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The present study was conducted to quantify and compare TLR2 (toll-like receptor 2) activity in monocyte-derived macrophages of zebu (Tharparkar) and crossbred (Holstein-Friesian × Jersey × Brown Swiss × Hariana) cattle. The cells were... more
The present study was conducted to quantify and compare TLR2 (toll-like receptor 2) activity in monocyte-derived macrophages of zebu (Tharparkar) and crossbred (Holstein-Friesian × Jersey × Brown Swiss × Hariana) cattle. The cells were either induced with Pam3CSK4 or kept as control. The TLR2 activity was quantified in terms of IκB-α inhibitory subunit (NFKBIA) messenger RNA (mRNA) copies using real-time, one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Toll-like receptor 2 activity of induced cells was in the range of 1060421 ± 477937 (n=3) to 3514715 ± 290222 (n=3) copies for Tharparkar cattle (n=7) and in the range of 1365532 ± 47243 (n=3) to 3016510 ± 172340 (n=3) copies for the crossbred cattle (n=7). For uninduced cells, this activity was within the range of 117 ± 51 (n=3) to 293 ± 103 (n=3) copies for the Thraparkar cattle (n=7), and in the range of 182 ± 122 (n=3) to 296 ± 88 (n=3) copies for the crossbred cattle (n=7). The TLR2 activity of induced cells in both groups was found to be significantly higher than that of the respective uninduced cells (P<0.0001). Furthermore, upon comparison, TLR2 activities of induced and uninduced cells of the Tharparkar were not found to be significantly different from those of the crossbred cattle (P=0.8154 and P=0.6670). In the present study, we have quantified and compared, for the first time, TLR2 activity in terms of NFKBIA mRNA copies in monocyte-derived macrophages of Tharparkar and crossbred cattle and found that both have equivalent TLR2 activity.
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SummaryThe live attenuated classical swine fever (CSF) vaccine has been successfully used to prevent and control CSF outbreaks for 6 decades. However, the immune response mechanisms against the vaccine remain poorly understood. Moreover,... more
SummaryThe live attenuated classical swine fever (CSF) vaccine has been successfully used to prevent and control CSF outbreaks for 6 decades. However, the immune response mechanisms against the vaccine remain poorly understood. Moreover, very few reports exist regarding the breed differences in the response to CSF vaccine. In this study, we generated the peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptomes of indigenous Ghurrah and commercial Landrace pig breeds, before and 7 days after CSF vaccination. Subsequently, between and within‐breed differential gene expression analyses were carried out. Results revealed large differences in pre‐vaccination peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptome profiles of the two breeds, which were homogenised 7 days after vaccination. Before vaccination, gene set enrichment analysis showed that pathways related to antigen sensing and innate immune response were enriched in Ghurrah, while pathways related to adaptive immunity were enriched in Landrace. Ghurrah exhibited greater immunomodulation compared to Landrace following the vaccination. In Ghurrah, cell‐cycle processes and T‐cell response pathways were upregulated after vaccination. However, no pathways were upregulated in Landrace after vaccination. Pathways related to inflammation were downregulated in both the breeds after vaccination. Key regulators of inflammation such as IL1A, IL1B, NFKBIA and TNF genes were strongly downregulated in both the breeds after vaccination. Overall, our results have elucidated the mechanisms of host immune response against CSF vaccination in two distinct breeds and revealed common key genes instrumental in the global immune response to the vaccine.
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Determination of factors affecting sex ratio is important while considering application of sex ratio enrichment approach. Present study aimed to design a SYBR Green qPCR‐based method for measurement of primary sex ratio and to evaluate... more
Determination of factors affecting sex ratio is important while considering application of sex ratio enrichment approach. Present study aimed to design a SYBR Green qPCR‐based method for measurement of primary sex ratio and to evaluate different factors (genetic group, sire, spermiogenic cycle and processing layer) affecting boar sperm sex ratio. The qPCR was based on relative copy number analysis of sex chromosome‐specific single copy gene fragments with an autosomal gene as reference and was evaluated using DNA dilution series from pigs with numerically normal karyotype. The sex ratio was estimated from genomic DNA samples isolated from boar semen collected from different genetic groups at different time points and different processing layers. The X chromosome frequencies of semen samples revealed significant effect of genetic group. However, significant variation was observed neither within same genetic group nor between ejaculates of different spermatogenic cycles. Among the pro...
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Population structure and diversity analysis form an important part of genetic structure studies in livestock populations. Genomic breed clustering is an important approach to study population genetic structure based on genotypic data. In... more
Population structure and diversity analysis form an important part of genetic structure studies in livestock populations. Genomic breed clustering is an important approach to study population genetic structure based on genotypic data. In the present study, 50K SNP genotypic data pertaining to the total of 83 animals belonging to six indicine cattle breeds were used to assess genomic breed clustering amongst them. The six breeds included Hariana (10), Kankrej (10), Tharparkar (12), Red Sindhi (10), Sahiwal (17) and Gir (24). These were arranged in different datasets and a separate dataset was prepared with combined data of all six breeds (dataset A). After processing the data for inclusion thresholds and quality filters, only polymorphic markers with definite chromosomal coordinates were left. Further analysis in terms of polymorphism proportion, average MAF values and chromosome-wise marker coverage parameters was done. Chromosome-wise marker coverage depicted the efficient distribu...
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The objective of the study was to ascertain the role of prostaglandins Viz., PGE2 and PGF2α, and their respective receptors in the pathophysiology of canine pyometra. Normal (n=6) and pyometra (n=8) affected uterus were collected from... more
The objective of the study was to ascertain the role of prostaglandins Viz., PGE2 and PGF2α, and their respective receptors in the pathophysiology of canine pyometra. Normal (n=6) and pyometra (n=8) affected uterus were collected from bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Pyometra was graded according to histopathological alterations. The levels of PGE2 and PGF2α were estimated in the endometrium. The differential expression in the mRNA of PGF2α receptor (FP) and PGE2 receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) were studied in the endometrium and myometrium of the pyometra-affected uterus. Normal uterus served as calibrator. Elevation of both PGE2 and PGF2α levels in the endometrium of pyometra-affected bitches was observed. The FP receptor gene in the endometrium and myometrium of pyometra-affected bitches was down-regulated (P<0.05). Out of all EP receptors, only EP2 receptor has shown up-regulation in both endometrium and myometrium of pyometra affected uterus. EP3 receptor got down-regulated in both endometrium and myometrium in pyometra. Thus, down-regulation of FP, EP3 receptors in the myometrium reinforces the lack of contractility in pyometra-affected bitches favoring bacterial proliferation and subsequent pus accumulation. Moreover, upregulation of EP2 receptors in the pyometra bitches suggests the scope of selective pharmacological inhibition of EP2 receptors as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of pyometra.
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With the upsurge of crossbreeding in India, the admixture levels are highly unpredictable in the composite breeds. Hence, in the present study, 72 Vrindavani animals were assessed for the level of admixture from their known ancestors that... more
With the upsurge of crossbreeding in India, the admixture levels are highly unpredictable in the composite breeds. Hence, in the present study, 72 Vrindavani animals were assessed for the level of admixture from their known ancestors that are Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, Brown Swiss, and Hariana, through three different software, namely, STRUCTURE, ADMIXTURE, and frappe. The genotype data for ancestral breeds were obtained from a public repository, i.e., DRYAD. The Frieswal crossbred cattle along with ancestral breeds like Holstein-Friesian and Sahiwal were also investigated for the level of admixture with the help of the above-mentioned software. The Frieswal population was found to comprise an average of 62.49, 61.12, and 61.21% of Holstein-Friesian and 37.50, 38.88, and 38.80% of Sahiwal estimated through STRUCTURE, ADMIXTURE, and frappe, respectively. The Vrindavani population was found to consist of on average 39.5, 42.4, and 42.3% of Holstein-Friesian; 22.9, 22.3, and 21.7% of Jersey; 10.7, 10.6, and 11.9% of Brown Swiss; and 26.9, 24.7, and 24.1% of Hariana blood estimated through STRUCTURE, ADMIXTURE, and frappe, respectively. A greater degree of variation was noted in the results from STRUCTURE vs. frappe, STRUCTURE vs. ADMIXTURE than in ADMIXTURE vs. frappe. From this study, we conclude that the admixture analysis based on a single software should be validated through the use of many different approaches for better prediction of admixture levels.
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Tharparkar cattle breed is widely known for its superior milch quality and hardiness attributes. This study aimed to develop an ultra-low density breed-specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype panel to accurately quantify... more
Tharparkar cattle breed is widely known for its superior milch quality and hardiness attributes. This study aimed to develop an ultra-low density breed-specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype panel to accurately quantify Tharparkar populations in biological samples. In this study, we selected and genotyped 72 Tharparkar animals randomly from Cattle & Buffalo Farm of IVRI, India. This Bovine SNP50 BeadChip genotypic datum was merged with the online data from six indigenous cattle breeds and five taurine breeds. Here, we used a combination of pre-selection statistics and the MAF-LD method developed in our laboratory to analyze the genotypic data obtained from 317 individuals of 12 distinct breeds to identify breed-informative SNPs for the selection of Tharparkar cattle. This methodology identified 63 unique Tharparkar-specific SNPs near intermediate gene frequencies. We report several informative SNPs in genes/QTL regions affecting phenotypes or production traits that might differentiate the Tharparkar breed.
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The BoLA class II <i>DQA</i> and <i>DQB</i> genes in crossbred cattle were studied using PCR-RFLP, cloning, and sequencing techniques. Seventy-two crossbred cattle (<i>Vrindavani</i>) were used in the... more
The BoLA class II <i>DQA</i> and <i>DQB</i> genes in crossbred cattle were studied using PCR-RFLP, cloning, and sequencing techniques. Seventy-two crossbred cattle (<i>Vrindavani</i>) were used in the current study. <i>Hae</i>III and <i>Xba</i>I restriction enzymes digested <i>DQA</i> exon 2-3, revealing seven (<i>Hae</i>III-A-G) and three (<i>Xba</i>I A-C) motifs, respectively. The BoLA-<i>DQB</i> gene was analyzed using PCR-RFLP with <i>Pst</i>I and <i>Taq</i>I restriction enzymes, yielding five restriction motifs for each restriction enzyme (<i>Pst</i>I-A-E and <i>Taq</i>I-A-E). In crossbred cattle, addition, deletion, and substitutions were observed in distinct sequences, resulting in variations in overall gene length. Changes in nucleotides at positions 64–80, 110–200, and 207–264 were largely responsible for polymorphism in...
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This review deals with the various traditional and recent methods of sire evaluation. A sire evaluation is a method of prediction of sire’s next-generation produced by breeding with specified females and creating their records in a... more
This review deals with the various traditional and recent methods of sire evaluation. A sire evaluation is a method of prediction of sire’s next-generation produced by breeding with specified females and creating their records in a specific environment. Breeding worth of progeny tested sires are obtained through sire index method that assigns ranking to each sire based on their genetic merit. Numerous sire indices are broadly classified in two type’s viz., indices which are purely meant for ranking purposes and those which, besides, provide an estimate of the breeding worth of each sire. Sires can be evaluated in single or multiple herds. The statistical equations represent sire evaluation as linear or non-linear methods. Numerous methods can be incorporated as the advances are made in sire evaluation based on data structures, breeding approaches and selection methods. There are various approaches of sire evaluation such as Least Squares Method (LSM), Simple Regressed Least Squares ...
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Poultry has always had a unique range of applications in a variety of fields. Despite being an extremely valuable model organism for research, its usage lagged as their development almost takes place within an egg, and incubated outside... more
Poultry has always had a unique range of applications in a variety of fields. Despite being an extremely valuable model organism for research, its usage lagged as their development almost takes place within an egg, and incubated outside which makes it strenuous to approach and handle the zygote. The techniques of precise editing of specific loci in the genome using the programmable genome editing tools have nullified this lag of poultry species to be used as a research model. The genome-editing technique thus generates highly valuable and quality-improved poultry, purely based on primordial germ-cells, which are the progenitor cells of gametes, differentiating poultry species from that of the mammalian system. In this review, PGC-mediated genome editing in birds and their applications in the poultry field has been briefed.
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The aim of the present study was to reveal the effect of hyperlipidemia on β2- and β3-adrenergic signaling in late pregnant rat uterus. Hyperlipidemia was induced in female Wistar rats by feeding a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 8... more
The aim of the present study was to reveal the effect of hyperlipidemia on β2- and β3-adrenergic signaling in late pregnant rat uterus. Hyperlipidemia was induced in female Wistar rats by feeding a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks before and after mating upto the 21st day of gestation. The effect of hyperlipidemia on β-adrenergic signaling was studied with the help of tension experiments, real-time PCR and cAMP ELISA in 21-day pregnant rat uterus. In tension experiments, hyperlipidemia neither altered the spontaneous contractility nor the oxytocin-induced contractions. However, it decreased the −logEC50 values of β2-adrenoceptor agonist, salbutamol and β3-adrenoceptor agonist, BRL37344. It also decreased the efficacy of adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin. Further, there was a significant decrease in salbutamol and BRL37344-stimulated cAMP content in uterine tissues. However, there was no alteration in mRNA expressions of β2-adrenoceptor (Adrb2), β3-adrenoceptor (Adrb3) ...
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Mastitis is a complex disease responsible for huge economic losses to the dairy sector. The causal organisms include a wide variety of micro-organisms including several species of bacteria. Escherichia coli has been identified as one of... more
Mastitis is a complex disease responsible for huge economic losses to the dairy sector. The causal organisms include a wide variety of micro-organisms including several species of bacteria. Escherichia coli has been identified as one of the most common gram-negative bacteria causing clinical mastitis in cattle. The immune system, of different species and/or breeds, tries to combat these pathogens in an inconsistent manner with differential mode and intensity of immune response, eventually producing contradicting outcomes of this disease. Several reports suggest the existence of variability among different animal breeds/species, resulting in a dissimilar outcome of this disease among them. In order to evaluate the variation among different breeds/species, the present study was undertaken to examine the stimulant effect of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The PBMCs were harvested from blood samples of crossbred cattle, Tharparkar cattle a...
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The present study was carried out to determine the effect of Infrared lamps to ameliorate morbidity and mortality in Vrindavani calves. Ten newborn calves were randomly divided into two groups (G1 and G2) of five each. The calves of G1... more
The present study was carried out to determine the effect of Infrared lamps to ameliorate morbidity and mortality in Vrindavani calves. Ten newborn calves were randomly divided into two groups (G1 and G2) of five each. The calves of G1 were provided with no additional protection; however calves of G2 were protected against cold weather by using the Infrared lamps. The health status of calves was monitored daily both in the morning and evening. The blood samples collected within six hours of birth and then at fortnightly interval were analyzed for total leukocyte count (TLC, thousands/μl) and differential leukocyte count (DLC). The physiological parameters i.e. respiration rate (RR, breaths/min), heart rate (HR, beats/min) and rectal temperature (RT,°F) were recorded at weekly interval. The health performance was better in calves of G2 as compared to G1. The calves in G1 showed comparatively higher values of TLC and neutrophils and the differences were found significant (P<0.05) on 15th day for TLC and 15th and 45th day for neutrophils. The values of lymphocytes were found significantly (P<0.05) lower in calves of G1 than G2 on 15th and 45th day.The physiological parameters did not varied significantly between the groups except for RT which was most of the times significantly (P<0.05) lower in calves of G1 than G2. On the basis of the results, it could be concluded that the Infrared lamps are efficient in providing favourable microclimate and hence can be effectively used in calf shed to protect newborn calves from adverse conditions of winter.
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Research Interests: Genetics, Genomics, Biotechnology, Biology, Livelihood, and 3 moreLivestock, Genomic Selection, and Gene
The field of genetics has evolved a lot after the emergence of molecular and advanced genomic technologies. The advent of Next Generation Sequencing, SNP genotyping platforms and simultaneous reduction in the cost of sequencing had opened... more
The field of genetics has evolved a lot after the emergence of molecular and advanced genomic technologies. The advent of Next Generation Sequencing, SNP genotyping platforms and simultaneous reduction in the cost of sequencing had opened the door to genomic research in farm animals. There are various applications of genomics in livestock, such as the use of genomic data: (i) to investigate genetic diversity and breed composition/population structure (ii) to identify genetic variants and QTLs related to economically important and ecological traits, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genomic signatures of selection; (iii) to enhance breeding programs by genomic selection. Compared to traditional methods, genomic selection is expected to improve selection response by increasing selection accuracy and reducing the generation interval due to early selection. Genomic selection (GS) in developed countries has led to rapid genetic gains, especially in dairy cattle, due to a well-established genetic evaluation system. Indian livestock system is still lagging behind developed nations in adopting these technologies. This review discusses the current status, challenges, and future perspectives of livestock genomics in India.
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The present investigation was performed to compare the global gene expression profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of Bos indicus and crossbred (Bos taurus × B. indicus) cattle. Previously, several studies revealed the... more
The present investigation was performed to compare the global gene expression profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of Bos indicus and crossbred (Bos taurus × B. indicus) cattle. Previously, several studies revealed the disease tolerance potential of B. indicus cattle but underlying genetic mechanism is still not fully explored. The PBMCs model was used for this investigation as it plays crucial role in the immune system regulation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed total 6767 significantly differentially expressed transcripts (fold change (absolute) >2.0, p < .05). In addition, 4149 transcripts were upregulated, 2618 transcripts were downregulated and fold change (absolute) of differentially expressed transcript varied from -223.32 to 213.63. Functional annotation analysis of differentially expressed genes confirmed their role in various molecular pathways viz. innate immune response, antigen processing and presentation, MHC protein complex, defense response to bacterium, regulation of immune response, positive regulation of JAK-STAT cascade, cytoskeletal protein binding, etc. Protein-protein interaction network analysis provided understanding of inter-relationship of immune genes with differentially expressed genes. In conclusion, this study could provide comprehensive information about the dysregulated genes and biological pathways in PBMCs which might be responsible for disease tolerance in B. indicus cattle.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quickly swept over the world, becoming one of the most devastating outbreaks in human history. Being the first pandemic in the post-genomic era, advancements in genomics contributed significantly to... more
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quickly swept over the world, becoming one of the most devastating outbreaks in human history. Being the first pandemic in the post-genomic era, advancements in genomics contributed significantly to scientific understanding and public health response to COVID-19. Genomic technologies have been employed by researchers all over the world to better understand the biology of SARS-CoV-2 and its origin, genomic diversity, and evolution. Worldwide genomic resources have greatly aided in the investigation of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has ushered in a new era of genomic surveillance, wherein scientists are tracking the changes of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in real-time at the international and national levels. Availability of genomic and proteomic information enables the rapid development of molecular diagnostics and therapeutics. The advent of high-throughput sequencing and genome editing technologies led to the development of modern vaccines. We briefly discuss the impact of genomics in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in this review.
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In the present study, the population genomic data of different cattle breeds were explored to decipher the genomic regions affected due to selective events in productive, reproductive, thermo-tolerance, and health-related traits. To find... more
In the present study, the population genomic data of different cattle breeds were explored to decipher the genomic regions affected due to selective events in productive, reproductive, thermo-tolerance, and health-related traits. To find out these genomic deviations due to selective sweeps, we used eight different statistical tools (Tajima's D, Fu & Li's D*, CLR, ROH, iHS, FST, FLK, and hapFLK) on seven indigenous and five exotic cattle breeds. We further performed composite analysis by comparing their covariance matrix. Several candidate genes were found to be related to milk production (ADARB, WDR70, and CA8), reproductive (PARN, FAM134B2, and ZBTB20), and health-related traits (SP110, CXCL2, CLXCL3, CXCL5, IRF8, and MYOM1). The outcome of this investigation provides a basis for detecting selective sweeps that explain the genetic variation of traits. They may possess functional importance for multiple cattle breeds in different subcontinents. However, further studies are required to improve the findings using high-density arrays or whole-genome sequencing with higher resolution and greater sample sizes.
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Anthropozoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes widespread human and animal diseases, mostly involving central nervous system. Human acquires toxoplasmosis from cats, from consuming raw or undercooked meat and from vertical... more
Anthropozoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes widespread human and animal diseases, mostly involving central nervous system. Human acquires toxoplasmosis from cats, from consuming raw or undercooked meat and from vertical transmission to the fetus through placenta
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BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 is a viral pathogen causing life-threatening disease in human. Interaction between spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 receptor on the cells is a potential factor in the infectivity of a host. The interaction of... more
BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 is a viral pathogen causing life-threatening disease in human. Interaction between spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 receptor on the cells is a potential factor in the infectivity of a host. The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain with its receptor - ACE2, in different hosts was evaluated to understand and predict viral entry. The protein and nucleotide sequences of ACE2 were initially compared across different species to identify key differences among them. The ACE2 receptor of various species was homology modeled (6LZG, 6M0J, and 6VW1 as a reference), and its binding ability to the spike ACE2 binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 was assessed. Initially, the spike binding parameters of ACE2 of known infected and uninfected species were compared with each Order (of animals) as a group. Finally, a logistic regression model vis-a-vis the spike binding parameters of ACE2 (considering data against 6LZG and 6M0J) was constructed to predict the probabil...
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Abstract Coat colour and various patterns are the hallmarked qualitative traits studied in cattle as well as other livestock; however, variation in this trait is resultant of interactions and epistasis of a set of genes rather than being... more
Abstract Coat colour and various patterns are the hallmarked qualitative traits studied in cattle as well as other livestock; however, variation in this trait is resultant of interactions and epistasis of a set of genes rather than being a product of a single gene. In this study, GWAS has been conducted from 50K SNP genotype data, with a stratified approach on Vrindavani cattle (n=48). The study was conducted in two sets of an experiment wherein set I treats all the solid colours (n=18) as controls and rest spotted or patchy types as cases (n=30), and set II treats brown and brown with white spots as controls (n=15), and rest as cases (n=33). After quality check (MAF>0.01, genotyping rate>90%, and H-W equilibrium at p≤ 0.001) of genotype data, 37247 SNPs were further used for accomplishing GWAS with coat colour. The distinct phenotypes were classified into four different sub-groups that are solid black, black with white patches, solid brown, and brown with white patches along with greyish white. The allele frequency difference was checked in all sub-groups. The GWAS was conducted in PLINK v1.7 and for graphical representation R was used. Two SNPs in set I and 20 in set II were found to be significantly associated with coat colour in Vrindavani cattle. A ±500 Kb genome scan around the significant SNPs revealed gene BDNF for SNP DIAS-217 in set I and FGF18 for SNP ARS-BFGL-NGS-105192, and CACNA2D1, and HGF for SNP BTB-01885061 in set II, are present around these SNPs. In KEGG-based pathway enrichment analysis, all the above-mentioned genes were found to be involved in well-established MAPK and PI3K-AKT signalling pathways, affecting the biochemical process of coat colour production. Genome-wide FST values were low to moderate across the genome, however few associated SNPs had moderate to high FST values indicating their power in differentiating the subgroups according to coat colour phenotype. This study provides a preliminary report of markers and genes involved in coat colour expression and revealed that the reported genes around the associated SNPs are involved in brown with white spotting phenotype. However, further researches in this field are essential for a more conclusive result.
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In the past decade, kisspeptin research was primarily focussed on the regulation of GnRH release in hypothalamus. Present study was designed to explore the expression of extra-hypothalamic kisspeptinergic (Kiss1- Kiss1r) system in the... more
In the past decade, kisspeptin research was primarily focussed on the regulation of GnRH release in hypothalamus. Present study was designed to explore the expression of extra-hypothalamic kisspeptinergic (Kiss1- Kiss1r) system in the follicular compartment of buffalo ovary. Buffalo genitalia (n=32) were collected immediately after exsanguinations and categorized into early luteal (EL), mid luteal (ML), follicular (FL) and acyclic (n=8 per group), based on the gross ovarian morphology. Ovarian follicular tissue samples were subjected to total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and qPCR amplification of Kiss1, Kiss1r, follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) along with an endogenous control (β-actin) gene. The expression of ovarian Kiss1 transcripts was abundant in the cyclic than acyclic stage. The fold change was significantly upregulated in ML (66.79 fold) followed by EL (28.64 fold) and FL (14.09 fold) stages against the acyclic stage (calib...