Christopher Doll

... CO2 has been identified as the most important of the green-house gases accounting for around 64% of ... 4) produced by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (19) (CDIAC). ... The OLSdata was approximated into 10 zones; an equatorial zone, from the equator to 10? ...

The term "co-benefits" refers to positive outcomes accruing from a policy beyond the intended outcome, often or usually in other sectors. In the urban context, policies implemented in particular sectors (such as transport, energy or waste) often generate multiple co-benefits in other areas. Such benefits may be related to the reduction of local or global environmental impacts and also extend into the area of public health. A key to identifying and realising co-benefits is the adoption of systems approaches to understand inter-sectoral linkages and, in particular, the translation of this understanding to improved sector-specific and city governance. This paper reviews a range of policies which can yield health and climate co-benefits across different urban sectors and illustrates, through a series of cases, how taking a systems approach can lead to innovations in urban governance which aid the development of healthy and sustainable cities.

The multi-billion dollar illegal wildlife trade is a global crisis that not only threatens the conservation of protected species but also has deep implications for peace and security in nations across the world. As wildlife trafficking becomes more organized and illegal trade of wildlife continues to flourish on the ground and in cyberspace, there is an urgent need for a concerted international effort to gather and share wildlife crime information among law enforcement and policymakers, empowering them to stem the tide of wildlife trafficking. There are several good examples out of such efforts, primarily by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and INTERPOL, to combat wildlife poaching and transboundary illegal wildlife trade. At a policy level, the formation of the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC) 1 can be considered as one of the major achievements in recent times, where CITES, INTERPOL, World Bank,...

ABSTRACT One emerging application of night-time light imagery focuses on estimating levels of access to electricity globally (Doll & Pachauri, 2010; Elvidge et al., 2010). A central consideration of such studies is the population density which can be consistently detected from night-time light imagery. Whilst numerous studies have addressed the relationship to light and population statistics in order to predict population, the use of spatially explicit population databases allows for a more detailed description of these relationships. This paper reports the variation of different detection profiles of two publically available gridded population datasets. These are disaggregated by region to reveal a vast contrast in what we may assume to be observable population in different parts of the world. A dynamic trend emerges with respect to levels of development with the most developed nations hypothesized to be the theoretical minimum observable population density. Beyond contributing to the analysis of areas of the world without access to electricity, more fundamentally, this analysis addresses a basic question about night-time lights and how it relates to population globally and in particular the relative merits of two commonly used population databases.

ABSTRACT This research aims to develop a bottom-up integrated supply-demand model to assess the optimal performance of the urban energy system. To this end, an optimization model founded on the principles of microeconomics was developed and deployed using mathematical programming. In this model, the urban energy system is treated as an economic actor in the market seeking to establish an effective energy system to improve its overall resource efficiency with minimum total cost of the system. The model leads the system to achieve supply and demand energy commitments which include alternative energy and energy efficiency targets. In this paper, we apply the model to address the electricity deficiency in Delhi, India, as a case study. The results suggest that the saving at the end-user level could reach about 220 GWh per annum in the near future through improving energy end-use efficiency in the domestic sector. Besides this, the installation of about 40 MW from waste-to-electricity plants and generating approximately 210 GWh electricity from the rooftop solar PV by 2030 could enable a sufficient surplus for the power supply sector to meet the city’s electricity demand in the near future. Even though the system has some inherent limitations stemming from the assumptions of microeconomics and challenges related to data needs, the model can help the local actors from governments to property owners, to find the best solutions for their energy needs. Such a modeling framework could address an organization’s sustainable performance at the urban level through the resource use optimization, minimization of waste, cleaner technologies and pollution limits which are used in achieving co-benefits and a broad range of Eco-Industrial Development (EID) goals.

Whilst urbanised areas account for the smallest land cover class, it is arguably the most important in that knowledge of the size and spatial distribution of our cities is a key parameter on a number of fronts from resource management to economic development planning. An evaluation has been performed comparing satellite assessments of urban land area extent at two different

ABSTRACT Due to the rapid growth of urban population and economic development in Asia recently, many cities have encountered severe challenges responding to environmental pollution at local and global levels. This Special Volume of the Journal of Cleaner Production reports on the results of several studies in cities across Asia, which were designed to investigate the potential of climate co-benefits approaches. These studies were implemented across the key urban sectors of waste management, transport and buildings as well as industry. They are complemented by two analyses of the institutional framework, barriers and opportunities for planning for co-benefits in the larger countries in the region: India and China. The fifteen articles in this Special Volume show that tangible urban co-benefits can be achieved from initiatives performed at the local level to address climate change issues. They also provide critical insights on how to catalyze co-benefits in urban development, by embedding climate change mitigation at the local level. By collating promising development activities and policies in different sectors from various Asian countries, this volume presents an overview of how local level actions can enhance developmental impacts. The final paper connects these insights with respect to the emerging green economy paradigm to consider how such policies, if properly coordinated, can create powerful synergies for addressing both local environmental quality and global carbon impacts and how to track this through the governance framework.

ABSTRACT Cities concentrate a large part of the world economy today. Understanding how the urban economy and its decision making function as well as how they are connected to a larger world (regional, national, global) is fundamental to create governance mechanisms and the institutions to move the world towards a green economy. This paper analyzes the city through its key economic processes of the transformation of space; circulation (transport); consumption and production and social, knowledge and ecosystem services. Transforming urban processes will only be achieved with better urban governance. As governance is embedded in institutions, it is the foundation for building the legitimate political and social mechanisms to green socio-ecological and economic systems. Yet the question of whether or not current governance systems in these processes are steering cities towards a greener economy, or if they are, how are they affecting people and ecosystems is yet to be addressed. Thus, we propose a set of governance indicators to assess the greening of urban processes that go beyond the decision-making procedures and include the capacity to implement change, the results of greening the economy and final outcomes on the ground. We also look at the obstacles, achievements and lessons in the greening of the direct and indirect economic processes in cities. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

A lack of access to energy and, in particular, electricity is a less obvious manifestation of poverty but arguably one of the most important. This paper investigates the extent to which electricity access can be investigated using night-time light satellite data and spatially explicit population datasets to compare electricity access between 1990 and 2000. We present here the first satellite

ABSTRACT This paper revisits the City Profile for Delhi, the first article ever published in Cities in 1983 (Datta, 1983). Thirty years later and following the centennial anniversary year of Delhi’s establishment as the capital of India in 2012, this article makes a wide-ranging survey of Delhi in the administrative, socio-economic and environmental arenas. By tracing the history of urban planning in the city to the present and examining the issues facing Delhi, we then critically examine its institutional arrangements with respect to the outcomes of recent developments that have occurred in the city. These aspects are then evaluated in the context of the future development of the city; a city which still faces numerous local challenges but also houses the government of an emerging superpower that will play an increasing role both regionally and globally.

1. Department of Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom 2. Center for Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. ... ∗ This work is supported by NERC Studentship ...

... CO2 has been identified as the most important of the green-house gases accounting for around 64% of ... 4) produced by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (19) (CDIAC). ... The OLSdata was approximated into 10 zones; an equatorial zone, from the equator to 10? ...

The MODIS BRDF and albedo science data product (MOD43B) has been providing provisional quality products to the science community since October 2000. The operational algorithm relies on multi-date MODIS observations and a semi-empirical kernel-based bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model to provide global one kilometer measures of BRDF, albedo (spectral and broadband) and nadir BRDF-adjusted reflectance (NBAR)

Annual sequences of the first reprocessed albedo, bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), and nadir BRDF-adjusted surface reflectance (NBAR) products are being evaluated. BRDF model parameters (or weights) are used to compute black sky albedo at local solar noon and white sky albedo and to compute surface reflectance at a common nadir geometry. In addition to these standard resolution albedo, BRDF, and NBAR products, which are provided in the integerized sinusoidal grid projection, the BRDF parameters, black sky albedos (at local solar noon), and white sky albedos are now also being operationally produced in a global geographic projection known as the Climate Modeling Grid (CMG). These are currently available at a 0.25 degree spatial resolution, although there is community interest in a 0.05 degree resolution. In addition to the operational CMGs, coarser 0.5 degree and 1 degree resolution versions of the reprocessed albedo data have also been produced for the ISLSCP-II initiative. The global distribution of these albedos (as they vary throughout the year) are presented, as well as discussions of the most recent evaluations of the quality of the standard products.