Boris Valdenegro Egozcue

Rev.latinoam.cienc.soc.niñez juv 14 (2): 1191-1204, 2016 http://revistalatinoamericanaumanizales.cinde.org.co AlteridAd, infAnciA y delincuenciA: Análisis discursivo desde progrAmAs sociAles hAciA infAnciAs en chile Artículo recibido en julio 7 de 2014; artículo aceptado en enero 26 de 2016 (eds.) • Resumen (analítico): El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar los procesos de construcción de alteridad hacia las infancias a partir de los discursos de interventores sociales, considerando la multiplicidad de tensiones existentes entre las representaciones de las infancias y las prácticas de intervención. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a cuatro profesionales que trabajan en programas de intervención en libertad asistida, generándose un corpus textual que fue estudiado mediante Análisis de Discurso. Los resultados descriptivos muestran la emergencia de polaridades en tensión: sujeto permeable v/s duro; y sujeto autoactualizable v/s carenciado; lo que deja en evidencia la complejidad del tránsito desde una visión minorista/garantista en el aspecto sociocultural y jurídico, y la tensión en el ejercicio deconstructivo que realizan los interventores, quienes finalmente desarrollan nuevos procesos de naturalización que replican la acción de esencializar al otro en la intervención. Palabras clave: Alteridad, delincuencia, infancia, intervención social (Tesauro de la Real Academia Española). Otherness, Children and Delinquency: Discursive analysis of social programs for children in Chile • Abstract: This article aims to explore the process in which the otherness of childhoods is constructed by social practitioners through considering the tensions between representations of childhood and intervention practices. Semi-structured interviews were con ducted with four professionals that work in child justice programs. As a result, a textual corpus was produced and a discourse analysis was carried out on this corpus. The descriptive results demonstrate the * Este artículo de investigación científica y tecnológica correspondiente a la primera fase de la investigación doctoral en curso " Análisis de los procesos de construcción de alteridad desde las líneas de intervención en programas sociales hacia las infancias en Chile. Fue desarrollada entre Abril y Diciembre del 2013 en su fase de trabajo de campo y análisis, y Febrero-Abril 2014, para la revisión y complementación bibliográfica.

ABSTRACT
The 7-item adult version of the Personal Wellbeing scale (Cummins et al. Social Indic Res 64:159–190, 2003) was administered to two samples of adolescents aged 12–16 in Brazil (N = 1,588) and Spain (N = 2,900), and to a sample of adolescents aged 14–16 in Chile (N = 843). The results obtained were analyzed to determine its psycho-metric characteristics when used with adolescents in the three different countries and to check whether two additional items would improve its qualities. Results reveal that the new PWI-9 version worked well with the adolescents in the three countries, improving some of the qualities of the PWI-7. One of the added items, satisfaction with oneself, appears to be a major contributor to unique explained variance when regressed on the single-item of overall life satisfaction (OLS). The model we present using structural equations shows good fit statistics for the factor structure, with both 7 and 9 items. Separate in-country analyses demonstrate that cultural context has a strong influence on correlations and saturations between the studied variables and also on the explained variance. Probably related to this fact, the Model fit structure is good in Brazil (with a low PWI variance accounted for by its predictors) and Spain (medium), but rather modest in Chile, where data show a high proportion of the PWI variance accounted for by its predictors. However, a multi-group factor analysis among the three countries restricting saturations to 1 in each country in order to make data comparable across countries still show a good fit of the proposed model for both PWI-7 and PWI-9.

We report the psychometric properties of the Chilean version of the Personal Well-being Index (Cummins et ál., 2003) in its three forms: PWI7, PWI + spirituality, PWI + religiosity, in a sample of 1621 Chilean adolescents of both sexes between 14 and 18 years, of municipal schools and private subsidized the Greater Valparaíso. The reliability analysis (Cronbach's alpha) indicates adequate levels of internal consistency for the three versions. The main analysis component indicates a single factor in all versions, with values of explained variance differentials. The regression analysis yields similar R2 values for the different versions, all models excluded areas "To your health" and "With groups".

Several theoretical models and testing procedures are presented with the aim of identifying the most relevant items and domains to include in a model for evaluating adolescents’ subjective well-being, above and beyond those usually included in adults’ scales. Data were collected in three countries based on a list of 30 items regarding ado- lescents’ satisfaction with different domains or facets of life. Responses to these 30 items (including Personal Well-Being Index and Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satis- faction Scale items) have been analysed by means of Confirmatory Factor Analysis using different Structural Equation Models (SEM) on a pooled sample comprising 5,316 twelve to sixteen-year-olds from Spain, Brazil and Chile. Several models have shown good enough fit statistics. A model using 14 items shows excellent fit statistics and is concep- tually coherent. However, the inclusion or non-inclusion of items related to satisfaction with religion or spirituality results in both advantages and disadvantages when comparing the alternative models analysed. The relevance of including these items may therefore depend on the socio-cultural context where data are collected and their inclusion makes cross-country comparison more statistically challenging. The 14-item model has also been tested using multigroup SEM in order to check comparability of data among the three countries. All things considered, multigroup models have shown good fit with constrained loadings, but not with constrained loadings and intercepts, suggesting we can compare correlations and regressions among countries, but not means. Additional multigroup SEM with the five age groups available from the pooled sample have demonstrated that responses—and means—are comparable across different age groups during early adolescence.

Este estudo comparou o Índice de Bem-estar Pessoal (PWI) de sete itens, com duas versões que incluem os domínios “espiritualidade” e “religião” separadamente em uma amostra de adolescentes brasileiros (n = 1,047) e chilenos (n = 1,053). A comparação das propriedades psicométricas entre as versões do PWI foi realizada através de análise fatorial confirmatória multigrupo mostrando ajustes adequados (CFI > 0,95, RMSEA <0,08), sendo que o item espiritualidade apresentou me- lhor desempenho. Para a análise da contribuição de cada domínio para a satisfação global, foram realizadas regressões com o PWI e o item de Satisfação Global com a Vida por meio de equações estruturais. Recomenda-se a inclusão do item espiritualidade na escala, considerando a importância deste domínio em ambas as culturas.

Se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas del Índice de Bienestar Personal en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos y brasileños. Se examinó la fiabili- dad de la escala mediante el alfa de Cronbach, complementándose con un análisis de las correlaciones ítem-total de los distintos ámbitos de bienestar que la componen. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (componentes principales) y un análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo. Los resultados arrojan un alfa de Cronbach de 0.79 para la versión chilena y de 0.78 para la versión brasileña, que confirman niveles adecuados de fiabilidad encon- trados en anteriores estudios. Las correlaciones entre ámbitos de bienestar arroja valores que van entre 0.224 y 0.496 para Chile y 0.24 a 0.46 para Brasil, similares a resultados obtenidos en otros países. Se confirman la estructura monofactorial de la escala, la adecuación de la estructura de la escala para los datos de las dos muestras y la comparabilidad de las medias de sus índices globales. Los resultados permiten suponer la existencia de otros ámbitos del bienestar de los sujetos que no fueron considerados en la propuesta original de la escala.

En el artículo se reportan las propiedades psicomé- tricas de la versión chilena del Índice de Bienestar Personal (Cummins et ál., 2003) en tres modalidades: PWI 7, PWI + espiritualidad y PWI + religiosidad, en una muestra de 1621 adolescentes chilenos de ambos sexos, entre 14 y 18 años, formados en establecimien- tos educativos municipales y particulares subvencio- nados de Gran Valparaíso. Los análisis de fiabilidad (alfa de Cronbach) indican niveles adecuados de con- sistencia interna para las tres modalidades. El análisis de componentes principales señala un factor único en todas las modalidades y permite observar valores diferenciales de varianza explicada. El análisis de re- gresión arroja valores R2 similares para las distintas versiones, excluyéndose en todos los modelos los ám- bitos “con tu salud” y “con los grupos”.