Commodities

Partindo da análise do conceito de prestação de serviços e do conceito de remuneração trazidos pela doutrina e pelo Código Consumerista, exsurge-se a problemática do presente escrito: o CDC é aplicável nos contratos eletrônicos de tecnologias interativas? Para a construção da mudança paradigmática, o artigo objetivará demonstrar o tratamento de dados como forma de remuneração àqueles serviços e enquadrar esse molde contratual nas diretrizes protetivas do código consumerista. A metodologia utilizada será a de pesquisa bibliográfica, para a coleta de dados, e o método hermenêutico-concretizador, para argumentação. Ao final, conclui-se pela incidência do Código de Defesa do Consumidor nos contratos eletrônicos de tecnologias interativas em virtude de o prestador de serviços ser remunerado por meio da coleta e tratamento de dados.

This dissertation examines the formation of commodity landscapes that manifested between 1870 and 1930 at the Mann-Simons site, a collection of commercial and domestic spaces in downtown Columbia, South Carolina, owned and operated by the same African American family from the mid-nineteenth century to 1970.  Primary data comes from archaeological excavations at the site.  Through a lens of commodities production and consumption during the period when our current culture of consumption developed, I tell three stories of the family and property using a variety of theoretical tools, including ideas of discourse materialized, hybridity, object mediation, and thick description.  By considering, in turn, the same set of archaeologically-recovered objects from three distinct vantage points – consumption, production, and heritage – the Mann-Simons site illuminates how commodity landscapes shaped, and were shaped by, discourses at myriad scales and how these landscapes mediated practice and knowledges.  The first story is one of production, and tells a story of the social lives of things understood independently of the practices of the family.  I demonstrate how discourses of health and sanitation link objects as diverse as linoleum and brightly-colored walls; how home electrification influenced the materials of which buttons were made; and how the application of the predictive commodity flow model is useful for understanding market access and alternative market interactions.  The second story, one of consumption, is a story of object biographies.  I demonstrate that through an understanding of object mediation and ideas of technology, the Mann-Simons family at the turn of the twentieth century was using the emerging world of commodities to tie themselves into a desired future trajectory, one that would become mainstream by the 1930s: commodities as the path to modernity.  The final story is one of heritage.  I suggest that museums are social-material hybrids that mediate visitors' conceptions of authenticity, knowledge, and history.  At the Mann-Simons site, this hybridity shaped the meaning and significance of this site-turned-house museum over the past forty-years.  I further examine the role of archaeology within and for various publics and present a framework for integrating critical and empirical archaeologies.  I conclude with an examination of my meta-question: what is the value of archaeologies of the recent past?

EHESS Marseille
Séminaire "La vie politique des marchandises :  ethnographies des circulations transnationales" (première présentation de la recherche avant départ sur le terrain à Hong Kong)
Communication du 28.03.2017, 45 min.

Ce séminaire examine les enjeux théoriques et empiriques d’une anthropologie politique « par le bas » de la globalisation économique, menée à travers des ethnographies comparées portant sur les trajectoires « biographiques » de marchandises (vin, cacao, fromage, textile, café, qât, moto, art contemporain, médicament) connectant des espaces politiques et économiques lointains (Europe, Amérique, Chine et Afrique), et choisies en fonction de l’importance, politique, économique ou symbolique, qu’elles assument pour les acteurs et les sociétés mis en relation. Nous considérons les marchandises comme un biais pour observer avant tout des dynamiques politiques, et tout particulièrement les déplacements politiques provoqués par la transformation de leur production, leur circulation et leur régulation sous l’effet de la libéralisation de l’économie mondiale. Derrière une marchandise, il y a des institutions de régulation, nationales et supranationales, des acteurs économiques individuels ou constitués en réseaux, des formes spécifiques de circulation et de consommation, eux-mêmes reliées à des modèles culturels ou d’organisation sociale. L’analyse de réseaux transnationaux ira de pair avec une réflexion originale sur des lieux de connections. On s’intéressera au rôle émergent de hubs qui s’imposent comme des nœuds incontournables d’échanges du commerce mondial et apparaissent comme des lieux « politiques » caractéristiques de la gouvernance globale. Rattaché à un programme ANR, ce séminaire se veut un lieu de rencontre et de discussion d’enquêtes en cours au croisement de l’anthropologie politique, de l’anthropologie économique et de l’anthropologie des techniques.

The following report assesses BrewDog’s supply chain, including its supply chain network and main partners. The report also examines the role of logistics within its supply chain, focusing on areas which have been pivotal to the brands success, such as inventory management and warehousing. Lastly, the report discusses how the company has developed its global reach, including its sustainability efforts.

The collapse of cod stocks in the waters off Newfoundland in the early 1990s was widely understood as an ecological disaster and the death of a rural way of life that had endured for centuries. While many areas have remained closed to commercial cod fishing for two full decades, growing numbers of commercial fishers and some fisheries scientists now agree that stocks in several areas are finally showing signs of rebuilding. While the biological recovery of cod populations was once widely viewed as being essential to the future well-being of coastal communities, many commercial fishers now publicly express concerns about the possibility of this scenario actually coming to pass. This article explores the roots of these changing constructions of cod. I argue that making sense of the anxieties and uncertainties that presently surround the question of cod recovery requires paying close attention to the ways in which access to fishery resources has been transformed over time, as well as to the ways in which changing production chains for seafood products, shifting scientific paradigms and practices, and unexpected changes in the marine environment have converged in ways that are fundamentally challenging many previously held notions of the ecological good.

KNF Warszawa 13.09.2018, CEDUR (Centrum Edukacji dla Uczestników Rynku), Seminarium pt. "Towarowe instrumenty pochodne po implementacji MIFID II".

Celem seminarium było przybliżenie szczegółowych zagadnień, ocenianych przez uczestników rynku kapitałowego w obszarze towarowym, jako szczególnie problematyczne po implementacji przez Polskę dyrektywy MiFID II. Przedmiotem seminarium było również zapoznanie uczestników rynku  z tymi obszarami nowych rozwiązań prawnych wdrożonych w ramach implementacji MiFID II, które dopiero w przyszłości będą w Polsce obowiązywały (limity pozycji dla towarowych instrumentów pochodnych). 

URL: https://www.knf.gov.pl/knf/pl/komponenty/img/Prezentacja%20CEDUR%2013-09-2018%20Towarowe%20instrumenty%20pochodne_63699.pdf

This historiographical essay examines disciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches to the subject of trade across religious boundaries. It shows that this field of inquiry emerged in the wake of World War II, enabling scholars such as Clifford Geertz to reflect on both interfaith relations and economic development in a non-Western context. The field developed further by the century’s end, as multiculturalism, globalization, and fundamentalism stimulated cultural anthropologists, world historians, and institutional economists to explore the intersection of religion and trade. The author criticizes unreflective uses of “religion” as a category of analysis in scholarship on cross-cultural trade; he also points to problems with the construction of cultural and religious typologies by sociologists and economists ultimately interested in explaining why Protestant societies or European nations developed more effective capitalist institutions. Instead, he argues for the need to pay close attention to local religious responses to foreign commerce. He draws attention in particular to the urban spaces where contentious exchanges took place and to the material objects that provoked theological or legal reactions. These spaces and these commodities served, he argues, to mark symbolically an otherwise fluid frontier between cultures. Finally, he shows how medieval Islamic jurists thought concretely about things such as Christian sandals, wax candles, holy books, horses, pork, wine, and slaves, when they reflected on their cross-cultural entanglements.

The objective of this paper is to reduce the financial risk using a dynamic hedging model for various commodities markets strongly related to seaborne trade which is characterized by extreme volatility and in some cases also by seasonality. We are going to examine four types of commodities, Freight rates and three major "bulks", Iron Ore, Coal and Wheat. The minimum variance hedging rule is the main criterion for testing the hedging effectiveness of the different methods of estimating optimal hedge ratios using commodities Futures and Forwards. We use four different methods to estimate two kinds of hedge ratio. The first type of hedge ratio is a static one which is estimated with OLS and ECM method. The second type of hedge ratio is a time-varying one, which is estimated using a bivariate GARCH model and a Rolling Window OLS method. The second objective is to estimate the effectiveness of each hedge ratio using portfolio theory.

This paper presents a qualitative understanding of what embedded creative employment does and the  role it plays in the wider capitalist economy. A series of case studies of creative practices in the automotive  manufacturing sector are used to illuminate the major ideas of the paper. Although manufacturing is  typically considered to be about as far as one can get from the usual nature of creative industries, it is suggested that creative work may play a greater part than is commonly thought. The increase in specialist creative professionals employed within sectors outside the creative industries such as car manufacturing is used as evidence to reinforce the more general point that the economy is much more creative and cultural that it is given credit for, and, by extension, creative industries and creative employees play a much more integral role than some accounts would suggest.

This book is for me who wants to become rich through investing in financial instruments and alternative assets.

The first part of the book discusses investing and the need to invest, stating that the only way to become rich or maintain the riches that I have already acquired is through investing, that is, making the assets I already have to acquire more assets for me. This part also covers the basic and fundamental principles of investing.

The second part of the book takes me through the various investment products; the markets where I can buy and ell such products and the market players, including regulators, associations and brokers.

Finally, the book also introduces the East African financial market, the available financial instruments and how to invest in them, listing the various financial institutions and their regulators, the exchanges, the member firms and the listed companies. The book then concludes by introducing a prospective investor to fundamental principles of economics and economic institutions.

The demand for pulses is increasing steeply in the recent past. Pigeonpea is an important pulse crop after chickpeas in terms of production and consumption. The prices of pulses including redgram were highly volatile compared other food grains. Farmers are incurring huge losses due to uncertain prices, hence there was a need for accurate price forecasting to educate farmers. Considering these points the present study has been undertaken with an objective to forecast the future prices of the pigeon pea to help the farmers to take appropriate acreage, selling and storage decisions. The present study aimed to forecast the pigeon pea prices by using the time series data of monthly average prices for the period of January 2006 to December 2016 to predict harvest prices during 2017-18 in major pigeon pea producing states Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujrat. The study used ARIMA models for price forecast. To test the reliability of model MAPE, AIC, and BIC Criterion were used. The model was validated for the year 2016-17. Model parameters were estimated using the R programming software. The forecast shows that market prices of pigeon pea, would be ruling in the range of Rs. 4,300-7,600 per quintal during November to January, 2017-18.

Around 1500, Nuremberg merchants began to market all over Europe brass thimbles produced in this city by specialized artisans. Nuremberg thimbles quickly became THE export commodity.

Germans merchants based in Lisbon, used Lisbon, its shipping routes and trade networks to export Nuremberg thimbles to Portuguese Asia and further abroad in the Far East, as the 1533 shipwreck of the Bom Jesus nau off the Skeleton Coast in Namibia confirms. Dozens of Nuremberg thimbles were found in the excavations.

This article examines Nuremberg brass thimbles exported to Ceylon in the 16th century, and how craftsmen at the royal court of Kotte transformed European models into exclusive luxury goods made of gold and set with precious stones.

The article focuses on one such rare Ceylonese thimble to have survived - a hybrid commodity linking east and west.

This piece of written work explores the ways in which Photography contributes to feed a voyeuristic society, using the camera as a tool to deliver imagery. The research will be initiated in Chapter I by defining the Freudian “voyeur” and a new possible definition of voyeur/photographer. Visibility will be analysed in relation to lighting conditions supported by the Panopticon theory, access, boundaries and their implications.

The influence of the Panopticon’s and Voyeurism ideas on the film Rear Window (Hitchcock, 1954), will be further discussed in Chapter II on photographic techniques used, as well as concentrating on the main character, the photographer Jeffries, who combines professional and voyeur self during the narrative.

In order to apply the research findings, various photographers’ works will be discussed individually in Chapter III, technically and conceptually the works of Robert Frank, Michele Iversen, Nadav Kander, Eugene Atget and Arne Svenson will demystify the photographic voyeurism solely as a perverse one and will reaffirm the close relation between window and the viewfinder.

This Dissertation shares the subject I explore in my photographic serie for the Final Major Project to finalise my third year of studying BA Hons in Photography.

This article investigates Robert Morris's much-discussed 'minimal art' of the 1960s.  It argues that the well known 'phenomenological account' of minimalism, which developed in relation to Morris's work, was conditioned by the space of the commercial gallery and the rise of a 'gallery network'.  Drawing on fresh archival research as well as close readings of particular objects and exhibitions, it argues that, as well as the 'environmental' space of their immediate surroundings, these sculptures were equally keyed to the logistical arena of transportation, circulation and exchange.  The article hence an alternative approach to the notion of art's commodification, linking Marx's theory of exchange with the concrete details of artistic labour in the 1960s.

https://academic.oup.com//oaj/article/39/3/421/2680337/Robert-Morriss-Minimal-Sculpture-the-Rise-of-the?guestAccessKey=89eb49c0-4017-40d9-a819-ca919881cd06

L'histoire de la société « Plantations du Congo oriental », fondée en 1926 par Fernand Delmotte en Ituri, dans la province orientale du Congo belge, s'inscrit dans l'histoire de cette colonie mais aussi dans l'histoire d'un produit tropical et d’un marché mondial : le café. Fernand Delmotte a d’abord été fonctionnaire dans les chemins de fer puis aux Mines d’or de Kilo et Moto jusqu’en 1926, date à laquelle il fonde la Planco avec, comme actionnaires, des membres de sa famille et des amis à Tournai en Belgique, siège administratif de la société. La propriété contenant 450 hectares de caféières avait comme superficie 1185 hectares en 1943 et comprenait aussi un village pour les travailleurs, des routes, un barrage hydraulique sur la rivière Awo et une usine de traitement pour la préparation du café. Alors que la production de café débute réellement en 1929, la société subit de plein fouet la crise des années trente. Elle fait face à de nombreuses vicissitudes, climatiques, organisationnelles et conjoncturelles jusqu’en 1939, date à laquelle le directeur est remplacé par une personne extérieure. En 1940, elle perd la totalité de la production de 1000 tonnes, la plus importante, à cause de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Elle est alors obligée de recourir à un emprunt pour survivre. Les données et les chiffres des archives, déposées à l’université catholique de Louvain, montrent que le café produit était de la meilleure qualité. L’apport scientifique de ce travail historique est de montrer la vie des colons au Congo belge dans la première moitié du XXe siècle. Ce sujet est oublié et peu abordé dans l’historiographie de l’Etat indépendant du Congo et du Congo belge qui lui a succédé en 1908. Il se fonde sur des faits précis, objectifs et donne la parole aux colons pour comprendre quelle fut leur situation dans la colonie.

El presente libro analiza el avance del neoextractivismo en América Latina, a través de cuatro núcleos fundamentales. 1) propone las categorías de neoextractivismo y de Consenso de los Commodities como ventanas privilegiadas para leer la crisis actual. 2) analiza de las fases del neoextractivismos, desde 2003 hasta la actualidad. 3) aborda las resistencias sociales y las nuevas gramáticas políticas, desde el concepto del giro ecoterritorial y coloca el acento en el avance de los pueblos indígenas y el protagonismo creciente de las mujeres. 4) ilustra la fase actual de expansión de las fronteras del extractivismo (territorialidades criminales, violencia patriarcal, energías extremas). El cierre propone una reflexión más general, acerca de la relación Norte-Sur y la crisis del Antropoceno.

Esta publicación fue realisadaen en el transcurso de uno de los proyecto de Fellowship, cuales ofrece el CALAS. Interesada o interesado? Visite: http://calas.lat/convocatoria

Le superflu, chose très nécessaire”, wrote Voltaire 1736 in
his poem Le mondain. Needless to say that luxury is much
more than merely materialised/solidified redundancy.
Offering a first panoramic view on various manifestations of
conspicuous material culture in a Netherlandish context from
1500 until the present, this study – rather than investigating selfevident
cases of luxury – aims to explore its boundaries and the
different stages in which luxury is fabricated or sometimes only
simulated. Thematically, the volume focuses on two major issues,
i.e. collections and foodways as means of expression of prosperity
and splendour, which will be discussed by an international group of
scholars, emanating from disciplines such as archaeology, history,
book and media studies, art history, linguistics, and historical
ethnology.

With an afterword by Maxine Berg.

The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the rise of the salting meat plants (saladeros) along the Río de la Plata between the 1780s and 1850s as an expression of the region’s deeper integration into the wider capitalist market through the creation and tentative management of a new commodity chain. The saladeros were one result of private and public attempts to extend the commodity form, and contributed to processes of local economic and social change. The saladero was the locus in which the natural product of the Argentine Pampas (the wild and tame cattle, and to a lesser extent horses and sheep) was processed into a series of commodities that were traded in the globl capitalist market. These commodities sustained the deeper integration of different capitalist societies in the Atlantic basin. The processed commodities were salted and jerked meat, as well as hides, tallow and sebum. A particular focus is placed on the political support to the industry, in order to highlight the continuities between the colonial and postcolonial period in respect to state promotion of commodity production.

The first section describes the context of the eighteenth-century Bourbon reforms, a series of administrative and economic innovations that imperial authorities envisioned to better exploit the economic potential of their empire. The second discusses the appearance of the saladeros on the Río de la Plata (1780s-1800s); while the third is focused on the development of the industry after independence from Spain (1810s-1850s). The last section is devoted to the description of two main final segments of the saladeros commodity chain – Britain and Cuba.

The emergence of Rwanda’s specialty coffee sector during the early twenty-first century has brought high-end Rwandan coffee to the shelves of coffee retailers across the United States, Europe, and Japan. While a variety of factors have influenced the rapid development of Rwanda’s specialty coffee industry, one of the most significant has been the training of domestic coffee tasters. Known as cuppers, these taste professionals act as a unique link in this global foodway and help enable perception of locally based flavors through marketplace mechanisms. The Rwandan cupper is not simply another middleman in a very long commodity chain. Rather, she or he plays a new role in transforming a generic cash-crop commodity into locality-based luxury item. This new role highlights the language and standards used to differentiate coffees in producing countries for international niche markets.

Objetivou-se, nesse artigo, apresentar algumas reflexões sobre a análise realizada por Pashukanis sobre o direito presente na obra Teoria Geral
do Direito e Marxismo, com destaque para a sua relação com o mercado
e com a forma mercadoria. Para tanto, foram identificados fundamentos
da crítica da economia política nas análises realizadas por Pashukanis,
assim como relações das suas análises com estudos econômicos de
Marx. Também se apresentou, de forma breve, indicações teóricas de
como a perspectiva liberal pressupõe as relações jurídicas a partir da
propriedade privada e se estabelece na forma de contrato econômico. (The objective of this article was to show some reflections on the analysis carried out by Pashukanis on the law in the work “General Theory of Law and Marxism”, with emphasis on its relationship with the market and in the commodity form. So, some categories of the critique of political economy were identified in the analyses carried out by Pashukanis, also the relationship of their analyses with economic studies of Marx. The article expressed, as well, some theoretical indications of the liberal perspective that presupposes legal relations from the private property and it´s established in the form of an economic contract.)

The industrialization produces a veil in its aesthetization, and in this veil lies a criticism and heterotopia in its images of dreams. This is the dynamic duality in Walter Benjamin’s incomplete project, ‘Paris, Capital of the Ninetieth Century’. Benjamin deals especially with the passages. They are new architectural phenomena that connect streets through alleyways with shops. Passage has a more spacious meaning, pointing to the way Benjamin reads the metropolis. Passage means in Benjamin's optics threshold or transition, namely between I and things, awakening and dream, potential and realization. ‘I and things’ are essential, when it comes to exhibitions of commodity, where things are made personal and particular. This personification or anthropomorphication plays a crucial role in Benjamin's analysis of the metropolitan aesthetics. The article seeks to answer why and how Benjamin sought this path in his mapping of modernity's aesthetization and finally how it manifests itself in relation to Benjamin’s theory during the National Socialism’s aesthetics of politics and later in the digital passages of late modernity as commodity aesthetics driven by algorithms.

Keywords: Walter Benjamin, passage, commodity aesthetics, metropolis, modernity, late modernity, antrophomorphication, images of dreams, aesthetics of politics, digital passage, influencer, unpacking unboxing.

The main purpose of this paper is to provide a critical overview of the key contributions made by Luc Boltanski and Arnaud Esquerre in ‘Enrichissement. Une critique de la marchandise’ (Paris: Gallimard, 2017). With the exception of one journal article, entitled ‘The Economic Life of Things: Commodities, Collectibles, Assets’, their collaborative work has received little attention in Anglophone circles. This paper aims to demonstrate that Boltanski and Esquerre's Enrichissement contains valuable insights into the constitution of Western European capitalism in the early twenty-first century. In order to substantiate the validity of this claim, the subsequent inquiry focuses on central dimensions that, in Boltanski and Esquerre's view, need to be scrutinized to grasp the nature of major trends in contemporary society, notably those associated with the consolidation of the enrichment economy. In the final section, attention will be drawn to several noteworthy limitations of Boltanski and Esquerre's analysis.