Sperm

To manage male infertility caused by hormonal imbalance, infections and other predicaments, multifarious treatment strategies are emerging worldwide. Contemporary treatments, such as assisted reproductive techniques, are costly with low success rates of only 10-30%; however, herbal remedies are gaining more attention as an alternative or supplementary therapeutic modality for male infertility. The beneficial effects induced by oral intake of the roots of a small evergreen shrub, Withania sominifera (Ashwagandha) on semen quality of infertile men have previously been studied. Oral intake of Ashwagandha roots has been found to inhibit lipid peroxidation, improve sperm count and motility, and regulate reproductive hormone levels. The molecular mechanisms of these effects, however, are yet to be unveiled.

Purpose: Semen parameters and sperm DNA were evaluated in patients receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Materials and Methods: Semen samples were obtained from 74 fertile, depressed men treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (group 1) and 44 healthy fertile volunteers who served as a control (group 2). Two semen analyses and physical examinations were completed in all participants. Sperm chromatin structure assay was used to detect sperm DNA fragmentation. Results: The mean SE total sperm count in patients receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and in normal subjects was 61.2 11.4 million and 186.2 31.4 million, respectively (p 0.001). Patients in group 1 had a mean motility of 48.2% 4.6%, which was significantly lower than the mean of 66.2% 4.4% in normal controls (p 0.01). Normal sperm morphology was detected in 14 patients (18.9%) and 23 controls (52.3%) (p 0.001). Patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors had a mean of 8.1% 5.4% normal forms per ejaculate. A significant increase in the amount of denatured single strand DNA in total cellular DNA was found in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors compared with that in controls (43.2% 11.4% vs 21.4% 10.6%, p 0.01). Each semen analysis parameter significantly correlated with treatment duration. Conclusions: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can impair semen quality and damage sperm DNA integrity. Further studies are needed to replicate our findings.

Purpose: We explored the efficacy of selenium and/or or N-acetyl-cysteine for improving semen parameters in infertile men, and the associations among semen quality and the concentrations of selenium and N-acetyl-cysteine in seminal plasma. Materials and Methods: The study included 468 infertile men with idiopathic oligo-asthenoteratospermia who were randomized to receive 200 g selenium orally daily (selenium group of 116), 600 mg N-acetyl-cysteine orally daily (N-acetyl-cysteine group of 118), 200 g selenium plus 600 mg N-acetyl-cysteine orally daily (selenium plus N-acetyl-cysteine group of 116) or similar regimen of placebo (control group of 118) for 26 weeks, followed by a 30-week treatment-free period. These patients provided blood samples for the measurement of serum testosterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolac-tin, inhibin B, selenium and N-acetyl-cysteine. Semen samples were also obtained for routine semen analysis, and the measurement of seminal plasma selenium and N-acetyl-cysteine. Results: In response to selenium and N-acetyl-cysteine treatment serum follicle-stimulating hormone decreased but serum testosterone and inhibin B increased. All semen parameters significantly improved with selenium and N-acetyl-cys-teine treatment. Administering selenium plus N-acetyl-cysteine resulted in additive beneficial effects. A significant positive correlation existed between the seminal plasma concentrations of selenium and N-acetyl-cysteine, and semen parameters. A strong correlation was observed between the sum of the selenium and N-acetyl-cysteine concentrations, and mean sperm concentration (r 0.67, p 0.01), sperm motility (r 0.64, p 0.01) and percent normal morphology (r 0.66, p 0.01). Conclusions: These results indicate that supplemental selenium and N-acetyl-cysteine improve semen quality. We advocate their use for male infertility treatment. Abbreviations and Acronyms E2 estradiol FSH follicle-stimulating hormone GSH glutathione LH luteinizing hormone NAC N-acetyl-cysteine PRL prolactin RIA radioimmunoassay assay ROS reactive oxygen species TEAE treatment emergent adverse event

This study is an attempt to determine the power of SCSA and TUNEL for the evaluation of apoptosis status and apoptosis‐related motility depletion in Asthenozoospermia. Fifty‐one semen samples from Asthenozoospermic and 20 samples from fertile men participated in this study. SCSA and TUNEL were applied for the assessment of DNA integrity by flow cytometry. Annexin V conjugated with FITC labelling and FLICA method were used for the assessment of externalisation of phosphatidylserine and spermatozoon with active Caspase 3 respectively. SCSA results were shown to have a significant correlation with EPS in live spermatozoon (r = .85, p value = .00) and spermatozoon with active Caspase 3 (r = .633, p value = .00). TUNEL result was revealed to have a nonsignificant positive correlation with them. Then, Asthenozoospermic individuals were divided into two groups, SCSA higher and SCSA lower than 27%. Results interestingly indicated that the two groups significantly differed from each other in terms of TUNEL, EPS in live spermatozoon, spermatozoon with active Caspase 3 and sperm vitality (p value = .00). Both SCSA and TUNEL were correlated with apoptosis‐related motility depletion in Asthenozoospermia. However, SCSA might be more powerful than TUNEL and could provide reliable information about DNA, chromatin integrity and apoptosis status in Asthenozoospermia.

Adnan Oktar (Harun Yahya)

İnsan bedeni, yeryüzündeki en kompleks makinadır. Hayatımız boyunca bu bedenle görür, işitir, nefes alır, yürür, koşar ve zevk alırız. Bedenimiz kemikleri, kasları, damarları, iç organları ile mükemmel bir düzen ve tasarıma sahiptir. Bu tasarımın detayına inildiğinde ise daha da şaşırtıcı gerçeklerle karşılaşılır. Birbirinden farklı gibi görünen vücut parçalarının tamamı aynı malzemelerden oluşmaktadır. Hücrelerden….

Vücudumuzdaki herşey milimetrenin binde biri büyüklüğündeki hücrelerden oluşur. Bu hücrelerin kimi biraraya gelerek kemikleri, kimi sinirleri, kimi karaciğeri, kimi midemizin iç yapısını, kimi derimizi, kimi ise gözümüzün kornea tabakasını oluşturur. Hücreler vücudun hangi parçasını oluşturuyorlarsa bu bölgede ihtiyaç duyulan boyuta ve şekle sahip olurlar.

baby
Rabbiniz dedi ki: "Bana dua edin, size icabet edeyim. Doğrusu Bana ibadet etmekten büyüklenen (müstekbir)ler; cehenneme boyun bükmüş kimseler olarak gireceklerdir.
(Mü'min Suresi, 60)

Bu kadar farklı görevler üstlenmiş olan hücreler nasıl ve ne zaman meydana gelmişlerdir?

İşte bu soruya verilecek cevap, bizi her anı mucizelerle dolu olan bir olaya götürecektir. Bugün sizin bedeninizi oluşturan yaklaşık 100 trilyon hücrenin tamamı, tek bir hücreden çoğalarak meydana gelmişlerdir. Şu an sahip olduğunuz hücrelerle aynı yapıya sahip olan bu tek hücre de, annenizin yumurta hücresi ile babanızın sperm hücresinin birleşimiyle ortaya çıkmıştır.

Allah, Kuran'da insanlara, kimi zaman göklerdeki ve yerdeki, kimi zaman da canlılardaki yaratılış mucizelerini, Kendi varlığının delilleri olarak örnek gösterir. Bu delillerin en önemlilerinden biri de, sözünü ettiğimiz konu, bir diğer ifadeyle insanın kendi yaratılışındaki mucizelerdir.

Birçok ayette insanın, ibret almak için, bizzat kendi yaratılışına dönüp bakması öğütlenir. İnsanın nasıl var olduğu, var olurken hangi aşamalardan geçtiği detaylı olarak tarif edilir. Vakıa Suresi'ndeki ayetlerde, insanın yaratılışı şöyle anlatılmaktadır:

Sizleri Biz yarattık, yine de tasdik etmeyecek misiniz? Şimdi (rahimlere) dökmekte olduğunuz meniyi gördünüz mü? Onu sizler mi yaratıyorsunuz, yoksa Yaratıcı Biz miyiz? (Vakıa Suresi, 57-59)

İnsan bedenini oluşturan 60-70 kiloluk et ve kemik kütlesinin özü başlangıçta bir damla suda toplanmıştır. Akıl sahibi, duyan, gören, işiten ve vücut yapısı olarak oldukça kompleks bir yapıda olan insanın bir damla sudan meydana gelmesi şüphesiz ki olağanüstü bir gelişimin sonucudur. Bu gelişim ise, elbette başıboş bir sürecin, rastgele oluşan tesadüflerin sonucunda gerçekleşemez.

In book XXVI of the "Panarion", an anti-heretical work dating to the end of the fourth century, Epiphanius of Salamis describes the gnostic group known as the Phibionites, including the orgiastic and cannibalistic practices they were accused of during their supposed ritual banquets. Epiphanius writes that, after the banquets, the married couples of the group split up and each member engaged in sexual intercourse with other members of the community, and that the ritual ended with a peculiar Eucharistic liturgy based on the use of sperm and menstrual blood. This text focuses attention on Epiphanius’ account, with the intention of examining its historical and cultural context, of assessing its reliability, and of analyzing its symbolic meaning in relation to gnostic theology. Furthermore, the article examines the important symbolic properties of sperm as food through which religious identity was transmitted to the members of the community.

Nel libro XXVI del "Panarion", opera antiereticale redatta verso la fine del IV secolo, Epifanio di Salamina descrive il gruppo gnostico dei Fibioniti, delineandone nel dettaglio le pratiche orgiastiche e cannibalesche che avverrebbero durante i loro banchetti rituali.
Secondo Epifanio, dopo essersi saziati di cibo e di vino, le coppie sposate del gruppo si separano e si impegnano in una liturgia di rapporti sessuali con altri membri della comunità. Ma l’unione non viene consumata fino in fondo, perché l’uomo si ritira prima dell’orgasmo. Allora la coppia raccoglie lo sperma nelle mani e lo ingerisce proclamando: “Questo è il corpo di Cristo”. Quando è possibile, la coppia raccoglie e consuma anche il sangue mestruale della donna, dicendo: “Questo è il sangue di Cristo”. Se la donna, per un qualche motivo, resta incinta, si lascia sviluppare il feto finché non si possa praticare un aborto manuale. Dopodiché, afferma Epifanio, il feto viene smembrato, coperto di miele e spezie e, infine, divorato dalla comunità come pasto eucaristico speciale.
Il saggio si propone di esaminare la testimonianza di Epifanio di Salamina, innanzi tutto per ricostruirne il contesto redazionale, quindi per valutarne l’attendibilità e, infine, per tentare di restituirne i più profondi significati simbolici, entro l’orizzonte delle coordinate teologiche gnostiche.

Chapter I. Material and methods
1. Material
A list of the parasites studied (and their hosts) is given: about 40 species of Monogeneans, 10 Digeneans, some Cestodes and Temnocephala.
2. Methods
The methods used for parasite collection, light and transmission electron microscopy are described.

Chapter II. Descriptive study of spermiogenesis and spermatozoa
1. Gross structure of the testis
The testis contains supporting cells, and germinal cells which are grouped in a common cytoplasmic mass at the spermatid stage. The evolution of this mass is described.
2. Spermiogenesis
A "classical" spermiogenesis is described in the Digeneans: 7 stages are defined. This spermiogenesis is also found in the Polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans. The various processes of spermiogenesis of other species may be compared with the "classical" spermiogenesis; they show modifications which are generally simplifications. A general Table showing the possible homologies between the stages of spermiogenesis found in the different species is proposed. In the case of the schistosome, after analysing the spermiogenesis, we suggest considering its aberrant spermatozoon as "neotenic", because it resembles a precociously matured spermatid. The fate and possible role of two organelles of the spermatid which are absent in the spermatozoon, the centre body and the striated roots, are considered. The process of separation of the nature spermatozoon is discussed. The aberrant case of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogenean Diplozoon is underlined, because it is the single case which cannot be compared with the "classical" spermiogenesis. The spermiogenesis of Monogeneans and Digeneans is compared with that of the other Platyhelminthes: it is close to that of Cestodes, but it shows fundamental differences from that of Turbellarians, in spite of a superficial resemblance of the spermatozoa.
3. Structure of the mature spermatozoa
Spermatozoa of Digeneans and Monogeneans are generally filiform. A Table compares the length of spermatozoa in various species. A "classical" pattern of spermatozoon (or type 1) is described: it comes from the "classical" spermiogenesis. The "classical" spermatozoon contains two axonemes incorporated in the sperm body and cortical longitudinal microtubules. This "classical" pattern is almost universal within Digeneans and Polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans, but is unknown in the Monopisthocotylean Monogeneans. It also exists, in a slightly modified form, in some Cestodes. Spermatozoa of the Monopisthocotylean Monogeneans are classified by means of two simple ultrastructural characteristics, the number of axonemes (1 or 2) and the presence of cortical microtubules, in three patterns (types 2, 3 and 4). The cases of the Digenean Schistosoma (non filiform) and of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogenean Diplozoon (aflagellate) are aberrant and set aside. Comparative diagrams are presented.
4. The organelles of the spermatozoon and their evolution during spermiogenesis
Centrioles of mature spermatozoa are atypical and are generally made up of 9 singlets, instead of the typical structure of triplets found in the spermatids. The axonemes show a special pattern, called 9+ ''1 "; the few variations are presented. The ornamentations associated with the membrane are described. The position of the nucleus is discussed: it is posterior, meaning that spermatozoa of Digeneans and Monogeneans are "inverted" compared with those of other animals. Coils of spermatozoa found in some species are considered to be details added to a fundamentally filiform structure.
5. Motility of spermatozoa
Comparative Tables of spermatozoan motility and ultrastructure (axonemes and microtubules) are given. It is impossible to correlate in a precise manner ultrastructure and motility.
6. Behaviour of the spermatozoa during fertilization
The spermatozoa penetrate the oocyte with the nucleus in a posterior position; available data concern only few species, mainly with "classical" spermatozoa.
7. Partial conclusion after chapter II
Data advanced in this chapter are summarised and discussed.

Chapter III. Morphology of spermatozoa, biology of fertilization and phylogeny
1. Introduction
Some classical cases of the literature are considered.
2. Spermatozoa and biology of fertilization
The "classical" spermatozoon (type 1 ) of the Digeneans and Polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans seems to be linked with internal fertilization, through genital ducts (Digeneans) or by hypodermic injection (at least a part of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans). In the monopisthocotylean Monogeneans (with spermatozoa of types 2, 3 and 4), the literature mentions some cases of spermatophores, but it is not possible to establish a strict relationship between these sperm structures and fertilization by spermatophore. The case of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogenean Diplozoon is interesting. In this animal, the biology of fertilization is unique because the two members of the pair are fused, and the spermatozoon is the only aflagellate case known: it displays a remarkable correlation between the biology of fertilization and sperm structure. The case of the schistosomes is discussed. Attempts are made to relate the atypical structure of the spermatozoon to the peculiar characteristics of the schistosomes: gonochorism, progenesis, life in pairs. It seems that life in permanent pairs is a factor of differentiation of atypical sperm structures, in the schistosomes, Diplozoon, and some Didymozoonidae.
3. Spermatozoa and phylogeny
Relationships between phylogeny, taxonomy, biology of fertilization and sperm structure are discussed. In the Trematodes (Digeneans and Aspidogastreans), the sperm structure is very homogenous (type 1) and thus of little use for the understanding of phylogeny within this group. The few variations known (Didymozoata and Strigeata) seem to be linked mainly with the biology of fertilization rather than with phylogeny. In the Monogeneans, comparative spermatology allows us to separate Polyopisthocotyleans and Monopisthocotyleans. Polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans are very homogenous and share type 1 with the Trematodes. The single really different case, Diplozoon, seems to have no phyletic value but is correlated with the biology of fertilization. Monopisthocotylean Monogeneans show three types of spermatozoa. A phyletic scheme built only from sperm ultrastructure shows resemblances with classical phylogenies drawn from the structure of the adults, and a remarkable coincidence with modern phylogenies elaborated from the structure of larvae. The case of the Monogeneans is thus a demonstrative example of the usefulness of comparative spermatology for the understanding of phylogeny.
4. Trends in the evolution of spermatozoa in parasitic Platyhelminthes
Spermatozoa of Platyhelminthes are generally biflagellate. After a comparative study, we consider that the less evolved spermatozoon in the parasitic Platyhelminthes (Monogeneans, Digeneans and Cestodes) is the "classical" type, or type 1. This type 1 is maintained in the Digeneans and Polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans, but is modified in the Cestodes (loss of the mitochondrion, and of one axoneme in some cases), and in the Monopisthocotylean Monogeneans (loss of the microtubules am of one axoneme). The origin of type 1 may possibly be found in the Turbellaria Rhabdocoela Kalyptorhynchia. Comparative and phyletic diagrams of sperm structure in the phylum Platyhelminthes are given.

Introductory courses dealing with sex, gender and sexuality are usually quite biased, going as far as to deny the reality of biology. Drawing on the Catholic tradition (Aquinas), this article presents an accessible argument aimed at restoring deliberative balance in the classroom.

Extensive social science research, particularly by anthropologists, has explored women’s reproductive lives, their use of reproductive technologies, and their experiences as mothers and nurturers of children. Meanwhile, few if any volumes have explored men’s reproductive concerns or contributions to women’s reproductive health: Men are clearly viewed as the “second sex” in reproduction. This volume argues that the marginalization of men is an oversight of considerable proportions. It sheds new light on male reproduction from a cross-cultural, global perspective, focusing not only upon men in Europe and America but also those in the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. Both heterosexual and homosexual, married and unmarried men are featured in this volume, which assesses concerns ranging from masculinity and sexuality to childbirth and fatherhood

Đề tài được thực hiện nhằm mục đích đánh giá chất lượng tinh trùng tôm sú nuôi trong ao đìa và khả năng ứng dụng tôm F2 vào sản xuất giống; đồng thời so sánh chất lượng tinh trùng của tôm sú thành thục ngoài tự nhiên với tôm nuôi ao đìa để đưa ra những kết luận chính xác nhất. Đề tài gồm hai nội dụng chính: một là, đánh giá chất lượng tinh trùng của tôm sú thế hệ F2 nuôi trong ao đìa theo nhóm kích thước: 60-65 g, 66-70 g và >71 g; hai là, so sánh chất lượng tinh trùng của tôm sú đực thế hệ F2 nuôi trong ao đìa so với tôm sú đực thành thục ngoài tự nhiên. Kết quả cho thấy chất lượng tinh trùng của tôm sú nuôi trong ao đìa ở nhóm khối lượng từ 60 – 70 g là tốt nhất với tổng số tinh trùng đạt 155,9 – 205,4×106, tinh trùng bình thường đạt 80,9 – 81,7%, tinh trùng chết đạt 29,5 – 31,2% còn nhóm khối lượng > 71 g cho chất lượng tinh trùng kém hơn với tỷ lệ tinh trùng bình thường đạt 75,7%, tinh trùng chết đạt 37,2%. Đồng thời, sau khi tiến hành thí nghiệm cũng nhận thấy chất lượng tinh trùng của tôm thành thục ngoài tự nhiên tốt hơn tôm nuôi trong ao đìa, thể hiện ở chỗ số lượng tinh trùng giao động từ 280,0 - 358,8×106 , tỷ lệ phần trăm tinh trùng bình thường từ 84,3 - 87,5%, tinh trùng chết từ 14,6 - 17,9%.

This article reframes the kinship between all liquids (from the mother’s milk to a lover’s sperm) as a source of queer dissidence that becomes particularly relevant in times of normative data-flows, the necro-politicization of the ocean, and social media’s injunction of permanent availability. Following Gaston Bachelard’s general theory of material imagination, liquidness appears as the only matter antithetical to digitality, hardware’s most threatening substance, and a reparative metaphor for contemporary anxieties. Through a queer psychoanalytic understanding of matter that harks back to the subject’s earliest experiences, the argument ultimately anchors itself in the figure of the creampie, the ejaculate excess that oozes out of a subject’s orifices after coitus, providing liquid evidence of a fantasy of fulfillment that is otherwise perpetually deferred by the digital economy.

States tightly regulate citizens' bodies, their actions, and biological material, including organs, blood, and gametes, and this political governance involves a complex set of relationships between the state and its citizens. While new technologies persistently redefine family relationships, regulation and legislation are used to hold these fixed and static. Within sperm donation, the recipients transform into parents to form families, while the donor's identify and sexuality are considered to be unaffected by the action of donating sperm or gaining the status of sperm donor. Despite official efforts to sanitise the process, the practice of sperm donation is characterised in some quarters by efforts to evade or outflank the official restrictions on it. This paper explores the circumvention such control, through examining informal sperm donation, occurring outside of state regulation. (words 129)

To study the effects of Citrullus colocynthis on testicular function and fertility, 70% methanolic extract of C. colocynthis was fed orally to male albino rats at the dose levels of 75 and 150 mg/kg body wt/day for 60 days. Oral administration of C. colocynthis caused a significant decrease in testicular weight and sperm concentration. The level of serum testosterone, LH and FSH also declined and spermatogenesis was impaired. The histoarchitecture of the testes in the rats receiving C. colocynthis methanolic extract showed degenerative changes and disruption of spermatogenesis and the number of spermatogonia remained significantly decreased. Thus the antifertility effects of C. colocynthis seemed to be mediated by disturbances in structure and testicular function including leydig and Sertoli cells resulting in an alteration in physio-morphological events of spermatogenesis.

M. E. Parsanezhad, Dr. S. M. J. Mortazavi , T. Doohandeh, B. Namavar Jahromi, H. Mozdarani, A. Zarei, M. Davari, S. Amjadi, A. Soleimani, M. Haghani

Background: The health effect of rapidly increasing everyday exposure of humans to radiofrequency radiation is a major global concern. Mobile phone jammers prevent the mobile phones from receiving signals from base stations by interfering with authorized mobile carriers’ services. In spite of the fact that mobile jammer use is illegal, they are occasionally used in offices, shrines, conference rooms and cinemas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological effects of short term exposure of human sperm to radiofrequency radiation emitted from a commercial mobile phone jammer. Materials and Methods: Fresh semen samples were obtained by masturbation from 50 healthy donors who had referred with their wives to Infertility Treatment Center at the Mother and Child Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Female problem was diagnosed as the reason for infertility in these couples. The semen sample of each participant was divided into 4 aliquots. The first aliquot was subjected to swim-up and exposed to jammer radiation. The second aliquot was not subjected to swim-up but was exposed to jammer radiation. The third and fourth aliquots were not exposed to jammer radiation but only the 3rd aliquot was subjected to swim-up.  Results: Semen samples exposed to radiofrequency radiation showed a significant decrease in sperm motility and increase in DNA fragmentation. Conclusion: Electromagnetic radiation in radiofrequency range emitted from mobile phone jammers may lead to decreased motility and increased DNA fragmentation in human semen. It can be concluded that mobile phone jamming might exert adverse reproductive health effects.

This study evaluated the influence of age and adult nutritional status of Ceratitis capitata males on their ability to inhibit female remating. Their roles and that of copula duration on the amount of sperm transferred to female spermathecae were also analysed. After emergence, adults were kept in separate groups according to their diets (either high protein – 6.5 g of brewer’s yeast, or low protein – 3.5 g of brewer’s yeast) and their age at the time of use in experiments (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 days old). The results demonstrated that: (i) male age was not a factor that influenced remating when females mated with well-nourished males; however, the youngest males (4 days old) in the low-protein group were less efficient in preventing female remating; (ii) 12- and 16-day-old males fed on a high-protein diet transferred and produced more sperm than males of other groups; (iii) there was no correlation between copula duration and the amount of sperm transferred to the female; the longest copula durations were observed among low-protein-diet/20-day-old males. These results suggest that age and nutrition influence the ability of the males to inhibit female remating. The sterile insect technique is most effective when females do not remate after coupling with sterile males, and therefore, the capacity to inhibit female remating is an important characteristic of males released in the field.

The Guests of the Earth, the aliens, are described by Tsiolkovsky as beings that are constitutionally uniform to the space of the Universe and therefore do not need a spacesuit to stay in the open Cosmos. That's why it's so. // Гостей Земли, космитов Циолковский описывает как сущностей конституционально единородных пространству Вселенной и потому для нахождения в открытом Космосе не нуждающихся в скафандре. Вот почему это так.

The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of the straw volume (0.25 vs. 0.5 mL) on Nile tilapia sperm quality after cryopreservation. Sperm was frozen according to conventional slow freezing procedure and diluted at ratio of 1:3 with ionic extender containing 350 mM glucose and 30 mM Tris containing 10% dimethylacetamide. Diluted semen was equilibrated at 4°C for 10 min and drawn into 0.25-mL or 0.5-mL plastic straws and sealed with polyvinyl alcohol. Samples were frozen 3 cm above of the liquid nitrogen surface and exposed to the liquid nitrogen vapor (≈−140°C) for 10 min. After this, frozen sperm cells were kept into the liquid nitrogen container (−196°C). The frozen sperm in different volume of straws were thawed in a water bath at 30°C for 20 s (0.25-mL straws) or at 30°C for 30 s (0.5-mL straws), respectively. Fertilization was conducted using 1 ×10 5 spermatozoa/egg ratio with each straw type. The findings of the present study indicated that cryopreservation of sperm in glucose-Tris–based extender using 0.5-mL straws improved post-thaw progressive motility, duration of progressive motility, and fertilization results (P<0.01). On the other hand, differences in term of post-thaw cell viability was not significant among the treatments (P>0.01). In conclusion, our results suggest that Nile tilapia sperm can be successfully cryopreserved in Tris-based extenders supplemented with glucose containing 10% dimethylacetamide in 0.5-mL straws.

Semen quality is one of the criteria used for the selection of bulls with relatively greater fertility. In addition, bull fertility depends on the integrity and function of all sperm structures. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine associations when there was conducting of conventional and functional techniques for the evaluation of sperm samples from bulls with known fertility history as determined when semen from these bulls was used for fixed-time artificial insemination programs. The study was designed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with one factor being breed (Angus x Nellore) and the other fertility (greater x lesser). Greater fertility groups were composed of ten Angus and 11 Nellore bulls, while lesser fertility groups were composed of ten Angus and seven Nellore bulls. Sperm were analyzed, in four cryopreserved distinct batches for each animal, for morphology, kinetics, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA integrity and oxidative status. There was no difference in characteristics commonly used in sperm quality conventional analysis. The results from functional analysis indicated an important association between mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress, and damage to sperm structures in lesser fertility bulls. Greater fertility bulls had greater sperm quality and indicators of functional cell structures. The associations, when there were evaluations using different techniques, indicate the importance of evaluation and correlation between different sperm functions to understand effects of distinct parameters on sperm fertilization capacity.

In July 2018, the Ontario Superior Court, in S.H. v D.H., dealt with a dispute between a recently separated couple over a frozen embryo that the couple had created. In his judgment, Justice Del Frate stated that the embryo should be conceived of as property. This was the cause of uproar among feminist legal scholars who were concerned with the possible repercussions for cisgender women of labeling embryos as property. The Superior Court decision was subsequently overturned by the Ontario Court of Appeal this past May (2019). However, given the likelihood that embryos will be treated as property in future disputes, it is important to assess what the ramifications of this type of categorization might be. In this paper, I employ a feminist relational analysis in order to analyze the implications that categorizing embryos as property might have for three relationships involving cisgender women. I identify these relationships to be: (1) the relationship between cisgendered heterosexual intended parents, (2) the relationship between intended mothers, the embryo, and society, and (3) the relationship between intended parent(s) and an egg donor and/or surrogate. Ultimately, I find that categorizing embryos as property adds to an alarming power imbalance between cisgendered heterosexual intended parents when they are separating and trying to make decisions about what to do with frozen embryos. Secondly, I argue that there are compelling reasons that categorizing embryos as property could perpetuate the idea that cisgender women's bodies are ownable, and that egg donors' and surrogates' bodies are commodities. These are views that could have the effect of perpetuating the long-term oppression and disempowerment of cisgender women. If the trend towards treating embryos as property continues to grow, a feminist reconceptualization of property, such as that proposed by Rosalind Pollack Petchesky would be an important, albeit slow, step to alter notions that cisgender women can be owned or commoditized.

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The influence of sperm morphology and chromatin integrity on bull fertility suggests a strong but undefined biological
relationship between these two parameters. In this study we explore this relationship, making use of the Sperm Chromatin
Dispersion test, which allows simultaneous observation of sperm abnormalities and DNA fragmentation. Based on spermatozoa from 17 Holstein-Friesian bulls, we determined a relationship between DNA fragmentation and the presence of the “so called” major-type sperm defects. Values for DNA fragmentation index (mean
SEM) calculated from cells with major-type abnormalities were significantly (P  0.05) higher (85.05
5.00%) than those from abnormal forms classified as minor-type (17.89
5.55%). Some of the sperm abnormalities, such as double forms, narrow base heads, small heads, shortened tails and proximal cytoplasmic droplets, were only associated with sperm showing fragmented DNA. The simultaneous assessment of sperm morphology and DNA fragmentation has the potential to improve the efficacy of sperm quality assessment in this species.

sperm quality and fertility in bulls, Veterinary World 6(11): 905-910. Fertility is one of the primary traits of reproduction in bulls. Decrease in fertility is a multifactorial condition and is very difficult to diagnose. Among various causes, genetic abnormality holds a major share. By identifying various genes that have effects on fertility, the genetic cause behind subferility can be explored and also other non genetic factors can be identified. Advancement of molecular genetic tools now easily enables us to explore individual genes in animals. Identification of these genes will eventually lead to genome assembly and development of novel tools for analysing complex genetic traits. This paper gives a brief idea about the candidate genes for bull fertility, including genes encoding hormones and their receptors, proteins of the seminal plasma, proteins involved in spermatozoa-ovum binding and genes influencing sexual development. The chromosomal location and gene structure are desc...

Context: Lead exerts pathological changes on male mammals. Deleterious effects on testicular tissues may be mediated by oxidative damage and subsequent lipid peroxidation. Medicinal plants can protect against such oxidative stress.

Aims: To determine the protective activity of Salvadora persica, against lead acetate (LA) testicular oxidative stress in rats.

Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were allocated into six groups: control group received the vehicle, S. persica group received extract (500 mg/kg), LA group was exposed to 0.1% LA in drinking water and three other groups were co-treated with LA plus S. persica (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg). Treatments were applied for 60 days. Five days prior to the end of the experiment, male rats in all groups were mated with untreated females.

Results: S. persica (500 mg/kg) increased testosterone level and relative weights of testes, cauda epididymis and seminal vesicles in normal rats but did not affect testicular antioxidant parameters and sperm characteristics. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase activities and the level of reduced glutathione were significantly reduced and malondialdehyde was elevated in the testicular homogenate of LA-exposed rats. LA exposure significantly reduced serum levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, as well as, sperm characteristics and relative weight of the testes, cauda epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate. Administration of S. persica extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly reduced oxidative stress and protected against LA-exposure effects.

Conclusions: S. persica extract exhibited marked protective activity against LA-induced testicular oxidative stress in rats.

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation of sperm from different fish species requires different protocols. Therefore, it is necessary to perform studies to establish reliable procedures for each species. OBJECTIVE: Experiments were designed to analyse the effect of different types of cryoprotectants on post-thaw motility, viability and fertility as well as cryoresistance of cryopreserved Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) sperm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sperm samples were diluted with an ionic extender containing glycerol (Gly), methanol (MeOH) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at ratios of 5, 10 and 15 % respectively. Diluted samples were aspirated into 0.25 ml French straws and frozen 3 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen (LN) in a styrofoam box and stored in a LN tank. DNA damage was evaluated with the comet assay technique following cryopreservation. RESULTS: Supplementation of extender with 10% glycerol gave the highest motility rate compared with the other cryoprotectant groups (P<0.05). Differences in terms of post-thaw motility duration, cell viability and fertilization rates were not significant among treatments (P>0.05). Although Gly gave the best score (5.0 ± 0.1%, P>0.05) at the concentration of 10%, 5% Me2SO caused significant DNA damage (15.0 ± 1.0%, P<0.05) with the comet test. CONCLUSION: Gly or MeOH are more suitable cryoprotectants than DMSO for the cryopreservation of Nile tilapia sperm.

Scientific and medical contraceptive standards are commonly believed to have begun with the advent of the oral contraceptive pill in the late 1950s. This article explains that in Britain contraceptive standards were imagined and implemented at least two decades earlier by the Family Planning Association, which sought to legitimize contraceptive methods, practice and provision through the foundation of the field of contraceptive science. This article charts the origins of the field, investigating the three methods the association devised and employed to achieve its goal of effecting contraceptive regulation. This was through the development of standardized methods to assess spermicidal efficacy; the establishment of quality, strength and manufacturing standards for rubber prophylactics; and the institution of animal trials to ensure the safety of specific contraceptives. The association publicized the results of its scientific testing on proprietary contraceptives in its annual Approved List of contraceptives. This provided doctors and chemists with a definitive register of safe and effective methods to prescribe.

Life experiences can induce epigenetic changes in mammalian germ cells, which can influence the developmental trajectory of the offspring and impact health and disease across generations. While this concept of epigenetic germline inheritance has long been met with skepticism, evidence in support of this route of information transfer is now overwhelming, and some key mechanisms underlying germline transmission of acquired information are emerging. This review focuses specifically on sperm RNAs as causal vectors of inheritance. We examine how they might become altered in the germline, and how different classes of sperm RNAs might interact with other epimodifications in germ cells or in the zygote. We integrate the latest findings with earlier pioneering work in this field, point out major questions and challenges, and suggest how new experiments could address them.