Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

This is the entire book.

"Why Are Our Pictures Puzzles?" is an attempt to understand why scholars have begun writing at such tremendous length on individual pictures. Before the 20th c., one of the longest texts on a single painting was Vasari's description of Leonardo's "Last Supper." In the last forty years it has become common for historians to write entire books on individual artworks.

Why have we started experiencing images as so complex? Why do they seem to us like puzzles, waiting to be solved? Why doesn't it concern us that previous generations did not think of writing at such length?

This book also has a couple of chapters on what I consider to be psychotic behavior about images: compulsive sighting of supposedly hidden images, and a crazy art historical book about a painting written by Dalí. So I have tagged the book with psychoanalytic terms.

The book itself is still in print and in copyright, but I found a full pdf of this on the internet (for example on scribd), so I decided to post it on here on academia.edu, where at least it can have the correct context and links.

... IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS POSSIBLE LINK BET m EN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE ANDSusan L. McElroy, MD, James I. Hudson, MD, Katharine A. Phillips, MD, Paul E. Keck, Jr., MD, and Harrison G. Pope, Jr., MD ... Address reprint requests to Dr. Susan L. McElroy ...

Encouraging further research on the dimensional assessment of personality disorders (PDs), Section III of the DSM-5 introduced a hybrid model for the assessment of six PDs employing self-reports on 25 maladaptive personality traits (“DSM-5 personality traits”). Following suggestions that multidimensional perfectionism is an important characteristic across various personality disorders (Ayearst, Flett, & Hewitt, 2012), the present study investigated how personal (self-oriented) and interpersonal (other-oriented and socially prescribed) aspects of perfectionism predicted the DSM-5 personality traits in a sample of 311 university students. Multiple regressions (controlling for the overlap between the different forms of perfectionism) showed that socially prescribed perfectionism positively predicted the traits defining schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive PD; other-oriented perfectionism positively predicted the traits defining narcissistic PD; and both socially prescribed and other-oriented perfectionism positively predicted the traits defining antisocial PD. In contrast, self-oriented perfectionism positively predicted only one of the four traits defining obsessive-compulsive PD (rigid perfectionism). Showing that multidimensional perfectionism predicted all DSM-5 traits defining the personality disorders of Section III, the findings suggest that future DSM-5 updates may profit from including interpersonal aspects of perfectionism as a diagnostic criterion.

The development of excessive and persistent drinking under intermittent food-reinforcement schedules, known Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP), has been proposed as a successful animal model to study compulsive behaviors. On the last decade, we have been working in our laboratory on the stratification of the compulsive rats on SIP in order to know whether differences in the acquisition of compulsive drinking behavior could predict alterations in other behavioral measures as well as in the neurochemical function typically associated with compulsive spectrum disorders. The aim of this review is to collate the main findings relevant to the characterization and use of the high compulsive drinking rats (HD) in SIP as a possible compulsive endophenotype. The review of the genetic, behavioral and neurochemical differences found in the selection allows us to conclude that HD rats could be a valid model for studying the compulsive phenotype and modelling psychopathology common to a variety of compulsivity spectrum disorders such as obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia and alcohol abuse.

The authors examined the relations among therapeutic alliance, outcome, and early-in-treatment symptomatic improvement in a group of 86 patients with generalized anxiety disorders, chronic depression, or avoidant or obsessive–compulsive personality disorder who received supportive–expressive dynamic psychotherapy. Although alliance at Sessions 5 and 10, but not at Session 2, was associated with prior change in depression, alliance at all sessions significantly

The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale [OCDS; Anton et al., Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19 (1995), 92] is the most widely used measure of alcohol craving. There are no studies which comprehensively investigate the construct and concurrent validity of the OCDS in a severe alcohol dependent population. Three hundred and seventy alcohol-dependent patients were referred to a hospital-based alcohol treatment program. All participants completed the OCDS, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT; Saunders et al., Addiction 88 (1993), 791] and provided demographic and alcohol consumption data. The sample was randomly split into 2. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted on these subsamples. Both analyses identified a 4-factor solution (compulsions, interference, obsessions and resisting obsessions). All factors showed sound internal consistency. Neither the factor scores nor the total OCDS score was related to baseline alcohol problems (AUDIT) or consumption. There was some support for the construct validity of the OCDS in this clinical group. Concurrent validity of the scale was not supported by these cross-sectional data. Future research should examine the predictive utility of the OCDS over time.

Woody & Szechtman (2011) (W&S) proposed a security motivation system, suited to de-tect, explore and answer potential threat. This system is turned on readily, but turned off much less easily. The turning-off difficulty serves adaptation, but was also thought to be due to a scarcity of clues whether safety has already been restored. To explain why it could be switched off at all W&S proposed a brainstem-regulated stopping mechanism, which would be activated through engaging in defensive behavior and would produce a feeling the danger had been warded off. By assuming a dysfunction in this mechanism, W&S attempted to explain the difficulty obsessive-compulsive patients have in terminat-ing their compulsive behavior.
In this critique it shall be argued that 1) W&S are inconsistent and unrealistic as re-gards the lack of information in case of potential threats; 2) their specific picture of the stopping mechanism is logically and evolutionarily untenable; 3) the presumed dysfunc-tion in it seems unsuited to explain obsessive-compulsive phenomena. However, the idea of scarcity of clues in potential danger in a less exaggerated form may be helpful in explaining the termination difficulties of obsessive-compulsive patients, albeit via a much more indirect way than W&S assume. The paper will conclude with a sketch of this alternative model and how it could be tested empirically.

Highlights
• Criticized are some of the core assumptions of the model
• A brainstem dysfunction in the termination problems in OCD is denied
• The idea of scarcity of clues to potential danger is partly preserved
• Its role in the termination problems should be seen as more indirect
• An alternative model along these lines is elaborated

Contents
1. Introduction
2. W&S's theory
2.1. Potential threat
2.2. Assessing restored safety
2.3 The termination problem
2.4 The model
2.5 Application of the model to OCD
3. Criticism on the general model
3.1. Ambiguity of the concept of potential threat
3.2. Underestimation of the concept of potential threat
3.3. Reassurance by the mere display of species-typical behavior?
4. Criticism of the application to OCD
4.1. Is the lack of yedasentience caused by a failure of the brainstem output network?
4.2. Is the lack of yedasentience (partly) caused by scarcity of information?
4.2.1. Checking compulsion
4.2.2. Washing compulsion
4.2.3. Obsession-related compulsions
4.3. What potential danger is triggering OC symptoms?
4.4. Is it always presumed danger that is triggering OC symptoms?
5. A different view on some of the issues raised by W&S
5.1. A different model of checking compulsion
6. Some suggestions/predictions for research
References

Autism and compulsive disorder: a critique of Schuurman and Shiboleth (2011)
In a recent contribution, Schuurman and Shiboleth (2011) discussed the relation between autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder. They stressed the differences between both, as a basis for therapeutic recommendations in case of co-morbidity. However, the issue of what is common to both disorders is equally interesting, as it may lead to a deeper understanding of a possible shared aetiology. By critically discussing the article referred to above I try to elucidate the similarities in symptomatic behaviour of both disorders and to put into perspective the differences hypothesized by the authors. The so-called obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is taken into account as well.

(Dutch) Autobiografisch boekje van Huub Janssen (pseudoniem) met een nadruk op zijn ervaringen met de psychiatrie. Psycholoog en filosoof drs. Titus Rivas stelt relevante vragen bij het levensverhaal van Huub. Het werk sluit af met de emancipatie van Huub van zijn afhankelijkheid van de GGz.

The psychometric properties of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version Survey Form (LOI-CV Survey Form) and the Short Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version Survey Form (Short LOI-CV Survey Form) were examined in a clinical sample of 50 children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The internal consistency of the LOI-CV and Short LOI-CV Survey Forms were acceptable and poor, respectively (α=.79 and .65). The LOI-CV Survey Form was significantly and moderately correlated with child-rated OCD-related impairment, but was not significantly correlated with any other measures of OCD symptom frequency or severity, OCD-related impairment, global symptom severity, child reports of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and parent reports of children's obsessive-compulsive, internalizing, and externalizing symptoms. Modest support for the cognitive-behavioral treatment sensitivity of the LOI-CV Survey Form (Cohen's d=0.98) but not the Short LOI-CV Survey Form (Cohen's d=0.09) was demonstrated. Diagnostic sensitivity was poor for the LOI-CV Survey Form at both pre- (0.14) and post-treatment (0.06). Overall, these results suggest that the psychometric properties of the LOI-CV and Short LOI-CV Survey Forms are not adequate for use as a screening instrument or in assessing symptom severity in pediatric OCD.

Magical thinking in childhood bears at least superficial similarities to obsessive compulsion, and recent cognitive models of obsessive compulsive disorder implicate forms of thinking akin to the magical. However, there has been little research on the relations between normal ...

The association between trauma and personality disorders (PDs), while receiving much attention and debate, has not been comprehensively examined for multiple types of trauma and PDs. The authors examined data from a multisite study of four PD groups: schizotypal, borderline (BPD), avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive, and a major depression comparison group. Rates of traumatic exposure to specific types of trauma, age

This study is aimed to consider the effectiveness of exposure therapy and Exposure Response Prevention (ERP) on decrease
of symptoms of obsessive - compulsive disorder is. The research method was quasi-experimental and its design was
pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of this study was all patients with obsessive-compulsive
disorder (both male and female) referring to therapy centers of Maragheh city that a sample of 30 subjects was chosen by
available sampling method and then they were replaced in experimental (therapy) group and control group randomly and
answered to Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). The findings indicated that the experimental group's average
score in obsessive-compulsive symptoms was 14/46 in pre-test and 7/67 in post-test. As well as, in control group, the
mean score of obsessive - compulsive symptoms in pre-test was 14/66 and 11/93 in post-test. Thus, it could be concluded
that the reduction of scores in post-test of experimental group was accompanied with the decrease of symptoms of obsessive
- compulsive disorder in experimental group.
Keywords: Obsessive – Compulsive; Treatment ERP; Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory.

Aims: To explore whether the phenomenology and co-morbidity of a specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV) (also known as “emetophobia”) might best fit within the group of obsessive compulsive and related disorders. Method: Case review of individuals who were assessed for a SPOV (n = 83). Results: Sixty-two per-cent of cases reported being markedly or very severely preoccupied by the fear that they might vomit. A majority of people with a SPOV reported either often or always conducting repetitive behaviors such as compulsive washing; reassurance seeking; self-reassurance, counting or superstitious behaviors to prevent vomiting; checking others for signs of illness or checking sell-by dates. Cases that had more frequent hand washing were associated with higher scores on standardized questionnaires for a SPOV and a later age of onset. The diagnosis of OCD formed the highest degree of comorbidity. Conclusions: The results have implications for future research into the nosology and treatment of a SPOV.  Clinicians should assess for repetitive behaviors in a SPOV and include them in a formulation and treatment plan. Future research should conduct prospective studies to determine which aspects of the phenomenology of a SPOV might best fit under OC and related disorders.

Ante este nuevo entorno adquiere sentido formularse y responder un conjunto de preguntas vinculadas con una alteración escasamente conocida en el medio social.

FORMA SUGERIDA DE CITACIÓN:
SEGURA, M (2020) OBSESIÓN-COMPULSIÓN EN TIEMPOS DEL COVID-19. UNA BREVE REFLEXIÓN COMO PREÁMBULO DE LA PRESENTACIÓN DE UNA ENTREVISTA.  ACADEMIA.EDU https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/MarthaSeguraJimenez