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This file discusses the notion of « simple tools » . In the first paper, Sophie A. de Beaune discusses the notion of "simple tools" in a prehistoric context: Are they unworked and raw tools, or expedient tools, only used for a limited... more
This file discusses the notion of « simple tools » .
In the first paper, Sophie A. de Beaune discusses the notion of "simple tools" in a prehistoric context: Are they unworked and raw tools, or expedient tools, only used for a limited time to meet a specific need? These simple tools, which are not necessarily old, could, however, be part of a complex chain of operations. The author asks other questions about them: such as “Are they exclusive to humans?”; “How can we recognize them in an archaeological context?” and “Did their users have a specific rank or status?”

Astruc's paper: The production of stone vessels constitutes since the 9th millenium cal. BC a particularly flourishing craft, notably in Near-East and Anatolia. The neolithic craftmen before the invention of pottery had manufactured containers made of hard or soft stones, of different shapes, sometimes heavily decorated. The production methods, the internal organization of this craft activity, the social status of the individuals who are involved are still in question. The recent phase of the aceramic Neolithic in Cyprus, during the 7th millenium cal. BC brought a unique example of a stone vessel workshop completly embedded in a domestic context.

Third paper: The concept of single vs. complex tools is discussed and confronted with sets of bone or hard stones artifacts from Neolithic pile dwelling sites. Addressing tools from several angles (skill levels, technical investment, lengths and spatio-temporal fragmentation of “chaînes opératoires”), François-Xavier Chauvière and Catherine Joye show that this notion, far from being universal, must be addressed on a case by case basis depending on the context and the composition of the archaeological record.

Est discutée dans ce dossier la notion d’« outil simple »
Dans le premier article, Sophie A. de Beaune discute la notion d’"outil simple" en contexte préhistorique : outils sans aménagement, utilisés bruts, ou bien outils "expédients", n’ayant servi que brièvement pour répondre à un besoin immédiat. Ces outils simples, qui ne sont pas nécessairement anciens, peuvent pourtant faire partie intégrante d’une chaîne opératoire complexe. L’auteur pose d’autres questions à leur sujet : sont-ils propres à l’homme ? Comment peut-on les reconnaître en contexte archéologique ? Leurs utilisateurs ont-ils un statut particulier ?
Second article de Laurence Astruc : La fabrication de la vaisselle en pierre constitue un artisanat particulièrement fleurissant dès le IXe millénaire av. J.-C. au Proche-Orient et en Anatolie. Les artisans néolithiques, avant l’invention de la céramique, ont fabriqué des récipients en pierres dures ou tendres, de formes diverses, avec un répertoire iconographique parfois très riche. Les méthodes de production, l’organisation interne de cet artisanat, le statut social des individus qui y participent sont encore mal connus. Le Néolithique récent de Chypre montre, au VIIe millénaire av. J.-C., un exemple unique d’atelier de vaisselles parfaitement inséré dans un contexte domestique.
Dans le troisième article, la notion d’outillage simple vs complexe est discutée et confrontée à des ensembles d’artefacts osseux ou en roches tenaces issus de sites palafittiques néolithiques. En abordant les outils selon plusieurs angles (niveaux de compétence, investissement technique, longueurs et fragmentation spatio-temporelle des chaînes opératoires de transformation et d’utilisation), François-Xavier Chauvière et Catherine Joye montrent que cette notion, loin d’être universelle, doit être abordée au cas par cas, en fonction du contexte et de la composition des corpus archéologiques.
This volume contains nine papers given at the 15th UISPP congress which examine the exploitation of animal resources in Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Europe and the economic and cultural choices involved. Case studies are from... more
This volume contains nine papers given at the 15th UISPP congress which examine the exploitation of animal resources in Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Europe and the economic and cultural choices involved. Case studies are from Aurignacian sites (French Pyrenees and northeastern France), Gravettian sites (Swabian Jura and Moravia), Magdalenian sites (Massif Central, southwestern France, Spanish and French Pyrenees), Epigravettian sites (southern Italy), and Sauvetterian sites (southern French Massif Central). 154p b/w figs (BAR 2040, Hedges 2009)
International audiencehttps://techniqcak.hypotheses.org/421
International audienceFrom a regionalized Solutrean substratum, the evolving trajectories of the contemporary Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) societies in southwestern Europe remains controversial. While in the Aquitaine Basin it is for a long... more
International audienceFrom a regionalized Solutrean substratum, the evolving trajectories of the contemporary Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) societies in southwestern Europe remains controversial. While in the Aquitaine Basin it is for a long time accepted that Badegoulian technical traditions succeeds the Upper Solutrean ones around 23 ky cal. BP, two coexisting and contradictory models are proposed in the Iberian Peninsula. Whereas ones suggested that Badegoulian industries develops at the same time as France, defining a kind of “globalization” phenomenon, the others defend the classical hypothesis of a maintaining of the Solutrean traditions until about 20 ky cal. BP, implying the existence of a cultural mosaic from the Parisian Basin to the Algarve.In any case, beyond the issue of typo-technological definition and cultural attribution of the LGM assemblages in the Iberian Peninsula, several elements classically indicate that southwestern France was related to Cantabrian Spain during this time frame, notably through (1) the typo-technological and chronological framework of the Pyrenean Upper Solutrean considered similar to the Vasco-Cantabrian one (i. e. same tool-kits and comparable young 14C ages up to 20 ky cal. BP) and (2) the large geographic spread of specific Badegoulian osseous objects as decorated antler pieces using “pseudo-excise” technique at least from Dordogne to Asturias around 21 ky cal. BP.Works led in southwestern France as part of the “SaM” project have recently focused on these two specific points since they were essentially based on arguable data from old excavations and/or problematic archaeostratigraphic contexts. The interdisciplinary reassessment of Les Harpons rockshelter well known for its concave base point-yielding Upper Solutrean level and the Badegoulian sequence of Pégourié cave characterized by the presence of “pseudo-excise” technique, allows us to reconsider the issue of the LGM cultural mosaic. By testing the homogeneity of this two assemblages through a critical assessment of the lithic and osseous equipments (including inter-layers refitting) and by renewing the radiometric framework by direct dating of several characteristic antler/bone waste products, these studies confirm: 1) a same age for the end of Upper Solutrean between Aquitaine Basin and Pyrenees; 2) the existence of raclette-yielding Badegoulian in the Pyrenees area since 23 ky cal. BP and 3) the Badegoulian age of “pseudo-excise” technique at Pégourié despite the strong cultural heterogeneity of the assemblage. Beyond a regional interest these results shed new light on the southwestern Europe cultural geography during the LGM, allowing us to indirectly discuss the Iberian Badegoulian hypothesis
International audienceFrom a regionalized Solutrean substratum, the evolving trajectories of the contemporary Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) societies in southwestern Europe remains controversial. While in the Aquitaine Basin it is for a long... more
International audienceFrom a regionalized Solutrean substratum, the evolving trajectories of the contemporary Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) societies in southwestern Europe remains controversial. While in the Aquitaine Basin it is for a long time accepted that Badegoulian technical traditions succeeds the Upper Solutrean ones around 23 ky cal. BP, two coexisting and contradictory models are proposed in the Iberian Peninsula. Whereas ones suggested that Badegoulian industries develops at the same time as France, defining a kind of “globalization” phenomenon, the others defend the classical hypothesis of a maintaining of the Solutrean traditions until about 20 ky cal. BP, implying the existence of a cultural mosaic from the Parisian Basin to the Algarve.In any case, beyond the issue of typo-technological definition and cultural attribution of the LGM assemblages in the Iberian Peninsula, several elements classically indicate that southwestern France was related to Cantabrian Spain during this time frame, notably through (1) the typo-technological and chronological framework of the Pyrenean Upper Solutrean considered similar to the Vasco-Cantabrian one (i. e. same tool-kits and comparable young 14C ages up to 20 ky cal. BP) and (2) the large geographic spread of specific Badegoulian osseous objects as decorated antler pieces using “pseudo-excise” technique at least from Dordogne to Asturias around 21 ky cal. BP.Works led in southwestern France as part of the “SaM” project have recently focused on these two specific points since they were essentially based on arguable data from old excavations and/or problematic archaeostratigraphic contexts. The interdisciplinary reassessment of Les Harpons rockshelter well known for its concave base point-yielding Upper Solutrean level and the Badegoulian sequence of Pégourié cave characterized by the presence of “pseudo-excise” technique, allows us to reconsider the issue of the LGM cultural mosaic. By testing the homogeneity of this two assemblages through a critical assessment of the lithic and osseous equipments (including inter-layers refitting) and by renewing the radiometric framework by direct dating of several characteristic antler/bone waste products, these studies confirm: 1) a same age for the end of Upper Solutrean between Aquitaine Basin and Pyrenees; 2) the existence of raclette-yielding Badegoulian in the Pyrenees area since 23 ky cal. BP and 3) the Badegoulian age of “pseudo-excise” technique at Pégourié despite the strong cultural heterogeneity of the assemblage. Beyond a regional interest these results shed new light on the southwestern Europe cultural geography during the LGM, allowing us to indirectly discuss the Iberian Badegoulian hypothesis
Magdalenian osseous projectile points have the highest morpho-technical diversity in terms of size, technical design and hafting systems of all European Upper Paleolithic systems. A few years ago, some of these points, based on... more
Magdalenian osseous projectile points have the highest morpho-technical diversity in terms of size, technical design and hafting systems of all European Upper Paleolithic systems. A few years ago, some of these points, based on morphological and metrical criteria, were designated as ‘points with a shortened base’ (or “with a shrunken base”, “nibbled”, “stemmed”, “unworked”, or “flaked and broken”), and interpreted as a distinct projectile point type. Recent technological and functional analyses of these “points with a shortened base”, however, have enabled us to replace them within their chaine operatoire and reclassify them as pointed waste-products. The only common feature of these artefacts is their specific segmentation, which occurs in different phases of the production sequence (blank extraction, shaping and recycling), and corresponds to objectives attained through the use of various techniques, tools and actions. This same stigmata is observed on other artefact types (baguettes demi-rondes), not all of which are hunting implements (pierced batons and needles). In this chapter, the variability of these pointed waste-products is described and the real quantitative proportions of ‘true’ projectile points in Magdalenian assemblages and the European Upper Paleolithic is outlined.
International audienceIn Southwest Europe the Solutrean-to-Magdalenian transition is a key phase to discuss the mechanisms of cultural changes and their relation to both external and internal factors. While old-established deep... more
International audienceIn Southwest Europe the Solutrean-to-Magdalenian transition is a key phase to discuss the mechanisms of cultural changes and their relation to both external and internal factors. While old-established deep typo-technological changes are documented at the end of the Solutrean in present-day France—through the definition of the “Badegoulian” traditions—, in the Iberian Peninsula some interpretative models allow one to compare this transition to a progressive process of “desolutreanization” leading directly to the Magdalenian. While these changes and their spatio-temporal variability could hypothetically be linked to (1) population movements and changes, (2) climatic/environmental shifts and variability and/or (3) socio-economic stimulus, a critical reading shows that their recognition is partially based on non taphonomically-controlled assemblages, an incomplete coverage of the archaeological record and a misuse of (old) radiometric data.Researches led between 20...
International audienceIn Southwest Europe the Solutrean-to-Magdalenian transition is a key phase to discuss the mechanisms of cultural changes and their relation to both external and internal factors. While old-established deep... more
International audienceIn Southwest Europe the Solutrean-to-Magdalenian transition is a key phase to discuss the mechanisms of cultural changes and their relation to both external and internal factors. While old-established deep typo-technological changes are documented at the end of the Solutrean in present-day France—through the definition of the “Badegoulian” traditions—, in the Iberian Peninsula some interpretative models allow one to compare this transition to a progressive process of “desolutreanization” leading directly to the Magdalenian. While these changes and their spatio-temporal variability could hypothetically be linked to (1) population movements and changes, (2) climatic/environmental shifts and variability and/or (3) socio-economic stimulus, a critical reading shows that their recognition is partially based on non taphonomically-controlled assemblages, an incomplete coverage of the archaeological record and a misuse of (old) radiometric data.Researches led between 20...
A l’aube du Dernier Maximum Glaciaire (DMG), de profondes modifications des systemes techniques vont survenir, traduites en France par la succession des techno-complexes solutreen et badegoulien. Nos travaux tentent d’aborder ces... more
A l’aube du Dernier Maximum Glaciaire (DMG), de profondes modifications des systemes techniques vont survenir, traduites en France par la succession des techno-complexes solutreen et badegoulien. Nos travaux tentent d’aborder ces changements de maniere systemique en tenant notamment compte de l’ensemble des registres techniques lithique et osseux. Notre demarche, fondee sur une dialectique techno-economique visant a evaluer la nature des liens existant entre productions a vocation domestique et cynegetique, nous amene a discuter et comparer les strategies mises en oeuvre par ces groupes pour en degager les grandes tendances evolutives. Une fois traduits en termes techno- et socio-economiques, les equilibres mis en evidence sont discutes au regard des changements documentes dans le registre symbolique, renforcant la portee culturelle des transformations a l’oeuvre. Notre reflexion, portee par l’analyse critique de plusieurs sequences stratigraphiques du sud-ouest francais et le renou...
A l’aube du Dernier Maximum Glaciaire (DMG), de profondes modifications des systemes techniques vont survenir, traduites en France par la succession des techno-complexes solutreen et badegoulien. Nos travaux tentent d’aborder ces... more
A l’aube du Dernier Maximum Glaciaire (DMG), de profondes modifications des systemes techniques vont survenir, traduites en France par la succession des techno-complexes solutreen et badegoulien. Nos travaux tentent d’aborder ces changements de maniere systemique en tenant notamment compte de l’ensemble des registres techniques lithique et osseux. Notre demarche, fondee sur une dialectique techno-economique visant a evaluer la nature des liens existant entre productions a vocation domestique et cynegetique, nous amene a discuter et comparer les strategies mises en oeuvre par ces groupes pour en degager les grandes tendances evolutives. Une fois traduits en termes techno- et socio-economiques, les equilibres mis en evidence sont discutes au regard des changements documentes dans le registre symbolique, renforcant la portee culturelle des transformations a l’oeuvre. Notre reflexion, portee par l’analyse critique de plusieurs sequences stratigraphiques du sud-ouest francais et le renou...
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The excavations by R. and S. de Saint-Périer at the Grotte des Scilles (Lespugue, Haute-Garonne, France) in 1923-1924 yielded archaeological material attributed to the Magdalenian. The re-examination of this old collection now allows a... more
The excavations by R. and S. de Saint-Périer at the Grotte des Scilles (Lespugue, Haute-Garonne, France) in 1923-1924 yielded archaeological material attributed to the Magdalenian. The re-examination of this old collection now allows a more precise characterization of it, in the light of recent research on this period. This article presents the different artefact types found (lithic and bone tools, faunal remains, personal ornaments, portable art items and one sandstone lamp) in order to consider all activi-ties documented on the site. Particular attention is given to typological and technological data, the analyses of which point to a Lower Magdalenian chronological attribution. An SMA 14C date shows that occupation of the Grotte des Scilles took place around 16000 BP (19400 cal. BP). The iden-tification, for the first time, of a Lower Magdalenian presence in the Pyre-nees raises new questions concerning Magdalenian occupation at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum in southwestern France and northern Spain.
In South-West of France, new analyses of lithic and bone equipment and a series of 14C dates allow us to address the question of the genesis of the Magdalenian. For the Lower Magdalenian, the re-examination of lithic and bone assemblages... more
In South-West of France, new analyses of lithic and bone equipment and a series of 14C dates allow us to address the question of the genesis of the Magdalenian. For the Lower Magdalenian, the re-examination of lithic and bone assemblages of the lower levels of Saint-Germain-la-Rivière (Trécolle excavation), Gironde, clarifies the techno-economic behavior of these groups. Comparisons are made with other sites such as Gandil shelter in Bruniquel or Scilles cave in Lespugue. This “first” Magdalenian is dated between about 21 and 19 ky calBP. New results in the MAGDATIS project also clarified the definition of an “Early Middle Magdalenian” in Gironde, dated between 19 and 18 ky calBP. Assemblages from this period include Roc-de-Marcamps and Moulin-Neuf (Gironde) but also the upper levels of Saint-Germain-la-Rivière (Trécolle excavations) and those of the ongoing excavations at Petit Cloup Barrat (Lot; Castel and Chauvière excavations). Data from these sites shed a new light on the early days of the Classic Magdalenian, including the so-called “facies” with Lussac-Angles points, antler “shuttles” or scalene bladelets. Between Lower and Early Middle Magdalenian, techno-economic characterization of antler working, direct dating of diagnostic objects and research on lithic equipment all show technical changes. These data lead to specify the rhythms of transformation of the Lower Magdalenian and the slow genesis of Classic Magdalenian through new behaviors, both technical, economic and symbolic. 

Dans le Sud-Ouest de la France, de nouvelles analyses menées sur les équipements lithiques et osseux et un corpus de dates 14C permettent d’aborder la question de la genèse du Magdalénien. Pour le Magdalénien inférieur la révision des séries lithiques et osseuses de l’ensemble inférieur des fouilles Trécolle de Saint-Germain-La Rivière en Gironde permet de préciser les comportements techno-économiques de ces groupes. Des comparaisons sont proposées avec d’autres gisements comme l’abri Gandil à Bruniquel ou les Scilles à Lespugue. Ce « premier » Magdalénien est daté entre environ 21 et 19 ky calBP. De nouveaux résultats obtenus dans le cadre du projet MAGDATIS ont également permis de préciser la définition d’un Magdalénien moyen ancien en Gironde daté entre 19 et 18 ky calBP. Il s’agit notamment des sites de Marcamps et de Moulin Neuf en Gironde mais aussi des ensemble supérieurs provenant d’une part des fouilles Trécolle de Saint-Germain-La Rivière et d’autre part, des fouilles en cours menées au Petit Cloup Barrat dans le Lot. Ces sites alimentent la problématique des premiers temps du Magdalénien classique avec les dits « faciès » à pointes de Lussac-Angles, navettes ou lamelles scalènes.
Cette communication sera donc l’occasion de présenter une nouvelle synthèse revisitant les différents scénarios actuellement envisageables pour comprendre les débuts du Magdalénien. La poursuite des fouilles tant dans les Pyrénées que dans le Quercy livrent aujourd’hui de nouvelles données complémentaires à la révision de séries anciennes. Entre Magdalénien inférieur et Magdalénien moyen ancien, la caractérisation techno-économique des procédés de débitage du bois de cervidé ainsi que la datation directe d’objets diagnostiques mettent en lumière l’existence de traditions techniques distinctes. Parallèlement, la poursuite des recherches sur les équipements lithiques montre des changements techniques. Ces données permettant ainsi de préciser les rythmes de transformation du Magdalénien inférieur et la lente genèse du Magdalénien classique, au travers de nouveaux comportements tant techniques qu’économiques ou symboliques.
Supplementary information 1 for the article "2023_Petillon_et_al_CPF_Magd_Aquit"
La collection dite "de a Cave à Endives" (CàE ; ou collection David), mêlant industries lithiques, osseuses, élément de parure et faune, fut constituée par André David dans les environs de la grotte du Pech Merle dont il est l'inventeur.... more
La collection dite "de a Cave à Endives" (CàE ; ou collection David), mêlant industries lithiques, osseuses, élément de parure et faune, fut constituée par André David dans les environs de la grotte du Pech Merle dont il est l'inventeur. Après sa redécouverte au tout début des années 1990 et la publication d'une note concernant l'anneau ouvert en bois de renne qu'elle renferme, cette série, alors reliée à un gisement potentiellement situé au "Pech-Del-Mas", fit l’objet quelques années plus tard d’un premier article de synthèse. Ce travail, très essentiellement basé sur l'étude de l'industrie osseuse, permit à P. Raux et J.-L. Piel-Desruisseaux de discuter de l'homogénéité du matériel recueilli et d'émettre une première proposition d'attribution chronoculturelle (i. e. Magdalénien ancien ou moyen). À la fin des années 2000, en marge de l'étude du matériel lithique post-solutréen de la grotte voisine du Petit Cloup Barrat (PCB), un rapide diagnostic de la composante lithique de la "Cave à Endives" révéla la grande proximité litho-typo-technologique du matériel issu des deux assemblages. Renforcée par l'existence, au Petit Cloup Barrat, de sondages antérieurs aux fouilles actuelles et partiellement attribués à A. David, l'hypothèse d’une origine commune se devait d'être discutée. Ainsi, dans le cadre du PCR "SaM", une réévaluation de l'intégralité de la collection fut entreprise et assortie de plusieurs datations 14C sur objets finis et déchets techniques en bois de renne. Le présent article détaille les principaux résultats de ce travail collectif, résultats qui viennent compléter, et dans certains cas nuancer, les interprétations proposées jusqu'ici.
Depuis une vingtaine d'années, l'importance et la diversité des ressources littorales exploitées au Paléolithique récent ont été revues à la hausse grâce à de nouvelles découvertes et révisions de collections anciennes. Plusieurs de ces... more
Depuis une vingtaine d'années, l'importance et la diversité des ressources littorales exploitées au Paléolithique récent ont été revues à la hausse grâce à de nouvelles découvertes et révisions de collections anciennes. Plusieurs de ces indices se rapportent aux mammifères marins. Ce texte, écrit pour le catalogue de l’exposition "Animaux rares, gibiers inattendus" au MNP, présente ainsi un bilan des figurations et des vestiges osseux plus ou moins transformés qui nous renseignent sur la présence des phoques et des cétacés dans l'univers des chasseurs-collecteurs du Paléolithique récent.
On the eve of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM: 23-19 cal ky BP), several profound changes occurred with respect to technical systems. These changes are illustrated in France by the transition between the Solutrean and Badegoulian complexes.... more
On the eve of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM: 23-19 cal ky BP), several profound changes occurred with respect to technical systems. These changes are illustrated in France by the transition between the Solutrean and Badegoulian complexes. In this geographical area, there is no evidence of the “desolutreanization” phenomenon documented in the Iberian Peninsula by some authors. Rather, the Badegoulian traditions quickly succeeded those of the Solutrean and are characterized by pronounced techno-economical reorganizations. The global reconfiguration of toolkits, as observed in the spatial-temporal management of their production and use within inferred settlement systems (Renard and Ducasse, 2015), paired with the fact that radiometric data indicate this transition to have been rapid (Ducasse et al., 2014), suggests that concomitant changes to socio-economic systems were similarly broad-ranging and fast.
Research conducted in the framework of the “SaM” project since 2012 (S. Ducasse and C. Renard coord.) has addressed these issues via the interdisciplinary analysis of a large corpus of data. This corpus is derived from 20 sites located between the Charente, Landes and Aude regions, encompassing the Périgord/Quercy core area (tabl. 1). Depending on the nature of each archaeological context and site type (rockshelter/cave, N=17; open air site, N=3), we have constantly adapted our approach to ensure two basic points: the homogeneity of each studied assemblage (i. e., critical analyses of the stratigraphic sequences) and the availability of a renewed and robust radiometric framework. This last point led us to design a 14C dating program aimed at addressing both “taphonomic” and chronological issues, most notably through the direct dating of culturally diagnostic bone and antler technical waste and tools, whenever possible. From this point, assemblages are studied in a systemic manner that takes into account the entire technical system. Our approach, focused on the techno-economic relationships between the production of “domestic” tools and the production of hunting equipment (sensu Bon, 2009) allows us to discuss and compare the different strategies developed by Solutrean and Badegoulian groups. This, in turn, allows us to identify evolutionary trends. Once examined from a techno- and socio-economic perspective, the newly defined balances are discussed in regards to the changes documented in the symbolic component, thereby reinforcing the cultural significance of the transformations at work and allowing us to place our results in a paleohistorical perspective (sensu Valentin, 2008).
Although the results of the 14C program allow us (1) to define a chronological boundary around 23 kyr cal BP corresponding to a terminus post quem for the Upper Solutrean and (2) to place the Solutrean-to-Badegoulian transition (23.5-23 kyr cal BP) to the GI-2 interstadial (sensu Rasmussen et al., 2014), which was characterized by two abrupt warming events (GI 2.2 and 2.1) with a brief intervening stadial (GS 2.2), there is no local evidence of pronounced environmental changes between Upper Solutrean and Badegoulian - available data from archaeological sites and natural traps indicate, respectively, that the hunted and available fauna were identical. Thus, we can hypothesize that the use of very different hunting implements to procure game within the same or similar environmental contexts was related to more complex cultural factors rather than functional constraints.     
Our interdisciplinary study shows that beyond a broad restructuring of the lithic and osseous array of tools, the Solutrean-to-Badegoulian transition is characterized by a significant reconfiguration of the techno-economical management of the productions and tools depending on their functional aim (i.e., “overinvestment” in the production of hunting tools and weapons in the Upper Solutrean versus equal investment regardless of the type of activity during the Badegoulian, notably expressed through a “ramification” of the chaînes opératoires – sensu Bourguignon et al. 2004). This reconfiguration is also expressed through clearly distinct anticipation strategies of needs based on a very distinct spatial-temporal segmentation of the chaînes opératoires, preferentially related to the hunting equipment during the Upper Solutrean, whereas it concerns both domestic and hunting equipment during the Badegoulian. We assume that this opposition between a techno-economical dissociation of needs on the one hand (Upper Solutrean model) and the fact that they are techno-economically intertwined on the other (Badegoulian model) could correspond to an opposition between various levels of the social segmentation of activities. At a broader, inter-site scale, one might well think that this varying degree of segmentation could also explain the perceptible differences relating to the various site types documented for each techno-complex: whereas we observe a possible site “complementarity” during the Upper Solutrean (i.e., lithic production sites, “hunting camps”, “base camps”, etc.) the Badegoulian seems to be characterized by a very similar pattern of occupation at all sites (i. e., occupations characterized by a diverse range of activities).
In the end, if we follow the line of thinking that the changes documented in the management of the lithic and osseous equipment, and more specifically hunting equipment, reflect changes in the groups social organization, all these transformations could reflect not only economical but also socio-symbolical changes (i. e., the various lines of evidence that support the hypothesis of a special sociological status for Solutrean hunters within the groups – see Pelegrin, 2007 and 2013; Renard et Geneste, 2006 – versus the absence of such evidence in the Badegoulian archaeological record). Such socio-symbolical changes are possibly suggested by the results of the ornaments study, which show a typo-technological reorganization between the end of the Solutrean and the Badegoulian that is defined by two coherent and distinct ensembles.