- T. Edward Reed (University of Toronto, Zoology & Anthropology) PhD thesis supervisoredit
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Research Interests: Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Geography, Archaeology, Anthropology, and 15 moreEpidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Multiple sclerosis, Population Genetics, Biology, Medicine, Genetics of complex disease, Humans, Etiology, Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Group, Genetic Variability, Population dynamic, and Ethnic Difference
The Dogrib, an Amerindian tribe residing in the Northwest Territories of Canada, were typed for DNA and protein polymorphism at the apolipoprotein A-I/C-III/A-IV gene cluster. Variation was seen at three previously described RFLPs... more
The Dogrib, an Amerindian tribe residing in the Northwest Territories of Canada, were typed for DNA and protein polymorphism at the apolipoprotein A-I/C-III/A-IV gene cluster. Variation was seen at three previously described RFLPs detected with the enzymes SstI, PstI, and XmnI, though frequencies of these polymorphisms differ significantly from those reported in other populations. They exhibit no variation at two previously reported PvuII sites. No variation was seen in the APO A-I or APO A-IV gene products, with the Dogrib showing the most common isoelectric-focusing/immunoblot patterns of other world populations. Haplotype frequencies computed from inferred haplotypes and by maximum likelihood estimation did not differ significantly. The extent of nonrandom association of these sites is highly significant (P less than .00001), though pairwise analysis shows significance between the SstI and XmnI sites only. Levels of fasting triglyceride and fasting total cholesterol were determined for each individual. Analysis of covariance shows that fasting triglyceride levels in women vary significantly with the XmnI genotype. These results suggest that genetic variation at the APO A-I/C-III/A-IV gene cluster may be a useful tool for the study of quantitative lipoprotein variation in the Dogrib.
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Research Interests: Evolutionary Biology, Archaeology, Gender Studies, Anthropology, Biological Anthropology, and 15 moreNarrative, Gender, Biology, Medicine, Equity, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Faculty, Humans, Female, Male, Mothers, Psychological Resilience, Career Choice, Academic careers, and Representation Politics
... Canada: association with age and a centripetal distribution of body fat. Szathmary EJ,Holt N. PMID: 6873931 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Publication Types: Comparative Study; Research Support, Non-US Gov't. MeSH Terms: ...
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Introduction 1. Hybrids, mothers, and clades: who is right? 2. Multiregional evolution or 'Out of Africa'? The linguistic evidence 3. A Monte Carlo simulation study of coalescence times in a successive colonization model with... more
Introduction 1. Hybrids, mothers, and clades: who is right? 2. Multiregional evolution or 'Out of Africa'? The linguistic evidence 3. A Monte Carlo simulation study of coalescence times in a successive colonization model with migration 4. Modern human origins and the dynamics of regional continuity 5. Cranial morphology of the Siberians and East Asians 6. Dental characteristics of the Japanese population 7. Population genetic studies of national minorities in China 8. Ancient migration from Asia to North America 9. Dispersal of the ALDH2 mutant in mongoloid populations 10. The ecological context of northern dispersals into the New World 11. On the origin and dispersal of East Asian populations as viewed from HLA haplotypes 13. Quaternary geology of the ice-free corridor: glacial controls on the peopling of the Americas 14. Ethnographic analogy and migration to the Western Hemisphere 15. The environmental context for early human occupations in western North America 16. New assessments of early human occupations in the Southern cone 17. The first Americans: different waves of migration to the New World inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphism 18. Early agriculture and the dispersal of the southern Mongoloids 19. Palaeolithic colonization in Sahul land 20. The genetic prehistory of Australia and Oceania: new insights from DNA analyses 21. What is Southeast Asian about Lapita? 22. Formation of Japanese language in connection with Austronesian languages 23. Adaptive strategies in East Polynesia Author index Subject index
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This chapter considers the consequences of change, from a largely flesh based diet to one that includes flour and sugar, among North American Subarctic populations. It notes the problems associated with assessing dietary change among the... more
This chapter considers the consequences of change, from a largely flesh based diet to one that includes flour and sugar, among North American Subarctic populations. It notes the problems associated with assessing dietary change among the indigenous inhabitants of this area, and what is known about their foods. It reviews frequently used methods of dietary intake assessment. Survey findings on total energy intakes and the macronutrient composition of indigenous diets are presented. Lastly, evidence regarding the impact of dietary change on the health of Subarctic peoples is summarized. Special consideration is given to chronic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes, and future health risks, given the rapidity of dietary acculturation in the Subarctic. It has proven difficult to demonstrate that dietary change has a direct causal role in the onset of chronic diseases, even though the transition from pre-contact to modern diets is recent, in some instances just a few decades ago.
Research Interests: Biology and Indigenous
The definition of a memoir is "an account of the personal experiences of an author." This paper provides the reflections of a physical (biological) anthropologist specializing in the genetics of the Indigenous peoples of North America who... more
The definition of a memoir is "an account of the personal experiences of an author." This paper provides the reflections of a physical (biological) anthropologist specializing in the genetics of the Indigenous peoples of North America who was born in Hungary, raised in Canada, and served twelve years as president and vice chancellor of the University of Manitoba. This professional background may question the relevance of these reflections to Hungarian studies. However, issues raised by János Kenyeres, the keynote speaker of the 2019 American Hungarian Educators Association conference, in his examination of Hungarian identity manifest in Hungarian literature-specifically, regarding "essentialist thinking"-are related to fundamental issues about the nature of human diversity with which physical (biological) anthropologists have been grappling since the eighteenth century. In an era in which commercial genetic genealogical services promise to identify ancestors and ethnicity, and genetic studies of living peoples as well as archaeogenomic studies of skeletal remains seek to identify relationships, current perspectives on what does-or does not-constitute "the essence of an individual and the groups to which one belongs" are worth considering. Facts, wherever they occur, are subject to interpretation. It is the cultural interpretation that we give to genetic identity that imbues that concept with meaning.
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The metabolically active form of vitamin D, 1,25-(OH)2D3, is involved in the regulation of insulin level. Because the serum group-specific component (Gc) binds vitamin D, it is worth knowing whether differences in basal insulin levels are... more
The metabolically active form of vitamin D, 1,25-(OH)2D3, is involved in the regulation of insulin level. Because the serum group-specific component (Gc) binds vitamin D, it is worth knowing whether differences in basal insulin levels are associated with Gc genotype. Such differences would warrant further investigation to clarify whether selection maintains Gc polymorphism through differential risk of Gc genotypes to diseases that involve insulin. Blood samples were collected in a study designed to address issues in the etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Amerindians. Fasting insulin levels and Gc genotype (including subtypes of Gc1) were determined for 144 adult Dogrib Indians of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Hierarchical regression of log10 transformed fasting insulin on age and adiposity within each sex showed that age had no effect on insulin level, but adiposity as measured by the body mass index (BMI) had a very highly significant effect. Analysis of covariance of log10 fasting insulin by sex, by Gc genotype and with adjustment for the effects of the covariate, BMI, was very highly significant. All interaction terms in the model were nonsignificant. The only variable that had a significant effect after adjustment for the BMI was Gc genotype (F4,133 = 3.71; P = 0.007). Covariance analysis was repeated on a subset of the sample (124 people). The reduced data set excluded all individuals who had, on at least one occasion, abnormal response to oral glucose challenge [impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM]). Again, after correction for the effects of the BMI, only Gc genotype had a significant effect on fasting insulin level (F4,113 = 2.61; P = 0.040). Homozygotes for Gc 1F-1F had the lowest measures of fasting insulin.
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Em6'KE JE SZATHMARY is Associate Professor of Anthropology at McMaster University (Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8S 4L9). Born in 1944, she was educated at the University of Toronto (BA, 1968; PD, 1974). She has been a member of the... more
Em6'KE JE SZATHMARY is Associate Professor of Anthropology at McMaster University (Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8S 4L9). Born in 1944, she was educated at the University of Toronto (BA, 1968; PD, 1974). She has been a member of the faculty of the Department of ...
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Phenotypes and gene frequencies of genes at the ABO, Rhesus, MNSs, Diego, Duffy, Kell, Kp, Kidd and P blood group systems are presented for three villages of Dogrib Indians. This population resides between Great Slave and Great Bear Lakes... more
Phenotypes and gene frequencies of genes at the ABO, Rhesus, MNSs, Diego, Duffy, Kell, Kp, Kidd and P blood group systems are presented for three villages of Dogrib Indians. This population resides between Great Slave and Great Bear Lakes in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Until recently they pursued an exclusively hunting-gathering-fishing lifestyle in the subarctic forest. Maximum European admixture in the Dogrib is 8.7%. Nei's coefficient of gene diversity, GST is 0.0121. Blood group data from other Athapaskan-speaking Indians were also examined. GST for Kutchin villages is approximately 1.1%. GST obtained over five tribes of Northern Athapaskans is 0.0264, a figure slightly lower than that found in comparable groups of Mexican Indians. Overall genetic differentiation (HT) in Northern Athapaskans was greater than in the Mexicans, presumably because of high, though nonquantifiable European admixture in some of the tribes. The bulk of the genetic variability in Athapaskans exists within tribes, and then within villages of the same tribe. Genetic distance analysis with Nei's standard distance D shows that Dogrib and Kutchin Indians are very close. Geographic proximity has no significant influence on inter-tribal gene flow, but is significantly associated with intra-tribal gene flow.
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Research Interests: Evolutionary Biology, Archaeology, Anthropology, Serum Proteins, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, and 16 moreEnzymes, Humans, Phosphofructokinase, Female, Male, Oxidoreductases, Transferrin, Ontario, Phenotype, Enzyme, Ceruloplasmin, Nucleosides, Erythrocytes, Immunoglobulins, Blood Proteins, and Methemoglobin
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Research Interests: Evolutionary Biology, Archaeology, Paleontology, Anthropology, Public Opinion, and 14 moreMolecular Biology, Population Genetics, Forecasting, Physical Anthropology, Research, Scientific Societies, Religion and Science, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Humans, Fossils, United States, Biological evolution, Ecosystem, and Internet
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This chapter is a tribute to Linda Fedigan, and gives some of the reasons why anthropologists world-wide, as well as the broader Canadian society, admire Linda's achievements and her person. It provides a summary of her early life; it... more
This chapter is a tribute to Linda Fedigan, and gives some of the reasons why anthropologists world-wide, as well as the broader Canadian society, admire Linda's achievements and her person. It provides a summary of her early life; it outlines her questioning at the onset of her career the theory, practise and meaning of primate behavioural studies, and indicates her recognition of interrelationships as well as conflicts among primate studies, feminism and scientific objectivity. The tribute notes the conferral on Linda of the Order of Canada, the highest civilian honour in the Canadian Honours system. She received it for contributions that advanced understanding of the behaviour of several non-human primate species, and for her able and extensive mentoring of young primatologists. A brief exposition of her accomplishments in these areas and the scientific recognition she received for them, is provided. The chapter concludes on a personal note, reflecting the rationale that grounds the chapter in this liber amicorum.
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A study of the biological and cultural adaptations of populations occupying the boreal forest of northern Ontario requires a focus on the Cree, with only a peripheral glance at the northern Ojibwa. The latter are not thought to be... more
A study of the biological and cultural adaptations of populations occupying the boreal forest of northern Ontario requires a focus on the Cree, with only a peripheral glance at the northern Ojibwa. The latter are not thought to be indigenous to the area by many ethnologists, but immigrants who arrived from the northern rim of the Central Great Lakes within the past 300 years (Dunning, 1959; Hickerson, 1970; Bishop, 1976) Rogers (1963) and Dawson (Chapter 3, this volume) provide a different view.
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everyone learns in elementary school that in 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered America. Dissenters have argued that, proper credit should go to others: to the Italian, Giovanni Chabotte Gohn Cabot), who had reached mainland North... more
everyone learns in elementary school that in 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered America. Dissenters have argued that, proper credit should go to others: to the Italian, Giovanni Chabotte Gohn Cabot), who had reached mainland North America a year or so before Columbus, or to English seamen who had arrived there by 1470, or to the Norseman, Bjarni who landed in Vinland around 985-986, or to Leif Ericson, who recorded his sighting of Vinland in 1000, or to Abu Raihan al-Biruni, the 11th century Persian polymath, who deduced in his Codex Masudicus that inhabitable land masses must exist in the ocean between Asia and Europe (Starr, 2013). Claims regarding African, Polynesian, Chinese and Japanese contact before Columbus have also been made, but none have proved conclusive. With such a number of claimed "discoverers," the question arises: Who did discover America? The word "discovery" means the act of finding or learning something for the first time. By that definition the first discoverers of "America" were the ancestors of the indigenous peoples who inhabited the Americas before people from Europe arrived there, or anyone in the Old World even contemplated the New World's existence. The first discoverers did not leave a written record, thus deductions about who they were, where they came from, and when and where they arrived, depend on two types of evidence: (1) what indigenous peoples say about their origins, and (2) findings that arise from scholarly investigations. The first approach is straightforward, but the people who have been asked typically say that, they have always been "here." In the absence of documentation, comparisons of orally transmitted origin narra
The current model for peopling of the Americas involves divergence from an ancestral Asian population followed by a period of population isolation and genetic diversification in Beringia, and finally, a rapid expansion into and throughout... more
The current model for peopling of the Americas involves divergence from an ancestral Asian population followed by a period of population isolation and genetic diversification in Beringia, and finally, a rapid expansion into and throughout the Americas. Studies in the 1970s sought to characterize the biological relationships between different indigenous populations and first proposed an
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This chapter focuses on the diets of indigenous peoples of the North American Subarctic before European contact, reconstructing the dietary past using several lines of evidence. These include the climate and environment of the North... more
This chapter focuses on the diets of indigenous peoples of the North American Subarctic before European contact, reconstructing the dietary past using several lines of evidence. These include the climate and environment of the North American Subarctic Culture Area, its animal and plant resources, the prehistory of its indigenous inhabitants, and information on food resources obtained during the contact-traditional phase of their history. For hunting-gathering peoples the maintenance of dietary adequacy requires the consumption of balanced diets. That balance depends on the existence of diversity in the plant and animal species on which people depend, and which must be available in sufficient quantities to meet their needs. Accordingly, the chapter focuses on the wild foods that were likely to have been consumed aboriginally, describes the composition of pre-contact diets, and comments on the nutrition and health of Subarctic peoples as perceived at the time of contact.
Are the Biological Differences between North American Indians and Eskimos Truly Prof ound? 1 by Emoke ]. E. Szathmary and Nancy S. Ossenberg THE PREVAILING VIEW on the relationship between North American Indians and Eskimos is that the... more
Are the Biological Differences between North American Indians and Eskimos Truly Prof ound? 1 by Emoke ]. E. Szathmary and Nancy S. Ossenberg THE PREVAILING VIEW on the relationship between North American Indians and Eskimos is that the two groups are biologically distinct, although both are branches of the Mongoloid family tree.
Mara Feeney. Rankin Inlet. Fiddletown, CA: Gaby Press, 2009. 252 pp. $17.95 U.S. sc. Mara Feeney first experienced the Canadian Arctic as an undergraduate anthropology student. Later she worked in Inuit communities around Hudson Bay, and... more
Mara Feeney. Rankin Inlet. Fiddletown, CA: Gaby Press, 2009. 252 pp. $17.95 U.S. sc. Mara Feeney first experienced the Canadian Arctic as an undergraduate anthropology student. Later she worked in Inuit communities around Hudson Bay, and eventually moved south. Almost forty years after her initial stay with an Inuit family, she published a novel set in Rankin Inlet that details the building of a new life and family. That story is intertwined with the transformation of a culture and the birth of a new Canadian territory: "Our Land," or "Nunavut," in Inuktitut. Feeney's focus is Alison, a young nurse-midwife from Liverpool, England, who moves to the Canadian Arctic after graduation. Shortly thereafter, she marries an Inuk hunter in Rankin Inlet, and there they remain to raise their family. Alison's story unfolds through dated diary entries, letters, and e-mail, written by her and a multi-generational cast of characters, comprised primarily of her extended f...