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Predavanje u okviru Naučne tribine Istorijskog instituta Beograd, 7. novembar 2023. godine, 12.00 sati.
St. Alexandrov/Y. Dimitrova/H. Popov/B. Horejs/K. Chukalev (eds), Gold & Bronze. Metals, Technologies and Interregional Contacts in the Eastern Balkans during the Bronze Age
Warriors and Weapons on the Central and Eastern Balkans / Вòнин и оръжия в Централните и Источните Балкани2018 •
Warriors and Weapons on the Central and Eastern Balkans / Вòнин и оръжия в Централните и Источните Балкани. In: St. Alexandrov/Y. Dimitrova/H. Popov/B. Horejs/K. Chukalev (eds), Gold & Bronze. Metals, Technologies and Interregional Contacts in the Eastern Balkans during the Bronze Age / Злато & Бронз. Метали, технологии и междурегионални контакту на територията на Источните Балкани през бронзовата епоха (Sofia 2018) 241–251.
Beogradski istorijski glasnik V (2014) 59-69
Prilog proučavanju vojne uloge zanatlija u srednjovekovnoj Srbiji2014 •
During the period of peace the main role of artisan was to practicing of his profession and performs certain duties, and his significance was based on his producer position. However in the event of the war, rough time or in some extraordinary circumstances craftsmen received an additional – military function, within his ruler or master army, and in the case of the defense of his own residence. Therefore the paper discusses a few issues regarding the role of the artisan in war, campaign and during the siege and defense of the city.
Филологически форум
Bitka na Velbuždu u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj književnosti2017 •
Битка на Велбужду (1330.) забележена је као значајан догађај у колективној свести српског народа. Велики међунационални сукоби и националне катастрофе, током средњег века, тумачени су као гнев и казна Божија за почињене грехове једног народа. Насилна промена хијерахијских односа у друштву виђена је као тежак грех, чија је последица Божија казна у виду великих националних катастрофа. Најзначајније сведочанство, у српској средњовековној литератури о бици на Велбужду, оставио је Григорије Цамблак у свом делу „Житије Светог Стефана Дечанског“. У овом раду покушаћемо да сагледамо на који начин је конструисана представа о другом, приликом описа великих међунационалних сукоба. Такође, на примеру ове средњовековне хагиографије, пратићемо развој мотива жртве, као и значај овог појма за живот средњовековног човека.
Банатска војна крајина (1764-1800), Историјски институт Београд, 2020 / Banat Military Frontier (1764-1800), Institut for History Belgrade, 2020
Банатска војна крајина (1764-1800)/ Banat Military Frontier (1764-1800)2020 •
Иницијал. Часопис за средњовековне студије
„Заборављени" ктитори у средњовековној Србији ["Forgotten" Ktetors in Medieval Serbia]2018 •
This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the charters of Serbian rulers in which the ktetors were not mentioned, although they were probably known to the publisher of the documents. The author also used inscriptions and research of art historians to try to answer why this occured. It seems that some ktetors were omitted because they were unfaithful to the ruler. The penalty for this violation was the confiscation of property, including the monastic foundations of the offenders. This scenario is certain in the case of čelnik Radič who was not mentioned as the founder of monastery Vraćevšnica in the charter of Despot Đurađ and Despot Lazar in 1456. With somewhat less probability it can be assumed that the ktetor of the church in Lipljan was not mentioned by King Stefan Dušan for the same reason. These examples point to the existence of the „damnatio memoriae“ phenomenon in medieval Serbia. In other cases the reasons for the absence of ktetor’s names were not of political nature. It can be assumed that some noblemen did not leave descendants who would claim their property which then became, including their foundations as well, part of the royal belongings. Furthermore, it should be kept in mind that some founders had bequeathed their endowments to other, often larger church institutions (e.g. Athonite monasteries). Therefore it should not be surprising that they were forgotten after a relatively long period of time as in the case of the nun Marija. In the end, it must be emphasized that the lack of sources often proved an obstacle in discerning the reasons as to why certain persons were not mentioned as ktetors.
Humanizacija univerziteta
Balkanski ratovi u srpskoj istoriografiji / The Balkan Wars in Serbian Historiography2013 •
The Balkan Wars that took place in 1912/1913, with their all complexity, take an important place in the national as well as the general history of the “extended” 19th century. Their relevance reflects not only in the fact that they are regarded as some of the most popular wars in the recent history of Serbian people (considering the fnal liberation of the Old Serbia from slavery that lasted for many centuries), but also in the fact that they were a unique introduction to the future conflict that was of the world’s proportion. Nevertheless, the opinion which prevails is that the domestic historiography still hasn’t paid enough attention to these wars to the extent they inspire and deserve. The impression of the inadequate interest for the Balkan Wars in Serbian historiography surely originates from the certain discontinuity in their analysis that is conditioned by sociopolitical circumstances from the century behind us, as a result of which there was a negative reflection on the regular development of this topic. Considering this circumstance, there is an obligation in front of the domestic historical science (where this topic becomes more and more popular in recent times) that these events are to be reconstructed in all segments and without any external influence as complete as possible on the basis of the results of the researches that have already been carried out. This seems to be extremely necessary considering all present and very dangerous attempts of the revision of these historical events. Neither of the sides that participated in the Balkan Wars was satisfed by their outcome to the extent they expected them to be. Many unanswered questions in this sensitive geopolitical area are the reason due to which its closure by various manipulations in this sense would be an invaluable scientifc beneft of the contemporary Serbian historiography.
2019 •
2017 •
To better understand the social circumstances in the medieval Serbian state, one must ascertain the meaning of terms found in sources. This study focuses on the concept of “boni homines” (good men). It also sheds light on the terms such as elders (starinici) jurors (porotnici), witnesses (svedoci) and arbiters (arbitri) which were close to or synonymous with the notion of “boni homines”. All medieval mentions of “boni homines” and related terms date back to the 14th and 15th centuries, which is due to the preservation of original sources and does not indicate the age of the term itself. It was recorded for the first time in 1355 in the charter of Emperor Stefan Dušan to the Hilandar monastery. The charter reads that twelve elders – “boni homines” were engaged to indicate disputable boundaries between Ponorac, Kruščica and Labićevo. The persons engaged to determine disputable dividing lines among estates were called elders and witnesses, both in other charters and legal codes. One may say that those were not only ordinary witnesses, but court experts in a way as well. Chosen for this role were older persons from the territory where a dispute was ongoing as they were well familiar with the local circumstances. Abundant information on witnesses and jurors is contained in Dušan’s Code and the The Syntagma of Matthew Blastares which was translated into the Serbian Church Slavonic language during the rule of the first Serbian emperor. Based on them, it is possible to conclude that witnesses and jurors had to be honourable persons, to a degree with good material standing, and to whom no one could give orders. In addition, close relatives or foes (zlobnici) could not be members of the jury. It was envisaged that a priest should swear the jury in church. The documents preserved show that elders laid their oaths also before pristaldi (pristavi) as they enjoyed public trust. The largest number of mentions of “boni homines” can be found in the Despot Stefan Lazarević`s Novo Brdo Legal Code from 1412. According to its introduction, the Code was compiled by 24 “boni homines” skilled in mining. At the same time, this is the only example where they were recorded with such an important function. In line with mining regulations of the same legal act, they played the role of arbiters in the delimitation of coalpits. To perform their task properly, they had to have technical expertise. We aimed to prove that they were selected for each dispute individually and may have been proposed by litigants themselves. An urbarar who enjoyed public trust in mining activities attended the resolution of such disputes and registered all decisions in his records (tetrag). The Novo Brdo Legal Code also contains provisions on urban life in Novo Brdo, where we also meet “boni homines”. Together with the voivode, comes (knez), burghers (purgari) and prothopriest (protopopa), they were envisaged to participate in trials concerning inheritance. Based on the legal text itself it is not possible to conclude what their role was in such trials and how they were selected for them. In all probability, they played the function of the jury. Furthermore, the same term was used to designate four types of town magistrates who were controlling prices in the town. They were elected by the voivode, knez and citizens, but it is not known how they carried out their activity and whether they received a monetary compensation. Finally, this term is used in the Code for the persons who had to witness in inheritance transactions, which was recorded in the nomik book (nomička knjiga). We have outlined that a similar procedure in the alienation of immovable property was applied in other Serbian towns as well. The above method of resolving land disputes remained even after the disappearance of the Nemanjić dynasty. It was recorded in the territories under the rule of Konstantin Dragaš and successors of Prince Lazar. Two documents issued in 1454 just before the end of the rule of Despot Đurađ Branković feature some specificities. Namely, in them, the procedure of delimitation of boundaries was described by elders themselves, who are in one of the documents called serfs (kmetovi). It is hard to say what led to an increase in their role on the eve of the collapse of the Serbian Despotate. In the area ruled by the Crnojevićs, the witnesses who were giving statements about estate boundaries were called noblemen, whereas one document reads that even women were laying oaths.
Vojnoistorijski glasnik 1/2014
Развитак војне службе као основ формирања властеоског слоја у српској средњовековној држави [Development of Military Service as Foundation for Creation of Nobility in Medieval Serbian State]Initial point for this research represented quote from one Serbian medieval writing stating that society consists from three groups: priests, plowmen and soldiers. This division in West Europe actually shaped already in 9th century. Induced by this quote we have tried to establish coherency between developments of military service with creation of privileged nobility. After arrival to the Balkans among local Slavs, therefore among Serbs there is no visible social differentiation based on profession. Social stratification was additionally encouraged by Christianization creating initial very thin layer of clergy. On the other hand, conversion to Christianity contributed to strengthening of ruling houses placing them above the rest of society. Occasional submission of Serbian lands to Byzantine Empire or Bulgaria slow down creation of local elites. Process of political emancipation from Byzantine rule, which started in Doclea during 11th and its successful continuation in Raska during 12 century wouldn’t be feasible without existence of group of professional soldiers”. Confirmation could be found in writings of Byzantine writers as well in certain archeological sites. By the end of 12th century in Serbia appeared new type o soldier - armored cavalryman. Almost simultaneously appeared group of dependent inhabitants tied to land which was supposed to secure nobility with sufficient revenues. By the beginning of 13th century in hagiographies and charts beside nobility as separate social category appeared soldiers. Analyses of sources showed that both belonged to the class of warriors while nobility was entitled to higher titles and governing positions. In time, soldiers stop being separate social category and enter the ranks of nobility whose main obligation was warfare. By the mid 14th century this was confirmed by the Emperor Dusan Code. Thanks to its privileges nobility clearly differed from Vlachs among whom some were obliged to participate in war.
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