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ɍȾɄ 1 (091) в . . И . , 8, , 630090, pavelbutakov@academ.org Ц : , Ш Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ: Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ, ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɚ ɢ ɉɚɬɧɷɦɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɹ ɚɩɨɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ ɢ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɉɚɬɧɷɦɚ. : ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ, Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ, ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧ, ɉɚɬɧɷɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɏɢɥɚɪɢ ɉɚɬɧɷɦɚ [Putnam, 1997], ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɭɱɟɧɢɣ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ ɢ ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɚ. ɗɬɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɉɚɬɧɷɦ, ɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ «ɨɝɪɨɦɧɭɸ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ» [Ibid. P. 407]. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ (ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɚɩɨɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ) ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦɭ. ɋ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɷɪɵ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ (ɤɚɬɚɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ) ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɰɟɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. [Ⱥɞɨ, 2005. ɋ. 217–218]. ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɚɩɨɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɛɨɝɨɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ V ɜ. ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢɸ Ⱥɪɟɨɩɚɝɢɬɭ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ «Ɉ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɢ», ɫɬɚɜɲɢɣ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɨɦ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɩɨɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ «Ⱥɪɟɨɩɚɝɢɬɢɤ» ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɚɩɨɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɚɬɚɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ [Ʌɨɫɫɤɢɣ, 2012. ɋ. 35]. ȼ. ɇ. Ʌɨɫɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɵɬɨɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɵɫɥɶ Ⱥɪɟɨɩɚɝɢɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ: «Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɟɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ Ɍɨɝɨ, Ʉɬɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ɂɞɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɣ, ɦɵ ɩɨɞɵɦɚɟɦɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɡɲɢɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɞɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɹɹ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨ ɦɪɚɤɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ » [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 34]. «Ⱥɪɟɨɩɚɝɢɬɢɤɢ» ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɭɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɭɸ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ Ɏɨɦɭ Ⱥɤɜɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ Ʉɭɡɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɏɭɚɧɚ ɞɟ ɥɚ Ʉɪɭɫ, Ⱥɧɝɟɥɭɫɚ ɋɢɥɟɡɢɭɫɚ [Ⱥɞɨ, 2005. . . Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ: Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ, ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧ ɢ ɉɚɬɧɷɦ // ȼɟɫɬɧ. ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛ. ɝɨɫ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ. ɋɟɪɢɹ: Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ. 2014. Ɍ. 12, ɜɵɩ. 4. ɋ. 141–146. ISSN 1818-796’. ¬ÂÒÚÌËÍ Õ√”. –Âрˡ: ‘ËÎÓÒÓÙˡ. 2014. “ÓÏ 12, ‚˚ÔÛÒÍ 4 © œ. ¿. ¡ÛÚ‡ÍÓ‚, 2014 142 »ÒÚÓрˡ ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËË ɋ. 222]. ɇɨ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɫɚɦɵɦ ɹɪɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ – via negativa – ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɭɞɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ Ɇɨɢɫɟɣ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ (1138–1204), ɢɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɣ ɫɜɨɟ ɚɩɨɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɟ «ɉɭɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɯ» [Ɇɨɲɟ ɛɟɧ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧ, 2010]. ȼɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ȼɨɝ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦ ɜɟɳɢ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɟɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ Ȼɨɝɭ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ: «ȼɫɟ ɬɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ, ɤɨɢ ɬɵ ɦɧɢɲɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɇɟɦɭ, ɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɨɡɧɟɫɟɬɫɹ Ɉɧ, ɫɭɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɧɚɫ» (ɉɭɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɯ 1.59) [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 312]. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɧɢɤɚɤɢɟ «ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ» ɤ Ȼɨɝɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ, ɤɨɥɶ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɱɟɪɩɧɭɬɵ ɧɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɭ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ Ȼɨɝɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ: «ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ȿɝɨ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɹɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɚ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɇɟɝɨ» (ɉɭɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɯ 1.59) [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 304]. ɇɨ ɷɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɤ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ Ȼɨɝɭ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ, Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨɛ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ, ɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɭɦɨɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɫ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɦ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɨɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɯ ɚɩɨɞɢɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨ Ȼɨɝɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɤ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɧɢɸ Ȼɨɝɚ, ɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɮɚɧɬɚɡɢɹ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ, ɧɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɢɞɨɥɨɩɨɤɥɨɧɫɬɜɭ 1. «ȼɫɟɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ, – ɩɢɲɟɬ Ɇɚɣɦɨɗ. Ȼɟɧɨɪ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ: «ȼ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ: ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ 1 ɧɢɞ, – ɫɬɪɟɦɢɫɶ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ. ɂɛɨ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɚɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɲɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɭ ɇɟɝɨ, ɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɨɡɧɟɫɟɬɫɹ Ɉɧ, ɬɵ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɲɶɫɹ ɤ ɇɟɦɭ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ» (ɉɭɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɯ 1.60) [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 313–314]. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: ɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ, ɤɨɥɶ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɤ ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ? Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ Ȼɨɝɭ, – ɷɬɨ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ, «ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ» ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɟ, ɧɨ ɢɦɢ «ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ… ɗɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɭɞɚɥɟɧ ɨɬ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ Ȼɨɝɭ» (ɉɭɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɯ 1.52) [Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 257]. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɝɚ, ɦɵ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɧɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ: ɷɬɨ ɬɨɬ, ɤɬɨ ɫɨɬɜɨɪɢɥ ɦɢɪ; ɷɬɨ ɬɨɬ, ɤɬɨ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɥ ɢɡɪɚɢɥɶɬɹɧ ɨɬ ɟɝɢɩɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨɬ, ɤɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ ɫ Ɇɨɢɫɟɟɦ ɧɚ ɋɢɧɚɟ, ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɏɢɥɚɪɢ ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ «Ɉɛ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ» ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɸ («to fix the reference») ɜ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɨ Ȼɨɝɟ [Putnam, 1997. Ɋ. 414]. ȼɟɞɶ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ Ȼɨɝ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɟɦ? Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ «ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ», ɨ ɱɟɦ ɢɞɟɬ ɪɟɱɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɨ «Ȼɨɝ»? ȼɟɞɶ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɉɚɬɧɷɦɭ, ɫɥɨɜɨ «Ȼɨɝ» ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɢɪ ɬɭ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɝɨɞɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɬɹɦ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ ɢɞɨɥɨɩɨɤɥɨɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» [Benor, 1995. Ɋ. 352]. ¡ÛÚ‡ÍÓ‚ œ. ¿. ŒÚрˈ‡ÚÂθ̇ˇ ÚÂÓÎӄˡ Ë рÂÎË„ËÓÁ̇ˇ ÊËÁ̸ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɬɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɚ ɦɟɬɨɞ «ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ» ɫɜɹɠɟɬ ɢɦɹ «Ȼɨɝ» ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ: ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ Ⱥɪɟɨɩɚɝɢɬɚ ɚɩɨɮɚɬɢɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ʉɚɤɨɜɚ ɠɟ ɰɟɥɶ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ? Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɇɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɶ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɭ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ [Ibid. Ɋ. 413]. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ, ɧɚɲɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ Ȼɨɝɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɯɭɠɟ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚɦ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ. ɏɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɧɚɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɛɥɚɝɨɝɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɦɢɪɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɫ ɨɬ ɫɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɞɨɥɨɩɨɤɥɨɧɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɟ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ. ɍɱɟɧɢɟ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟɧɨ ɪɟɡɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬ Ɏɨɦɨɣ Ⱥɤɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɚɫɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ Ȼɨɝɭ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ, ɤɨɥɶ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ Ȼɨɝɭ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɧɟ ɭɧɢɜɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ («ɫɨɢɦɟɧɧɨ») ɢ ɧɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ («ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɨ»), ɧɨ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ( 1.13.5) [Ɏɨɦɚ Ⱥɤɜɢɧɫɤɢɣ, 2002. ɋ. 152]. ɇɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɉɚɬɧɷɦ [Putnam, 1997. Ɋ. 417] 2, ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɎɨȾɚɥɟɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɯ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ. 2 143 ɦɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɦɚɥɨ ɱɟɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɞ «ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ», ɜɟɞɶ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɹ Ⱥɤɜɢɧɚɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ȼɨɝ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɟɦɭ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ Ɏɨɦɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɫɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ Ƚɟɪɫɨɧɢɞɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ (Ɋ. 418). ȼɟɞɶ ɩɭɬɚɧɢɰɚ ɫ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɭɸ Ȼɨɝɭ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɢ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ (Ɋ. 417). ȼ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɢɡɦɟ ɠɟ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢɥɢ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ȼ ɜɵɲɟɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ «Ɉɛ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ» ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ «ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ» ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɦ: ɩɨɞɯɨɞ Ʌɸɞɜɢɝɚ ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɚ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ «Ʌɟɤɰɢɹɯ ɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɟ», ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɭ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɫɨɢɡɦɟɪɢɦ ɫ «ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ», ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɢ ɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɧɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɨ ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɭ, ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɦɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ȼɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ («ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɝɪ»), ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ. ɋɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ. 144 »ÒÚÓрˡ ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËË ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɚ ɤ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɢɞɟɬ ɪɟɱɶ, ɢ ɦɟɪɢɥɨɦ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɉɚɬɧɷɦɭ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɢ ɜɟɪɭ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɨɤ, ɨɬɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (Ɋ. 410), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɛ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼɟɞɶ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ «ɢɫɬɢɧɚɦɢ» ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɚ Ȼɨɝ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɵ (Ɋ. 410). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɚ ɯɨɬɶ ɢ «ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ», ɧɨ, ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɧɟ «ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ», ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ, ɢ ɭ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ, ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɉɚɬɧɷɦɚ, ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɨɡɜɭɱɧɚ ɢ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɭ, ɢ ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɭ. Ɉɧ ɬɨɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɩɨ ɢɯ «ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ» (Ɋ. 410). Ɉɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ, ɧɨ ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɨɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɸ ɢɡ-ɩɨɞ ɩɪɢɰɟɥɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ. ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ «ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ»? ɗɬɚ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɉɚɬɧɷɦɚ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ «ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ», ɚ «ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ» ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɨ ɜɨɬ ɩɨɞ «ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ» ɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɧɟ ɬɭ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɟɥɨ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɥɢɛɨ, ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɷɬɢɤɚ. ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ , ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ «ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ «ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» ɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (Ɋ. 410). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɉɚɬɧɷɦɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ «ɢɞɨɥɨɩɨɤɥɨɧɫɬɜɚ» ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɢɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɬɥɢɜɨ: ɨɧ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɞɨɥɨɩɨɤɥɨɧɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ (Ɋ. 418). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɢɞɨɥɨɩɨɤɥɨɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɚɩɟɥɥɹɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɤ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɦ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɦ, ɚ ɤ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɋɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɉɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɨɧɵ, ɨɩɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɉɚɬɧɷɦ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ «ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ». ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɨɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ «ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ». ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ȼɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɲɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚɦɢ, ɢ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɢɦ ɮɪɚɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ (Ɋ. 410). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɉɚɬɧɷɦɭ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɟɟ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɜɟɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɹɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɦ ɮɪɚɡɚɦ (Ɋ. 418). Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɫ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɨɦ, ɢ ɫ ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɨɦ. ȼɢɬɝɟɧɲɬɟɣɧ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɸ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɳɢɬɶɫɹ «ɤ Ɍɨɦɭ, ɤɬɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɲɢ “ɮɨɪɦɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ”… ȼɟɞɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɚɹ ɬɚɣɧɚ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚɹ ɬɚɣɧɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ “ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ”» (Ɋ. 419). ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɟ ɡɚɭɦɧɵɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɵ «ɧɟɨ-ɚɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɣ» (Ɋ. 418), ɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ «ɉɭɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɯ» Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɜɟɪɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ, ɪɚɫɬɟɪɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ Ȼɨɝɚ. Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ ɠɟ ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɰɟɦ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɝɨ. ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ ɜɨɫɤɥɢɰɚɧɢɟɦ: «ɉɪɢ ¡ÛÚ‡ÍÓ‚ œ. ¿. ŒÚрˈ‡ÚÂθ̇ˇ ÚÂÓÎӄˡ Ë рÂÎË„ËÓÁ̇ˇ ÊËÁ̸ ɜɫɟɦ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɢ, ɥɸɛɟɡɧɵɣ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ, ɤ Ȼɨɝɭ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɨɛɳɚɟɦɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ» (Ɋ. 419). ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ ɢ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɟɰ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɫɬɢɰɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɉɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ: «Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɹɡɵɤ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɫ Ȼɨɝɨɦ, ɷɬɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɚ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ» (Ɋ. 419). ȼ ɫɩɨɪɟ ɉɚɬɧɷɦɚ ɫ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ-ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɫɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɫɤɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ «ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɯ» ɧɟɩɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɝɨ Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ «ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ». Ȼɟɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɧɟɨɬɥɢɱɢɦɚ ɨɬ ɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɰɢɡɦɚ, ɧɨ ɭ ɟɝɨ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ – ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɛɵ ɜ ɥɸɞɹɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ: ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɦɢɪɟɧɢɟ. ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ. Ɉɧ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɜɨɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɭ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ȼɨɝ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɱɬɨ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɜɟɪɭ ɩɪɨ- 145 ɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɟɣ (Ɋ. 414). Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɭ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɭ ɧɚ Ɇɚɣɦɨɧɢɞɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɭ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɚ, ɉɚɬɧɷɦ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɢɱɟɦ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ. и и е ы . ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ // Ⱦɭɯɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ / ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɮɪ. ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ȼ. Ⱥ. ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ. Ɇ.; ɋɉɛ: ɋɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɜɟɬɟɪ; ɂȾ «Ʉɨɥɨ», 2005. ɋ. 213– 226. . . Ɉɱɟɪɤ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɐɟɪɤɜɢ. Ⱦɨɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ / ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɮɪ. ɦɨɧ. Ɇɚɝɞɚɥɢɧɵ (ȼ. Ⱥ. Ɋɟɳɢɤɨɜɨɣ). 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɢɫɩɪ. ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ. ɋɜɹɬɨ-Ɍɪɨɢɰɤɚɹ ɋɟɪɝɢɟɜɚ Ʌɚɜɪɚ, 2012. 586 ɫ. ( ). ɉɭɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɯ / ɉɟɪ. ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. Ɇ. Ⱥ. ɒɧɟɣɞɟɪɚ. Ɇ.; ɂɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ: Ƚɟɲɚɪɢɦ; Ɇɨɫɬɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, 2010. 566 ɫ. Ф . ɋɭɦɦɚ Ɍɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɑ. I. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ 1–43 / ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɥɚɬ. ɋ. ɂ. ȿɪɟɦɟɟɜɚ, Ⱥ. Ⱥ. ɘɞɢɧɚ. Ɇ.; Ʉɢɟɜ: ɗɥɶɝɚ; ɇɢɤɚ-ɐɟɧɬɪ; ɗɥɶɤɨɪ-ɆɄ, 2002. 560 ɫ. Benor E. Meaning and Reference in Maimonides' Negative Theology // Harvard Theological Review. 1995. Vol. 88. No. 3. P. 339– 360. Putnam H. On Negative Theology // Faith and Philosophy. 1997. Vol. 14. No. 4. P. 407– 422. 13.02.2014 P. A. Butakov Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 8 Nikolaev Str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation pavelbutakov@academ.org NEGATIVE THEOLOGY AND RELIGIOUS LIFE: MAIMONIDES, WITTGENSTEIN AND PUTNAM The paper discusses the three approaches to negative theology: of Maimonides, of Wittgenstein, and of Putnam. It demonstrates how for all the three philosophers negative theology is validated not on the theoretical but on practical grounds, and is justified by the religious life. It reveals the pragmatist features of Maimonides’ philosophy, and mystical tendencies of Putnam’s philosophy. Keywords: negative theology, philosophy of language, divine attributes, Maimonides, Wittgenstein, Putnam. 146 »ÒÚÓрˡ ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËË References Benor E. Meaning and Reference in Maimonides' Negative Theology. Harvard Theological Review, 1995, vol. 88, no. 3, p. 339–360. Hadot P. Negativnaya teologiya [Negative Theology]. Dukhovnye uprazhneniya i antichnaya filosofiya [Spiritual Exercises and Ancient Philosophy]. St.-Petersburg, 2005. (in Russ.) Losskii V. N. Ocherk misticheskogo bogosloviya Vostochnoi Tserkvi. Dogmaticheskoe bogoslovie [The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church]. The Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra, 2012. (in Russ.) Moses ben Maimon (Maimonides). Putevoditel’ rasteryannykh [The Guide of the Perplexed]. Moscow, Jerusalem, 2010. (in Russ.) Putnam H. On Negative Theology. Faith and Philosophy, 1997, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 407–422. Thomas Aquinas. Summa teologii. Chast’ 1. Voprosy 1–43 [Summa Theologica. Part 1. Questions 1–43]. Moscow, Kiev, 2002. (in Russ.)