Arboriculture

Urban/community forestry programs in Utah, U.S., were studied; a questionnaire was sent to community forestry contacts in every incorporated community in the state in summer 2002. Respondents reported on program support, budget, management authority and practices, strengths and weaknesses, and training and information needs. Program support from residents, town officials, and employees was fairly strong, with 80% indicating some support.

In the mostly self-regulated arboricultural industry, Louisiana, U.S., is one of a few places where arborists must possess a license to operate. Since 1993, state-licensed arborists in Louisiana have been required to attend at least one continuing education workshop each year to maintain their licenses. In 2002, the State of Louisiana assumed responsibility for providing arborist continuing education, and program planners identified increasing safety and professionalism among licensed arborists as the two primary goals for the training program. The authors collected written questionnaires from 386 licensed arborists who provided baseline data on their levels of safety and professional- ism and demographic information. Analysis suggested that safety and professionalism are not separate variables among respon- dents, but examination of categories of questions describing different aspects of safety and professionalism is revealing. Arborists self-reported good ethical practices in deal...

À l’ère de l'informatique, qui aurait cru que le dessin allait contribuer à jeter les bases d'une meilleure compréhension et d'une meilleure gestion du développement des arbres ?
LE DESSIN, OUTIL DE RECHERCHE
À une époque où la mode est aux ordinateurs portables et aux analyses statistiques, il serait facile d'oublier l'im­portance du dessin en science. Pourtant, il est admis que la méthode doit se mettre au service de la recherche, et non l'inverse. Or, lorsqu'on cherche à identifier les mécanismes de fonctionnement des méristèmes api­caux d'une plante de l'envergure d'un arbre tout au long d'un cycle de vie pouvant s'étendre sur 200 ou 300 ans, on a intérêt à mettre de côté la prise de mesures fines. Le dessin permet d'assembler et de comparer rapide­ment une multitude de données. Il permet de voir au-delà de ce qui est connu, en forçant le regard de l'observateur sur son objet d'étude ; un premier pas en recherche qui donne ici des résultats étonnants et fon­cièrement utiles.

Sixty trees representing 9 different clones of Populus deltoides x P. trichocarpa hybrids were wounded in 1975, each tree receiving 14 drill wounds. Dissections of these trees after 6 months revealed several patterns of healing, ranging from poor closure and compartmentalization to excellent closure and compartmentalization. The results show that it is difficult to generalize on the healing patterns of

Between 2015 and 2019 an integrated survey of the Veteran Trees and Archaeology at two sites in the Forest of Dean was carried out by volunteers under the supervision of Andrew Hoaen, of the University of Worcester. This report is a summary of the findings of the survey. The Speech House is an important relict holly wood with many ancient holly trees which have been extensively modified in the past to provide fodder, timber and shelter for grazing animals. The majority of ancient oaks and beeches in Forest of Dean are to be found around Speech House. The archaeological walkover survey identified the remains of woodland industries along with a piece of Bronze age rock art and squatter settlement. The survey demonstrates the limitations of LIDAR at locating small scale archaeological monuments in wooded environments.

Saplings of Pinus sylvestris were subjected to drought stress periods and inoculated with Sphaempsis sapinea in a greenhouse experiment. Six wk after inoculation, saplings that had low needle water potentials for 14 to 21 days after inoculation exhibited more dieback and developed significantly (P < 0.05) longer cankers than saplings that had equivalent water stress for 3 to 4 days after inoculation or unstressed saplings. The results indicate that drought stress increases susceptibility of Scots pine to Sphaeropsis canker and that canker growth can be suppressed by watering drought-stressed trees.

Applying mulch on and around the root ball of newly installed trees is standard practice in many locations (Watson and Himelick 1997). However, mulch usage is less common in drier locations such as the southwestern United States. Applying mulch around the base of the tree has ...

A field study was conducted to measure the predictability of tree decay based on visual assessments. Predictions made by individual arborists, tree surgeons, and forest ecologists were compared with the actual amounts and distributions of decay in 10 hazardous laurel oaks (Quercus hemisphaerica) that were dissected. The mean deviations of predicted area of decay and predicted loss in strength from actual values were 0.4% and 2%, respectively. The interquartile range for predicted decay area was +12 to -15%; for strength loss it was +8 to -8%. Accuracy of the predictions improved with feedback. The results of this study suggest visual assessment can be a reliable means of predicting the internal extent of decay and hollow in potentially hazardous urban trees.

Over the last two decades, there has been a substantial increase in street tree plantings across the United States. Many cities have set ambitious planting goals, relying on volunteer community groups to meet them. Existing research demonstrates that community stewardship increases the survival of urban street trees. There is a lack of research, however, on how defining characteristics of community groups affect the survival and growth of the trees they plant. This study explores the significance of community group size (# participants), type (apartment, block watch, church, concerned neighbors, park, public housing, school, and social service), planting longevity (# years active), experience level (# trees planted), and neighborhood (geo-political boundaries). Measured for this study were 1393 trees planted from 1995 to 2007, by 134 groups, through the Urban Resources Initiative's Community Greenspace program in New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. There was an overall survival rate of 76%. Highest survival and growth was found among trees planted by groups with more planting experience, greater longevity, and more participants. Higher tree survival and growth was observed when trees were planted by groups working in line with their mission (e.g., park groups in parks). Lowest survival and growth was found among yard trees planted by public housing groups. Existing canopy cover and neighborhood percent homeownership had little effect on survival or growth. This research can offer guidance for city managers by suggesting which planting groups require particular assistance in conducting successful, lasting street tree plantings.

Hazard trees are a concern for anyone who manages trees in a landscape setting, including arborists, urban foresters, and grounds managers. Through re- search, experience, observation, and common sense, ar- borists and urban foresters have identified many risk factors that predispose trees to failure. They have also de- veloped thresholds to help determine the degree of hazard and whether a tree is in imminent danger of failing or needs annual (or more frequent) inspections. Two critical factors are involved in strength loss assessment in tree stems with defects. First, it is important to know how much strength is lost due to a defect such as a hollow or cavity. Second, the load required to cause failure needs to be considered since the wood of some trees is inherently stronger than others. Research currently underway at the University of Massachusetts , U.S., intends to test the strength loss due to decay in tree stems. Eventually, once the methodology has been refined, other tree ...

Apparu lors d'un croisement naturel entre un mandarinier et un oranger à la fin du XIX e siècle, la clémentine s'est ensuite diversifiée par sélection clonale de mutants somatiques. Distinguer les différentes variétés clonales étant pratiquement impossible, le développement d'outils moléculaires d'identification variétale s'est donc avéré nécessaire. Nous avons étudié trois cultivars, représentant des groupes de maturité des fruits très distincts. Nous avons recherché des critères d'identification au niveau phénotypique (caractéristiques organoleptiques, morphologie des feuilles) et au niveau de l'ADN (isozymes, RAPD et ISSR). La diversité phénotypique observée est relativement élevée et contraste avec le faible polymorphisme moléculaire. En effet, seul le cultivar « Guerdane » présente des profils d'empreintes génétiques différents de ceux des deux autres cultivars. La fréquence des modifications génétiques serait donc variable d'un cultivar à un autre. Les marqueurs moléculaires spécifiques du cultivar « Guerdane » s'ajoutent aux marqueurs phénotypiques et étendent les possibilités d'identification aux jeunes plants en pépinière.

One major benefit of urban trees is the shade they provide on sunny days; this reduces the heat stored in engineered surfaces and lowers the heat load on people, increasing their comfort. This study compared the shading effectiveness of five small street tree species within the urban landscape of Manchester, UK. The area of shade produced by each tree during early and midsummer 2012 was calculated from morphological measurements, such as canopy height, width, and aspect ratio. The effect of tree shade on air, mean radiant and surface temperatures was also compared and related to the leaf area index (LAI) of the canopy. It was found that tree shade reduced mean radiant temperatures by an average of 4°C, though neither tree species nor LAI had a significant effect. Tree shade reduced surface temperatures by an average of 12°C, and the tree species and LAI both had significant effects. Tree species with higher LAI, Crataegus laevigata and Pyrus calleryana, provided significantly more c...

Evapotranspirational cooling from urban trees is an effective way of reducing the urban heat island. However, the appropriate planting design to maximize the cooling benefit of street trees has not been widely examined. The current study investigated the growth and physiology of a commonly planted urban tree, Pyrus calleryana, in Manchester, UK. Trees were planted in April 2010 using three standard planting techniques: in a small open pit, and in small or large closed pits with non-compacted load-bearing soils and sealed with permeable paving slabs. The growth rate, leaf area index, and stomatal conductance were monitored over the next three growing seasons, together with chlorophyll analysis and fluorescence and leaf water potential, allowing researchers to determine tree health, water status, and evapotranspirational cooling. Trees in the open pits grew twice as fast as those in small covered pits and 1.5 times as fast as trees in large covered pits. Having significantly higher ca...

MEMORIAL EARTH PARK ©
AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC SPACE, SYNTHESIZING BURIAL MOUNDS, FAMILY TREES AND HUMAN BODY COMPOSTING IN NORTH TEXAS

Gregory Alan Craig, PLA, LEED AP BD+C, MLA
The University of Texas At Arlington, 2019
Supervising Professor: Dr. Diane Jones Allen

Over the next 30 years, the population growth in North Texas will place increasing demands on our urban infrastructure and natural resources, while reducing our available public land and open space. Impacts from expanded urban development will decrease our tree canopy coverage, reduce air & water quality and increase impervious surfaces, urban heat island effects and storm water flooding. Environmental sustainability is critical to combat the negative impacts of future growth in North Texas.
The memorial landscape is a landscape of tremendous cultural significance in America (Wasserman, 1998) , but the two most traditional means of disposing of human remains are not sustainable, have significant carbon footprints, impose harsh environmental impacts and consume open space that is increasingly scarce in our ever expanding urban regions. Fortunately, new green death care technologies will provide opportunities for cities to create culturally significant and enduring memorial landscape. In recent years, scientific innovations and shifting outlooks on death have bred a change in the ways Americans plan for the fate of their dearly departed, including human body composting and green burial practices that offer a more sustainable vision of death in the future.
The objective of this design thesis is to research the history, form, spiritual and symbolic nature of man-made, burial and ceremonial mounds, while investigating human body composting. The goal is to synthesize a new land-form typology and create an environmentally sustainable, memorial mound park in the North Texas region. A memorial park designed around the principles of environmental sustainability. Sustainability that goes beyond site issues and addresses the issues inherent with traditional human body disposition.

Tree planting programs in Malaysia have progressed as planned. However, the subsequent management of the street trees, particularly at Kuala Lumpur City Hall, is not well undertaken due to inadequate information for management and maintenance purposes. There has never been a systematic tree survey conducted to inventory street trees in Kuala Lumpur. With this, a survey was conducted to collect comprehensive information on tree structure, species composition, species diversity, and tree defects and disorders. A total 2,191 street trees were surveyed.

Opracowana w ramach programu „Drogi dla Natury” książka przeznaczona jest dla tych, którzy w ramach swoich obowiązków odpowiadają za drzewa, a także dla tych, którzy je po prostu kochają i pragną je lepiej poznać i chronić. Jest ona połączonym drugim wydaniem książek „Aleje – skarbnice przyrody” oraz „Aleje – podręcznik użytkownika” opublikowanych w roku 2012. Ich zawartość została gruntownie zweryfikowana – zwłaszcza rozdziały o podstawowej diagnostyce i pielęgnacji drzew. Proponujemy także nowy, znacznie bardziej użyteczny formularz oceny drzewa. Mamy nadzieję, że książka będzie praktyczną pomocą dla pracowników służb drogowych i samorządów, gospodarzy nieruchomości oraz społeczników.

For the purposes of this article, climbing hitches will be assessed by three main criteria:
• how well the climbing hitch holds the climber in place for work positioning
By Mark Adams
• how easily the climbing hitch releases to allow the climber to descend and then grips once the climber has reached the next (usually lower) work station
• how easily the hitch breaks and advances when pushed by a slack tender or the climber’s hand and then grips once the climber has reached the next (usually higher) work station

A total of 21 heronries comprising 11 species of birds were observed during a survey carried out in 2008 and subsequent monitoring of the sites in South-West region of deccan Maharashtra. Area covered was part of Solapur, Osmanabad, Pune and Satara districts of Maharashtra, which come under low rainfall region and forest type of southern tropical thorn forest. Habitat loss, hunting and lack of public awareness were found as major factors in conservation of threatened birds such as Painted Stork and Black-headed Ibis.

Hallé nos obsequió en el marco del SPV, en Girona, con una charla a cerca de la evolución de la estructura de crecimiento de los árboles con que pudimos apreciar la forma de crecimiento del moderno árbol colonial frente a la del antiguo Árbol Unitario.

L’analyse architecturale des arbres est une discipline de recherche qui a défié les modes en science et qui donne accès aujourd’hui à des connaissances inédites sur le mode de développement des arbres. Saviez-vous qu’un arbre peut fourcher pour 5 raisons différentes et que selon la raison, son devenir sera différent? Savez-vous reconnaître les différentes catégories d’axe d’un arbre et identifier d’un seul regard porté sur sa structure à quel stade de développement il est rendu? L’architecture de l’arbre est quelque chose qui se voit, qui est accessible et surtout qui est informateur et utile pour celui qui recense, gère, exploite ou protège l’arbre et la forêt.

While English yew Taxus baccata L. has become extinct or rare in many parts of Europe, Britain contains a large population of very large and old yew. We analyse 2,760 records of live yew trees to document this unique population and categorise by girth: 717 Veteran (5–6.99 m), 204 Ancient (7–8.99 m) and 55 Exceptional (≥9 m) yew trees. Individual trees are mapped, and both areas and habitats of the highest proportions are detailed. The loss of 223 notable trees from churchyards highlights a need for better safeguarding a unique habitat of the world’s largest yew trees.

Este manual se constituye en un aporte para la definición de los criterios orientadores para la siembra adecuada y óptima de árboles y palmas en las zonas blandas y parques de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali y recomendaciones para favorecer su cuidado y preservación cotidiana.

El Manual de Arborización Urbana está dirigido a los ciudadanos con el objetivo de ser una herramienta de apoyo para la selección y siembra de especies de plantas y árboles en correspondencia con la zonificación ecológica identificada para la ciudad y con los diferentes ambientes y espacios urbanos aptos para la arborización.

El Manual de Arborización Urbana presenta algunas técnicas y recomendaciones básicas de siembra y aspectos relacionados con el mantenimiento y conservación de la flora local, en especial teniendo en cuenta una estrategia global de interconectividad y favorecimiento de corredores biológicos urbanos en la ciudad de Santiago de Cali.

Adicionalmente, se enumeran algunos de los requisitos y de normatividad municipal que regula las actividades de siembra, poda, traslado o corte de árboles en la Ciudad de Cali.

En este DE SERMONE HERÁLDICO -V-, se presentan los Árboles y Arbustos, con sus ramas, hojas, flores y frutos que la ciencia Heráldica utiliza como figuras en la composición de las armerías.

El estudio, sin ser exhaustivo, pretende dar el máximo de datos sobre la fitografía de este tipo de plantas, lo que sin duda facilitará al lector el poder dibujar el árbol o arbusto estudiado, y sus componentes, conforme a lo que se entiende por diseño heráldico; y al mismo tiempo de sus atributos, alegorías y simbología, que también se citan abundantemente, extraer las pertinentes justificaciones del porqué de la elección de esas figuras con las que el titular del blasón pretende identificarse.

Oubliés savent sans doute que l'idée reçue voulant que l'on protège les agrumes cultivés en plein air _ en les << rentrant » dans une pièce chauffée, ou, à plus forte raison, que les agrumes sont des plantes d'intérieur 1 , est fausse : nombreux sont ceux qui ont précisément débuté dans • la culture par une erreur de ce type.

This paper asks whether we can identify a recurrent domestication syndrome for tree crops (fruits, nuts) and track archaeologically the evolution of domestication of fruits from woody perennials. While archaeobotany has made major contributions to documenting the domestication process in cereals and other annual grains, long-lived perennials have received less comparative attention. Drawing on examples from across Eurasia, comparisons suggest a tendency for the larger domesticated fruits to contain seeds that are proportionally longer, thinner and with more pointed (acute to attenuated) apices. Therefore, although changes in flavour, such as increased sweetness, are not recoverable, seed metrics and shape provide an archaeological basis for tracking domestication episodes in fruits from woody perennials. Where available, metrical data suggest length increases, as well as size diversification over time, with examples drawn from the Jomon of Japan (Castanea crenata), Neolithic China (Prunus persica) and the later Neolithic of the Near East (Olea europaea, Phoenix dactylifera) to estimate rates of change. More limited data allow us to also compare Mesoamerica avocado (Persea americana) and western Pacific Canarium sp. nuts and Spondias sp. fruits. Data from modern Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) are also considered in relation to seed length:width trends in relation to fruit contents (flesh proportion, sugar content). Despite the long generation time in tree fruits, rates of change in their seeds are generally comparable to rates of phenotypic evolution in annual grain crops, suggesting that gradual evolution via unconscious selection played a key role in initial processes of tree domestication, and that this had begun in the later Neolithic once annual crops had been domesticated, in both west and east Asia.

This paper explores how arborists negotiate their work environment, including the pressures of policies, the labour market, technologies, government regulations and lack thereof, and the non-human agencies with which they are confronted. The political climate surrounding urban forestry in Southern Ontario influences and governs operations and physical labour. There are many (f)actors and conditions (both external and internal) surrounding fieldwork in urban forestry and that these affect work and personal lives. The questions guiding this paper include: (a) How do various political and labour conditions impact arborists' sense of pride, independence and skill?; (b) What are the social and labour divisions within the culture of arboriculture?; and (c) What is the lived experience of urban forest workers, their employment, and what is it like to be a frontline worker? This paper provides a closer look at licensing, work conditions, subcultures and social dynamics in urban arboriculture. Using accounts from semi-structured interviews with arborists across Southern Ontario and by examining field arborists' activities, relationships with co-workers and working conditions through participant observation and ethnographic field notes, I explore and reveal how arborists feel about their working environment and the labour processes and people who oversee and surround them. Findings reveal that despite dehumanizing (f)actors within the field, there are elements of resistance and negotiation, and potential for an alternative future.

Against the backdrop of a comprehensive archaeobotanical review, we present linguistic evidence that allows us to develop a model of the dispersal of bananas westwards from New Guinea. This westward dispersal is a window on pre-Austronesian contact between New Guinea and regions to the west. The linguisticallyderived model is compatible with archaeobotanical and botanical data. Our interpretation accords with evidence for maritime interactions from the early Holocene in western New Guinea and eastern Indonesia.

Savernake Forest and Tottenham Park, Wiltshire, is an extensive designed landscape established on the remnants of a medieval hunting forest and best known for its concentration of veteran trees. Between 2006 and 2009 seven thousand large trees were located and measured in a survey carried out by the Forestry Commission. The data are here stratified and analysed using the normal distribution curve to identify populations
and compared with archival material. It is suggested that the majority of veteran trees
date from the late eighteenth century. A small number of oaks are indicated as being of
older cohorts in the medieval period. Three may have their origins before the Norman
Conquest.

Food production, or the cultivation and processing of edible materials, is closely linked to both the physical environment and human social systems. This is especially true on the islands of Remote Oceania, where cultivation of plants introduced with colonization has always been a key component of survival. This project centers on the production systems of an island in the west central Pacific: Pohnpei, Micronesia. It addresses the fundamental question of how food production is related to changes in social and physical environments and also addresses the optimum ways to archaeologically study plant remains in tropical oceanic environments with poor preservation. In order to examine these questions, this project looks at human-environment interrelationships using historical ecology.

A multi-pronged approach was used in this research. Archaeological survey was used to identify prehistoric and historic features on the landscape and to map the distribution of food production activities. Excavation of selected archaeological features, including breadfruit fermentation pits, yam enclosures, and cooking features, was conducted to examine formation patterns. Paleoethnobotanical analysis included collection and analysis of flotation samples for carbonized plant macroremain analysis
iv
and sediment samples for phytolith analysis. Finally, because a reference collection is key to all paleoethnobotanical research, plant specimens from multiple Pacific locations were collected and processed for phytolith reference.

Botanical data show that phytolith analysis is very useful in the Pacific region, as many economically important taxa produce phytoliths. However, because of differential silica uptake, it should be used in conjunction with other methods. Archaeological phytolith analysis of the garden landscape shows disturbance caused by pigs, which were introduced historically, a change from the prehistoric phytolith record, which shows no major shifts. Combined analysis of plant macroremains and phytoliths from secure archaeological contexts shows the use of banana leaves in breadfruit cooking in the historic period, highlighting the importance of multi-method paleoethnobotanical study. These data point towards an anthropogenic environment and stable agricultural system that was present in late prehistoric Pohnpei. Major changes occurred in the historic period, although production of plant foods that were important for centuries continues to flourish today.

Demesnes have been a dominant feature of the lrish landscape since medieval times and once occupied 5% of the country.  Although dependant upon their supporting tenanted estates, demesnes - the manorial lands farmed directly by the lord - have evolved as seperate social and economic areas with distinctive planned and managed layouts incorporating woodland, farmland, gardens, and ornamental grounds, as well a a range of building types. Considering their central role in the development of Irish agriculture, horticuture, sylviculture and field sport, it is perhaps not surprising that demesnes have made a significant contribution to the natural history of Ireland. Indeed, they continue to do so, for despite the widespread devastation over the past eighty years, the demesne remains a significant component of the Irish landscape, offering suitable habitats to a  wide range of flora and fauna.

Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] is a native American fruit tree that has potential as a new fruit crop or for use in landscapes, but little information is available to nurseries on the production of containerized plants. In greenhouse experiments, growth of pawpaw seedlings in Rootrainers was examined in three fertilization regimes, two root-zone temperatures, and four substrates [ProMix, 6 pine bark: 1 sand (v/v), 1 sand: 1 sphagnum peat, and 4 pine bark: 1 sand: 1 sphagnum peat medium]. A similar germination rate of 80% was obtained in all substrates. Weekly fertigation treatments were imposed when seedlings had 2 to 3 leaves, at 0, 50, and 100 mg·L-1 N as Peters 20N-8.6P-16.6K water-soluble fertilizer plus soluble trace elements. After 140 days at the highest fertilizer rate, plant height, leaf number, and dry weight (roots, shoots, and total plant) were greater in ProMix and 1 sand:1 sphagnum peat than in 6 pine bark: 1 sand (v/v) or 4 pine bark: 1 sand: 1 sphagnum peat. Als...

The California Tree Failure Report Program database was established in 1987 to collect data on tree branch, trunk, and root breakage or uprooting. The database for the CTFRP is compiled from failure evaluation reports filled out by statewide cooperating arborists, tree assessors, and other horticultural professionals. Compilation of 186 reports for Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) has permitted development of a