Sense of art of each language and culture bears traces of its past. Revealing itself in any period, sense of poetry is not the production of only a specific period. Modern Turkish poetry is of high quality poetry growing on the fertile lands of the past. Its high quality lands have the materials of pre-Islamic period and classical literature period. The power of our past makes our new poetry alive. Tradition reflects on our poetry as the richness in perception. Republican period poetry is now within the modern line of the line drawn from the past to the present. The perception of competing with the past improves today’s poetry and makes it modern. Although Modern Turkish poetry has been influenced by Western poets and Western sense of poetry, its real value and quality is the result of its own poetic tradition. It can be stated that the modernization of Turkish poetry did not occur as sharp as it did in the West but still the transformation occurred as a chain ring involving various periods. When Turkish poetry is in tendency to the modernization with Tanzimat Reform Era, it carries a different aspect that makes it different from the past sense of poetry. The fact that our poetry has become related to the society and world and the problems about these two notions is the indicator that a different turn has been taken. As its contemporary Western poetry, Turkish poetry also takes an epic turn that is away from individualism, and concerned with the problems of the society. Localness and individualism give their places to urbanity and collectivism. Urbanized poets are obliged to the responsibilities that the society gives them in relation to the society. These responsibilities force them to adopt a particular ‘attitude’. Modernization of our poetry includes various periods starting from Tanzimat literature, and the cornerstone poets of these periods. These poets have important roles in poetry’s tendency to the society and, as a natural result, to politicization. Tanzimat literature, Servet-i Fünun (Wealth of Sciences), and the line of Ahmet Haşim, Yahya Kemal, Necip Fazıl, Nazım Hikmet, and Orhan Veli have significantly contributed to the modernization of Turkish poetry; and finally, modern poetry has reached its peak with İkinci Yeni (Second New Poetry). Today’s poetry continues its existence through this main vein. In order to understand our epic poetry, it is necessary to address the poets who have come to the front since Tanzimat literature with their epic styles or the poets who have somehow developed today’s modern poetry from the aspect of being epic and modern. This study will address Turkish poetry and poets on the way of epic. Keywords: Turkish poetry, modernism, political criticism, epic poetry.

DOĞU TÜRKÇESİNİN, AFGANİSTAN ÇAĞDAŞ ÖZBEK EDEBİYATINDAKİ ETKİLERİ THE INFLUENCES OF EASTERN TURKISH ON AFGHANISTAN MODERN UZBEK LITERATURE ÖZET Afganistan, tarih boyunca birçok millete ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Türklerle ve Türk Kültürü ile çok erken çağlarda tanışan bu coğrafya, halen birçok Türk boyunu bu topraklarda barındırmaktadır. Bu toplulukların en büyüğü ise Afganistan nüfusunun %9’unu oluşturan Özbekler’dir. Çağatay edebiyatının beşiği olan bu bölge, günümüzde de canlı bir Afganistan Özbek edebiyatına ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Afganistan Özbek edebiyatı, Doğu Türkçesinin devamıdır. Ali Şir Nevai, Hüseyin Baykara, Babür gibi hem devlet adamı hem de Doğu Türkçesinin en büyük üstadları bu topraklar üzerinde yaşamışlar ve eşsiz eserler vermiştir. Bir çoğunun mezarı Afganistan’da olup, eserlerinin etkisi olduğu gibi devam etmektedir. Afganistan, etkisini görecek kadar uzun bir zaman Rus ve Sovyet idaresi altına girmemiştir. Bu durum Afganistan Özbekleri’nin dili ve edebiyatı üzerinde Rusça’nın etkili olmasını engellemiştir. Afganistan Özbekleri Arap harfleri ile yazıp okumaya devam etmektedirler. Aynı zamanda savaş ve iç karışıklıklardan dolayı ülkenin birçok yerine teknoloji istenen seviyede ulaşmamıştır. Dolayısı ile Afganistan Özbekleri, gerek biçim, gerek üslup ve kullanılan motifler açısından halen Doğu Türkçesinin etkisi altındadır. Son zamanlarda Çağdaş Özbekistan Edebiyatı’nın etkisinde kalan birkaç şair bulunsa da, Afganistan Özbek şairleri, Doğu Türkçesinin devamı niteliğinde olan eserler yazmaya devam etmektedirler. Bu çalışmamızda Afganistan Özbekleri hakkında genel bilgiler verildikten sonra, Doğu Türkçesi ve Çağdaş Özbek edebiyatının gelişmesi üzerinde durulacak ve Doğu Türkçesinin, Afganistan Özbek edebiyatı üzerindeki etkisi incelenecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Afganistan, Afganistan Özbek, Doğu Türkçesi, Özbek edebiyatı, Afganistan Özbek edebiyatı ABSTRACT Throughout the history, Afghanistan hosted many nations. This region, which met Turkish people and culture at very early ages, still hosts many Turkic tribes within its borders. One of the most crowded nations of these communities is Uzbeks who makes up 9 percent of Afghanistan population. This region, where is the cradle of the Eastern Turkish, hosts a living Afghanistan Uzbek literature at the present time. The Afghanistan Uzbek literature is a follow up of the Eastern Turkish. Those, who are both statesmen and grand masters of Eastern Turkish such as Ali Shir Nava'i, Hussein Baiqara and Babur, lived and they gave unıque works on these lands. Most of their graves are in Afghanistan and influences of their work are continue . Afghanistan had been under the auspices of Russian and Soviet administration in such a short period of time as the effects of it were not observed prominently. This, avoided Russian language to affect Afghanistan Uzbeks’ language and literature. Afghanistan Uzbeks still use the Arabic alphabet. Besides, because of the war and internal disturbance, the technology has not progressed as much as expected in many places of the country. Therefore, Afghanistan Uzbeks are still under the influence of the Chagatai literature in terms of form, genre and patterns. Although there are several poets who are amenable to the modern Uzbekistan literature recently, Afghan Uzbek poets continue to compose poems as a continuation of the Chagatai literature. In this study, we aimed to provide general information on Afghanistan Uzbeks, elaborate the progress of Chagatai and Modern Uzbek Literature and investigate the influence of the Chagatai literature on Afghanistan Uzbek literature. Key Words: Afghanistan, Afghanistan Uzbek, Eastern literature, Uzbek liretature, Afghanistan Uzbek literature

All Turkic literature has a common cultural framework. A substantial confirmation of this fact comes from the national spiritual heritage, which has become the basis for the further development and flourishing of the verbal art of Turkic peoples. First of all, these are Китабы Деде Коркут of the Oghuz, the Kyrgyz heroic epos Манас (Manas), Идегей (Idegei) – the variants of which were widespread among the Kazakhs and the Tatars, the famous Чура батыр (Chura Batyr) among the Tatars, etc. The works such as A Thousand Nights and a Night (Мың бір түн), Shakhname or Shakh-Name (Шахнама), Kalila and Dimna (К;лила мен Димна), Leili and Majnun (Л;йлі-М;жнүн), Zhusip-Zylikha (Жүсіп-Зылиха), Takhir-Zukhra, Farkhad-Shyryn or Khosrov-Shyryn (Хұсрау-Шырын) have exerted a significant influence on the development of literature. The article concludes that, despite the national differences of the Turkic peoples, they are united by common literary background, common goals, and interests, moral, spiritual, and cultural values. It is proved out again that the literature of the Turkic peoples is abundant in authors and works, characterized by a variety of genres and poetic forms, ideological and thematic wealth, and a high artistic level. Emphasis is also put on the fact that in the eastern tradition, there are many samples of word-of-mouth literature of the general plot and cultural heritage of the Turkic peoples who had inhabited the eastern lands since ancient centuries.

Poetry is one of the most important art expression in understanding Turkish identity. The aim of this paper is to show that the growth and development of Turkish poetry is in line with the dynamic identity of the Turkish nation. The period of Turkish poetry began with the growth of oral poetry which depicted the heroic of Turkish ancestors who are migrants from the Central Asia. The period continued with the emergence and development of Islam carrying the influence of Arabic and Persian languages which embedded in Turkish poems and replaced the role of poetry from being a folklore to become the elite literature. The next period is the modern poetry which showed the alteration of reference of Turkish poetry from the East to the West. Thus, poetry reflects Turkish people’s rhythm of expression.

A Brief History of Azeri (Ādharī ) Turkic Poetics By Aida Gasimova Professor of Arabic Literature, Baku State University Azeri (Ādharī ) Turkic literature is a prolific branch of medieval Turkish literatures, a unique tradition represented by a pleiad of poets, Qāḍī Burhānuddīn (d. 800/1398), ‘Imāduddīn Nesīmī (d. 820/1417-18), Mīrzā Jahān Shāh Ḥaqīqī (d. 871/1467), Ni‘matullāh Kishwarī (XV-XVI centuries), Shāh Ismā‘īl Khaṭā’ī (d. 930/1524), and Muḥammad Fuḍūlī (d. 963/1556). It is written in a “dialect of the Turkish language spoken along the Turko-Persian frontier and called Āzerbāyjāni from the country of Āzerbāyjān” (Gibb. vol. 3, p.75). As I noted elsewhere, (“Qur’anic Symbolism of the Eyes”), the geographic boundaries of classical Azeri Turkic vary according to different scholars. According to Minorsky, the language represented northwestern Persia and northeastern Transcaucasia (Minorsky, p. 1010a). Mehmed Fuat Köprülü notes that Azeri Turkic was spoken in Baghdad, Mosul, Diyarbakir, Eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Iranian Azerbaijan (Köprülü, p.178). Azeri Turkic literature, according to Yavuz Akpınar, was created in the Caucasus, Eastern and Western Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Eastern Anatolia. (Akpınar, p.17) Akpinar accentuates the role of Tabriz in the emergence of the written literary tradition. Clearly, the boundaries of Azeri literature and its influence on other Turkish literatures such as Ottoman and Chaghatai extend beyond the borders of Azerbaijan, stretching to such lands as Syria, Iraq, Anatolia, and Central Asia. https://globallit.hcommons.org/2020/11/10/a-brief-history-of-azeri-adhari-turkic-poetics/

Hülya Kasapoğlu Çengel focuses on the cultural bond among the intellectuals in Turkic World fostered by the common cultural heritage with reference to the concepts of nationality, eternal state/eternal nation and enlightenment. She analyses several poems by Turkish, Kazakh, Uzbek and Uigur poets and reviews the common cultural life and the conceptions of common language and literature that emerged in the Turkic World based on the triad of Islam, Turkishness and Western civilization.