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- The Journal of Physical Treatments is meant to publish original research with implications for physical therapy, from... moreThe Journal of Physical Treatments is meant to publish original research with implications for physical therapy, from basic foundations leading to treatment enhancement, to applied treatment protocols and techniques that serve to enhance the understanding of physical therapy. Other types of articles adding to the knowledge content of physical therapy and related fields, such as systematic or narrative reviews, educational, theoretical or debate articles, brief reports, case histories or single case studies are also welcome. Our vision is to become one the most reliable and accessible sources for all those engaged in the science of physical therapy, from theory to practice, to find all they need to get up-to-date and share they experience in physical therapy and the related fields. Physical Treatments is a peer-reviewed journal accepting articles with sound methodologies which add enough to the literature to be published in his journal.edit
Past research supports the hypothesis that the position of basketball players affects their susceptibility to injury; however, there is disagreement among researchers regarding which positions are at greater risk of injury. The current... more
Past research supports the hypothesis that the position of basketball players affects their susceptibility to injury; however, there is disagreement among researchers regarding which positions are at greater risk of injury. The current study compares the lower limb joint angles in basketball players with dynamic knee valgus deficiency across different positions. Methods: In this study, 27 basketball players with dynamic knee valgus deficiency were purposefully selected in three groups as follows: Guards (mean age=19.77±2.68 years, mean height=1.77±0.04 cm, and mean weight=63.40±5.10 kg), forwards (mean age=20.22±2.90 years, mean height=187±0.04 cm, and mean weight=76.80±2.94 kg) and centers (mean age=22.33±3.27years, mean height=1.99±0.04 cm, and mean weight=98.84±18.42 kg), within the age range of 16 to 26 years. The anthropometric characteristics of the players, including height, weight, shoulder width, hip width, anterior superior iliac spine distance, lower limb length, Q angle, knee width, and ankle width, were measured. To evaluate the lower limb angles in the sagittal and frontal planes, imaging was performed using two digital cameras at a distance of 366 cm and a height of 105 cm relative to the subject, and the subjects performed three countermovement jumps. The analysis was conducted using the Kinovea software. To compare the mean variables of the study, mixed-design analysis of variance (2×3), one-way analysis of variance, and the Bonferroni post hoc tests were utilized. All hypothesis tests were conducted at a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: There was no significant difference in the initial contact angle of the hip joint (P=0.537), maximum hip flexion (P=0.891), initial contact angle of the knee joint (P=0.264), maximum knee flexion (P=0.321), initial contact angle of the ankle joint (P=0.116), and maximum ankle flexion (P=0.393) among the three groups. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the initial contact angle of the knee joint in dominant (P=0.059) and non-dominant (P=0.490) legs, as well as in the maximum knee flexion in dominant (P=0.872) and non-dominant (P=0.552) legs. Conclusion: No significant differences were observed in the lower limb joint angles among the three groups of guards, forwards, and centers. Therefore, different basketball positions may not be a significant risk factor for non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
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Purpose: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent orthopedic condition that significantly affects patients' well-being. This study investigates the spatial and temporal gait characteristics of patients with early-stage KOA during stair... more
Purpose: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent orthopedic condition that significantly affects patients' well-being. This study investigates the spatial and temporal gait characteristics of patients with early-stage KOA during stair ascent and descent compared to healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 12 individuals diagnosed with KOA and 12 healthy controls participated in the study. The diagnosis of KOA was based on the clinical criteria provided by the American College of Rheumatology, and disease severity was evaluated using the Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale. A thorough inclusion and exclusion protocol ensured that the participants met specific criteria. Spatial-temporal variables were measured using a 3D motion capture system during stair negotiation. A repeated-measure multivariate analysis of covariance was used for the statistical analyses (P<0.05). Results: Significant differences in spatial and temporal gait variables were observed between individuals with KOA and the healthy control group during stair descending and ascending. The KOA group exhibited shorter step length (P=0.019), wider step width (P=0.029), shorter step time in both directions (P=0.022 for descending, P=0.031 for ascending), increased time in double support phase in both directions (P=0.009 for descending, P=0.004 for ascending), prolonged total stance time in both directions (P=0.003 for descending, P=0.009 for ascending), and lower gait velocity in both directions (P<0.001). During stair ascent, the overall gait velocity decreased (P<0.001), step width increased (P=0.039), and more time was allocated to single support (P=0.009), double support (P=0.038), and total stance (P<0.001). These findings highlight the significant differences in gait variables observed in individuals with knee osteoarthritis during stair walking compared to the control group. Conclusion: These findings provide valuable insights into how KOA impacts gait adaptations during stair climbing. The results support the need for targeted treatment and rehabilitation programs to improve the quality of life for patients. These findings provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals, enabling better diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation for KOA patients. They also aid in developing assistive devices and assessing disease progression for improved patient care.
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This study examines the impact of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) on chest mobility, upright sitting height, and quality of life (QoL) in obese women. DNS exercises are used to assess and activate the spinal stabilizers to... more
This study examines the impact of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) on chest mobility, upright sitting height, and quality of life (QoL) in obese women. DNS exercises are used to assess and activate the spinal stabilizers to improve the performance of the posture and respiratory systems. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 60 participants were randomly assigned to two groups as follows: The DNS group (n=30) and the control group (n=30). To start, in a random order, each participant completed a pre-test of the upper chest mobility, lower chest mobility, upright sitting height, and QoL. The DNS protocol was then implemented, with participants undergoing training six times a week for six weeks. After the completion of training, a post-test was conducted to measure all parameters. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and repeated measures analysis of variance in the SPSS software, version 23. Results: In the DNS group, significant improvements were observed in the post-test compared to the pre-test for upper chest mobility (2.1±1.6 vs 3.7±1.8 cm, P<0.001), lower chest mobility (2.9±1.4 vs 3.8±1.4 cm, P<0.001), upright sitting height (86.1±3.8 vs 87.7±3.8 cm, P<0.001), and QoL (63.7±17.8 vs 68.2±14.9, P<0.001). On the other hand, the control group did not show statistically significant changes in these parameters. Conclusion: DNS which prioritizes ideal alignment, is an effective protocol for enhancing upper chest mobility, lower chest mobility, upright sitting height, and QoL. It is recommended to incorporate breathing exercises to enhance chest mobility and posture. By doing so, physiological stabilization can be achieved, leading to improvements in the overall health and performance of obese individuals, ultimately enhancing their QoL.
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Studies show that upper-crossed syndrome causes a decrease in health and quality of life (QoL) in affected people due to various physiological and psychological complications. Considering the high prevalence of upper crossed syndrome,... more
Studies show that upper-crossed syndrome causes a decrease in health and quality of life (QoL) in affected people due to various physiological and psychological complications. Considering the high prevalence of upper crossed syndrome, this study investigates the effectiveness of the Alexander technique on physical and mental dimensions of QoL in young men with upper crossed syndrome. Methods: We assigned 24 male participants (aged between 19-25 years) into two groups (experimental and control) using a convenience sampling method. We used the short form of health survey-36 to evaluate the physical and mental aspects of their health. After measuring the desired variables of all participants in the pre-test stage, the participants of the experimental condition completed 12 training sessions of the Alexander technique over six weeks. We used analysis of covariance and correlated t-test to analyze the results. Results: There was a significant difference between the physical dimension of QoL in the experimental condition after applying the Alexander technique intervention compared to the control condition (P<0.001). Similarly, there was a significant difference between the mental dimension of QoL in the experimental condition compared to the control condition (P<0.001). Conclusion: Considering the significant effect of the Alexander technique as an educational intervention on participants' physical and mental health in the current study, we suggest that health and rehabilitation experts use the Alexander technique as a psychophysical re-education method to practically improve health and QoL in individuals with upper-crossed syndrome.
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This study investigates the relationship between the scores of upper extremity functional tests with isokinetic strength, range of motion, shoulder proprioception, and posture of male volleyball players. Methods: A total of 30 male... more
This study investigates the relationship between the scores of upper extremity functional tests with isokinetic strength, range of motion, shoulder proprioception, and posture of male volleyball players. Methods: A total of 30 male university volleyball players aged 18 to 24 years were selected by the convenience sampling method. The concentric strength of the internal and external rotators, abductors, flexors, adductors, and extensors of the shoulder was measured at speeds of 180 and 300 degrees per s using an isokinetic dynamometer. Shoulder proprioception was also assessed at 45 and 90 degrees using an isokinetic device. Also, the range of motion of flexion, extension, abduction, and internal and external rotation at 90 degrees of abduction was measured using a universal goniometer. The forward head and shoulder angles were also assessed by photography and using the AutoCAD software. Finally, upper extremity function was assessed using a Y-balance device. Results: The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between variables at a significance level of P<0.05 using the SPSS software, version 20. The results of the Pearson correlation test showed a positive and significant relationship between the isometric strength variables at torques of 180 and 300 (degrees/s) for flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, internal and external rotation (P>0.05), and between the proprioception variables at 45 and 90 degrees of shoulder abduction (P>0.05), and between the range of motion variables for shoulder flexion, shoulder extension, shoulder abduction, shoulder internal rotation, and shoulder external rotation (P>0.05) with the upper extremity functional test. Also, a negative and significant relationship was observed between the forward head angle (P>0.05) and shoulder forward angle (P>0.05) with the upper extremity functional test. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, there is a significant relationship between the scores of upper extremity functional tests with isokinetic strength, proprioception, and range of motion of the shoulder joint, as well as the posture of volleyball athletes. Coaches and specialists can focus on improving these variables to improve shoulder function and prevent injury in volleyball athletes.
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This research compares the effectiveness of weight-bearing exercise on a rebounder, as well as ankle exercise therapy on biomechanics and quality of life (QoL) in patients with diabetic neuropathic feet. Methods: The present investigation... more
This research compares the effectiveness of weight-bearing exercise on a rebounder, as well as ankle exercise therapy on biomechanics and quality of life (QoL) in patients with diabetic neuropathic feet. Methods: The present investigation is a clinical trial study with two experimental groups and one control group. A total of 48 women were selected in this study who had diabetes mellitus type 2 with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Data was collected using the Michigan neuropathy screening instrument, foot health questionnaire, fall efficacy scale international, and QoL questionnaire. The first experimental group (n=16) engaged in rebound exercises for eight weeks, while the second experimental group (n=16) engaged in at-home ankle treatment exercises. The control group (n=16) was not given any particular treatment other than standard care, which consisted of medication, therapy prescribed by the medical team, and instructions for self-care included in a training manual. The data were analyzed using a correlated t-test and an analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that applying rebound exercises and exercise therapy in exercise groups had a significant effect on the two components of the peak pressure of the medial forefoot area and the peak pressure of the lateral forefoot area of the right and left feet (P=0.05), the risk of falling (P=0.05), dynamic balance (P=0.05), and QoL (P=0.05), but not in the control group after 8 weeks (P<0.05). Conclusion: To prevent foot problems in diabetic peripheral neuropathy populations and improve their independence for daily routines, the exercise programs presented in this research as a non-pharmacological intervention can be a promising approach. Specifically, the weightbearing training program on a rebounder and the ankle exercise therapy program was effective in improving plantar pressure, fall risk, dynamic balance, and quality of life.
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Purpose: This study investigates the effects of exercises on sand on the frequency content of the lower limb muscles in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and pronated feet during walking. Methods: This was a... more
Purpose: This study investigates the effects of exercises on sand on the frequency content of the lower limb muscles in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and pronated feet during walking.
Methods: This was a semi-experimental and laboratory-type study. The study samples included 28 male students with pronated feet and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction aged 22 to 25 years. The participants were randomly allocated into the following two groups: The experimental and the control group. The electrical activity of the lower limb muscles was recorded using an electromyography system before and after performing the exercises. The statistical analysis was done using a two-way analysis of variance method with a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The findings showed that the main effect of time for the frequency content of the tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, vastus medialis muscles during loading and push-off phases, the vastus lateralis muscle during the mid-stance, the rectus femoris at the mid-stance and push-off phases, semitendinosus muscle during the loading, mid-stance and push-off phases, biceps femoris muscle during the mid-stance and push-off phases, and gluteus medius muscle during the push-off phase (P<0.039; d=0.166-0.606).
Conclusion: The group-by-time interaction for the semitendinosus muscle during the loading phase was significant. Exercise on sand can improve walking performance by altering muscular frequency content.
Methods: This was a semi-experimental and laboratory-type study. The study samples included 28 male students with pronated feet and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction aged 22 to 25 years. The participants were randomly allocated into the following two groups: The experimental and the control group. The electrical activity of the lower limb muscles was recorded using an electromyography system before and after performing the exercises. The statistical analysis was done using a two-way analysis of variance method with a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The findings showed that the main effect of time for the frequency content of the tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, vastus medialis muscles during loading and push-off phases, the vastus lateralis muscle during the mid-stance, the rectus femoris at the mid-stance and push-off phases, semitendinosus muscle during the loading, mid-stance and push-off phases, biceps femoris muscle during the mid-stance and push-off phases, and gluteus medius muscle during the push-off phase (P<0.039; d=0.166-0.606).
Conclusion: The group-by-time interaction for the semitendinosus muscle during the loading phase was significant. Exercise on sand can improve walking performance by altering muscular frequency content.
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Purpose: Acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise can cause a state of oxidative stress characterized by an increase in oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues and body fluids. The amount of oxidation depends on the mode of exercise,... more
Purpose: Acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise can cause a state of oxidative stress characterized by an increase in oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues and body fluids. The amount of oxidation depends on the mode of exercise, intensity, and duration, and is specifically related to the degree of oxidant production. This research investigates the effect of eight weeks of plyoball and resistance band training on glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, and performance indicators of female handball players. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 30 female handball players aged between 10 and 16 were randomly divided into the following three groups: 1) Handball training (n=10), 2) Handball+resistance band (n=10), and 3) Handball+plyoball training group (n=10). The plyoball and resistance band training program consisted of eight weeks (two sessions per week) and each session lasted 45 to 60 min. The one-way analysis of variance repeated measures were used for within and between group changes, respectively. Results: Eight weeks of plyoball and resistance band training caused a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase levels and decreased salivary malondialdehyde levels in handball players. The accuracy and strength of the handball shot increased significantly at the end of the eightweek intervention period. Conclusion: According to the results, the greatest increase in the levels of glutathione peroxidase was in the group of handball exercises with a resistance band and the greatest decrease in the levels of malondialdehyde was in the group of handball exercises alone. The highest amount of improvement in the accuracy and strength of the handball shot was achieved in the group of handball training with the resistance band. Therefore, the performance of handball exercises with resistance bands can be recommended to improve the levels of oxidative stress, accuracy use, and shot strength in handball players compared to other training groups.
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The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of video games, training with catalogs, and face-to-face training of the FIFA +11 warm-up program on the level of acceptance and belief of football players. Methods: The current... more
The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of video games, training with catalogs, and face-to-face training of the FIFA +11 warm-up program on the level of acceptance and belief of football players. Methods: The current semi-experimental research was done on 240 male players and coaches present in the premier soccer league of Khorasan Province who were randomly divided into four groups: 11+ face-to-face exercises, catalog, video games, and control (60 people in each group). Electronic questionnaires on acceptance and knowledge were filled by players and coaches. Then, the subjects of the training groups performed the exercises in three 15-minute sessions per week for eight weeks. Kruskal-Wallis test and marginal mean were used to check differences between the groups. Results: After eight weeks of training, there was a significant difference in the knowledge and awareness of the players between the four groups (P<0.05). Also, the marginal average test results showed that the effect of these exercises on the level of knowledge and awareness of the players was greater in the face-to-face group than in other groups. Also, 33.3% of the players considered these exercises to be boring and 23.7% of the players considered the limitation of time to do other exercises and soccer skills as one of the factors that prevent them from doing the exercise. Conclusion: Football players had low levels of knowledge and awareness of 11+ exercises, which increased after eight weeks of 11+ exercises using face-to-face exercises, catalogs, and videos.
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Purpose: Chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP) is a common health issue caused by a mix of biological, psychological, and social factors. Cognitive functional therapy (CFT) is a comprehensive way to treat CNSLBP that focuses on... more
Purpose: Chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP) is a common health issue caused by a mix of biological, psychological, and social factors. Cognitive functional therapy (CFT) is a comprehensive way to treat CNSLBP that focuses on changing negative thoughts and unhelpful habits through relaxation techniques. Since the evidence on the efficacy of CFT is still limited, it is essential to conduct clinical trials aimed at the effectiveness of CFT in the treatment of CNSLBP. This study aims to examine the effect of cognitive functional therapy on psychological variables in women with CNSLBP. Methods: Thirty women with CNSLBP were recruited for the clinical trial. They were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 patients in each group). Our experimental group will have 18 individualized CFT sessions, each lasting an hour, over two months. The control group received no intervention. Pain intensity, disability, and kinesiophobia were assessed via the visual analog scale, Oswestry, and Tampa scale, respectively. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare results between groups. Results: Two-way repeated measures ANOVA results showed that the experimental group compared to the control group in reducing pain (P=0.000, η p 2 =0.787), disability (P=0.005, η p 2 =0.457) and Kinesiophobia (P=0.000, η p 2 =0.561) had a significant difference. Conclusion: CFT reduced pain, disability, and kinesiophobia in patients with CNSLBP. Further evaluation of the efficacy of CFT in high-quality randomized clinical trials among patients with CNSLBP is recommended.
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Purpose: Intensive military training courses are among the programs and specialties of the police force. Musculoskeletal disorders in the military are one of the vital factors that keep people away from courses and shorten their service... more
Purpose: Intensive military training courses are among the programs and specialties of the police force. Musculoskeletal disorders in the military are one of the vital factors that keep people away from courses and shorten their service life. This research aims to measure the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in newly arrived students in the pre-service training course of the police force using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) questionnaire. Methods: For this purpose, 124 soldiers with a mean age of 20.7 years, a mean height of 178.5 cm, a mean weight of 72.9 kg, and a mean activity per week for 3 hours and 19 minutes in one of the training barracks affiliated to the Tehran Police Force and were selected and completed the OSTRC questionnaire every month for 6 months. The research design of this study is epidemiology and the results are presented descriptively. Results: The results of the research related to prevalence measurement on a monthly mean showed that ankles at 2.8%, knees at 2.2%, and waist at 1.8% respectively have the highest prevalence rates among soldiers. Also, among the harmful factors, the parade had the largest share with 22.5% and during 6 months, the second month had the highest number of injuries, and the sixth month had the lowest number of injuries. In terms of participation in exercises, 86.6% of soldiers participated in practical classes without any physical injuries during the six months. A total of 9.1% of the soldiers could not perform optimally and properly despite their full attendance in the practical classes due to physical injuries and finally, 3.8% of the participants, despite attending the practical classes, had to leave the class halfway due to the severity of the injury. Conclusion: What is clear is that the most affected areas are the central area and the lower limbs, and the spine of the back, head, neck, and upper limbs were not among the most damaged areas. Finally, it seems that the prevalence rate among the soldiers in training courses is acceptable and close to the average of global statistics. However, it is required to take preventive measures as well as plan to add classes and specialized exercises to strengthen physical fitness and specialized exercises related to improving the conditions of damaged areas.
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Shin splints are a common injury in the world of sports, causing pain along the inner edge of the tibial and impacting an athlete's performance and well-being. The study aims to examine how kinesio taping application affects pain,... more
Shin splints are a common injury in the world of sports, causing pain along the inner edge of the tibial and impacting an athlete's performance and well-being. The study aims to examine how kinesio taping application affects pain, postural control, and plantar pressure parameters in athletes with shin splints. Methods: A placebo-controlled trial design was used, with 32 athletes with shin splints randomly assigned to either the kinesio taping group (KT=16) or the placebo group (PC=16). The KT group received kinesio tape with 75% tension applied to the affected shin, while the PC group received the same application without tension. Before and after the taping intervention, pain levels, postural control, and plantar pressure parameters were evaluated. Results: Results indicated that the KT group experienced a significant pain reduction and improved postural control and plantar pressure parameters compared to the PC group. Conclusion: These results suggest that kinesio tape can relieve pain in the short term and enhance postural control and plantar pressure distribution in athletes with shin splints. Further research is necessary to explore the long-term effects and underlying mechanisms.
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Pronation in the foot is a normal rolling movement occurring at the subtalar joint during running. The human foot, as the primary interface with our environment, presents morphological and postural changes following prolonged running.... more
Pronation in the foot is a normal rolling movement occurring at the subtalar joint during running. The human foot, as the primary interface with our environment, presents morphological and postural changes following prolonged running. This study aims to identify running mechanics while training on the sand in runners with pronated feet. Methods: Thirty runners with pronated feet were in the control group, and 30 runners with pronated feet were in the experimental group. An experimental group conducted an 8-week corrective exercise program, while a control group did not exercise. A force plate was included to collect ground reaction forces in the walkway. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures test was conducted to identify the presence of an interaction between the within-and between-subject factors on the dependent variables. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: The experimental group displayed lower first peak vertical ground reaction force (P=0.026), peak mediolateral ground reaction force (P=0.000), anterior-posterior impulse (P=0.032), loading rate (P=0.004) and a larger last peak vertical ground reaction force (P=0.000) during training on the sand. Irrespective of the group under consideration, a lower first peak mediolateral ground reaction force (P=0.000), peak positive free moment amplitude (P=0.001), and a larger last peak mediolateral ground reaction force (P=0.003) observed in the post-test compared to the pre-test. Conclusion: We suggest that training on sand may be a suitable intervention to change running mechanics in male runners with pronated feet.
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This study aims to perform a bibliometric analysis centered on recent advancements in injury prevention for female athletes. Methods: The study employed Excel, VOSviewer, and the bibliometric R-package tools to analyze and evaluate... more
This study aims to perform a bibliometric analysis centered on recent advancements in injury prevention for female athletes. Methods: The study employed Excel, VOSviewer, and the bibliometric R-package tools to analyze and evaluate relevant records obtained from the Web of Science (WOS) database, using a reliable search methodology. Results: From the WOS database, a collection of 10 560 scientific records was acquired using specific keywords, covering the period between 2010 and 2023. These records were subjected to content analysis, revealing the prevalent themes in this research area. Noteworthy topics included risk, risk factors, prevention, women, exercise, physical activity, epidemiology, injuries, performance, injury, strength, and health. The investigation also indicated that the journals "American journal of sports medicine" and "journal of athletic training" demonstrated the highest level of activity in this field. Regarding research productivity, developed countries, such as the United States and Canada stood out as the most prolific contributors. Moreover, the study recognized Gregory D Myer as the most active author in this area. Conclusion: The convergence of injury prevention in female athletes continues to be a subject of significant research attention. This study highlights that the bulk of the literature on this subject originates from researchers in developed countries. However, it is crucial to recognize that a substantial segment of the global population, particularly in developing nations, lacks sufficient representation in research related to early life psychology concerning exercise and physical activity.
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This study aims to conduct a systematic review of injury prevention programs on muscle flexibility in children and adolescents. Methods: Relevant articles were searched in two electronic databases, PubMed and Scopus. An electronic search... more
This study aims to conduct a systematic review of injury prevention programs on muscle flexibility in children and adolescents. Methods: Relevant articles were searched in two electronic databases, PubMed and Scopus. An electronic search was conducted on December 1, 2022, without applying any year constraints. Studies that investigated the effect of injury prevention programs on muscle flexibility in subjects under 17 years of age were included. The study method was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Results: A total of 3563 studies were initially retrieved from databases, and data from 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were used in this systematic review. Injury prevention programs (three out of five articles) can improve the muscle flexibility of children and adolescents (before and after the intervention). Conclusion: Injury prevention programs can improve the muscle flexibility of children and adolescents in the intervention group (before and after the intervention); although no improvement was observed in the control group. Therefore, factors, such as duration, frequency and intensity of the program, gender, activity level, type of sport, and sample size are decisive in muscle flexibility.
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Shoulder arthroplasty, a dependable and successful method to relieve pain and restore joint mobility, is increasingly chosen by a large number of individuals. The recent rise in interest in a return to sport (RTS) after shoulder... more
Shoulder arthroplasty, a dependable and successful method to relieve pain and restore joint mobility, is increasingly chosen by a large number of individuals. The recent rise in interest in a return to sport (RTS) after shoulder arthroplasty prompts a comprehensive review of RTS outcomes in this context. Methods: This systematic review was conducted to extensively examine RTS elements following shoulder arthroplasty. The review included searches from various databases, including Web of Science, PEDRO, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, and CINAHL, spanning from January 2000 to May 2023. Additionally, a thorough manual search was undertaken, including a comprehensive review of article sources. Results: Among 18 articles, we found significant RTS rates (>80%), level (high/excellent), time to RTS (5.3 months to 9.1 months), and a high number of RTS patients in swimming after shoulder arthroplasty. After shoulder arthroplasty, patients returned to some sports activities, such as swimming, tennis, golf, leg sports, skiing, and so on. Conclusion: This systematic review showed significantly high RTS rates, levels, and number of patients among different arthroplasty types, such as total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reversed total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). The most prevalent sport was swimming among patients. We hope this comprehensive systematic review provides insight into coaches and trainers to help patients increase their quality of life and have successful RTS after shoulder arthroplasty.
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This study aimed to introduce a preventive strategy for minimizing sports-related injuries among students enrolled in Iranian schools, utilizing the grounded theory approach. Methods: The qualitative research methodology using the... more
This study aimed to introduce a preventive strategy for minimizing sports-related injuries among students enrolled in Iranian schools, utilizing the grounded theory approach. Methods: The qualitative research methodology using the grounded theory method was employed. Data were gathered through a combination of examining written documents and conducting semi-structured interviews with 15 esteemed professors in the areas of sports pathology and physical education instruction. The sampling process was conducted intentionally and continued until it reached theoretical saturation. To scrutinize the information collected, a constant comparison analysis approach was utilized across three distinct stages, which included open, axial, and selective coding. By scrutinizing the data, a total of 13 primary classifications along with 36 sub-classifications and 182 conceptual codes were identified. Results: The findings indicated that some contextual factors played a role as causal factors in the issue, including unfavorable weather conditions, students' lack of motivation, teachers' lack of enthusiasm for teaching, non-standardized competitions, mental and psychological difficulties, overemphasizing competition in gameplay, teacher-student ratio disproportion, the absence of a physical education instructor, and classroom capacity. In addition, inadequate sports equipment, insufficient sports space, and environment, school principal's attitude toward sports, officials' attitudes, issues with temperature regulation, physical fitness factors, anatomical condition, biological characteristics, sports history, incorrect techniques, and repetitive skills were regarded as contextual factors. The model's intermediate variables also encompassed various factors, such as the expertise and experience of teachers, their completion of first aid courses, and the presence of a sports assistant. Additionally, it included the knowledge of students and parents, the economic situation of their families, the ability of teachers to motivate and discipline the class, and their ability to ensure order in the classroom. Ultimately, some measures were proposed to prevent sports injuries among students including alterations to existing laws and regulations, an increase in the number of physical education hours, an increment in the budget, the development of an annual program, the utilization of protective equipment, the display of safety posters, medical health assessments, the formation of scientific and specialized task groups, and collaborating with other organizations. Conclusion: By implementing these strategies, it appears that physical education teachers can significantly reduce the incidence of sports-related injuries among their students.
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Purpose: Rate dependence, where the initial value of a variable plays a crucial role in determining the extent and/or direction of change following an intervention, is a known factor contributing to an individual's response to drug and... more
Purpose: Rate dependence, where the initial value of a variable plays a crucial role in determining the extent and/or direction of change following an intervention, is a known factor contributing to an individual's response to drug and non-drug interventions. Surprisingly, it is not known if there is a rate-dependent effect on outcomes following a massage therapy intervention. We assessed whether there is a rate-dependent effect on forward shoulder posture (FSP), pectoralis major length (PECL), and muscle excitation of the upper (UT), middle (MT), and lower trapezius (LT), and pectoralis major (PEC) following 4 minutes of myofascial release (MFR) to the pectoral fascia. Methods: Fifty-nine right-handed participants (27±9 years, 30 females) with FSP, but otherwise asymptomatic shoulders with one MFR treatment administered by a registered massage therapist were recruited. FSP, PECL, and muscle excitation during a reaching task were measured before (PRE) and after the treatment (POST). Correlations were conducted on the difference between PRE and POST values and the sum of PRE and POST values divided by two for all variables. Results: There were no significant correlations between change scores and the average PRE and POST scores for any variable. Conclusion: There is no rate-dependent effect on FSP, PECL, and muscle excitation following a 4-minute MFR intervention. These results are the first to suggest that baseline characteristics do not influence individual responses to a massage intervention. Future work should aim to determine whether speed dependence varies with different doses and types of massage interventions and patient-reported outcomes (pain, anxiety, function, etc.) and muscle/tissue characteristics (stiffness, etc.).
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Dynamic postural instability and subsequent functional movement dysfunctions are acknowledged as one of the primary reasons for intrinsic injuries. To prevent these injuries, individuals at risk should be diagnosed and involved in... more
Dynamic postural instability and subsequent functional movement dysfunctions are acknowledged as one of the primary reasons for intrinsic injuries. To prevent these injuries, individuals at risk should be diagnosed and involved in functional corrective interventions. This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a six-week exercise intervention based on functional training on chest wall mobility, respiratory function, and the quality of functional movement patterns among female bodybuilders. Methods: The current study was a semi-experimental, conducted over six weeks, investigating the effect of a functional training protocol on chest mobility, respiratory function, and functional movement patterns in 40 female volunteers aged 19-39 years. The participants were assigned to two groups, an intervention group (n=20) and a control group (n=20), using a randomization technique. Upper chest mobility (UCM), lower chest mobility (LCM), inspiratory breath-hold time (IBHT), expiratory breath-hold time (EBHT), respiratory rate (RR), functional movement screen (FMS), and closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST) were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Six weeks of functional training (three sessions per week) was implemented. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) by SPSS software, version 23. Results: A significant improvement was observed only in chest mobility (UCM: 3.74±1.26 vs 8.13±1.26, P<0.001 and LCM: 4.36±1.84 vs 7.63±1.53, P<0.001), CKCUEST (18.42±3.77 vs 21.67±3.23, P<0.01), and overall score of the FMS tests (14.55±1.93 vs 16.65±1.87, P<0.003), and the RR (18.00±3.43 vs 17.00±3.46, P<0.001) in the functional training group. Conclusion: It seems that doing the functional exercises program can improve chest mobility, respiratory function, and the quality of functional movements of female bodybuilders. It is recommended for coaches and athletes to use these exercises along with specific bodybuilding exercises.
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Purpose: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease with a very high prevalence all over the world in recent years. Therefore, this research intended to examine the impact of resistance and aerobic exercises on selected functional... more
Purpose: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease with a very high prevalence all over the world in recent years. Therefore, this research intended to examine the impact of resistance and aerobic exercises on selected functional capacities and cognitive indicators in depressed women with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: The current study was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. In this survey, 30 women with MS (25-50 years old) with an expanded disability status scale range between 0-5.5, and depression among those who visited the neurology clinic at Guilan University of Medical Sciences (Bethat) were selected. The study included a control group (n=10) and two intervention groups: resistance (n=10) and aerobic (n=10) exercises. To evaluate the variables of stress, depression, fatigue, and functional capacities, the following questionnaires and tests were used: Perceived stress scale, Beck's depression inventory, fatigue severity scale, 10-meter walk test (10MWT), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), timed up and go (TUG), and 30-second chair stand (30 CST) tests. Exercises of aerobic were done at an intensity of 40_60% of the maximum rate of heart for 10-30 minutes. Home-based resistance training, including a hypertrophy phase (four weeks), and strength and power phase (four weeks) was conducted at an intensity of 0.5-1.5% of the subjects' body weight. The duration of the training for both groups was eight weeks. The data were analyzed by repeated-measures two-way ANOVA by SPSS software, version 26. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Both resistance and aerobic training had a significant intra-group impact on various factors (P≤0.05). Specifically, perceived stress (P=0.01) and depression level (P=0.001), and 10-MWT (P=0.01), 6MWT (P=0.001), and 30 CST (P=0.001) results showed statistically notable improvements. Regarding the inter-group effect, notable dissimilarities were seen in depression and functional strength of lower limbs (30 CST) among the three groups (P≤0.05). Noteworthy, variations were also found in fatigue and the timed up-and-go test. Conclusion: Both aerobic and resistance exercises can be considered effective interventions for improving depression, perceived stress, and functional capacity in individuals with MS.
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Low back pain (LBP) is a common problem with a significant impact on individuals and society, leading to activity limitation and chronic pain. Quadratus lumborum (QL) muscle tightness can trigger symptoms of significant LBP. Muscle energy... more
Low back pain (LBP) is a common problem with a significant impact on individuals and society, leading to activity limitation and chronic pain. Quadratus lumborum (QL) muscle tightness can trigger symptoms of significant LBP. Muscle energy technique (MET), a gentle manual therapy for restricted motion in the spine and limbs, aims to induce muscle relaxation, reduce pain, and improve range of motion (ROM). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of MET on pain reduction and ROM improvement in chronic LBP subjects with lateral flexion restriction. Methods: This study was a randomized single-blind clinical trial. One hundred and two participants diagnosed with chronic LBP and lateral flexion restriction were randomly divided into two groups: Control (n=51) and intervention (n=51). The control group received conventional physiotherapy, while the intervention group was provided with a combination of conventional physiotherapy and MET (post-isometric relaxation). Pain and ROM were measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and a goniometer, respectively. Both groups were evaluated before and immediately after the treatment. Results: The results revealed a significant reduction in pain and improvement in ROM in both groups after the treatment. No significant differences were found in the mean pain scores between the two groups (P=0.77). However, the mean scores of ROM in the intervention group showed a significant difference compared to the control group (P≤0.001). Conclusion: MET combination with conventional physiotherapy significantly improves LBP and ROM of lateral flexion in chronic LBP subjects with lateral flexion restriction.
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Purpose: The successful performance of block skills is crucial for volleyball players, requiring efficient techniques that optimize time, movement, and vertical jump. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the kinetic... more
Purpose: The successful performance of block skills is crucial for volleyball players, requiring efficient techniques that optimize time, movement, and vertical jump. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the kinetic temporal phasic differences between middle and side blockers among elite volleyball players during block jump.
Methods: Seventeen junior male volleyball players, consisting of eight middle blockers and nine side blockers, participated in this research. The evaluated skill was the block jump ability. Data collection involved calibrating a force plate (Kistler® 1000 Hz). An independent t-test was used to compare mean values between the two groups during jumping (p<0.05).
Results: The results indicated no significant differences between middle and side blockers in terms of time and force during the amortization phase.
Conclusion: These findings provide valuable insights into monitoring time and force variables among middle and lateral blockers. Trainers can utilize these results to tailor task-specific training programs that optimize performance outcomes.
Methods: Seventeen junior male volleyball players, consisting of eight middle blockers and nine side blockers, participated in this research. The evaluated skill was the block jump ability. Data collection involved calibrating a force plate (Kistler® 1000 Hz). An independent t-test was used to compare mean values between the two groups during jumping (p<0.05).
Results: The results indicated no significant differences between middle and side blockers in terms of time and force during the amortization phase.
Conclusion: These findings provide valuable insights into monitoring time and force variables among middle and lateral blockers. Trainers can utilize these results to tailor task-specific training programs that optimize performance outcomes.
Research Interests:
Purpose: Judo stands as one of the world's oldest sports. However, the frequency of injuries in judo is also high. Crucially, identifying risk factors is necessary to prevent injuries. Despite the functional importance of strength in... more
Purpose: Judo stands as one of the world's oldest sports. However, the frequency of injuries in judo is also high. Crucially, identifying risk factors is necessary to prevent injuries. Despite the functional importance of strength in judo, the relationship between isokinetic strength and sports injuries has been little studied. The objective of this study was to prospectively examine the correlation between isokinetic muscle strength in elite judokas and the frequency of injuries. Methods: The population of this cohort and prospective study included judokas of different age groups from the Iranian national teams in 2020. Fifty-three of these judokas voluntarily participated in the study. Before the camps, the isokinetic strength of the knee flexors and extensors as well as the internal and external rotators muscles of the shoulders were measured at speeds of 60 and 300°/s, and the injuries to these judokas were also recorded for nine months using a logistic regression test. Results: The findings indicated a significant association between the ratio of the maximum isokinetic strength of the hamstring to quadriceps muscle and judoka injuries at a speed of 60°/s. A significant relationship was also found between the ratio of the maximum isokinetic strength of the shoulder flexors and shoulder extensors in judoka injuries at a speed of 300°/s. However, no significant relationship was found between the strength ratio of the external and internal rotators of the shoulder in injuries of judokas at 60 and 300°/s (P>0.05). Conclusion: The ratio of isokinetic strength between the muscles in the lower and upper limbs can serve as a predictive indicator for injuries among judokas. Consequently, it is recommended to employ these tests to evaluate injury risk.
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Over-pronated foot (OPF) is a common abnormality of the foot. Sand can change lower limb muscle activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a sand exercise program on knee muscle co-contraction in runners... more
Over-pronated foot (OPF) is a common abnormality of the foot. Sand can change lower limb muscle activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a sand exercise program on knee muscle co-contraction in runners with OPF. Methods: Thirty individuals (age range: 18-26 years) with OPF were randomly allocated to the equally sized control and experimental groups. The experimental group performed a sand running exercise protocol for eight weeks. Muscle activities were recorded using an electromyography system. Two variables, including directed co-contraction and general co-contraction, were calculated before and after training programs. Results: In the experimental group, lower directed vastus lateralis/vastus medialis co-contraction, greater general knee co-contraction, and directed medial/lateral knee co-contraction during the mid-stance and push-off phases were found at the post-test compared to the pre-test (P<0.017). Irrespective of the time, greater directed medial/lateral knee co-contraction during the push-off phase was observed in the experimental group (P=0.043). Conclusion: Sand can be used as a suitable surface for training, as increased muscle co-activation is required to make postural adjustments during running.
Research Interests: Running and Contraction
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of specialized Kyokushin karate exercises on the activity of leg muscles and the height of the medial longitudinal arch in adolescent girls with foot pronation. Methods: This study... more
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of specialized Kyokushin karate exercises on the activity of leg muscles and the height of the medial longitudinal arch in adolescent girls with foot pronation. Methods: This study recruited twenty-four adolescent girls with foot pronation who voluntarily agreed to participate and were randomly assigned to either a training group (n=12) or control group (n=12). The training program consisted of eight weeks of specialized Kyokushin karate exercises. The fibularis longus, tibialis anterior, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles activity was measured during single-leg landing using surface electromyography. The medial longitudinal arch height was measured using the navicular drop test. All statistical analyses, including independent and paired t-tests, were conducted using SPSS software, version 26 at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results showed that following eight weeks of specialized Kyokushin karate exercises, there was a significant increase in the activity levels of the tibialis anterior (P=0.005) and lateral gastrocnemius (P=0.04) muscles in the training group compared to the control group. However, there was no significant change in the activity of the fibularis longus muscle in the training group compared to the control group (P>0.05). Within the training group, there was a significant increase in the activity of all three measured muscles (fibularis longus, P=0.009; tibialis anterior, P=0.008; and lateral gastrocnemius, P=0.008) from post-test to pre-test (P<0.05). Additionally, the study found that the amount of navicular drop in the training group was significantly reduced compared to the control group (P=0.04) after eight weeks of training Conclusion: This study demonstrated that eight weeks of specialized Kyokushin karate exercises resulted in a significant increase in the activity levels of the tibialis anterior and lateral gastrocnemius muscles in adolescent girls with foot pronation. These exercises also improved the height of the medial longitudinal arch, indicating a potential solution for correcting flat feet. Therefore, we recommend Kyokushin karate exercises to improve muscle activity and arch height in adolescent girls with foot pronation.
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This study aims to investigate the impact of neuromuscular exercises (NE) and localindigenous games (LIG) on the static and dynamic balance of obese children. Methods: Thirty obese children were randomly assigned to NE (n=15, mean age... more
This study aims to investigate the impact of neuromuscular exercises (NE) and localindigenous games (LIG) on the static and dynamic balance of obese children. Methods: Thirty obese children were randomly assigned to NE (n=15, mean age 10.47±2.1 years, body mass index (BMI) 29.15±3.01 kg/m 2) or LIG (n=15, mean age 10.67±1.52 years, body mass index (BMI) 29.45±3.41 kg/m 2) groups. Both groups underwent 12 training sessions, during which dynamic and static balance were measured with the Biodex device before and after training. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and independent t-test were used to compare balance indices between the two groups. Results: No significant differences were observed in static anterior-posterior balance between NE (0.82±0.10) and LIG (0.68±0.09). Similarly, no significant differences were found in static lateral-medial balance (NE: 0.82±0.10; LIG: 0.68±0.09) (P>0.05). Moreover, the dynamic anterior-posterior balance did not differ significantly between NE (0.79±0.08) and LIG (0.97±0.26) as well as the dynamic lateral-medial balance did not differ significantly (NE: 0.74±0.10; LIG: 0.93±0.15) (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that both NE and LIG are effective in improving balance indices in obese children. However, no significant differences were observed between the two interventions.
Research Interests:
Coronary angiography can cause post-procedural pain, and limited flexibility in the hips and knees may contribute to this discomfort. This study was designed to assess the flexibility of the hip and knee and its relationship with pain... more
Coronary angiography can cause post-procedural pain, and limited flexibility in the hips and knees may contribute to this discomfort. This study was designed to assess the flexibility of the hip and knee and its relationship with pain after femoral angiography. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 42 participants (27 men and 15 women, aged 30-85 years) after non-emergency angiography at Dr. Shariati Hospital. Demographic data, employment status, and angiography history were collected through an individual data questionnaire. Muscle flexibility was assessed using a goniometer and tape measure, and visual analog scale (VAS) was applied to evaluate the score of pain. A Spearman correlation coefficient and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to examine the relationship between variables and pain. Results: The analysis revealed no significant difference in mean pain scores between men and women (P=0.662), employment status (P=0.265), or history of angiography (P=0.262). We observed positive correlations between pain and the modified Thomas test for hip extension, active knee extension test, and forward bending test (rho=0.745, rho=0.594, and rho=0.433; P=0.00, P=0.00, and P=0.04, respectively). Conversely, the modified Thomas test for knee flexion showed a negative correlation with pain (rho=-0.591, P=0.00). No significant differences were found between the sit-and-reach test and pain (rho=0.337, P=0.29). Age demonstrated a positive correlation with pain (rho=0.312, P=0.04). However, weight did not show a significant correlation with pain (rho=-0.074, P=0.64). Conclusion: A relationship was observed between some flexibility tests and pain. Reduced hip and knee flexibility correlated with higher pain levels after femoral angiography. While age showed a positive relationship with pain, weight did not show any relationship with pain. These results emphasize the importance of considering flexibility in managing pain after femoral angiography.
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One of the most significant risk factors for throwing athletes is an internal rotation deficit of the shoulder joint. This study aims to investigate 8-week online scapular-focused training on the scapular kinematics, proprioception, and... more
One of the most significant risk factors for throwing athletes is an internal rotation deficit of the shoulder joint. This study aims to investigate 8-week online scapular-focused training on the scapular kinematics, proprioception, and strength of particular shoulder muscles in female volleyball players with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit. Methods: The present study was conducted using a two-group with pre and post-test design. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 female athletes with abnormalities in the shoulder joint's internal rotation were split into two groups, experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). In the pre-test, goniometers were used to measure shoulder range of motion, isokinetic devices were used to measure proprioception and rotator cuff muscle strength, and inclinometers were used to measure scapular kinematics. The experimental group's participants underwent 8-week online scapular-focused training, lasting 30 minutes over three sessions each week. These exercises encompassed strength (with TheraBand) and stretching activities. Ultimately, intra-group and inter-group differences were examined using SPSS software, version 20 using paired t-tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at a significance level of 0.95. Results: The results of paired t-test revealed that only the experimental group and the pre-test and posttest had a significant difference in all study variables (P<0.05). Additionally, the results of the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated a significant difference between the two groups' shoulder proprioception at 45° and 90° in the post-test (P=0.001 and P=0.01, respectively). The two groups also differed significantly in the scapular kinematics at all angles of 45°, 90°, and 135° as well as at the limit of the shoulder's range of motion (P=0.01, P=0.04, P=0.001, and P=0.001, respectively). Additionally, significant differences were observed between the two groups in all variables of isokinetic strength of concentric internal rotation, isokinetic strength of concentric external rotation, isokinetic strength of eccentric internal rotation, and isokinetic strength of eccentric external rotation (P=0.001, P=0.02, and P=0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that 8-week online scapular-focused training improves scapular kinematics, proprioception, and shoulder internal and external rotator muscle strength in female volleyball players experiencing internal rotation deficiencies of the shoulder joint. It is advised that coaches, experts, and occupational therapists employ these workouts to enhance the aforementioned factors in female volleyball players experiencing shoulder internal rotation deficiencies.
Research Interests:
Altered movement patterns and spine instability are crucial factors in the etiology of chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP). The faulty recruitment pattern of core muscles causes poor support and increased loading on the lumbar... more
Altered movement patterns and spine instability are crucial factors in the etiology of chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP). The faulty recruitment pattern of core muscles causes poor support and increased loading on the lumbar spine, ultimately leading to postural instability. This study aims to examine the effect of core stability exercises (CSE) combined with abdominal hollowing (AH) on postural balance in patients with CNSLBP. Methods: The present study is a double-blind clinical trial. Thirty women with CNSLBP were recruited for the clinical trial. Patients were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 patients in each group). The experimental group followed CSE with AH for 8 weeks. The control group received no intervention. Primary outcomes included pain (10 cm visual analogue scale), disability (Oswestry questionnaire), and proprioception (goniometer). Secondary outcomes included static and dynamic balance (biodex balance system). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare the results and confidence intervals between groups. Results: The experimental group compared to the control group with a high effect size had a significant difference in reducing pain (P=0.021, ηp 2 =0.183), disability (P=0.007, ηp 2 =0.237), and postural reconstruction error (P=0.000, ηp 2 =0.566). Also, the experimental group compared to the control group with a high effect size had a significant difference in the improvement of static (P=0.008, ηp 2 =0.367) and dynamic balance (P=0.008, ηp 2 =0.757). Conclusion: The CSE combination with AH affects three active, passive, and nervous systems. It seems that the CSE combination with AH can modify the faulty movement control in local muscles, proprioception restoration, and subsequently lead to postural stability.
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Purpose: Military boots mileage is a main factor that can affect the risk of running injuries. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of three types of military boots mileage on knee muscular co-contraction during running. Methods:... more
Purpose: Military boots mileage is a main factor that can affect the risk of running injuries. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of three types of military boots mileage on knee muscular co-contraction during running. Methods: Fifteen healthy males received three pairs of new military boots. Participants wore these boots for more than 6 months. Electromyography activity of lower limb muscles during running at constant speed was recorded during pre-and post-intervention. Then, knee muscular co-contraction was calculated. Results: Results showed a significant increase during loading response (P=0.030, n 2 p =0.157) and push-off (P=0.008, n 2 p =0.302) phases for general knee co-contraction at post-test compared to the pre-test. Also, directed mediolateral knee co-contraction showed a significant increment during mid-stance (P=0.028, n 2 p =0.040) and push-off (P=0.039, n 2 p =0.115) phases at post-test compared to the pre-test. Conclusion: It can be concluded that knee joint instability while using polyurethane thermoplastic is more than polyurethane boots. Also, our results demonstrated that maintaining knee stability in the anterior-posterior direction while using polyurethane thermoplastic is better than in polyurethane boots.
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The purpose of current review was investigating the effect of core stability exercises (CSE) on volleyball players. Methods: Current research was a PRISMA systematic review. It reviewed comprehensively the Impact of CSE on volleyball... more
The purpose of current review was investigating the effect of core stability exercises (CSE) on volleyball players. Methods: Current research was a PRISMA systematic review. It reviewed comprehensively the Impact of CSE on volleyball players. It carried out searching in Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, PEDro, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and in Persian Google Scholar, Megapaper databases, IRANDOC, Magiran, SID, Medilib, IranMedex. The keywords in two groups including: Group 1: "Core stability exercise" OR "core stability training" OR "core stability endurance" OR "trunk stability" OR "central stability exercises" OR "core intervention" OR "core stability control" OR "core strengthening exercise" OR "trunk resistance exercise" and group 2: "Volleyball" OR "volleyball player" OR "volleyball athletes" from 2000 to February of 2023. Current research used both English and Persian languages. Results: We got 146 articles. After removing duplicate titles, we selected 127 abstracts for review. Finally, 18 articles were included in the present review. Conclusion: The outcomes of current review show that CSE have the ability to improve movement capabilities, performance, and sports skills as well as prevent injuries from volleyball players. Of course, to interpret the outcomes of the current research caution needs to be taken, considering the restrictions such as the difference in the sample size under study, measurement methods, and components of different core stability protocols.
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Non-specific chronic low back pain (LBP) is the most common type of chronic LBP and a common debilitating condition, especially in athletes, that can also affect performance. The core muscles are necessary to create a stable level of... more
Non-specific chronic low back pain (LBP) is the most common type of chronic LBP and a common debilitating condition, especially in athletes, that can also affect performance. The core muscles are necessary to create a stable level of support for sports performance and appropriate movements of all organs, and its deficiency is related to complications, such as LBP. This research aims to investigate the effect of a fatigue protocol on core muscle endurance in athletes with and without non-specific chronic LBP. Methods: A controlled laboratory study was conducted; 42 female athletes with and without non-specific chronic LBP were selected through convenience sampling method and divided into two groups with non-specific chronic LBP and without non-specific chronic LBP. McGill's core endurance test was used to measure core muscle endurance. The measurements were done before and after the implementation of the functional core fatigue protocol (FCFP). SPSS software, version 22 and dependent t-tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to evaluate mean differences obtained in the two groups. The significance level was considered 95%, and the α level was ≤0.05. Results: The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed a significant difference between the two groups with and without non-specific chronic LBP after performing the functional core fatigue protocol (FCFP) in McGill's test scores in isometric flexion exercise (P=0.001), isometric extensor exercise (P=0.001), right side bridge (P=0.001) and left side bridge (P=0.001). In the post-test measurement, the endurance of the core muscles decreased in the LBP group. Conclusion: The findings revealed that fatigue can affect the core stability and reduce the core muscles endurance of female athletes with non-specific chronic LBP. Therefore, core muscle weakness can be recognized as a risk factor for chronic LBP, and in order to prevent this damage, it is recommended to strengthen this area in rehabilitation programs.
Research Interests:
Purpose: Chronic low back pain (LBP) is one of the spine disorders and musculoskeletal problems and is one of the most common causes of people's disability. This study aims to compare the effects of McGill trunk stability exercises... more
Purpose: Chronic low back pain (LBP) is one of the spine disorders and musculoskeletal problems and is one of the most common causes of people's disability. This study aims to compare the effects of McGill trunk stability exercises performed at home or in a supervised group setting on pain, disability, and trunk stability in middle-aged women with non-specific chronic LBP. Methods: The current study is a cross-sectional comparative, quasi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical sample included 30 middle-aged women aged 35 to 50 years with non-specific chronic LBP in Tehran City, Iran. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, they were selected and randomly assigned into two groups, home-based exercises, and supervised group exercises. The subjects performed McGill trunk stability exercises for six weeks, three 45-minute sessions per week. Pain, disability, and endurance of spinal flexor and extensor muscles were measured using pain and Quebec questionnaires, a sit-up test, and a Biering-Sorenson test, before and after 6 weeks of training. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, paired-samples t-test, and one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tests were used at the significant level of (P≤0.05) using SPSS software, version 26. Results: The results of the present study showed that the post-test scores compared to the pre-test in both groups have improved significantly (P≥0.05), and no significant difference was observed between the two groups with the control of the covariate variable (P<0.05) in the intensity of pain and endurance of the spinal flexor muscles in the post-test scores. However, a significant difference was observed in the endurance of the spinal extensor muscles in the post-test scores of the two groups in favor of the home-based exercise group (P≥0.05). Additionally, in the post-test scores, a significant difference was observed in functional disability level between the two groups (P≥0.05) so that the degree of disability in the home-based exercise group was higher than in the supervised group. Conclusion: It seems that performing McGill exercises, either in supervised group or homebased settings, can reduce pain and disability, and improve the endurance of the spinal flexor and extensor muscles in middle-aged women with non-specific chronic LBP.
Research Interests:
Pronation distortion syndrome is one of the most common physical abnormalities causing abnormalities in the lumbar pelvic and lower limb structures. This research was conducted to determine the effect of eight weeks of selected corrective... more
Pronation distortion syndrome is one of the most common physical abnormalities causing abnormalities in the lumbar pelvic and lower limb structures. This research was conducted to determine the effect of eight weeks of selected corrective games on balance, proprioception, and changes in the arch of the foot in adolescent girls with pronation distortion syndrome. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study and clinical trial, 40 girls with pronation distortion syndrome with an age range of 7-12 years participated and were randomly divided into two equal control and experimental groups. The people of the experimental group played selected corrective games for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, 60 minutes each session); however, the control group did their normal and daily activities. The modified star or Y balance test was used to measure the dynamic balance index, a goniometer to measure proprioception and measure navicular bone loss index using the method described by Brody (Brody) in the pre-test and posttest. To analyze the data, the combined repeated measure statistical test was used (P<0.05). Results: The results of the present study showed a significant improvement in dynamic balance (P<0.001), proprioception (P<0.001), and a reduction in flat foot (P<0.001) after playing eight weeks of games. Correction in girls with pronation distortion syndrome. Conclusion: Considering the favorable impact of corrective games and the greater compatibility of these programs with the physical-psychological characteristics of children, it is suggested to use corrective games for this age period.
Research Interests:
Purpose: Mathematics is a complex subject that includes language, quantity, and space. Students with dyscalculia have difficulty in learning and memorizing numbers, they cannot remember the basic facts related to numbers, and they are... more
Purpose: Mathematics is a complex subject that includes language, quantity, and space. Students with dyscalculia have difficulty in learning and memorizing numbers, they cannot remember the basic facts related to numbers, and they are slow and inaccurate in calculating. This research aims to investigate yoga therapy as a supplement in the management of students with dyscalculia in Tabriz city, Iran. Methods: This study is a randomized clinical trial;. a total of 30 male students were initially allocated to either a yoga group (YG, n=15), who underwent a 8-week yoga exercise program, or to a control group (CG, n=15), who did not receive any intervention. The data collection tools are: Visual perception questionnaire, visual and auditory processing questionnaire, spatial visualization questionnaire) and learning disability questionnaire. We performed ANCOVA for data analysis using in level significance 5% by SPSS software, version 25. Results: The results of ANCOVA showed between-group differences for visual processing (F (1, 18) =19.01, P=0.01), visual perception, and spatial visualization (F (1, 18) =30.132, P=0.001), and spatial visualization (F (1, 18) =5202.86, P=0.001). Conclusion: It can be concluded that yoga therapy can reduce the amount of math learning disorder in students with dyscalculia.
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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of core stability exercises in the trunk area on lower limb alignment and lower and upper limb function in Kyokushin athletes. Methods: The statistical sample of the research... more
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of core stability exercises in the trunk area on lower limb alignment and lower and upper limb function in Kyokushin athletes. Methods: The statistical sample of the research included 30 female Kyokushin players aged 14-18 years, who were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The control group performed common Kyokushin exercises and the experimental group performed core stability exercises for 6 weeks. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and paired t-tests were used to compare between groups and within groups. Results: The results of the paired t-test showed a significant effect of training programs on changes in upper and lower limb function in both experimental and control groups (P≤0.05); however, a significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test in both control and experimental group. The test was not observed in the Q angle (P>0.05). The results of ANCOVA test showed that after controlling the effect of the pre-test, a significant difference was observed in lateral jump (P≤0.05) between the experimental and control groups. However, no difference was observed between the two groups in the changes of closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST), square jump, and Q angle (P>0.05). Conclusion: Considering the nature of Kyokushin and the research results, it is suggested that people working in Kyokushin do not feel the need for core stability exercises separately.
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Purpose: Pronated feet (PF) are associated with biomechanical changes during running. It seems that sand training can be a suitable intervention for rehabilitation in individuals with overpronated feet. This study aims to investigate the... more
Purpose: Pronated feet (PF) are associated with biomechanical changes during running. It seems that sand training can be a suitable intervention for rehabilitation in individuals with overpronated feet. This study aims to investigate the effect of long-term exercises on the sand on the frequency of lower limb muscles during running in runners with over-pronated feet. Methods: The current study was a quasi-experimental type. A total of 29 controls with a mean age of 22.2±2.5 years (control group [CG]) and 30 pronated feet (PF) individuals with a mean age of 22.2±1.9 years (intervention group [IG]) participated in this study. In both pre and posttest phases, participants run barefoot on an 18-m runway at a constant velocity of 3.3±5% m/s while EMG activity was recorded using an EMG system. The sand training includes barefoot running for 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. The frequency of lower limb muscle activities was used as a dependent variable. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The results demonstrated a significant group×time interaction for gluteus medius (gluteus-M) frequency content at the mid-stance phase (P<0.001; η 2 =0.670). The results demonstrated an increase of frequency content for gluteus-M in CG (but not in IG) at posttest compared to the pre-test. The results demonstrated a significant group×time interaction for medial gastrocnemius (Gas-M) frequency content at push-off phase (P=0.049; η 2 =0.298). Posthoc analysis demonstrated an increase of Gas-M frequency content in IG (but not in the CG) at the post-test compared to the pre-test. Conclusion: As mentioned in a previous study, the reduction of gluteus-M frequency content in IG may be associated with reduced foot pronation after sand training. A higher Gas-M frequency content in the IG after training may lead to improved force generation during the push-off phase.
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Purpose: Postural abnormalities, such as forward head posture (FHP), posterior kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis, can lead to discomfort and health problems. This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of these... more
Purpose: Postural abnormalities, such as forward head posture (FHP), posterior kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis, can lead to discomfort and health problems. This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of these abnormalities and their association with age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity among male students of Tehran universities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 students of Tehran University of Medical Science to evaluate the relationship between postural abnormalities and associated factors. Participants' demographic data and physical activity levels were collected using questionnaires, and spinal curvature was assessed using a spinal mouse device and photogrammetry. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software, version 22, and a Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between variables. Results: The study revealed a high prevalence of postural abnormalities, with FHP being the most prevalent (84.5%), followed by lumbar lordosis (79.8%), and posterior kyphosis (34.7%). Factors, such as age, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and physical activity were significantly associated with the occurrence of postural abnormalities. Conclusion: A study on male university students showed that FHP, posterior kyphosis, and lordosis are common postural abnormalities with varying degrees of occurrence. FHP was the most prevalent type of abnormality. Age and BMI were correlated with the prevalence of postural abnormalities, and kyphosis was more common among younger students. BMI was also significantly related to the prevalence of postural abnormalities, and physical activity was associated with the prevalence of FHP.
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Background and Objectives: Measuring children's receptive vocabulary skills requires the use of valid and reliable tools. This study aims to assess the reliability of the receptive picture vocabulary test for Persian-speaking children... more
Background and Objectives: Measuring children's receptive vocabulary skills requires the use of valid and reliable tools. This study aims to assess the reliability of the receptive picture vocabulary test for Persian-speaking children (RPVT-P). Methods: In the first phase of this cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study, 434 normal children aged 30 to 71 months participated. In the second phase of the study, 2 groups participated, 16 children with Down syndrome (DS) a mentally age-matched typically developing (TD) peers. The internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficient), construct validity, and discriminant validity of the RPVT-P was evaluated. Results: Cronbach's α was calculated as 0.825, indicating good internal consistency for the total score of the RPVT-P. The Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.83 showed a positive correlation between age and the total score of the RPVT-P (P=0.0000). The correlation between most of the subtest scores and the total score of the RPVT-P was found from 0.70 to 0.87, showing acceptable construct validity. A significant difference was observed between the DS and TD groups for the total scores of the RPVT-P (P=0.0000), indicating good discriminant validity of the RPVT-P. Conclusion: The RPVT-P is a test with acceptable validity and reliability to determine the ability of preschool Persian-speaking children in receptive vocabulary.
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Background and Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and causes defects in social functions, behaviors, and limited and repetitive interests.One of the symptoms of... more
Background and Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and causes defects in social functions, behaviors, and limited and repetitive interests.One of the symptoms of ASD is a disturbance in sensory function, which can disturb the social participation of affected people. Therefore, the present study was done to determine the relationship between the sensory processing pattern and social participation in children with autism aged 6 to 12 years. Methods: This applied research was carried out in 2022 using a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical method. The research population included 6-12-year-old children with ASD in Tehran. A total of 54 children participated in this study, of whom 49 cases were included in the study after meeting the inclusion criteria. Data collection tools included the Gilliam autism rating scale-3, the children participation assessment scale-parent version (CPAS-P), and sensory profile-2. Finally, the data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS software, version 26. Results: The overall score of autism in the studied children was 76.22±33.82. Among the variables of sensory processing, the highest mean score was related to low registration (51.17±18.55) and the lowest was related to sensation seeking (40.16±93.92). No significant relationship was observed between most variables of sensory processing patterns and social participation in CPAS-P. However, there was an inverse and significant statistical relationship between social participation and sensoryseeking pattern. Conclusion: The results showed that sensory seeking is related to social participation in children with autism. There is an inverse and significant statistical relationship between social participation and sensory search pattern and no relation with the others. Therefore, more severe sensory problems in these children are associated with more prominent social problems.
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Purpose: Improving brain functions through physical exercises has been the focus of research in recent years. Accordingly, it is important to examine the kind of physical exercises and brain functions that are affected. This study aims to... more
Purpose: Improving brain functions through physical exercises has been the focus of research in recent years. Accordingly, it is important to examine the kind of physical exercises and brain functions that are affected. This study aims to examine the effect of integrated physical cognitive exercises at home on the executive functions of adults.
Methods: This was a field trial study, in which 28 people were examined in 2 groups. People in the experimental group participated in combined cognitive and physical exercises for 16 sessions, while the control group did their daily routines. Inhibition components were evaluated by the go/no-go test and working memory through the N-back test at the beginning and end of the training period. The data were analyzed via factorial analysis of variance through the SPSS software, version 19.
Results: The findings indicated that the experimental condition, compared to the control condition, caused a significant improvement in the correct inhibition (P=0.002) and total correct response (P=0.047) components in the go/no-go test, along with the commission errors in the N-back test (P=0.003).
Conclusion: The results showed that the combined physical and cognitive exercise had a positive effect on the core executive functions (attentional inhibition and working memory) and could prevent the performance decrement caused by quarantine and the reduction of daily activities that people were facing.
Methods: This was a field trial study, in which 28 people were examined in 2 groups. People in the experimental group participated in combined cognitive and physical exercises for 16 sessions, while the control group did their daily routines. Inhibition components were evaluated by the go/no-go test and working memory through the N-back test at the beginning and end of the training period. The data were analyzed via factorial analysis of variance through the SPSS software, version 19.
Results: The findings indicated that the experimental condition, compared to the control condition, caused a significant improvement in the correct inhibition (P=0.002) and total correct response (P=0.047) components in the go/no-go test, along with the commission errors in the N-back test (P=0.003).
Conclusion: The results showed that the combined physical and cognitive exercise had a positive effect on the core executive functions (attentional inhibition and working memory) and could prevent the performance decrement caused by quarantine and the reduction of daily activities that people were facing.
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Purpose: This study aims to assess the effects of an 8-week core stability training on the kinematics and kinetics of trunk flexion and extension motions in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP). Methods: A total of... more
Purpose: This study aims to assess the effects of an 8-week core stability training on the kinematics and kinetics of trunk flexion and extension motions in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP).
Methods: A total of 30 CNSLBP patients with the age range of 25 to 45 years were randomly divided into 2 equally sized groups. The subjects were identified through clinical examination. Before and after the training, tests were applied to assess peak 3-dimensional hip joint moments, peak negative and positive hip joint powers, and lumbopelvic coupling angles during trunk flexion and extension motions. The first group underwent an 8-week core stability training program, including the specific exercise of the deep muscles of abdominal along with the lumbar multifidus co-activation. After the 8-week program, the post-test stage was performed similarly to the pre-test.
Results: The main effects of “time” (P=0.029, f=0.84) and “time-by-group” interactions (P=0.03, f=0.16) for hip abductor moments and internal rotator moment (P=0.03, f=0.87) were significant. A trend toward the statistically significant main effect of “time” was found for the coupling angle during the flexion phase (P<0.05, f=1.88), extension phase (P=0.02, f=0.93), and “time×group” interaction during the flexion (P<0.05, f=1.96), extension (P=0.01, f=0.96) phases.
Conclusion: Core stability training has the potential to improve kinematics and kinetics during trunk flexion and extension motions in patients with CNSLBP.
Methods: A total of 30 CNSLBP patients with the age range of 25 to 45 years were randomly divided into 2 equally sized groups. The subjects were identified through clinical examination. Before and after the training, tests were applied to assess peak 3-dimensional hip joint moments, peak negative and positive hip joint powers, and lumbopelvic coupling angles during trunk flexion and extension motions. The first group underwent an 8-week core stability training program, including the specific exercise of the deep muscles of abdominal along with the lumbar multifidus co-activation. After the 8-week program, the post-test stage was performed similarly to the pre-test.
Results: The main effects of “time” (P=0.029, f=0.84) and “time-by-group” interactions (P=0.03, f=0.16) for hip abductor moments and internal rotator moment (P=0.03, f=0.87) were significant. A trend toward the statistically significant main effect of “time” was found for the coupling angle during the flexion phase (P<0.05, f=1.88), extension phase (P=0.02, f=0.93), and “time×group” interaction during the flexion (P<0.05, f=1.96), extension (P=0.01, f=0.96) phases.
Conclusion: Core stability training has the potential to improve kinematics and kinetics during trunk flexion and extension motions in patients with CNSLBP.
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Purpose: In the profession of car repairmen, incorrect working and sitting positions for a long period are common, which increases the possibility of musculoskeletal disorders and postural abnormalities. Accordingly, this study aims to... more
Purpose: In the profession of car repairmen, incorrect working and sitting positions for a long period are common, which increases the possibility of musculoskeletal disorders and postural abnormalities. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and postural abnormalities with work experience and body mass index (BMI) in car repairmen.
Methods: A total of 60 car repairmen with more than 1 year of experience from Tehran Province and Alborz Province, Iran were selected and evaluated. The New York test with photography was used to determine postural abnormalities and the Nordic questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the prevalence and the Spearman test was employed to investigate the relationship between abnormalities and musculoskeletal disorders with work experience and BMI (P≤0.005).
Results: The results showed that forward head posture abnormalities (75%), torticollis (73.3%), and uneven pelvis (66.7%), had respectively the highest prevalence. The lowest prevalence was related to abnormalities of scoliosis and slight chest depression (3.3%). In addition, musculoskeletal disorders in the lumbar area (56.7%) as well as upper back and knee (36.7%) are the most common disorders, and the lowest disorders are related to the ankles (11.7%) in car repairers. A significant relationship was found between work experience and uneven pelvis and forward shoulder abnormalities (P=0.004). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between BMI and the abdomen protruding (P=0.001). A significant relationship was found between work experience and knee pain (P=0.041); however, no significant relationship was found between BMI and any of the musculoskeletal disorders.
Conclusion: According to the results, there is a relationship between BMI and work experience with common musculoskeletal disorders and postural abnormalities in car repairmen. However, no relationship was detected between BMI and musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, it is important to improve the level of awareness in this population group regarding proper posture during and before starting their work.
Methods: A total of 60 car repairmen with more than 1 year of experience from Tehran Province and Alborz Province, Iran were selected and evaluated. The New York test with photography was used to determine postural abnormalities and the Nordic questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the prevalence and the Spearman test was employed to investigate the relationship between abnormalities and musculoskeletal disorders with work experience and BMI (P≤0.005).
Results: The results showed that forward head posture abnormalities (75%), torticollis (73.3%), and uneven pelvis (66.7%), had respectively the highest prevalence. The lowest prevalence was related to abnormalities of scoliosis and slight chest depression (3.3%). In addition, musculoskeletal disorders in the lumbar area (56.7%) as well as upper back and knee (36.7%) are the most common disorders, and the lowest disorders are related to the ankles (11.7%) in car repairers. A significant relationship was found between work experience and uneven pelvis and forward shoulder abnormalities (P=0.004). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between BMI and the abdomen protruding (P=0.001). A significant relationship was found between work experience and knee pain (P=0.041); however, no significant relationship was found between BMI and any of the musculoskeletal disorders.
Conclusion: According to the results, there is a relationship between BMI and work experience with common musculoskeletal disorders and postural abnormalities in car repairmen. However, no relationship was detected between BMI and musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, it is important to improve the level of awareness in this population group regarding proper posture during and before starting their work.
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Purpose: This study aims to examine the effect of 6 weeks of combined exercises (CE), short foot exercise (SFE), and SFE with isometric hip abduction (IHA) on dynamic balance (DB), joint position sense (JPS), and strength in women with... more
Purpose: This study aims to examine the effect of 6 weeks of combined exercises (CE), short foot exercise (SFE), and SFE with isometric hip abduction (IHA) on dynamic balance (DB), joint position sense (JPS), and strength in women with flexible flatfoot (FF).
Methods: A total of 40 women with flexible flatfoot (FF) participated in this semi-experimental study and were randomly assigned to three groups as follows: CE (n=14), SFE (n=13), and IHA (n=13). Six weeks of exercise were split into 3 sessions under supervision and 3 sessions at home were completed by the participants. The Y balance test, goniometer, and dynamometer were used to assess DB, JPS, and strength before and after the exercises, respectively. The mixed-model repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance statistical test was used to analyze the data with a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results revealed that after performing the exercises, there was a significant difference in the DB in the SFE group in two posteromedial and posterolateral directions; meanwhile, in the IHA group this difference was in three directions, while in the CE group, it was in the posterolateral direction (P<0.05). After the exercises, no significant difference was observed in either group’s JPS or plantar flexors and dorsal flexors strength (P>0.05). Between the groups, there was no difference in any of the other variables (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Considering that the DB changes in the IHA group were more than in the other two groups, these exercises are suggested to improve the DB in women with FF.
Methods: A total of 40 women with flexible flatfoot (FF) participated in this semi-experimental study and were randomly assigned to three groups as follows: CE (n=14), SFE (n=13), and IHA (n=13). Six weeks of exercise were split into 3 sessions under supervision and 3 sessions at home were completed by the participants. The Y balance test, goniometer, and dynamometer were used to assess DB, JPS, and strength before and after the exercises, respectively. The mixed-model repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance statistical test was used to analyze the data with a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results revealed that after performing the exercises, there was a significant difference in the DB in the SFE group in two posteromedial and posterolateral directions; meanwhile, in the IHA group this difference was in three directions, while in the CE group, it was in the posterolateral direction (P<0.05). After the exercises, no significant difference was observed in either group’s JPS or plantar flexors and dorsal flexors strength (P>0.05). Between the groups, there was no difference in any of the other variables (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Considering that the DB changes in the IHA group were more than in the other two groups, these exercises are suggested to improve the DB in women with FF.
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Purpose: Correct proprioceptive information and muscle balance of the ankle joint muscles are essential in preventing sports injuries. This study aims to investigate the effect of closed kinetic chain exercises on proprioception and... more
Purpose: Correct proprioceptive information and muscle balance of the ankle joint muscles are essential in preventing sports injuries. This study aims to investigate the effect of closed kinetic chain exercises on proprioception and inversion/eversion strength imbalance of the ankle joint in track and field athletes with medial tibial stress syndrome.
Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial study. In the present study, 22 male track and field athletes with a history of medial tibial stress syndrome and 11 male track and field athletes without medial tibial stress syndrome were purposefully selected and divided into 3 groups of 11 people as follows: 1) Closed kinetic chain exercises group, 2) The control group, and 3) The healthy group. The evaluation of absolute error of ankle joint position sense was done using the isokinetic dynamometer device actively on the leg with medial tibial stress syndrome. Isokinetic muscle strength testing was performed at 30°/s and 120°/s to assess the invertor and evertor muscle strength of the ankle. After evaluating the variables in the pre-test, the experimental group received the closed kinetic chain exercises three days each week for 8 weeks. During this period, the control group and the healthy group did not perform any exercises. Finally, after executing the selected protocol, the mentioned variables were measured again in the post-test. The analysis of covariance test was used to check the variables. In addition, the number of changes between groups was checked by the Bonferroni statistical test.
Results: The results of the one-way analysis of variance statistical test showed no significant difference between the mean of the groups in the pre-test (P≤0.05). The results of the analysis of covariance test showed a significant difference between closed the kinetic chain exercises, control, and healthy groups (P≤0.05). The results of the post hoc test regarding the investigation of the intergroup difference. A significant difference was observed between closed kinetic chain exercises and healthy groups with the control group at post-intervention proprioception and inversion/eversion strength imbalance of the ankle joint. In addition, the results showed no significant differences between the closed kinetic chain exercises group and the healthy group (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that under the influence of a specialized training course of the closed kinetic chain exercises for athletes, because of the significant changes in establishing the muscle balance of the evertor and invertor muscles of the ankle joint and the sense of proprioception in this area, the sports performance of the athletes improves.
Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial study. In the present study, 22 male track and field athletes with a history of medial tibial stress syndrome and 11 male track and field athletes without medial tibial stress syndrome were purposefully selected and divided into 3 groups of 11 people as follows: 1) Closed kinetic chain exercises group, 2) The control group, and 3) The healthy group. The evaluation of absolute error of ankle joint position sense was done using the isokinetic dynamometer device actively on the leg with medial tibial stress syndrome. Isokinetic muscle strength testing was performed at 30°/s and 120°/s to assess the invertor and evertor muscle strength of the ankle. After evaluating the variables in the pre-test, the experimental group received the closed kinetic chain exercises three days each week for 8 weeks. During this period, the control group and the healthy group did not perform any exercises. Finally, after executing the selected protocol, the mentioned variables were measured again in the post-test. The analysis of covariance test was used to check the variables. In addition, the number of changes between groups was checked by the Bonferroni statistical test.
Results: The results of the one-way analysis of variance statistical test showed no significant difference between the mean of the groups in the pre-test (P≤0.05). The results of the analysis of covariance test showed a significant difference between closed the kinetic chain exercises, control, and healthy groups (P≤0.05). The results of the post hoc test regarding the investigation of the intergroup difference. A significant difference was observed between closed kinetic chain exercises and healthy groups with the control group at post-intervention proprioception and inversion/eversion strength imbalance of the ankle joint. In addition, the results showed no significant differences between the closed kinetic chain exercises group and the healthy group (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that under the influence of a specialized training course of the closed kinetic chain exercises for athletes, because of the significant changes in establishing the muscle balance of the evertor and invertor muscles of the ankle joint and the sense of proprioception in this area, the sports performance of the athletes improves.
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Purpose: Low back pain is humans’ most common musculoskeletal complication. The prevalence of this disorder is reported at 80% during the lifetime. This study aims to investigate the relationship between functional tests and low back pain... more
Purpose: Low back pain is humans’ most common musculoskeletal complication. The prevalence of this disorder is reported at 80% during the lifetime. This study aims to investigate the relationship between functional tests and low back pain in active women and men.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional correlational research. A total of 80 active men and women with non-specific chronic low back pain in the age range of 20 to 35 years were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The level of pain was measured using the visual analogue scale test and after a 10-min warm-up, the performance was measured using the functional movement screen, +9, and Y balance functional tests. We used the SPSS software, version 21 to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.95.
Results: The results of the Spearman correlation coefficient test showed a significantly negative relationship between low back pain and functional tests of functional movement screen and +9 (r=-0.66, P=0.001; r=-0.71, P=0.001, respectively). In addition, a significantly negative correlation was observed between the Y balance test and the amount of low back pain in active women and men (r=0.71, P=0.001).
Conclusion: By increasing the participants’ performance, their low back pain is likely to decrease, and specialists, coaches, and occupational therapists can probably reduce the low back pain in individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain by improving motor function.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional correlational research. A total of 80 active men and women with non-specific chronic low back pain in the age range of 20 to 35 years were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The level of pain was measured using the visual analogue scale test and after a 10-min warm-up, the performance was measured using the functional movement screen, +9, and Y balance functional tests. We used the SPSS software, version 21 to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.95.
Results: The results of the Spearman correlation coefficient test showed a significantly negative relationship between low back pain and functional tests of functional movement screen and +9 (r=-0.66, P=0.001; r=-0.71, P=0.001, respectively). In addition, a significantly negative correlation was observed between the Y balance test and the amount of low back pain in active women and men (r=0.71, P=0.001).
Conclusion: By increasing the participants’ performance, their low back pain is likely to decrease, and specialists, coaches, and occupational therapists can probably reduce the low back pain in individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain by improving motor function.
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Purpose: Increased patellofemoral joint reaction force is the main cause of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Foot pronation causes faulty joint coupling of the lower limb and increases the patellofemoral joint reaction force; accordingly,... more
Purpose: Increased patellofemoral joint reaction force is the main cause of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Foot pronation causes faulty joint coupling of the lower limb and increases the patellofemoral joint reaction force; accordingly, this study aims to systematically review the effect of the distal interventions on the clinical symptoms and kinematics of patients with patellofemoral pain.
Methods: The search strategy was applied to Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The search was limited to the English language. The studies were from 2000 to 2022. In 4 stages, the selected articles were screened for systematic review. The quality of the study was evaluated by the Downs and Black scale. Meanwhile, the articles were classified into 3 categories as follows: High, medium, and low quality.
Results: A total of 12 articles were screened for this systematic review. The quality of the study was medium. Meanwhile, 5 articles had medium quality and 7 articles had high quality. The results of the systematic review showed that distal interventions are effective in improving clinical symptoms and correcting the faulty kinematics of the lower limb.
Conclusion: Distal interventions by correcting the faulty joint coupling reduce the patellofemoral joint reaction force and pain. As a result, distal interventions in combination with proximal exercise have a better effect on clinical symptoms.
Methods: The search strategy was applied to Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The search was limited to the English language. The studies were from 2000 to 2022. In 4 stages, the selected articles were screened for systematic review. The quality of the study was evaluated by the Downs and Black scale. Meanwhile, the articles were classified into 3 categories as follows: High, medium, and low quality.
Results: A total of 12 articles were screened for this systematic review. The quality of the study was medium. Meanwhile, 5 articles had medium quality and 7 articles had high quality. The results of the systematic review showed that distal interventions are effective in improving clinical symptoms and correcting the faulty kinematics of the lower limb.
Conclusion: Distal interventions by correcting the faulty joint coupling reduce the patellofemoral joint reaction force and pain. As a result, distal interventions in combination with proximal exercise have a better effect on clinical symptoms.
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This study aims to investigate and compare the efficacy of two training programs of weight-bearing on a mini-trampoline, and ankle exercise therapy on foot-ankle functionality in people with peripheral neuropathy. Methods: The present... more
This study aims to investigate and compare the efficacy of two training programs of weight-bearing on a mini-trampoline, and ankle exercise therapy on foot-ankle functionality in people with peripheral neuropathy. Methods: The present research is a clinical trial study that has been conducted using two intervention groups and one control group. The statistical population of this study includes 48 women living in Tehran City, Iran with type 2 diabetes and moderate or severe neuropathy. The Michigan neuropathy screening instrument (MNSI) and foot health status questionnaire (FHSQ-BR) were used to collect data. The first experimental group performed mini-trampoline exercises, while the second group performed ankle therapeutic exercises at home for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) and correlated t-test. Results: The findings showed that mini-trampoline exercise and ankle exercise therapy had a significant effect on relieving foot pain (P<0.05), as well as improving foot functionality (P<0.05) and overall foot health (P<0.05) in both intervention groups compared to the control group. Also, the results showed that ankle exercise therapy was more effective than mini-trampoline exercise in two variables of foot pain and foot functionality (P<0.05). Both training programs showed significant effects on the ankle range of motion (P<0.05), while, no significant difference was observed between the two intervention groups for the range of motion of the ankle (P<0.05). Moreover, mini-trampoline exercise and ankle exercise therapy revealed a significant effect on the range of motion of the metatarsophalangeal joints compared to the control group (P<0.05). In the range of motion of dorsiflexion of the right foot, mini-trampoline exercises were more effective than therapeutic exercises, while regarding the variable of dorsiflexion of the left foot, the effectiveness of ankle training intervention was more than trampoline (P<0.05). Both trampoline exercise and ankle therapeutic exercise interventions had a significant effect on ankle strength, but no difference was observed in plantar flexion strength of the right foot between the two
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Purpose: The current research aims to examine the effect of taping on the feedforward activity of the lower limb muscles in elite volleyball players with and without chronic ankle instability while performing single-leg jump-landing.... more
Purpose: The current research aims to examine the effect of taping on the feedforward activity of the lower limb muscles in elite volleyball players with and without chronic ankle instability while performing single-leg jump-landing. Methods: The electromyographic activities of the lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, rectus femoris, gluteus medius, and vastus lateralis of the non-dominant leg were registered before and after taping in 26 volleyball players while performing the spike skill with single-leg landing. These volleyball players entered the research by purposive sampling. The root mean square (RMS) was employed to compute muscle activity before and after taping. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test at P≤0.05 was utilized to analyze the data. Results: The results of the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test demonstrated that the groups did not have a significant factor in any of the variables in the feedforward phase, except for the maximum root mean square (RMS) of the peroneus longus muscle (P=0.01). Conclusion: The results showed that taping cannot improve the feedforward activity of the selected muscles during single-leg landing in people with chronic ankle instability. Therefore, it is recommended to use other methods and exercises to improve the muscle feedforward activity in these individuals during the rehabilitation phases.
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The present study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of Pilates exercises on the function of the upper and lower extremities in middle-aged women with lower crossed syndrome (LCS). Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental... more
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of Pilates exercises on the function of the upper and lower extremities in middle-aged women with lower crossed syndrome (LCS). Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design. The participants included 30 females with LCS from Tiam Sport Club. They were selected using a purposive sampling method and randomly divided into Pilates exercises and control groups. The function of the upper extremity was assessed using Y and Davies tests, and the lower extremity function was assessed using side hop and square hop tests. The Pilates training program was implemented for 6 weeks, 3 days a week and each session lasted 30 minutes. Paired t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to analyze data at a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: The results showed that the Pilates exercise group performed better than the control group in the function tests of the upper and lower extremities (P≤0.05). No significant difference was observed between pre-test and post-test scores in the control group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that Pilates exercises can improve the function of the upper and lower extremities by enhancing the strength and efficiency of core stabilizer muscles. Therefore, it seems rational to suggest physiotherapists and coaches use these exercises in individuals with LCS.