Pharmaceutical industry

ncreasingly, the explosion in scien- tific knowledge is overwhelming both researchers and practitioners in the health professions. The man- aged care pharmacist today needs a con - stant and current sense of the basic phar- maceutical sciences, clinical pharmacy, pharmacy management systems, health policy and ethics, new drug introductions, pharmacoeconomics, and pharmacoepi- demiology. Monitoring the ever-changing pharmaceutical industry is now

In this paper I revisit previous critiques that I have made of much, though by no means all, bioethical discourse. These pertain to faithfulness to dualistic ontology, a taken-for-granted normative anthropocentrism, and the exclusion of a consideration of how political economy shapes the conditions for bioethical discourse (Twine Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 8(3):285-295, 2005; International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 16(3):1-18, 2007, 2010). Part of my argument around bioethical dualist ontology is to critique the assumption of a division between the “medical” (human) and “agricultural” (nonhuman) and to show various ways in which they are interrelated. I deepen this analysis with a focus on transnational pharmaceutical companies, with specific attention to their role in enhancing agricultural production through animal drug administration. I employ the topical case of antibiotics in order to speak to current debates in not only the interdisciplinary field of bioethics but also that of animal studies. More generally, the animal-industrial complex (Twine Journal for Critical Animal Studies 10(1):12-39, 2012) is underlined as a highly relevant bioethical object that deserves more conceptual and empirical attention.

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The entry into force of the World Trade Organization (WTO) TRIPS Agreement in 1995 transformed the international intellectual property system. The harmonization of basic intellectual property standards has operated to protect investment in innovation, limiting risks from unjustified ‘free riding’. Yet these same harmonized IP standards sharply curtailed the traditional capacity of suppliers of public goods, such as health care and nutrition, to address priority needs of less affluent members of society, particularly in (but not limited to) developing countries. In the Doha Declaration, the Waiver Decision of 30 August 2003 and the Article 31bis Protocol of Amendment, stakeholders concerned with re-opening policy space for the supply of newer pharmaceutical products pushed back against restrictive elements of the TRIPS Agreement.Governments around the world are in the process of deciding whether to ratify and accept the Article 31bis Amendment. Based on their Study for the Internatio...

In the pharmaceutical industry, costs attributed to manufacturing are a major part of a company’s total expenses. In this paper, trends in various expense and income categories of pharmaceutical companies have been analyzed with particular emphasis on manufacturing costs to gain an insight into their relationships and how they may differ among types of pharmaceutical companies such as brand name, generics, and biotechs. The study includes data published in the annual reports of leading pharmaceutical companies from 1994 to 2005. Twenty-two pharmaceutical companies were selected based on the annual revenues. The set was further divided into three groups: brand names, generics, and biotechs. The analysis shows that, between 1994 and 2005, manufacturing costs (as a percentage of total sales) are different for the three groups of companies listed above. Additionally, each group of companies differs in how savings are leveraged strategically. The data on brand-name pharmaceutical companies also indicate that there is a strong correlation between the reduction of the cost of goods sold (COGS) and the increase in R&D expenditure. This suggests the validity of Vernon’s theory that for brand-name companies, a reduction in COGS will likely have a positive impact on investments in R&D, presumably resulting in much needed innovations and future health benefits for the society.

The main objective of this research paper had toward evaluated the study of effectiveness of recruitment and selection process. Make appropriate recruitment and selection procedure strategy outcome into better company results. The required toward fascinate plus picking an extremely abilities, qualification and capable employees into a constricted plus contest Marketplace prepared the need acceptance of greatest activities into enlistment plus picking through facilities Use as a basis company. In spite of the huge physical resources and also the latest technology, a company finds itself within the interior of economic crisis if it doesn't have the proper individuals to manage and conduct its affairs. So human resources area unit an awfully valuable quality while not that a company cannot progress altogether direction. Enlisting and choice of personnel is of significant for any organization to pick the proper individuals in right place. For this each organization ought to have its...

The pharmaceutical industry has produced many drugs that have benefited man. Political frameworks designed to govern the industry must maintain these benefits. However, regulation needs to be sufficiently robust to protect public health from drugs that are unsafe, ineffective, or unnecessary. The extent of industry influence over drug regulation, at the expense of other interested parties, suggests that the current system could be more robust. The many ways in which the pharmaceutical industry can influence governments and regulatory agencies are discussed, and methods by which this influence can be curbed are suggested.

Expression of recombinant proteins as inclusion bodies in bacteria is one of the most efficient ways to produce cloned proteins, as long as the inclusion bodies can be successfully refolded. In this study, the different parameters were investigated and optimized on the refolding of denatured lipase. The maximum lipase activity of 5000U/L was obtained after incubation of denatured enzyme in

In this paper the development process is studied in longitudinal case studies where a radically new product group, functional foods, is developed. Studied in a creative management perspective, these high-tech food products are associated with added value for the food business as well as for individuals and society at large.In the past decades Swedish food companies have faced increasing competition. With increased competitive pressures, low prices and large volumes may not suffice as strategic advantage in the long-term. One way of gaining competitive advantages requires finding new ways of creating added value based on technological development. It represents a technological upgrading process that leads to the production of value added products, profits from licensing agreements and a boost for the company image.Businesses that want to succeed in this market need to develop new managerial methods, in particular for the identification of critical technologies. Strategies for accessing these new technologies may vary depending on the institutional conditions. It may, for instance, imply cross industrial cooperation. Where the pharmaceutical industry has an advantage, in a strong R&D tradition, the food industry seems to have a need. In Sweden, for example, collaboration between authorities and businesses in developing a legal framework for these products has promoted industrial engagement. The government has not, however, subsidized these developments as has been done in Finland and Japan, where huge funds are shared between universities and industrial partners — in an agreement of creating added value. This raises the question of strategic partners and ‘open source development’. Is it an option, given European institutional conditions?

Prostate cancer chemoprevention represents a relatively new and promising strategy for reducing the immense public health burden of this devastating cancer of men in the United States and Western societies. Chemoprevention is defined as the administration of agents (drugs, biologics, and natural products) that modulate (inhibit) one or more steps in the multistage carcinogenesis process culminating in invasive adenocarcinoma of the prostate. In 2000, there were an estimated 170,000 new cases of prostate cancer and 31,000 deaths in the United States. During the past decade, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) organized the chemoprevention research program and began testing the first generation of promising agents (eg, 4-(hydroxy)-fenretinide [4-HPR], difluoromethylornithine [DFMO], antiandrogens) in high-risk cohorts and launched the first-large scale US phase 3 primary prevention trial, known as Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT-1), in 18,000 average-risk men (age more than 55 years and prostate-specific antigen [PSA] less than 3 ng/mL) treated for 7 years with finasteride or placebo. In the summer of 1998, the NCI Prostate Cancer Progress Review Group (PRG) Report to the director of NCI was published in response to the leadership of the prostate cancer advocacy community in conjunction with Congress. To further elucidate and address critical issues identified in this report and to develop a research agenda for the newly created Prostate and Urologic Cancer Research Group in the Division of Cancer Prevention at NCI, the NCI organized the workshop "New Clinical Trial Strategies for Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention." The major objectives were to promote understanding and cooperation among the NCI, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), academia, pharmaceutical industry, and the public regarding new opportunities for clinical prevention trials for prostate cancer. The workshop was divided into three concurrent breakout panels and a fourth joint integrative panel. The workshop addressed multiple key areas identified in the PRG report in the following panels: (1) Molecular Targets and Promising Agents in Clinical Development; (2) Intermediate Endpoint Biomarkers for Prevention Trials; (3) High-Risk Study Populations for Prevention Trials, and (4) Preventive Clinical Trial Designs and Regulatory Issues. Expert panelists were drawn from leading academic, pharmaceutical, and government scientists in basic research and clinical investigation. Key pharmaceutical, biotechnology, academic, and National Institutes of Health scientists presented overviews of their new agents and products in clinical development (representing the next generation of promising agents). Senior FDA physicians from the Center for Drugs and Center for Biologics presented on current standards for new drug and biologic approval for chemoprevention efficacy. Some of the key topics included recent advances in the state of knowledge of promising agents in the clinic based on molecular targets as well as bottlenecks in drug development for pharmaceutical sponsors; strategic modulable biomarkers that can serve as primary endpoints in phase 1/2 trials to assess preventive efficacy; high-risk cohorts with precancer (high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) and representative clinical trial designs that are ready for immediate translation into efficient prevention trials, such as Bayesian sequential monitoring for early assessment of biologic activity and factorial designs for assessment of multiagent combinations. Finally, each expert panel generated recommendations for areas of future research emphasizing opportunities and infrastructure needs.

The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate Metformin HCl microspheres to produce a drug delivery system with better pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties. Metformin HCl microspheres were prepared by using ethyl cellulose as a release retardant polymer by solvent evaporation method .Formulations F1, F2 and F3 were prepared using ethyl cellulose in the drug polymer ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. A plasticizer (N-dibutyl phthalate) was added in formulations F4,F5 and F6 .The prepared microspheres were evaluated for the parameters like Percentage yield, Particle size analysis, Micromeritic properties like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio, melting point determination, drug content estimation, microencapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release studies. The in vitro release of Metformin HCl was slow and extended over longer period of time. As the concentration of polymer was increased, the drug release was decreased. The drug release was found to be slow in formulations F4, F5 and F6 when compared to F1, F2 and F3. Thus the study clearly indicated a promising potential of sustained release Metformin HCl microspheres containing ethyl cellulose as rate controlling polymer for effectively treating diabetes mellitus.

Las propiedades nutricionales y funcionales de las semillas de cáñamo (Cannabis sp.) Presentación. La semilla de cáñamo ha sido considerada comúnmente como una de las fuentes alimenticias más completas desde el punto de vista nutricional. Debido a sus altos rasgos nutritivos. Puede consumirse como tal (semilla entera, descascarada) o descascarada (semilla de cáñamo kernel), así como sus productos de procesamiento, incluidos aceite, harina y proteína en polvo. A pesar del hecho que algunos estudios destacaron una alta variabilidad en la composición de la semilla de cáñamo según el genotipos y factores ambientales, por lo general contiene 25-35% de lípidos con una composición única y perfectamente equilibrada de ácidos grasos (AG); 20-25% de proteínas fáciles de digerir y ricas en aminoácidos esenciales; 20-30% de carbohidratos, gran parte de los cuales están constituidos en fibra dietética, principalmente insoluble; así como vitaminas y minerales. Además de su valor nutricional, la semilla de cáñamo también es rica en antioxidantes naturales y otros componentes bioactivos como péptidos bioactivos, compuestos fenólicos, tocoferoles, carotenoides y fitoesteroles, cuyo contenido parece verse afectado principalmente por los factores ambientales y agronómicos. Y, en menor medida, por variabilidad genética.

In the present paper, it is attempted to empirically verify the impact of economic liberalization on the R&D behaviour of Indian pharmaceutical firms controlling for the effects of several firm specific characteristics including firm size. The results from the Tobit analysis for a sample of firms over the period 1989-90 to 2000-01 indicate that competitive pressure generated by liberalization has worked effectively in pushing Indian pharmaceutical firms into R&D activity. A host of firm characteristics like firm age, size, profitability, intangible assets, export orientation and outward foreign direct investment are also found to be important determinants of innovative activity in the industry. The study suggests several policy measures to further indigenous technological efforts of pharmaceutical firms, which include, removing obstacles that inhibit outward orientation of firms, providing special scheme for small size firms in the overall technology policy for the industry, intensi...

The stages of the manufacture, logistics and regulatory process of medicines are identified and described in this paper and their relations are analysed from a value approach. Concepts on value chain and development of a functional basis for design are adapted in order to characterize the processes for innovation of medicines. The value concept showed to be an important paradigm

The characteristics of pharmaceutical sector imply a high risk of corruption with a considerable damage for the industry, the healthcare system and the whole community. The pharmaceutical companies have an important role for a generalized recovery of effectiveness in the health sector, so many international institutions intervened with models of ethical code that represent the minimum standards the companies should respect to reach good ethical practices. At present, most of the companies have well-structured code of ethics/conduct, but it frequently seems not favor corporate behaviors ethically correct sharing priorities in the triple bottom line. The paper makes considerations about the role of the ethical code on building strong value-driven cultures as tool of corporate responsibility in the pharmaceutical industry. The aim is to demonstrate how difficult is the coherence between the values declared in the code and the effective behavior when the corporate ethical culture fails.

Clinical trials have become marketing exercises for the pharmaceutical industry and cash-strapped universities are helping make the sale.  This article examines the death of Dan Markingson in an unethical clinical trial at the University of Minnesota.

... Anjana Bhatia • Saroj Arora • Bikram Singh • Gurveen Kaur • Avinash Nagpal ... More popularly known as ''Ratanjot'' in the northwestern Himalayas, the extract from roots has been used as a dark maroon natural colorant in syrups, tonics, ointments and hair dyes and also for ...

The stages of the manufacture, logistics and regulatory process of medicines are identified and described in this paper and their relations are analysed from a value approach. Concepts on value chain and development of a functional basis for design are adapted in order to characterize the processes for innovation of medicines. The value concept showed to be an important paradigm