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2023, The Fair Observer
This article explores the importance of pluralism in the context of Iranian democracy. It challenges the prevailing myth that Iran is solely represented by Persians and emphasizes the diverse and multinational composition of the country. The author argues that acknowledging and recognizing the inclusivity of linguistic, economic, and political spheres is crucial for democratization. The rejection of demands for inclusivity as separatism undermines democratic principles and perpetuates forced assimilation policies. The article highlights the historical and ongoing struggles of non-Persian ethnic groups, such as Kurds, Baloch, Ahwazi, and Azeris, in asserting their distinct identities and calls for their autonomy and rights. It also examines two theories, centripetalism and consociationalism, as potential approaches to managing ethnic divides and designing an inclusive democratic system in Iran. The author emphasizes the need for embracing pluralism as a prerequisite for a functioning democracy, and argues for a vision that recognizes and respects the diversity of Iran's ethnonational groups. The article concludes that unity among these groups and the establishment of a clearly defined governance system, drawing on both centripetalist and consociationalist principles, are essential for realizing a pluralistic and tolerant democratic Iran.
2018 •
Studies of Transition States and Societies
Contested Notions of National Identity, Ethnic Movements And Democratization in Iran2016 •
Since the Constitutional Revolution of 1906, successive regimes in Iran promoted competing conceptions of Iranian national identity. However, the policy of promoting nationalism as a state-sponsored ideology that excludes Iran’s ethnic and religious diversity remained unchanged. Competing discourses around nation building and identity strikingly intersect with the struggle for democratization in Iran. Since the Islamic Revolution, the pro-democracy movement in the country takes place on two fronts: the confrontation between the conservatives and the reformists, and the challenge posed by the ethnic movements towards the official denial of the ethnic and religious diversity of Iran. This article argues that be they reformist or conservative, successive governments in Iran have refused to recognize the multi-ethnic structure of Iranian society and the legitimate rights of the ethnic groups. Therefore, a regime change would be unlikely to alter the social and political status of ethnic...
Palgrave Macmillan
Ethnic Identity and the State in Iran2013 •
Tehran's complicated relationship with its ethnic sub-groups has been a pressing security concern since the formation of modern Iran in 1925. This concern is intimately linked with issues related to citizenship, democracy, and democratic political processes, which remain fundamental to Iran's political structure and the Iranian political sphere. This book argues that, while the Islamic Republic has employed various strategies to mitigate the worst excesses of inter-ethnic tension while still securing a Shi'a-Persian dominated state, the systematic neglect of ethnic groups by both the Islamic Republic and its predecessor regime has resulted in the politicization of ethnic identity in Iran.
International Journal of Kurdish Studies
Ethnicity and Identities in Iran: Progress and Equality2022 •
Abstract With worldwide progress, development and diversification come tensions between individual, local, national, and global identities, and the fight for equality and justice and opposition to discrimination. Iran is no different, but little has been written about the historical, current, and future identities of Iran’s ethnic groups. This study looks at the Azeris, Kurds, Arabs, and Baloch alongside the Persian ethnic identity, which is predominant in modern Iran and which many claim is upheld politically and socially as the ideal for a future, collective Iranian ethnic identity, promoting discrimination against different ethnic identities. This theory is grounded by conducting and analysing in- depth questionnaires across 13 Iranian provinces in relation to religious, local, and national identities; inter-ethnic cultural borders; hindrances to progressive movements; the purging of certain ethnic cultures; and possible steps to resolve crises. Some data has been extracted from the author’s recently published book, From Border to Border: Comprehensive research study on identity and ethnicity in Iran. This data presents practical steps to achieving stable, equitable and sustainable cultural, social, economic, legal, and political conditions in Iran, based on the results of questionnaires. Taken into consideration is the realization of economic, socio-cultural, and political justice and indiscriminate social welfare, promoting interethnic solidarity and justice in the media, separating the legal and political systems from religious and ethno-centric thought in acknowledgement of the diversity of religious identities in Iran, and implementing the pending articles of the Constitution. Keywords: Iran, ethnic claims, Iranian national identity, Persian, Azeri, Kurd, Arab, Baloch, development, justice, minority
For Iranian Armenians, the main incentive for emigration is the feeling of exclusion and alienation from the wider society. This has largely come about by the Islamic Republic's promotion of a Shi'a-based Iranian identity which does not count minorities as full citizens. This in turn has led to the development of a sense of foreignness in Iranian society among Armenian youth. The lack of belonging makes their ties to Iran much less solid, and therefore makes migration a much less painful process. Furthermore, their parents, who were raised in the more pluralistic Iran of the last Shah, find it easier to identify as Iranians than their children. By analysing the narratives of several Armenians on the verge of migration, collected during fieldwork in 2010, this article presents the views both of the younger generation and that of their parents by using their own voices. This migration is removing diversity from a historically multi-cultural region and therefore, it is imperative that we better understand why it is happening. By outlining the connection between identity and migration in the contemporary Middle East, I will explain why this decline continues even in the absence of security concerns.
The present review essay is of a novel format: two authors working in the same field introduce each other's works, and then pose a number of questions to each other. The aim is to facilitate dialogue between scholars occupied with similar issues, theories, methods or problems, and to share their discussions with others. Here, Alam Saleh, Lecturer in Middle Eastern Politics, University of Exeter, and Rasmus Christian Elling, Assistant Professor of Iranian Studies, University of Copenhagen, introduce each other's recent books on ethnic minorities, identity and nationalism in post-revolution Iran. These introductions are then followed by questions and answers in relation to the topics covered by the books.
Society for Contemporary Thought and the Islamicate World
Review of "Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini" by Rasmus Christian Elling2015 •
Political participation is considered the most effective instrument for preserving citizens' freedom and rights in modern governments. Moreover, Political participation, as one of the aspects of social participation plays undoubtedly a prominent role in decreasing discrimination against minorities in the contemporary democratic societies. The reformist administration which governed Iran for eight years (1997-2004) and was established on (ex) president Khatami’s ideas and was headed by him, managed some steps toward promoting democracy in Iran. Beside its nation-wide efforts, the administration had its specific ethnic diversity management which encouraged the ethnic groups’ social as well as political participation. Through analysing the data collected by several in-depth interviews with the Iranian elites, this research minds to explore Khatami’s administration policies in the field of promoting ethnic groups participation. Collected data emphasizes on relative success of the administration achieving its aims.
One of the problems of an international community like Iran is the ethnic group and the challenges that in many cases have jeopardized many countries and led to the collapse of political systems. The aim of the present study is to find the reasons and causes for these challenges and ethnic crises in Iran with the emphasis on ethnic studies in Ardabil as a case study. This study attempts to provide the appropriate guidelines for the management of ethnic diversity and appropriate policy to respect the characteristics, values, and cultures of the ethnic groups and thus creating solidarity and enhancing national integrity. This paper focuses on the current crises, especially the crises that occurred due to the insults of a state newspaper against Turkish citizens of Azerbaijan in 2005. So, the main question of this study addresses the causes of this challenge in Ardabil province and whether these factors were constant or have changed as the time is passed. The findings of this study show that the ethnic, social, and other kinds of insults against ethnic groups had a significant role in creating ethnic challenges in the destruction of national solidarity for 99 %, the ethnic discrimination and injustice against ethnic groups for 97%, the role of multiculturalism and respect for ethnic groups’ cultures in national solidarity for 89%, and finally discrimination in government economic investment in Ardabil comparing with central provinces of the country for 85%. The results obtained in this study indicate that the role of internal factors comparing with the external counterparts on ethnic crisis in Ardabil province is very notable
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
On the Concepts of Time, Space, Vacuum and Domain of Investigation among Contemporary Physics, Philosophy, and Theological Reflection 1University of Chicago Law Review
The Chilling Effect of Governance-by-data on Innovation2019 •
2023 •
2015 •
Nature Communications
Deletion of Aurora kinase A prevents the development of polycystic kidney disease in mice2024 •
Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer
Teknologi Opinion Mining untuk Mendukung Strategic Planning2020 •
IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
Pushing the envelope - aside [speech recognition2005 •
Produsen Box Fiberglass untuk Cake, Produsen Box Fiberglass untuk Laundry, Produsen Box Fiberglass untuk Expedisi, Produsen Box Fiberglass untuk Distribusi, Produsen Box Fiberglass untuk Bakery, Produsen Box Fiberglass untuk Pembasmi Hama
TELP/WA : 0822.3006.6162, Distributor Box Fiberglass untuk Hotel, Distributor Box Fiberglass untuk Alat Kesehatan, Distributor Box Fiberglass untuk Fast Food2009 •
Tourism hospitality management
Komparativna analiza elemenata turističke ponude2007 •
IEICE Electronics Express
Configurable transmitter with de-emphasis scheme supporting wide range data rates2013 •