PPT 4

Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, 2024

Wastewater-based surveillance has emerged as an important method for monitoring the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in Zambia. We conducted a longitudinal study in the Copperbelt and Eastern provinces of Zambia from October 2023 to December 2023 during which 155 wastewater samples were collected. The samples were subjected to three different concentration methods, namely bag-mediated filtration, skimmed milk flocculation, and polythene glycol-based concentration assays. Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was conducted using real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Whole genome sequencing was conducted using Illumina COVIDSEQ assay. Of the 155 wastewater samples, 62 (40%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Of these, 13 sequences of sufficient length to determine SARS-CoV-2 lineages were obtained and 2 sequences were phylogenetically analyzed. Various Omicron subvariants were detected in wastewater including BA.5, XBB.1.45, BA.2.86, and JN.1. Some of these subvariants have been detected in clinical cases in Zambia. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis positioned a sequence from the Copperbelt Province in the B.1.1.529 clade, suggesting that earlier Omicron variants detected in late 2021 could still be circulating and may not have been wholly replaced by newer subvariants. This study stresses the need for integrating wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 into mainstream strategies for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Zambia.

Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica, 2024

2016

El emprendimiento se considera un importante factor de movilización social y de combate a la pobreza, especialmente en el contexto actual, caracterizado por constantes crisis económicas y escalamientos productivos en un ámbito de competitividad e innovación, que exige nuevas y efectivas estrategias para enfrentar los clásicos problemas de desempleo, desigualdad y pobreza.

Access to Finance and Challenges of Small and Medium Size Enterprise, 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate access to Finance and Challenges of SME in the Case of Nekemte Town. The study used a descriptive research design. Descriptive research was used because it enabled a researcher to determine relationship between variables. The target population for this study was 126 Small and Medium Enterprise operating in Nekemte Town. Primary data used to collect data. A questionnaire was consisted of closed ended questions. The study revealed that age of owner/manager affects access to finance and women are frequently discouraged to apply for financial institutions credit. The findings also indicated that level of education, lack of collateral and financial performance affects SME’s access to finance. Similarly, the study established that lack of training, finance and management skills affects performance. The study concluded that SME’s Profile affected access to credit and similarly, before getting access to the loans age of owner/manager influence access to finance. Despite the changes in the SME profile, as far access to financial institutions credit is concerned. The findings revealed that commercial banks require collateral before issuing a loan to small and medium enterprises. Lack of finance and management skills can be a hindrance to business performance. There is a lack of ample training to help them entrepreneurs in the running of the business. The study recommended that financial institutions should customize the policies to provide for loan access by SMEs and to ensure that age of owner/manager does not hinder the access to finance. SMEs ought to strive as much as possible to attain assets that can be used as collateral in the course of business. The enterprises also need to honor any debts owed in order to improve their access to finance. At the same time, the firms need to ensure that they issue accurate financial information to the financial institutions before applying for a loan in order to minimize cases of information asymmetry. Management need to ensure they have the necessary skills for effective organization performance. There is also a need for the enterprises to advanced technology in order to gain competitive advantage. The managers should be proactive in seeking training opportunities. Based on the findings in the present study, a comparative study ought to be carried out to examine factors influencing credit access among SMEs in Nekemte town and the Regional State too. Further study must be conducted on small and medium enterprises in Ethiopia in order to analyze the existing discrepancies that bridge the financing gaps affecting the sector.

Rivista Internazionale di Filosofia del Diritto, 2023

The essay discusses the thesis – which has enjoyed a certain critical fortune especially since the Second World War – according to which Kelsen’s function of the basic norm is to justify positive law. Especially after the Second World War, Kelsen’s legal positivism has often been criticized for “having supported the compliance of the German Judiciary with Nazi law”. The paper aims to show how, for Kelsen, the experience of law is possible only under certain conditions

2019

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La depresión es el problema de salud mental que produce mayor discapacidad en mujeres de nuestro país, y ocupa el segundo lugar entre las primeras 15 causas de Años de Vida Saludables Perdidos por Discapacidad o Muerte Prematura (AVISA) en ellas.

Pnyx, 2022

Full version downloadable for free here: https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/pnyx Ancient Greek coastal cities imposed stringent rules on maritime traders arriving from other states, requiring them to sail to the emporion alone, abide by their laws when in their territory, use local coinage, and pay the relevant taxes. Yet the territories of these cities contained other limenes (a word that encompasses both artificial harbours and natural moorages) that its legal residents used for fishing and local coastal trade. This article explores the strengths and weaknesses of state oversight of maritime trade by investigating a case study ([Dem.] 35.28-29) where Phaselite merchants allegedly crossed the divide between interstate emporion-trade and intra-state coastal trade, avoiding the emporion at Piraeus and mooring at a local harbour named Phōrōn Limēn (Thieves' Harbour) yet making use of the market at Piraeus nonetheless. It argues that traditional interpretations of this harbour's function in terms of smuggling are improbable and that the Phaselites used it instead to conceal important knowledge from their creditors whilst accessing the emporion on foot. This case study also underscores the important economic function of minor relay ports, particularly in terms of the agricultural economy, since these moorages facilitated essential transport links between the countryside and city markets.