot dissolving potential and to isolate dynamic segments of MESS Stem for clot lysis are proposed to found. After found, MESS Stem could be recommended as a clot lysis agent in the treatment of patients experiencing disease related with blood clot (Myocardial Infraction, Hypertension, atherosclerosis, Peripheral artery sickness, heart attack and so forth)".

In this study, some morphological characters, anatomical features and chromosome numbers of alpine Lamium cymbalariifolium Boiss. (Lamiaceae) endemic to Turkey are firstly described in detail. Lamium cymbalariifolium is an east mediterrenean element growing on north-facing limestone screes at an altitude of 2100-2280m in the Southwest Anatolia. The investigated species is closely allied to L. microphyllum and L. sandrasicum which are other alpine endemic species to Turkey. Taxonomically significant characters for L. cymbalariifolium are tried to be pointed out. Morphologically, the corolla tube length, the upper lip length, lobe length of the upper lip, the lower lip length and lobe length of the lower lip, the length of pistil, filament, anther and the seed dimensions of the species are firstly reported in the present study. Anatomically, spring and autumn woods of the root, which are forming annual rings are clearly distinguishable. Stem has a thin collenchymatous layer at the cor...

To study the chemical constituents of the stem part of Ichnocarpus frutescens.The ethanolic extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens was used for the isolation of chemical constituents with the help of silica gel G and Sephadex column chromatography and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data and chemical methods.Five compounds were isolated and identified as n-butyl oleate (1), n-octyl tetracontane (2), tetratriacontadiene (3), n-nonadecanyl benzoate (4), and benzocosanyl arachidate (5).Compound 5 is new; and compounds 1–4 are isolated from genus Ichnocarpus frutescens for the first time.

ABSTRACT A study was conducted to determine the effect of inoculation method and plant growth medium on colonization of sorghum by an endophytic Beauveria bassiana. Colonization of leaves, stems, and roots by B. bassiana was assessed 20-days after application of the fungus. Although B. bassiana established as an endophyte in sorghum leaves, stems, and roots regardless of inoculation method (leaf, seed, or soil inoculation), plant growth medium (sterile soil, non-sterile soil, or vermiculite) apparently influenced colonization rates. Seed inoculation with conidia caused no stem or leaf colonization by the fungus in non-sterile soil but did result in substantial endophytic colonization in vermiculite and sterile soil. Leaf inoculation did not result in root colonization, regardless of plant growth medium. Endophytic colonization was greater in leaves and stems than roots. Endophytic colonization by B. bassiana had no adverse effects on the growth of sorghum plants. Leaf inoculation with a conidial suspension proved to be the best method to introduce B. bassiana into sorghum leaves for plants growing in either sterile or non-sterile soil. Further research should focus on the virulence of endophytic B. bassiana against sorghum stem borers.

The objective of this study was to characterize anaerobic batch digestion of cattail weeds botanical fractions singly and in combination using American cockroach gut microorganisms as an inoculum. The effects of increasing concentration of cattail weeds expressed as percentage of total solids (TS) from 5, 15, to 30 and 60% on methane yield was investigated at ambient temperature of 29±1°C.

Cucurbitacins are special group of highly oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenes with a wide range of bioactivity (Lavie and Glotter, 1971; Doskotch et al., 1969; Smit et al., 2000; Cassady and Suffness, 1980; Ito et al., 2002 and Dinan et al., 1997). Several cucurbitacins belonging to ...

Different genes might be involved in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum resistance in leaves and stem of common bean. This work aimed to study the genetic mechanisms of the resistance in the leaf and stem in segregating populations from backcrosses involving resistant cultivar AN 910408 and susceptible cultivar Rudá inoculated with spore suspensions of C. lindemuthianum race 83. Our results indicate that two genes which interact epistatically, one dominant and one recessive, are involved in the genetic control of leaf anthracnose resistance. As for stem anthracnose resistance, two genes also epistatic, one dominant and one recessive, explain the resistance to C. lindemuthianum race 83. The recessive gene is the same for leaf and stem resistance; however, the dominant genes are distinct and independent from each other. The three independent resistance genes of AN 910408 observed in this work could be derived from Guanajuato 31.