ABDALLA ELBASHIR
University of Khartoum, Chemistry, Faculty Member
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Cephalosporins are the most commonly prescribed β-lactam antibiotics. Spectrophotometry is probably the most convenient analytical technique for routine analysis, because of its inherent simplicity, low cost and wide availability in... more
Cephalosporins are the most commonly prescribed β-lactam antibiotics. Spectrophotometry is probably the most convenient analytical technique for routine analysis, because of its inherent simplicity, low cost and wide availability in quality control laboratories. Several papers have been presented in recent years regarding the development and validation for spectrophotometry methods for analysis of cephalosporins in pharmaceutical formulations. In this review article, various spectroscopic methods for analysis of cephalosporins are presented and discussed.
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In this study, controlled application of fenpropathrin, λcyhalothrin, and deltamethrin were carried out on tomato fruits grown in open field to study the reduction of their residues in harvest period and times of washing. The applied... more
In this study, controlled application of fenpropathrin, λcyhalothrin, and deltamethrin were carried out on tomato fruits grown in open field to study the reduction of their residues in harvest period and times of washing. The applied samples were collected immediately after application and after each 3 days up to 30 days, and then divided into same three groups in which the first was unwashed, the second washed once time by tap water and the last group was washed three times. Additionally, the control samples were collected before the application of tomato. The pesticide residues were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Apre-harvest was observed safety for fenpropathrin after 27 days; 0.926 mg/kg, λ-cyhalothrin after 18days 0.467 mg/kg, and deltamethrin after 3 days 0.29 mg/kg less than of MRL recommended by Codex Alimentarius (FAO/WHO, 2009). The samples of tomato fruits was washed once time to reduce the residues of fenpropathrin, λ-cyhalothrin,...
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Abstract This study was aimed to determine the phenolic profile of the leaf and stem bark of F. sycomorus and to investigate their antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties. Extracts were prepared by maceration with hexane and... more
Abstract This study was aimed to determine the phenolic profile of the leaf and stem bark of F. sycomorus and to investigate their antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties. Extracts were prepared by maceration with hexane and dichloromethane: ethanol (DE) (1:1) respectively. Phenolic content was quantitatively determined and their constituents were identified on the basis of co-chromatography with reference compounds. Results showed that the leaf displayed significant higher polyphenolic and flavonoid contents than the stem bark while the latter showed significant highest total tannin content.. The leaf DE extract exhibited significant higher antiradical activity and higher capacity to reduce Fe3+ than the stem bark DE extract. The leaf DE and stem bark hexane extracts significantly (p
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Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are ionic solutions, of great interest for extraction from biomass, biocatalysis, and nanoparticle synthesis. They are easily synthesised and eco-friendly, have low volatility and high dissolution... more
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are ionic solutions, of great interest for extraction from biomass, biocatalysis, and nanoparticle synthesis. They are easily synthesised and eco-friendly, have low volatility and high dissolution power, and are biodegradable. However, water content in NADES is a critical parameter, affecting their optimal use and extraction efficiency. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques are rapid, label-free, non-destructive, non-invasive, and cost-effective analytical tools that can probe the molecular composition of samples. A direct comparison between a previous study using attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy for water quantification in NADES and the same investigation performed with Raman spectroscopy is presently reported. Three NADES systems, namely betaine-glycerol (BG), choline chloride-glycerol (CCG), and glucose-glycerol (GG), containing a range of water concentrations between 0% (w/w) and 40% (w/w), have been analysed with Raman spectroscopy coupled to partial least squares regression multivariate analysis. The values of root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) obtained from analysis performed on the pre-processed spectra over the full spectral range (150–3750 cm−1) are respectively 0.2966% (w/w), 0.4703% (w/w), and 0.2351% (w/w) for BG, GG, and CCG. While the direct comparison to previous ATR-IR results shows essentially similar outcomes for BG, the RMSECV is 33.14% lower and 65.84% lower for CG and CCG. Furthermore, mean relative errors obtained with Raman spectroscopy, and calculated from a set of samples used as independent samples, were 1.452% (w/w), 1.175% (w/w), and 1.188% (w/w). Ultimately, Raman spectroscopy delivered performances for quantification of water in NADES with similar accuracy to ATR-IR. The present demonstration clearly highlights the potential of Raman spectroscopy to support the development of new analytical protocols in the field of green chemistry.
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Inclusion complexes of cucurbit[n]uril, CBn, with atrazine (ATZ) and ametryne (AME) herbicides were investigated in aqueous media and solid state. Mass spectrometry using matrix assisted laser desorption time-of-flight, MALDI-TOF, and... more
Inclusion complexes of cucurbit[n]uril, CBn, with atrazine (ATZ) and ametryne (AME) herbicides were investigated in aqueous media and solid state. Mass spectrometry using matrix assisted laser desorption time-of-flight, MALDI-TOF, and 1HNMR techniques were used to characterize the inclusion complexes prepared in aqueous media. The solid complexes between the triazine herbicides and CBn hosts were prepared by lyophilization and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) technique. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to study the mechanism of inclusion and to monitor the stability of these complexes in aqueous media. Analysis of the MD trajectories has shown that both triazines form stable complexes with CBn in aqueous media throughout the simulation time. The stability of these complexes was found to originate from the hydrophobic effects where both hosts prefer to accommodate the nonpolar cavity of the hosts. It was observed that CB6 is capable of encapsulating only the isopropyl side chain of the guests, whereas the other two hosts were able to accommodate the major parts of the guests. A number of strong hydrogen bonds between the hosts and the guests further increased the stability of the complexes.
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Abstract The inclusion complexes of imazapyr (IMA) with 2-hydroxypropyl(β/γ) cyclodextrins (HP β/γ-CD), have been studied in aqueous media and in the solid state. In this work, fluorescence spectroscopy, electrospray-ionization mass... more
Abstract The inclusion complexes of imazapyr (IMA) with 2-hydroxypropyl(β/γ) cyclodextrins (HP β/γ-CD), have been studied in aqueous media and in the solid state. In this work, fluorescence spectroscopy, electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and 1HNMR were used to investigate and characterize the inclusion complexes of IMA with the cyclodextrins in solutions. The solid state complexes were obtained by freeze drying and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The most predominant complexes of IMA with both hosts are the 1:1 guest: host complexes. The association constants of IMA-HP β-CD and IMA-HP γ-CD were 115 ± 23 and 215 ± 80 L mol−1, respectively. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to monitor the mode of inclusion and also to investigate the stability of these complexes in aqueous media at atomistic levels. The results obtained have indicated that these inclusion complexes are highly stable in aqueous media, thereby corroborating the experimental results. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that in addition to hydrophobic effects and van der Waals interactions the presence of hydrogen bonding interactions of the type H O and CH O between the guest and the host have enhanced the stability of these complexes remarkably.
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Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4) D) has appeared as a powerful technique for the detection of compounds lacking chromogenic or fluorogenic group. Since our last review (Biomedical Chromatography 2014; 28:... more
Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4) D) has appeared as a powerful technique for the detection of compounds lacking chromogenic or fluorogenic group. Since our last review (Biomedical Chromatography 2014; 28: 1502-1506) several new capillary electrophoresis (CE)-C(4) D methods have been reported. This review provides an update of the most recent utilization of CE-C(4) D in the field of pharmaceutical, biomedical and food analysis covering the period from February 2014 to October 2016. The use of CE with C(4) D in the pharmaceutical field has been shown in many papers. Examples illustrate the applicability of CE-C(4) D in the fields of pharmaceutical, biomedical and food analysis. Finally, general conclusions and perspectives are provided.
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The supramolecular interaction of nizatidine (NIZ) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) has been studied by spectrofluorimetry. The results showed that β-CD reacted with NIZ to form an inclusion complex.The NIZ-β-CDcomplex formed a host-guest... more
The supramolecular interaction of nizatidine (NIZ) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) has been studied by spectrofluorimetry. The results showed that β-CD reacted with NIZ to form an inclusion complex.The NIZ-β-CDcomplex formed a host-guest complex in 1:1 stoichiometryand inclusion constant (K = 3.15×102 L mol-1) and wasascertained by the typical double reciprocal plots. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG°)associated with the inclusion process were also determined. Based on the significant enhancement of thefluorescence intensity of NIZ produced through complex formation, a simple, accurate, rapid and highly sensitivespectrofluorometric method for the determination of NIZ in aqueous solution in the presence of β-CD wasdeveloped. The measurement of relative fluorescence intensity was carried with excitation at 314 nm.The factors affecting the inclusion complex formation were studied and optimized. Under the optimum reactionconditions, linear relationships with good cor...
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The solid inclusion complex of gemifloxacin (GFX) and hydroxyl propyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβ-CD) was prepared and examined by UV-visible, FTIR, NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The... more
The solid inclusion complex of gemifloxacin (GFX) and hydroxyl propyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβ-CD) was prepared and examined by UV-visible, FTIR, NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The formation of inclusion complex has been confirmed on the basis of changes of spectroscopic properties. Further the interaction between GFX and HPβ-CD was studied using molecular modeling approaches. The results showed that HPβCD reacted with GFX to form a 1:1 host-guest inclusion complex. Based on the enhancement of the fluorescence intensity of GFX produced through complex formation, a simple, accurate, rapid and highly sensitive spectrofluorometric method for the determination of GFX in pharmaceutical formulation was developed. The linear relationships between the intensity and GFX concentration was obtained in the concentration range of 20-140 ng/mL with good correlation coefficients (0.9997). The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 4 ng/mL. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of GFX in pharmaceutical preparation.
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ABSTRACT Using capillary electrophoresis baclofen (BF) enantiomers were separated only in the presence of b-cyclodextrin (bCD) as a chiral selector when added to the background electrolyte. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and... more
ABSTRACT Using capillary electrophoresis baclofen (BF) enantiomers were separated only in the presence of b-cyclodextrin (bCD) as a chiral selector when added to the background electrolyte. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS) techniques were used to determine the structure of the BF–bCD inclusion complexes. From the MS data BF was found to form a 1:1 complex with a- and bCD, while the NMR data suggest location of the aromatic ring of BF into the cyclodextrin cavity. A molecular modeling study, using the semiempirical PM6 calculations was used to investigate the mechanism of enantiodifferentiation of BF with cyclodextrins. Optimization of the structures of the complexes by PM6 method indicated that separation is obtained in the presence of b-CD due to a large binding energy difference (DDE) of 46.8 kJ mol�1 between S-BF–bCD and R-BF–bCD complexes. In the case of aCD complexes DDE was 1.3 kJ mol�1 indicating poor resolution between the two enantiomers. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulations show that the formation of more stable S-BF–bCD complex compared to R-BF–b-CD complex is primarily due to differences in intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
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Page 1. A Gas Chromatographic Method with Electron-Capture Detector (GC-ECD) for Simultaneous Determination of Fenpropathrin, l-Cyhalothrin, and Deltamethrin Residues in Tomato and Its Applications to Kinetic Studies After Field Treatment... more
Page 1. A Gas Chromatographic Method with Electron-Capture Detector (GC-ECD) for Simultaneous Determination of Fenpropathrin, l-Cyhalothrin, and Deltamethrin Residues in Tomato and Its Applications to Kinetic Studies After Field Treatment ...
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This survey examined 60 samples of sorghum and 30 samples of sorghum products from three states (Khartoum, Kordofan and Gadarif) of Sudan for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), ochratoxin A and B (OTA, OTB) and... more
This survey examined 60 samples of sorghum and 30 samples of sorghum products from three states (Khartoum, Kordofan and Gadarif) of Sudan for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), ochratoxin A and B (OTA, OTB) and zearalenone (ZEN), using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range 0.01-0.6 µg kg(-1) and 0.03-2.0 µg kg(-1), respectively. The frequency of contaminated samples with AFB1 from Khartoum, Gadarif and Kordofan state was 38.1%, 22.2% and 23.8%, respectively. Only two samples of sorghum from Khartoum state were contaminated with OTA (3.3%). Concentrations of OTA and OTB were low and may not cause problems. No sample of sorghum or sorghum products was contaminated with ZEN. Some sorghum samples contained AFB1 concentrations above the European Union regulatory limits. The highest contaminated samples were found in Khartoum state.
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ABSTRACT The enantiomers of chiral drugs (CDs) can have different pharmaceutical properties and biological activities in the presence of other biomolecules. The molecular recognition of chiral drugs is an important issue in the... more
ABSTRACT The enantiomers of chiral drugs (CDs) can have different pharmaceutical properties and biological activities in the presence of other biomolecules. The molecular recognition of chiral drugs is an important issue in the pharmaceutical field. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) plays a critical role in enantiomer discrimination. Molecular modeling is a powerful tool to study enantioseparation in addition to experimental methods such as CE. Many molecular modeling studies have been performed to investigate CD inclusion complexes aimed at comprehending the mechanism of the complexation and correlating the experimental results with the mode of the interaction between a CD host and a guest molecule. This review illustrates the contribution of chiral capillary electrophoresis in combination with molecular modeling to a better understanding of the chiral recognition mechanisms with CDs as chiral selectors.
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... DOI: 10.1080/00103620802292574 AR Mubarak a * , AA Elbashir a , LA Elamin b ... Locally there are few studies focused only on the role of some agroforestry trees on yield of annual crops (ElNour, Osman, and El Attas 19966. El Nour,... more
... DOI: 10.1080/00103620802292574 AR Mubarak a * , AA Elbashir a , LA Elamin b ... Locally there are few studies focused only on the role of some agroforestry trees on yield of annual crops (ElNour, Osman, and El Attas 19966. El Nour, M., Osman, KA and El Attas, A. 1996. ...
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Three simple spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometric methods are developed and validated for the determination of moxifloxacin HCl in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. Method (A) is a kinetic method based on the... more
Three simple spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometric methods are developed and validated for the determination of moxifloxacin HCl in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. Method (A) is a kinetic method based on the oxidation of moxifloxacin HCl by Fe3+ ion in the presence of 1,10 o-phenanthroline (o-phen). Method (B) describes spectrophotometric procedures for determination of moxifloxacin HCl based on its ability to reduce Fe (III) to Fe (II), which was rapidly converted to the corresponding stable coloured complex after reacting with 2,2’ bipyridyl (bipy). The formation of the tris-complex formed in both methods (A) and (B) were carefully studied and their absorbance were measured at 510 and 520 nm respectively. Method (C) is based on the formation of ion- pair associated between the drug and bismuth (III) tetraiodide in acidic medium to form orange—red ion- pair associates. This associate can be quantitatively determined by three different procedures. The ...
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This book demonstrates the potential of 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulphonic acid sodium salt (NQS) as an analytical reagent for the analysis of pharmaceutical drugs bearing amine group in their pharmaceutical formulation. Simple, fast and... more
This book demonstrates the potential of 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulphonic acid sodium salt (NQS) as an analytical reagent for the analysis of pharmaceutical drugs bearing amine group in their pharmaceutical formulation. Simple, fast and reliable spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the determination of various pharmaceuticals bearing amine group ,cephalosporin, fluoroquinolones, cardiovascular drugs and antimalarial. Different variables affecting the reactions between the NQS and the drug bearing amine group such as pH, concentration of NQS, temperature, and reaction time were carefully studied and optimized. The methods developed were validated with respect to accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, sensitivity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification according to the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for validation of analytical procedures. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of each drug in ...
A simple and sensitive (2 ng/ml) HPLC method with fluorescence detection has been developed to measure serum concentrations of centchroman, a new nonsteroidal antifertility agent. The method was sufficiently sensitive to follow the drug... more
A simple and sensitive (2 ng/ml) HPLC method with fluorescence detection has been developed to measure serum concentrations of centchroman, a new nonsteroidal antifertility agent. The method was sufficiently sensitive to follow the drug over 21 days in human volunteers. Pharmacokinetic parameters of centchroman were determined after a single oral dose of 60 mg (2 x 30-mg tablets) in two healthy female volunteers. Centchroman is slowly eliminated from serum, showing a biexponential disappearance curve from serum. The terminal half-life of centchroman in the two volunteers was 168 and 175 hr, respectively.
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Multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) is well-established GC method used for a diverse range of applications. Enantioselective MDGC (enantio-MDGC) has been suggested as the method of preference for the separation of extremely... more
Multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) is well-established GC method used for a diverse range of applications. Enantioselective MDGC (enantio-MDGC) has been suggested as the method of preference for the separation of extremely overlapping enantiomers. An extensive number of literatures describe enantio-MDGC of polychlorinated biphenyls, essential oils and flavor and fragrance and amino acids were reported. In this review, the applications of MDGC approaches both, heart cutting GC-GC and comprehensive GC × GC in chiral analysis is presented. Since the application of these techniques in this filed is very broad so it will be divided into sections according to the type of the compounds.
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The inclusion complexes of imazapyr (IMA) with cucurbit[n]uril, CB[n] (n=6-8), have been investigated. Fluorescence spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF, and 1HNMR were used to investigate and characterize the inclusion complexation of IMA and CB[n]... more
The inclusion complexes of imazapyr (IMA) with cucurbit[n]uril, CB[n] (n=6-8), have been investigated. Fluorescence spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF, and 1HNMR were used to investigate and characterize the inclusion complexation of IMA and CB[n] in solutions. Whereas the solid state complexes have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). IMA was found to form 1:1 complexes with CB[n] with association constants ranging from 5.80×102-2.65×103. The guest molecule IMA was found to encapsulate into the larger cavities of CB[7] and CB[8], whereas with CB[6] the molecule remains outside the cavity. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to follow the inclusion process at an atomistic level to study the mechanism and stability of inclusion. The results obtained showed that inclusion complexes of IMA with both CB[7] and CB[8] are highly stable in aqueous media, but the CB[6] smaller cavity size prohibited the formation of an incl...
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Analysis of pesticide residues in water and food matrices is an active research area closely related to food safety and environmental issues. In this aspect mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to gas chromatography (GC) and liquid... more
Analysis of pesticide residues in water and food matrices is an active research area closely related to food safety and environmental issues. In this aspect mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) has been increasingly used in the analysis of pesticide residues in water and food. The increasing interest in application of high-resolution mass spectrometry with time-of-flight (TOF) and hybrid triple quadrupole TOF in pesticide analysis is due to its capability of performing both targeted and nontargeted analysis. This article discusses an overview of the application of GC-TOF-MS and LC-TOF-MS in water and food matrices.
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ABSTRACT
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Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) has been used successfully as a chiral additive to separate ofloxacin (OFL) enantiomers in a capillary electrophoresis system. Using electrospray-mass spectrometry (ESI–MS) it was revealed that OFL... more
Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) has been used successfully as a chiral additive to separate ofloxacin (OFL) enantiomers in a capillary electrophoresis system. Using electrospray-mass spectrometry (ESI–MS) it was revealed that OFL forms an inclusion complex with HPβCD at 1:1 stoichiometry. The interaction of the enantiomers with the host was further investigated by molecular modeling using molecular mechanics dockings, PM7 semiempirical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Calculations using PM7 semiempirical methods indicated that the separation is brought about by a large difference in the binding energies (∆∆E) of 15 kcal mol−1 between R-OFL-HPβCD and S-OFL-HPβCD inclusion complexes. S-OFL was predicted to be eluted first by the PM7 method which corroborates the experimental results. Moreover, the molecular dynamic simulations show that the formation of stable R-OFL-HPβCD is because it is more deeply inserted into the cavity of the host. The study also revealed the absence of the role of strong hydrogen bonding in the enantioseparations.
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This book demonstrates the potential of 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulphonic acid sodium salt (NQS) as an analytical reagent for the analysis of pharmaceutical drugs bearing amine group in their pharmaceutical formulation. Simple, fast and... more
This book demonstrates the potential of 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulphonic acid sodium salt (NQS) as an analytical reagent for the analysis of pharmaceutical drugs bearing amine group in their pharmaceutical formulation. Simple, fast and reliable spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the determination of various pharmaceuticals bearing amine group ,cephalosporin, fluoroquinolones, cardiovascular drugs and antimalarial. Different variables affecting the reactions between the NQS and the drug bearing amine group such as pH, concentration of NQS, temperature, and reaction time were carefully studied and optimized. The methods developed were validated with respect to accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, sensitivity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification according to the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for validation of analytical procedures. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of each drug in its pharmaceutical dosage form with a high accuracy and precision, without the need for complex sample preparation such as extraction steps prior to the drug analysis. and without interference from
A simple, accurate, and precise spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of three cardiovascular drugs, namely: Atenolol (ATE), Doxazosin mesylate (DOX) and Lisinopril dihydrate (LID) in pharmaceutical... more
A simple, accurate, and precise spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of three cardiovascular drugs, namely: Atenolol (ATE), Doxazosin mesylate (DOX) and Lisinopril dihydrate (LID) in pharmaceutical formulations. Proposed method is based on the derivatization of drugs with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic (NQS). The optimum experimental conditions have been studied. Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration of 0.5–3, 0.4–8, and 5–50 μg/mL for ATE, DOX, and LID, respectively. The detection limits were 0.11, 0.12, and 1.16 μg/mL for ATE, DOX, and LID, respectively, with a linear regression correlation coefficient of 0.9993, 0.9998, and 0.9997 and recovery in range from 98.25–102.57, 97.20–100.57, and 97.83–101.80for ATE, DOX, and LID, respectively. Effects of pH, temperature, reaction time, and NQS concentration on the determination of ATE, DOX, and LID, have been examined. This method is simple and can be applied for the determination of ATE, DOX, and LID i...
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In this study, controlled application of fenpropathrin, λ-cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin pesticides were carried out on tomato fruits grown in open field to study the reduction of their residues by harvest period and times of washing. The... more
In this study, controlled application of fenpropathrin, λ-cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin pesticides were carried out on tomato fruits grown in open field to study the reduction of their residues by harvest period and times of washing. The samples were collected immediately after application and after each 3 days up to 30 days. Collected samples were divided into three groups unwashed, washed once by hands and tap water and last group washed three times. In addition, the control samples were collected before the application on tomatoes. The pesticide residues were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). A pre-harvest was observed safe for fenpropathrin after 27 days, 0.926 mg/kg, λ-cyhalothrin after 18 days, 0.467 mg kg-1, and deltamethrin after 3 days, 0.29 mg kg-1 less than of MRL recommended by Codex Alimentarius (FAO/WHO, 2009). Washing of tomato fruits samples once reduced the residues of fenpropathrin, λ-cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin by the rate o...