Kafafi, Zeidan 2013; Pottery Sherds from Test Excavations and Surveys at Wadi Ramm: A Preliminary Report. Pp. 79-131 in S. Fares (ed.), Des Déserte et Des Hommes: Wādi Ramm (Jordanie). Histoire, Économie, Religieuse, Social et Environmental. Actes des colloduev international à Wādi Ramm. les 11, 12 et 13 Novembre 2011. Études anciennes 52. Nancy: A.D.R.A.
Pottery Sherds from Test Excavations and Surveys at
Wadi Ramm : A Preliminary Report
Zeidan A. Kafafi*
* Yarmouk University, Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology, Irbid - Jordan
Introduction
In 2003 Saba Fares and Fawzi Zaydine (2001; 2004) continued their archaeological excavations and surveys in the areas of wādī Sābiṭ and Huḍayb al-Rīḥ in the wādī Ramm region (Figure 1). The main objective of the project is to study the history of the Arabs before Islam; in other words to investigate "the Archaeology of the nomads"; by focusing on registering and studying all rock inscriptions and rock art carvings or drawings, visible in the area under study (Fares-Drappeau and Zaydine 2004: 357).Nevertheless, they have also conducted archaeological survey and sounded few sites in the area such as Huḍayb al-Rīḥ (Figure 2)
Apparently, during the test excavations and the surveys, an assemblage of pottery sherds were either excavated or collected. This paper aims at presenting a study of this collection of pottery sherds. But before presenting our study of the either excavated or surveyed sherds, below is a brief study of the stratigraphical sequence as published by the excavators of some of the sounded sites.
Stratigraphy:
As mentioned above, the directors of the project conducted six soundings, which were distributed over the three wādīs: wādī Ramm, ad-Dīsī, and wādī Sābiṭ. Three sites were tested in wādī Ramm, two at the foot of the sandstone mountains of Ramm and Umm 'Ishrīn, one on a tumulus very close to the first two ones, a fourth one at Al-Kharaza in the northern part of the ad-Dīsī plain, the fifth at Huḍayb ar-Rīḥ (wādī Sābiṭ), and the sixth at Rways Salīm (Fares-Drappeau and Zaydin 2004: 366).
Figure 1: A map showing the Location of wādī Ramm Region (© S. Farès)
Figure 2: General View of the Site Huḍayb ar-Rīḥ ((© S. Fares)
Figure 3: General View of the wādīs under Study (© S. Farès)
The soundings took place at wādī Ramm revealed the presence of thirty square enclosures constructed of aligned stones. Unfortunately, no material evidence has been explored in the excavated trenches.
The fourth test trench was excavated at the Kharaza Station, which is situated at the junction of track-ways connecting al-Quwayra, ad-Dīsī and Ramm village. The excavated soundings were placed inside a building which was partially disturbed by treasure hunters. However, the excavated test trench was dug in the undisturbed part of the building. In addition to the excavated Nabataean and Roman pottery sherds, other parallel one was collected from the vicinity of the building. The excavators recognized 9 layers as the followings:
Layer 1 = formed the tumble of the building.
Layers 2-5 = correspond to the deposit after the abandonment of the building.
Layer 6= beaten earth of yellowish color.
Layer 7= a charcoal layer/burnt layer.
Layer 8= no description is provided by the excavators.
Layer 9= represents the phase of construction.
It has been published that Layers 6-9 yielded only three Nabataean pottery sherds (Fares-Drappeau and Zaydine 2004: 368).
A sounding, measuring 1m by 1m, has been undertaken at a curved line of stones, next to a cave inscribed with Thamudic inscriptions, and located at Rways Salīm (Figure 4). This sounding produced fragmented animal bones and pottery sherds, which indicate a domestic use of this probed area. Unfortunately, no date has been given by the excavators to this sounding.
Figure 4: General View of the Site Ruways Salīm ((© S. Farès)
Moreover, another sounding has been dug at Huḍayb al-Rīḥ (wādī Sābiṭ) and was conducted at a corner of a rectangular structure. A bench formed of slabs of stones and pottery sherds were registered in this test trench (Figure 5a and b). The excavated pottery sherds are of fine light red clay. The assemblage consists mostly of body sherds and one of them is distinguished by having applied decorations with nail impressions. Nevertheless, several excavated pottery sherds at Huḍayb al-Rīḥ were excavated in situ (Figure 6a). Some of them are belonging to cooking pots and were excavated spread around fire places (Figure 6b).
The survey team recognized in the area under study several cairns (tumuli) and decided to conduct a test trench at the one called ‘Ayn Abu ‘Uwayna. Though, the excavators found out that it was used as a tomb, but except the skeletal remains no archaeological material were found (Fares-Drappeau and Zaydine 2004: 33-70).
Figure 5a: A view of the excavated two structures in which Pottery sherds were encountered (© S. Farès)
Figure 5b: Top Plan of Structure 1, drawing: S. Sorin and A.Goulon
Figure 6a: Pottery Sherds and Fire Place, (© S. Farès)
Figure 6b: In Situ Pottery Sherds, (© S. Farès)
Chronology:
As regard to the dating evidence, the excavators obtained three C14 dates, which are as the followings:
No. 11: St 1 F4 (4 1), Foyer 4040/35 bp (2834-2472).
No. 2: US 109 (20 1), Foyer 6295/35 bp (5342-5213).
No. 3: US 207 ( 16 1), Foyer 6225/35 bp (5302-5063).
Another two C14 dates were obtained from a tomb excavated at Huḍayb ar-Rīḥ and they are as follows:
To elaborate on these two Iron Age II dates the excavators of the tomb informed the author of this study that they did not encounter any pottery sherds either in the tomb or its vicinity.
A Study of the Surveyed and Excavated Pottery:
This study aims at presenting a discussion of both the surveyed and the excavated pottery sherds found in the area under study.
Excavated Pottery:
An assemblage consisted of 16 pottery sherds were encountered inside a domestic building at Rways Salīm (01.XXXVIII) and consisted of hole-mouth jars and bowls. The majority of the sherds are belonging to hole-mouth jars. Traces of smoke and firing are still visible on the surfaces of the pots, which mean that they were used as cooking pots (Figure 7). The first reading of those pottery sherds pointed out to the late sixth through the fifth millennia BC.
Figure 7: Late Neolithic Pottery Hole-mouth cooking Pots
In 2002 season, a larger amount of pottery sherds was excavated at Huḍayb ar-Rīḥ (wādī Sābiṭ). The sherds were revealed in soundings dug inside structures (Figure 5a and b). The forms and wares of those sherds indicated that they belong to several periods, ranging from the Early Bronze Age I, Roman, Nabataean, Byzantine and Islamic periods "Late Umayyad/Abbassid" (figs.. 8-12). The EBI collection consists mostly of bowls and cooking pots.
Figure 8: Cooking Pots Sherds (Late Neolithic Through the EBI Periods)
Figure 9: Early Bronze Age I and Unidentified Sherds (Possibly Iron Age).
Figure 10: Roman Pottery Sherds
Figure 11: An Ottoman Smoking Pipe Fragment (1) and a Probable Byzantine Sherd.
One of the found EBI sherds is belonging to a large jar and has an applied robe-molding with thumb indentation decorations or degenerated ledge-handle (Figure 12a: 1; 12b). Others (Figure 13) are belonging to large jars, one of them (No.1) has a ledge handle.
Figure 12: Early Bronze Age I Sherds
Figure 13: Two possible Early Bronze Age I sherds from wādī Sābiṭ
At Huḍayb ar-Rīḥ very few sherds are belonging to the type so-called Black Ware were encountered in Stratum 15 Lot 19, Stratum 9 Lot 1 and Stratum 6 Lot 29 (figs. 14: 1-6; 15:5-7, 10-11). One of those excavated in Lot 29 is a large bowl has ribbing decorations. This type of ware is dated to the Late Umayyad/Early Abbasid Period (Walmsely: Personnel Communication).
Figure 14: Nos. 1-6 Abbasid, No.7 Roman collected at Huḍayb al-Rīḥ
Figure 15: Nos. 5-7; 10-11 Abbaside; 1-4; 8-9 Roman
The Surveyed Pottery Sherds
During the 2001-2003 seasons at wādī Ramm, the Surveying team visited several archaeological sites and collected an assemblage of pottery sherds. These are dated to the Early Bronze Age I (figs. 16-17), and the Roman Period (Figure 18).
Figure 16: Early Bronze Age I Hole-mouth Jars
Figure 17: Early Bronze Age I and Unidentified Sherds from the Site 46.01.LII
Figure 18: Roman and Nabataean Pottery Sherds Collected at Site 04-46
Figure 19: Two sherds belonging to the Early Bronze Age I from wādī Ḥafīr
Moreover, at wādī Ḥafīr (2001, Lot XXV) Early Bronze Age I and Roman pottery sherds were collected. Two of them are belonging to hole-mouth jars (Figure 19: 1-2).
In addition, the Nabataean-Roman pottery sherds were dominant amongst those surveyed at the sites of Lajj al-Ḥamām, Kharaza Post, wādī Rūmī (Figure 20), and Abu Najaleh (figs. 21-22). However, one of the Abbasside Ware pottery sherds was found in the 2002 season at Umm Sābaṭa.
Figure 20: Nabataean and Roman Pottery sherds Surveyed at wādī Rūmī-Halte
Figure 21: Early Bronze Age I Hole-mouth Jars from Abu Najaleh
Figure 22: Intact Jar found accidently in 2010 at Abu Nujayla
A Parallel Study
The excavated and surveyed pottery sherds from the wādī Ramm regions indicate that groups of people settled in this area either permanently or seasonally from the Neolithic period tell present. The results of the excavation at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of 'Ayn Abu Nukhayla where a number of curvilinear houses were uncovered (Henry ), and the excavated structures at the site Hudeib er-Rih in which in situ pottery sherds were found enforces this claim. The forms of the pottery sherds under study indicate the nature of life the people they belonged to, the types are mostly cooking-pots and bowls. Moreover, most, if not all, of the Late Neolithic through the Early Bronze Age I cooking pots were handmade and have chert, lime and straw inclusions.
The pottery sherds belonging to the Roman and Nabataean cultures were all wheel made, have thin and fine wares. Some of the Nabataean sherds were either painted (Figure 21:1) or rolled (Figure 10:13).
It is obvious from the number of the excavated and surveyed sherds encountered in the area under study, that this region was heavily occupied and visited during the Early Bronze Age I, Roman, Nabataean, and the Abbasid periods. In addition, very few possible Iron Age pottery sherds were visible in the assemblage found at the site Huḍayb ar-Rīḥ. As is cited above, two c14 dates were obtained from the site and belonging to the eight and tenth century BC.
The area of wādī Ramm subjugated to several archaeological field studies during the last decades. Most of them were dedicated to understand the prehistory of this part of Jordan. This is obvious in the publications of the investigators of the area. One of the best excavated and published prehistoric site is the site of ‘ayn Abou Nukhayla, which was first explored by D. Kirkbride (1978) and systematically excavated by Donald Henry and others (1999).
As a result of this several Prehistoric and historic sites were recorded and registered but not a single pottery assemblage has been published. Nevertheless, D. O. Henry who surveyed a large area of the southern part of Jordan mentioned that he encountered a great number of sites dated back to the Chalcolithic period (Henry 1995:13). In addition, he published information about an assemblage of pottery of sherds that were uncovered in a test trench at a pit-house at Jabal al-Jill (J14) besides to five small in number samples surveyed at other long-term campsites. Unfortunately, Henry did not publish any line-drawings or photos of any sherd of this assemblage, but he offers a general description to the assemblage as follows: "the sherds are uniform in representing thick, heavily tempered plain wares that were generally fired at low temperature for short duration. Tempering largely consists of chert fragments" (Henry 1995: 367). This description applies to the Late Neolithic through the Early Bronze Age I pottery sherds, but not to those from the classical and Islamic periods.
He added that the forms of the vessels consist of the most part of hole-mouth and short neck jars. Moreover, very few of the sherds show soot on their surfaces, which means that they were used as cooking-pots. He argues that most of the vessels would appear to have served as storage containers.
To study, the above description matches the pottery sherds assemblage from the test excavations and surveys from Wadi Ramm and under study (cf. the annexed wādī Ramm pottery sherds description). Actually, such a collection of pottery utensils must be used by a population that practiced pastoral nomadism who settled in villages-based-on- transhumance.
In addition to the brief description of the pottery assemblage surveyed and/or excavated at wādī Judaid and published by D. O. Henry (1995:367-368), S. Kerner (2002; 2003) published another assemblage found at Hujarat al-Ghuzlan and Wadi Al-Yutum in the Aqaba region. Few parallels, especially the hole-mouth jars dated to the Late Neolithic through the Early Bronze Age I are observable amongst the published pottery assemblage (Khalil and Eichmann 1999: Figs: 9 – 10). Large Jars or Pithoi similar to the one excavated in 2010 at the site Abu Najaleh/Wadi Ramm were uncovered at Hujayrat al-Ghuzlan in the Aqaba region (Kerner 2009: Photo 15a).
During the eighties of the last centuary W. J. Jobling surveyed the area extending between the two cities Ma'an and Aqaba in south Jordan (Jobling 1985; 1986). Actually in 1985 Jobling announced (1985: 211, fotnote 1) that Ina Kehrberg is drawing and describing of the surveyed lithics and pottery sherds. Unfortunately, Jobling passed away and nothing is published, yet.
Conclusion
The excavated pottery sherds excavated at Rways Salīm and Huḍayb ar-Rīḥ indicate that the uncovered structures were originally built during the Late Neolithic and continued to be used in the Early Bronze Ag I. However, the area under study in the wādī Ramm seems to be heavily occupied or used by the Nabataean, Roman and Byzantine periods. However, the presence of the Late Umayyad/Early Abbasside Ware sherds indicate that it was still an important path for the caravans passing by either to the north of the Arabian Peninsula or somewhere else.
Acknowledgments
Sincere thanks are due to the followings: Dr. Fawzi Zayadine and Dr. Saba Fares the directors of the project for giving me the opportunity to study the excavated and survey pottery sherds from wādī Ramm, and for providing me with the necessary photos. The author is indebted to the followings: Ali Omari and Iyad Kan'an for drawing the sherds and Yousef Zu'bi for photographing them. Sincere Thanks are also due to Dr. Yahya al-Shawabkeh of the Hashmite University for helping in arranging the illustrations of the article.
Bibliography:
Fares-Drapeau, S. and Zaydine, F. 2001; Preliminary Report of the Fourth Season of the Wadi Iram Epigraphical, Geographical and Archaeological Survey. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 45: 205 -216.
Fares-Drapeau, S. and Zaydine, F. 2004; Preliminary Report of the Sixth Archaeological and Epigraphical Survey at Wadi RammlIram. Annual of the Department of antiquities of Jordan 48: 357-371.
Jobling, W. J. 1985; Preliminary Report of the Sixth Season of the 'Aqaba-Ma'an Epigraphic and Archaeological Survey. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 29: 211-221.
Jobling, W.J. 1986; North Arabian (Thamudic) Inscriptions and Rock Art from the 'Aqaba-Ma'an Area of Southern Jordan. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 30: 261-285.
Henry, D. O. 1995; Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution. Insights from Southern Jordan. New York and London: Plenum Press.
Henry, D.O. et al 1999; Investigation of the Early Neolithic Site of Ain Abu Nekheileh (J 701), 1999 Season. Neo-Lithics 3/99. A Newsletter of Southwest Asian Lithic Research. Berlin: ex oriente.
Khalil, L. and Eichmann, R. 1999; Archaeological Survey and Excavation at Wadi al-Yutum and Tall Al-Maqass Area – Aqaba (ASEYM): A Preliminary Report on the First Season 1998. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan XLIII: 501 – 521.
Kerner, S. 2002; The Pottery Assemblage from Hujarat al-Ghuzlan and Wadi Al-Yutum B. Pp. 244-256 in R. Eichmann (ed.), Orient-Archäologie Band 5: Ausgrabungen und Surveys im Vorderen Orient. Berlin: Deutsch Archäologisch Institut.
Kerner, S. 2003; Appendix: The Pottery of Hujairat al-Ghuzlan 2000 to 2003. A First Summary. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 47:175-182.
Kerner, S. 2009; The Pottery of Hujairat al-Ghuzlan 2000 to 2003. Pp. 127 – 233in L. Khalil and K. Schmidt (eds.), Prehistorica 'Aqaba I. Orient – Archäologie, Band 23. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf.
Kirkbride, D. 1978; The Neolithic in Wadi Rumm: 'ain abu Nekheileh. Pp. 1-10 in R. Moorey and P. Parr (eds.), Archaeology in the Levant. Warminister: Aris and Phillips.
Alan Walmesly; Personal Communication.
Line Drawings of the Pottery Sherds
Pottery Sherds Description:
No.
Site
Identification
Surf. Treatment
Technique
Ware
Form
Base
Rim
Handle
Parallel
Serial No.
Area & Locus
Season
Firing
Color
Inclusion
Hardness
1
W. Salim 01
1+2
XXXVIII 1,4
Hand made
10R 2.5/1 reddish black
2.5YR light reddish brown
2-3mm straw
Cooking pot
Hole mouth
2
W. Salim 01
3
XXXVIII 4
Hand made
2.5YR 3/2 dusky red
10R 5/4 weak red
Cooking pot
Hole mouth (thickened)
3
W. Salim 01
4
XXXVIII 7
Hand made
10R 4/2 weak red
10R 5/4 weak red
8-12mm white
Cooking pot
Hole mouth (thickened)
4
W. Salim 01
5
XXXVIII 6
Hand made
10R 2.5 5/1 reddish black
10R 5/4 weak red
1.7-2m white
Cooking pot
Hole mouth
5
W. Salim 01
6
XXXVIII 8
Hand made
10R 6/4 pale red
10R 5/2 weak red
2-3.1 mm white
Cooking pot
Hole mouth (thickened)
6
W. Salim 01
7
XXXVIII 9
Hand made
10R 4/1 dark reddish gray
10R 4/2 weak red
0.5-0.7mm white
Hole mouth cooking pot
Hole mouth
7
W. Salim 01
Hand made
10R 2.5/1 reddish black
10R 4/2 weak red
Bowl OR cooking pot led
Simple broad
8
W. Salim 01
9
XXXVIII 3
Hand made
10R 2 5/1 reddish black
2.5YR 6/6 light red
0.5-4mm white
Cooking pot
Hole mouth (irregular)
No.
Site
Identification
Surf. Treatment
Technique
Ware
Form
Base
Rim
Handle
Serial No.
Area & Locus
Season
Firing
Color
Inclusion
Hardness
1
W. RUMI HALTE
10
3
001
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/1 reddish gray
5YR 5/4 reddish brown
1-2mm white
Jar
Outward folded thickened broad
2
W. RUMI HALTE
11
1
001
Slip: 5YR 8/4 pink
Incising: groove on rim
Wheel made
7.5YR 8/3 pink
Int. 7.5YR 6/6 light brown
Deep bowl
Broad grooved
3
W. RUMI HALTE
12
7
001
Incising: traces of rotating on ex.
Wheel made
2.5YR 5/6 light red
2.5YR 5/6 light red
Small bowl
Simple grooved
4
W. RUMI HALTI
13
5
001
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/6 light red
2.5YR 6/6 light red
Small jar
Inward folded, broad, grooved
5
W. RUMI HALTE
14
2
001
Incising: groove on top of rim and under
Wheel made
2.5YR 7/1 light reddish gray
2.5YR 6/6 light red
0.5mm white, red, brown
Small jar
Outward folded thickened with grooves on top and bottom
6
W. RUMI HALTE
15
10
001
Wheel made
2.5YR 5/6 red
2.5YR 5/6 red
Small jug let
Outward folded simple with ridge on inside
7
W. RUMI HALTE
16
8
001
Slip: 2.5YR 8/4 pink
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/6 light red
2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown
05-07mm white
Small jar
Outward folded, simple grooved on ext. With flared bottom
8
W. RUMI HALTE
17
16
001
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/8 light red
Small bowl
Ring
9
W. RUMI HALTE
18
17
001
Slip: 7.5YR 7/4 Pink
Wheel made
5YR 6/4 light reddish brown
Int. 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow
Jar
Ring
10
W. RUMI HALTI
19
5
001
Wheel made
5YR 5/2 reddish gray
5YR 5/2 reddish gray
Small jug let
Simple averted
11
W. RUMI HALTE
20
9
001
Wheel made
5 YR 5/4 reddish brown
0.2 -03mm white
Cup
Simple
12
W. RUMI HALTE
21
11
001
Slip: 2.5YR 4/6 red
Paint: 2.5YR 4/6 red
Hand made
2.5YR 7/6 light red
2.5YR 4/6 red
Jug
Loop
13
W. RUMI HALTE
22
13
001
Slip: 7.5YR 8/4 pink
Hand made/ Wheel made
2.5YR 5/6 red
Int. 2.5YR 6/6 light red
S. jar-jug
Loop
14
W. RUMI HALTE
23
15
001
Slip: 2.5YR 7/4 light reddish brown
Hand/Wheel made
2.5YR 5/8 red
2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown
Jug, S. Jar
Loop
15
W. RUMI HALTE
24
18
001
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/6 light red
2.5YR 6/6 light red
0.5 01 sand
Jug let
Disk string cut
16
W. RUMI HALTE
25
4
001
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/6 light red
2.5YR 6/6 light red
Bow
Simple (In-ward folded)
17
W. RUMI HALTE
26
12
001
Hand made
2.5YR 6/6 light red
2.5YR 6/6 light red
0.5 -3mm sand
Jug let
Loop
No.
Site
Identification
Surf. Treatment
Technique
Ware
Form
Base
Rim
Handle
Serial No.
Area & Locus
Season
Firing
Color
Inclusion
Hardness
1
HR ST9 I
27
1
002
Others: wide ribbing on ext.
Wheel made
2.5YR
2.5YR 6/2 pale red
2.5YR 5/2 week red
Bowl
Averted/thickened outward folded
2
HR ST9 I
28
2 X3
002
Others: Wide ribbing on ext.
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/2 pale red
2.5YR 6/3 light reddish brown 2.5YR 5/2 weak red
Bowl
Averted/ thickened
3
W. SHR. ST1 7
29
Hand made
2.5YR 5/1 reddish gray
2.5YR 6\4 light reddish brown
Jar
Flat
4
128.19
30
19
001
Others: covered with soot on ext.
Wheel made
2.5YR 5/4 red
2.5YR 7/4 light reddish brown
Cooking pot
Triangular
5
128
31
17
001
Traces of wash: 2.5YR 7/4 light reddish brown
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/6 light red
2.5YR 7/3 light reddish brown
Jug let
Grooved disk
6
128
32
18
001
Paint: 2.5YR 5/6 red (on rim only)
Wheel made
2.5YR 5/8 red
5YR 7/4 pink
S. jug let
Simple/averted
7
128
33
20
001
Wheel made
2.5YR 5/6 red
2.5YR 6/4+4 light reddish braw
Cooking pot
Triangular
8
128
34
21
001
Wheel/ hand made
5YR 7/4 pink
2.5YR 8/3 pink
Part of jug neck
Traces of loop
9
128
35
22
001
Slip: 2.5YR 3/1 dark reddish gray
Wheel made
2.5YR 5/6 red
2.5YR 3/1 dark reddish gray
Small jug
Broad outward folded
10
128
36
23
001
Slip: Int. 2.5 7/3 light reddish brown
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/1 reddish gray
5YR 6/6 reddish yellow
S. bowl
Simple/ Triangular
11
128
37
24
001
Incising: on ext.
Wheel made
2.9 YR 611 reddish gray
2.5YR 6/6 light red
Cup
Simple averted
12
128
38
25
001
Others: Ridge on shoulder
Wheel made
5YR 5/6 red
10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown
0.3-1mm sand + gorge
Carina Ted bowl
Simple/ thickened/ averted (Inward folded)
13
128
39
26
001
Wheel/ Hand made
10YR 5/4 yellow brown
S. jug let
Simple/ averted
Loop
14
128
40
27
001
Traces of wash: 10YR 5/4 yellow brown
Wheel/ Hand made
10YR 6/4 brownih yellow
Int. 10YR 6/4
S. jug let
Simple/ averted
Loop
15
128
41
28
001
Traces of wash: 2.5YR light reddish brown
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/6 light red
2.5YR 5/8 red
Jug let
Thickened Inward folded
16
128
42
29
001
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/8 light red
0.4-1mm white lime
Jug let
High ring
17
128
43
30
001
Slip: 2.5YR 5/8 red
Wheel made
2.5YR 5/8 red
Int. 2.5YR 6/6 light red
Body shard
18
128
44
31
001
Traces of wash: 2.5YR 7/4 light reddish brown
Wheel made
2.5YR 5/1 reddish gray
2.5YR 5/2 weak red
Bowl
High ring
19
128
45
32
001
Traces of wash: 2.5YR 5/2 weak red
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/3 light reddish brown
Int. 2.5YR 6/4 reddish brown
S. Jug let
Triangular
20
128
46
33
001
Wheel made
2.5YR 3/1 dark reddish gray
Int. 2.5YR 5/2 weak red
0.1-0.5mm lime
Potter
Simple ridged on int.
21
128
47
34
001
Incising: role ting on ext.
Others: effected with soot
Wheel made
2.5YR 3/1 dark reddish gray
2.5YR 4/4 reddish brown
Body shard
22
128
48
35
001
Wheel made
2.5YR 5/6 red
2.5YR light red
05-1m white + brown
Part of handle
Loop
23
128
49
36
001
Incising: groove under neck
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/8 light red
Int. 2.5YR 6/6 light red
Vase
Triangular
No.
Site
Identification
Surf. Treatment
Technique
Ware
Form
Base
Rim
Handle
Parallel
Serial No.
Area & Locus
Season
Firing
Color
Inclusion
Hardness
1
38,58
50
2
Hand made
2-5YR 3/2 dusky red
2.5YR 4/2 week red
Boer
Cutoff simple
2
N. Salim X L1
51
1+2
001
Hand made
2-5YR 5/1 reddish gray
2.5YR 4/2 week red
Cooking pot
Hole mouth
1
W. SABIT 6
52
Incising: Traces of ribbing on-ext.
Others: Applied triangular bar vertically from rim to shoulder
Wheel made
2.5YR 3/2 dusky red
2.5YR 4/2 week red
L. bowl
Thickened broad in ward folded
2
46-01 L11
53
1
Wadi Sabit 2001
Wheel made
2.5YR 4/1 dark reddish gray
2.5YR 6/6 light red
0.2-17mm sand
Cooking pot
Hole mouth
No.
Site
Identification
Surf. Treatment
Technique
Ware
Form
Base
Rim
Handle
Parallel
Serial No.
Area & Locus
Season
Firing
Color
Inclusion
Hardness
1
46-01 L11
54
4
Hand made
2.5YR 4/3 reddish brown
2.5YR 4/4 reddish brown
o.3-27mm white + crystal
Jar
Outward folded rounded
2
46.01 L11
55
2
Hand made
2.5YR 611 reddish gray
2.5YR 6/6 light red
0.2-44mm flints
Jar
Hole mouth
3
46.01 L11
56
5
Hand made
2.5YR 5/1 reddish gray
2.5YR 4/4 reddish brown
0.3-20mm white lime wet
Jar
Hole mouth
4
46-01-L11
57
6
Hand made
2.5 YR 511 reddish gray
2.5YR 4/4 reddish brown
0.3 -20mm white lime wet flint
Jar
Hole mouth
5
46-01-L11
57
6
Hand made
2.5YR 5/1 reddish gray
2-5YR 6/6 light red
S. jar
Flat
6
46.01 L11
58
7
Hand made
2-5YR 5/4 reddish brown
2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown
Jug
Bar-loop handle
7
46-01 L11
59
3
Hand made
2.5YR 3/1 dark reddish gray
2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown
2-5mm grass 0.5-25mm stones
Jar
Simple broad
No.
Site
Identification
Surf. Treatment
Tech.
Ware
Form
Base
Rim
Handle
Parallel
Serial No.
Area & Locus
Season
Firing
Color
Inclusion
Hardness
1
WSHR st 11-18
60
8
002
Traces of wash 5YR 4/4 reddish brown
Incising: Ribbing on ext.
Wheel made
5YR 4/4 reddish brown
5YR 4/4 reddish brown
0.2-2mm white
Body shard
3
WS HR st. 15
61
14
002
Wheel made
5YR 5/2 reddish gray
5YR 6/2 pinkish gray
Jar
High ring
2
WS NR st6
62
10
002
Slip: 5YR 5/1 reddish brown Incising: eye form
Mould
5YR 5/1 gray
Int. 5YR 17/2 pinkish gray
Pipe frag.
No.
Site
Identification
Surf. Treatment
Technique
Ware
Form
Base
Rim
Handle
Parallel
Serial No.
Area & Locus
Season
Firing
Color
Inclusion
Hardness
1
W.S HR st4
63
11
Slaw wheel
5YR 5/1 gray
7.5YR 6/4 light brown
04-2mm angular flints
Platter
Flat board In-ward folded
2
HR st9 VII
64
1
Slip: 5YR 4/2 dark reddish gray
Handmade
5YR 5/1 gray
5YR dark reddish gray
Jar/ cooking pot
Hole mouth
3
HR st5 VII
65
9
Slip: 5YR 7/4 pink.
Incising: groove in rim ext.
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/6 light red
Int. 7.5YR 6/6 reddish yellow
Bowl
Simple
3
W. SABIT XVII 01
66
3
Hand made
7.5 4/1 dark gray
7.5YR 5/3 brown
02-2.5mm white
Jar
Flat
4
WSHR st15 19
67
002
Wheel made
7.5YR 6/2 pinkish gray
7.5YR 5/2 brown
02-1.5mm white
Bowl
Ring
5
WS HR st15 19
68
002
Slip:7.5YR 4/1 dark gray
Hand made
7.5YR 6-5/1 gray
7.5YR 5/2 brown
Jar
Strap loop handle
6
HR US. 1003 ST1
70
3
Hand made
7.5YR 4/1 dark gray
7.5YR 6/3 light brown
1-4mm basalt + white +
gorge
Jar
Flat
7
W.S HR5 305-308 1
71
Hand made
5YR 5/4 reddish brown
Int. 2-5YR 6/6 light red
0.5-3.6mm white
Jar
Flat
No.
Site
Identification
Surf. Treatment
Technique
Ware
Form
Base
Rim
Handle
Parallel
Serial No.
Area & Locus
Season
Firing
Color
Inclusion
Hardness
4
W. SABIT 51 001
72
50
Hand made
2.5YR 6/6 light red
2.5YR 7/4 light reddish brown
Jar
Ledge thumb1 pressed on edge
5
W. SABIT 51 001
73
51
Hand made
2.5YR 6/1 reddish gray
2.5YR 6/4+6 light reddish brown + light red
0.2-1.5mm white
Jar
Ledge
No.
Site
Identification
Surf. Treatment
Technique
Ware
Form
Base
Rim
Handle
Parallel
Serial No.
Area & Locus
Season
Firing
Color
Inclusion
Hardness
1
57-01 Liv
74
1
Hand made
2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown
2.5YR 4/2 dark reddish gray 2.5YR 6/6 light red
1-2mm white
Loop handle
2
64.01XX
75
7
Others: Intended applied robe under trim
Hand made
2.5YR light reddish brown
5YR 5/4 reddish brown
0.2-3.1mm flints
Bowl
Simple
3
64.01 XX
76
4
Hand made
2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown
0.2-5mm flint + gorge + lime
Jar
Hole mouth
No.
Site
Identification
Surf. Treatment
Technique
Ware
Form
Base
Rim
Handle
Parallel
Serial No.
Area & Locus
Season
Firing
Color
Inclusion
Hardness
1
W. HAFIR XXV 01
77
Others: smooth on int.
Handmade
2.5YR 4/1 dark reddish
2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown
glass 2-3m white 05-1m
Body shard of bowl?
Ledge Handle
2
78
Traces of wash: 5YR 5+4 yellowish red
Incising: grave under rim
Wheel made
5YR 5/4 reddish brown
5YR 5+4 yellowish red
0.2-1mm white
Bowl
Broader
3
79
Handmade
5YR 4/1 dark grey
5YR 5/6 yellowish red
Grass 1.5-2.5m white 0.2 -1mm
Bowl
Simple
4
80
Handmade
5YR 5/2 reddish grey
5YR 6/4 reddish yellow
Bowl
Simple
8
WS HR 304-7
81
Hand made
2.5YR 5/6 red
Int. 2.5YR 6/6 light red
2-4mm white
Jar (cooking pot)
Hole mouth
9
WS HR 304.3
82
Hand made
2.5YR 5/8 red
0.2-3mm white
Jar (Hole mouth cooking pot)
Hole mouth
10
WS HR 306.2
83
Hand made
2.5YR 4/1 dark reddish gray
2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown
Cooking pot
Hole mouth
11
WS HR ST 1.17
84
Wheel made
2.5YR light reddish brown
5YR 6/3 light reddish brown
0.1-05mm brown + black
Juglet
Thickened (outward folded)
12
HR ST9 II
85
1
002
Slip: 2.5YR 5/2 weak red
Wheel made
5YR 6/6 reddish yellow
2.5YR 5/6 red
Bawl
Simple
13
HR ST9 12
86
002
Wheel made
2-5YR 5/6 red
S. Jar/ Jug let
Simple
Remains of Loop
14
WS HR st9. 15
87
002
Wheel made
2.5YR 6/2 pale red
2.5YR 5/3 reddish brown
0.1-1.2mm white
s. Jar
Impious
No.
Site
Identification
Surf. Treatment
Tech.
Ware
Form
Base
Rim
Handle
Parallel
Serial No.
Area & Locus
Season
Firing
Color
Inclusion
Hardness
1
04-46
88
Wheel made
5YR 6/6 reddish yellow
Plate
Simple
2
04.42
89
Wheel made
5YR 5/2+3 reddish, gray, brown
5YR 5/2 reddish gray
S. bowl
Simple ridged on ext.
3
04.45
90
Wheel made
5YR 5/8 yellowish red
5YR 7/4 pink
Jug
Loop
4
04.47
91
Wheel made
5YR 5/6 yellowish red
5YR 7/3 pink
V. Bowl
Simple
5
04.39
92
Wheel made
5YR 4/6 yellowish red
5YR 6/4 light reddish brown
Bowl
Simple thickened averted
6
04-40
93
Wheel made
5YR 5/1 gray
5YR 4/2 dark reddish gray
Jar
Ring
7
04-44
94
Wheel made
5YR 5/6 yellowish red
5YR 6/3 light reddish brown
0.3 - 1.5mm white + brown few
Jar
Triangular
8
04-41
95
Wheel made
5YR 5/4 reddish brown
5YR 7/4 pink
S. jug let
Simple averted
9
04-41
96
Wheel made
2-5YR 5/6 red
5YR 6/4 reddish brown
Jar
Amphilous
10
04.43
97
Wheel made
2.5YR 5/6 red
2.5YR 7/4 light reddish brown
Small jar
Simple averted
4
06.04.1
98
004
Slip: 5YR 511 dark gray
Handmade
5YR 511 gray
5YR 4/1 dark gray
Jar
Stab loop handle
5
06-04.2
99
004
Slip: 10YR 5/2 grayish brown
Wheel made
10YR 511 gray
I at 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown
Small jar
Simple thickened on outward
15
HR 17/04.1
101
Slip: 205YR 4/3 reddish brown
Hand made
2.5YR 4/1 dark reddish gray
2.5YR 5/2 weak red
02-1.5mm white
Jar
Hole mouth
16
HR 17/04.2
102
Wheel made
2.5YR light red
2.5YR 6/6 light red
S. jug let
Ring
7
08B.041
103
004
Others: shallow grooves under rim
Wheel made
2-5YR 7/6 light red
2.5YR 7/6 light red
Bowl
Simple
8
05/04.1
104
004
Handmade
5YR 6/2 pinkish gray
2-5YR 5/2 weak red
0.2-1mm white + brown
Cup/bowl
Simple
17
08A-04.1
105
Hudayed al-Rih
004
Hand made
5YR 4/2 dark reddish brown
5YR 5/2 reddish gray
Jar
Strab loop handle
18
08A-04.2
106
Hudayed al –Rih
Hand made
5YR 6/4 light reddish brown
5YR 6/4 light reddish brown
Jar, jug
Loop
19
02-04.1
107
Hudayeb al-Rih
2004
Hand made
7.5YR 511 gray
7.5YR 5/3 brown
0.3-3mm flint + brown
Jar
Flat
20
2.2-04.1
108
Hudayed al-Rih
Hand made
7.5YR 4/2 brown
7.5YR 5/3 brown
0.2-2mm white
Jar
Hole mouth (Inward folded)
21
22-04.2
109
Hudayed er-Rih
2004
Hand made
705YR 6/1 gray
7.5YR 6/4 light brown 7.5YR 411 dark gray
0.3-4.5 white + gray + brown
Hole mouth (Inward folded)
22
HR 04.1
110
Hand made
7.5YR 6/6 reddish yellow
7.5YR 6/4 light brown
Jar
Loop
No.
Site
Identification
Surf. Treatment
Technique
Ware
Form
Base
Rim
Handle
Parallel
Serial No.
Area & Locus
Season
Firing
Color
Inclusion
Hardness
1
09.04 1
111
Um Nujaleh
2004
Wheel made
2.5YR 5/3 reddish brown
2.5YR 5/4
Bowl
Simple thickened (Inward folded)
2
09.04.2
112
Um Nujaleh
2004
Hand made
2.5YR 4/2 weak red
2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown
0.5-3mm white
Jar
Flat
3
09.04.3
113
Um Nujaleh
2004
Slip: 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown
Hand made
5YR 5/4 reddish brown
7.5YR light brown
0.5-3.5mm white
Jar
Hole mouth
PAGE 112 Z. Kafafi
Pottery Sherds from Test Excavations and Surveys PAGE 113