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Resumen El actual contexto de diversidad hace necesaria la incorporación de metodologías y prácticas pedagógicas capaces de contribuir al desarrollo educativo de todos los estudiantes, independientemente de sus características. Es ahí... more
Resumen El actual contexto de diversidad hace necesaria la incorporación de metodologías y prácticas pedagógicas capaces de contribuir al desarrollo educativo de todos los estudiantes, independientemente de sus características. Es ahí donde juega un rol central la Formación Inicial Docente, la cual constituye un momento crítico para la formación de profesores. Este artículo explora el tratamiento en la prensa, de la relación entre la Formación Inicial Docente [FID] y diversidad cultural. Es importante corroborar que esta relación ha sido elaborada en los medios de comunicación en Chile, lo cual da cuenta de que la relación entre FID y diversidad, es de interés público. El artículo se divide en dos partes mayores: en primer lugar, se desarrolla un análisis de documentos, con contenidos sobre el sistema educativo chileno vigente, en materia de formación inicial docente y diversidad cultural. En segundo lugar, se analizan documentos que contemplan información obtenida de los medios, respecto a formación inicial docente y diversidad cultural. Esta segunda parte, se divide en varias sub-secciones, que están constituidas por las categorías que resultaron del análisis de la prensa en la materia.
Resumen: En la ética del discurso, Habermas afirma que la solidaridad es el reverso de la moralidad. Sin embargo, en 2013 rechaza esta tesis y ahora es vista como un concepto ético-político. Según Andrew Pierce, el giro post-secular de... more
Resumen: En la ética del discurso, Habermas afirma que la solidaridad es el reverso de la moralidad. Sin embargo, en 2013 rechaza esta tesis y ahora es vista como un concepto ético-político. Según Andrew Pierce, el giro post-secular de Habermas explica este cambio, pues él se habría vuelto escéptico hacia la razón secular. Habermas ha tratado de encontrar un recurso en la religión en lugar de la moralidad para sustentar la solidaridad. Pierce afirma que este movimiento es innecesario. En cierta medida, Pierce tiene razón: Habermas no debería haber rechazado la tesis del reverso, en el sentido de que todavía la moral tiene una relación con la solidaridad. Sin embargo, el argumento de Pierce no es totalmente satisfactorio, en la medida en que existen buenas razones para proporcionar una revisión de la tesis. Basándose en estudios recientes sobre post-secularismo, el artículo desarrolla una noción de moralidad que puede tener la solidaridad como su reverso.
Jürgen Habermas elabora una filosofía moral vinculada con la tradición kantiana, dicha herencia se relaciona con las características de su punto de vista moral desde una postura formalista, cognitivista, universalista y procedimental. En... more
Jürgen Habermas elabora una filosofía moral vinculada con la
tradición kantiana, dicha herencia se relaciona con las características
de su punto de vista moral desde una postura formalista,
cognitivista, universalista y procedimental. En términos de la
fundamentación del principio moral, Habermas señala que este
depende de una estrategia de derivación lógica a partir de dos
premisas: una idea débil de justificación normativa y las reglas
del discurso racional. Sin embargo, no desarrolló esta derivación,
sosteniendo que la fundamentación de su posición se basa en
un argumento histórico. Este componente señala que los sujetos
modernos tienen un compromiso de resolver sus conflictos por
medio de la deliberación, por ende, surge la pregunta sobre si
la incorporación de este argumento no supone un abandono de Kant, quien buscaba fundamentar la moral más allá de lo
contingente e histórico. Este artículo sostiene que en la doctrina
del “hecho de la razón” Kant elabora un argumento similar al
punto de vista habermasiano. Además, propone que, a pesar
del carácter histórico de la justificación del principio moral,
esta descansa en la noción kantiana de autonomía. La unión
de estos dos argumentos permite concluir que Habermas no
abandona a Kant como sostienen algunos de sus comentadores.
El artículo discute el componente kantiano en la teoría democrática deliberativa. Parte sosteniendo que Kant no solo incorpora derechos individuales sino que también la idea de soberanía popular. Este pensador considera la democracia,... more
El artículo discute el componente kantiano en la teoría democrática deliberativa. Parte sosteniendo que Kant no solo incorpora derechos individuales sino que también la idea de soberanía popular. Este pensador considera la democracia, pero un sistema de principios tiene prioridad normativa respecto de la práctica de autolegislación colectiva. Después, el escrito muestra que la teoría democrática habermasiana elabora un argumento similar al kantiano. Por tanto, no reconstruye el balance entre derechos y democracia como pretende sino de forma similar a como lo hace Kant.
Este artículo analiza algunos lineamientos de la educación inclusiva y desde ahí propone contrastar dos modelos de intervención social: el modelo de orientación contextual y el modelo deliberativo. El primero se centra en la coordinación... more
Este artículo analiza algunos lineamientos de la educación inclusiva y desde ahí
propone contrastar dos modelos de intervención social: el modelo de orientación
contextual y el modelo deliberativo. El primero se centra en la coordinación de
actores y sistemas en función de objetivos comunes, pero desde lógicas e intereses
divergentes. El segundo demanda la construcción de acuerdos normativos sobre
decisiones vinculantes para articular procesos de intervención. Por su parte, la
educación inclusiva pone en el centro a los estudiantes y su diversidad para generar
procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de calidad. Esto se ha traducido en el desarrollo de
políticas públicas, como la Ley de Inclusión N° 20.845. Sostenemos que una política
social como esta puede nutrirse de los elementos propuestos por ambas perspectivas
teóricas. Por un lado, el modelo contextual permite entender a la diversidad de lógicas
de los actores involucrados como un elemento de base del proceso de política pública.
Por otro lado, el modelo deliberativo destaca la relevancia de los principios de tipo
normativo y la necesidad del diálogo permanente entre los involucrados.
La desigualdad social producto de la actual distribución de los ingresos en Chile mantiene el interés por conocer sus tendencias en diversos contextos. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar, a nivel comunal, la desigualdad y la... more
La desigualdad social producto de la actual distribución de los ingresos en Chile mantiene el interés por conocer sus tendencias en diversos contextos. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar, a nivel comunal, la desigualdad y la polarización como consecuencia de la distribución de los ingresos, utilizando los ingresos autónomos y totales per cápita. Se analizaron 78 comunas pertenecientes a 5 regiones del norte, centro y sur de Chile. Los resultados confirman una significativa desigualdad en la distribución de los ingresos y una marcada polarización a nivel comunal. Estos hallazgos justifican la necesidad de crear políticas de redistribución de ingresos focalizadas y pertinentes a nivel de comunas, ya que la desigualdad y la polarización se han vinculado con sentimientos de malestar en la población producto de las situaciones de conflictos e injusticias sociales que se generan y potencian.
In the last decades, Chile has become a receiving society of migrants, and this has overtaxed the social services in this country, among them the school system. According to the literature, the issue is that migration has not been... more
In the last decades, Chile has become a receiving society of migrants, and this has overtaxed the social services in this country, among them the school system. According to the literature, the issue is that migration has not been addressed with a proper response from public policies. This article aims to examine recommendations for the development of these policies. To undertake this task, we have conducted a systematic review of the literature on this issue in Chile, Argentina, and Spain (1990–2018). The three cases show the presence of discrimination and racism, with a common response taking the form of intercultural education. In terms of differences, only in Spain there is a consolidated body of research and public policies that focus on migration. That said, although the policies are more robust in Spain, several studies critically assess them. Hence, this country is a good example to know what to do and what to avoid. That information is exactly what is needed in countries like Chile where migration has become pressing issue that demands a proper response.
According to David Miller, immigration is not a human right. Conversely, Kieran Oberman makes a case for immigration as a human right. We agree with the latter view, but we show that its starting point is mistaken. Indeed, both Miller and... more
According to David Miller, immigration is not a human right. Conversely, Kieran Oberman makes a case for immigration as a human right. We agree with the latter view, but we show that its starting point is mistaken. Indeed, both Miller and Oberman discuss the right to immigration within the liberal paradigm: it is a right or not depending on the correct balance between the interests of the citizens of a given national state and the interests of the immigrants. Instead, we claim that public justification can underpin immigration as a human right. That said, the public justification of the right to immigration has several counterarguments to rebut. Before we deal with that issue, relying on Jürgen Habermas's social theory, we examine the legal structures that could support the right to immigration in practice. To be sure, this does not provide the normative justification needed, instead it shows the framework that allows the institutional realization of this right. Then, through a combination of civic and cosmopolitan forms of solidarity, the article discusses the formation of a public sphere, which could provide the justification of the right to immigration.
Según Jürgen Habermas su teoría de la legitimidad es independiente de la moralidad. Para justificar esta afirmación recurre a argumentos inmanentes sustentados en el desarrollo histórico de la sociedad moderna. Sin embargo, la... more
Según Jürgen Habermas su teoría de la legitimidad es independiente de la moralidad. Para justificar esta afirmación recurre a argumentos inmanentes sustentados en el desarrollo histórico de la sociedad moderna. Sin embargo, la incorporación del principio de discurso puede leerse en el sentido de que la legitimidad no está liberada de la moralidad propia de la tradición kantiana. Este retorno de un componente kantiano abre el espacio a objeciones de tipo hegelianas. Una de ellas es elaborada por James Finlayson, quien argumenta que el problema en Habermas es que reconstruye una noción de validez normativa que incorpora la distinción de Thomas Nagel entre intereses agente-neutrales e intereses agente-relativos. La inclusión de esta distinción sería problemática pues supondría una escisión que haría irreconciliables los intereses agente-neutrales de la moralidad y los intereses agente-relativos de los sujetos empíricos. Este artículo sostiene que la objeción se puede responder desde Habermas a partir de los conceptos de reconocimiento y solidaridad. Sin embargo, estos conceptos son incompatibles con la distinción de Nagel, por lo cual esta última debe ser rechazada.
This essay analyzes the capacity of political liberalism and comprehensive liberalism to deal with the nexus between cultural diversity and citizenship education. Based on the analysis of the debate between Rawls and Habermas, we show... more
This essay analyzes the capacity of political liberalism and comprehensive liberalism to deal with the nexus between cultural diversity and citizenship education. Based on the analysis of the debate between Rawls and Habermas, we show that Habermas's proposal allows responding to some unfinished debates within Rawls's political liberalism that have been uncritically incorporated in the field of education. Also, Habermas suggests that citizenship training contributes with principles and elements to the development of proper citizenship, which would facilitate the effective inclusion of greater educational sociocultural diversity.
Jürgen Habermas’s political philosophy incorporates the view that legitimacy is immanent to law, even though it makes morality a central component of democratic legitimacy. Taking this as a starting point, the article examines one... more
Jürgen Habermas’s political philosophy incorporates the view that legitimacy is immanent to law, even though it makes morality a central component of democratic legitimacy. Taking this as a starting point, the article examines one criticism that applies to Habermas’s political theory, insofar as he puts morality at the centre of his reconstruction of the concept of legitimacy. Habermas claims that the moral point of view justifies only those norms that embody universalizable interests and rules out those that embody particular interests. Therefore, the objection is that particular citizens will have no reason to endorse these norms and act according to them, because these norms do not incorporate their interests. The article goes on to show that Habermas can successfully answer this objection by means of the principle of discourse. The principle performs this function, inasmuch as it has a post-Kantian nature. On the one hand, it incorporates Kantian autonomy. And on the other, the Hegelian insight that autonomy has to be actualized through modern institutions and practices.
The article analyses Levinas’s notion of subjectivity and examines its possible links with the notion developed by Kant, understood the latter as an exemplary vision of the modern explanation of subjectivity. Hofmeyr’s position is... more
The article analyses Levinas’s notion of subjectivity and examines its possible links with the notion developed by Kant, understood the latter as an exemplary vision of the modern explanation of subjectivity. Hofmeyr’s position is discussed, who argues that there was a paradigmatic shift between an "early Levinas" centred on a freedom of Kantian type, and a "later Levinas" focused on passivity and that transcends Kant. The article shows that subjectivity in Levinas can never be understood as an activity in the Kantian sense.
Este artículo examina las condiciones para la emergencia la Teoría de factores de riesgo. Comienza dando cuenta de la gubernamentalidad neoliberal como paradigma político (Foucault), donde uno de sus valores centrales es la... more
Este artículo examina las condiciones para la emergencia la Teoría de factores de riesgo. Comienza dando cuenta de la gubernamentalidad neoliberal como paradigma político (Foucault), donde uno de sus valores centrales es la responsabilidad individual y la política tiene como función normalizar a los segmentos que no se adaptan a este valor. Esta normalización se concretiza en las prácticas asociadas a las políticas públicas y la intervención social. Para iluminar estas prácticas utilizamos el concepto de dispositivo propuesto por Foucault. En este contexto, uno de los dispositivos relevantes es la Teoría de factores de riesgo. Ella surge del concepto de riesgo, y a través de una reconstrucción histórica de esta noción, mostramos que ésta no reconstruye una condición natural de algunas personas, sino que es una distinción contingente utilizada en el contexto de la gubernamentalidad neoliberal.
In this article I follow James Gordon Finlayson who claims that a Hegelian criticism applies both to Kant and also to Habermas, namely, the criticism of the will as a tester of maxims. The issue is that Kant cannot connect the will of... more
In this article I follow James Gordon Finlayson who claims that a Hegelian criticism applies both to Kant and also to Habermas, namely, the criticism of the will as a tester of maxims. The issue is that Kant cannot connect the will of morality and the will of the particular agent and this leaves the empirical will unaffected. According to Finlayson, Habermas can be charged with this criticism, insofar as he draws a distinction between agent-neutral and agent-relative reasons. The upshot is that in Discourse Ethics the empirical will seems to be left also unaffected by the moral will. In light of an analysis of ideal role taking, and rational discourse, I claim that Habermas can rebut the Hegelian criticism. Nonetheless, I show that these concepts are incompatible with the distinction between agent-relative and agent-neutral reasons. Hence, either the concepts or the distinction have to be removed. Habermas can only afford to discard the distinction, and indeed this modification answers the criticism. The final issue that arises is why does Habermas maintain the distinction? And what would be the consequences for his moral theory if he discards it? At the end of the article I sketch some of the implications and challenges that this alternative could have for Habermas’s Discourse Ethics.
This article discusses the Kantian component in the theory of deliberative democracy. It begins claiming that Kant not only incorporates individual rights but also the idea of popular sovereignty. He takes into account democracy; however... more
This article discusses the Kantian component in the theory of deliberative democracy. It begins claiming that Kant not only incorporates individual rights but also the idea of popular sovereignty. He takes into account democracy; however a system of principles has normative priority over the practice of self-determination. Afterwards, this text shows that Habermas’s theory of deliberative democracy elaborates a Kantian justification. Thus, it does not reconstruct the balance between rights and democracy as it claims it does, rather, it builds an argument similar to Kant’s.
Habermas gives a central place to Kant in the reconstruction of the normative foundations of his critical theory and also incorporates Hegelian components. I examine the relationship between Kant and Hegel in Habermas relying on the... more
Habermas gives a central place to Kant in the reconstruction
of the normative foundations of his critical theory and also
incorporates Hegelian components. I examine the relationship
between Kant and Hegel in Habermas relying on the postkantian
interpretation of Hegel, in which does not intend to eliminate
the concept of autonomy, rather he wants to complement it with
the thesis that this notion only can be concretized in modern
institutions and practices. Something similar takes place in
Habermas when he develops the normative foundations of his
critical theory.
Research Interests:
This essay analyzes the capacity of political liberalism and comprehensive liberalism to deal with the nexus between cultural diversity and citizenship education. Based on the analysis of the debate between Rawls and Habermas, we show... more
This essay analyzes the capacity of political liberalism and comprehensive liberalism to deal with the nexus between cultural diversity and citizenship education. Based on the analysis of the debate
between Rawls and Habermas, we show that Habermas's proposal
allows responding to some unfinished debates within Rawls's political liberalism that have been uncritically incorporated in the field of education. Also, Habermas suggests that citizenship training contributes with principles and elements to the development of proper citizenship, which would facilitate the effective inclusion of greater educational sociocultural diversity.
This article examines the conditions that underpin risk factor theory. It starts discussing the neoliberal governmentality as a political paradigm (Foucault). In this paradigm, one of the chief value is individual responsibility, where... more
This article examines the conditions that underpin risk factor theory. It starts discussing the neoliberal governmentality as a political paradigm (Foucault). In this paradigm, one of the chief value is individual responsibility, where politics has as its task to normalise those that cannot adapt to that value. This normalisation is embedded in the practices which pertain public policies and social intervention. To shed light on these practices, the paper develops Foucault’s concept of dispositive. In this context, one of the main dispositive is risk factor theory. It arises from the concept of risk, and by means of an historical reconstruction of this notion, we show that this theory does not reconstruct a natural condition of some people; rather, it is a contingent selection used in the context of the neoliberal governmentality
This work maintains that Jürgen Habermas‘s moral and political theories rely on a modified version of Kant‘s notion of normativity. Taking this as a starting point, it examines this component in light of criticisms inspired by Hegel‘s... more
This work maintains that Jürgen Habermas‘s moral and political theories rely on
a modified version of Kant‘s notion of normativity. Taking this as a starting point, it
examines this component in light of criticisms inspired by Hegel‘s critique of Kant. The
text shows that Habermas can answer most of the criticisms that could arise from Hegel‘s
critique. That said, Hegel‘s criticism of the will as a tester of maxims does apply to
Habermas. This criticism states that Kant cannot connect the universal will of morality and
the particular will of the empirical subject because he rules out particular contents as
susceptible of being universalized. And it can apply to Habermas because he set strict limits
to what can count as a content which may bleed into the justification of moral norms and,
following Kenneth Baynes – in his interpretation of Habermas‘s theory –, of legal and
political norms. To be justifiable, – according to Habermas – these norms need to embody
generalizable interests and they cannot be based on particular interests. However,
Habermas infers from this that norms can only be justified with impartial, that is agent neutral reasons, and cannot be justified with agent-relative reasons. From this, emerges the question whether and to what extent a theory of this sort can successfully include particular
contents (for example a particular agents‘ real interests, inclinations and needs). The strict
version of the generalizability of norms seems to occlude this possibility. Nonetheless, it is
possible to rebut this criticism by slackening the strong version of normative justification
that Habermas has built into the theory. By means of an analysis of two elements that he
incorporates into his reconstruction of the normative point of view, namely, the concept of
ideal role taking and the notion of mutual recognition, it is possible to argue that the
loosening of the strict notion of generalizability is a modification that does not contradict
and actually coheres with Habermas‘s Kantian concept of moral reason, and this operation
fortifies the theory in the face of the Hegelian criticism of the will as a tester of maxims. To
develop these issues, this work is divided in two parts with two chapters each part. Part I is
an analysis of Habermas‘s notion of moral reason and autonomy and it reconstructs its
normative Kantianism. After that, it discusses Hegelian criticisms of Habermas‘s moral
theory. Part II focuses on Habermas‘s political Kantianism in Between Facts and Norms
and in the debate with Rawls and it examines Hegelian criticisms of that Kantianism.