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DEPARTMENT OF THEATRE ARTS AND MASS COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, BENIN CITY NAME: IMHOAGENE RICHARD GOODLUCK Topic: An Evaluation of Mass Media Effects on the Nigeria Society DATE: APRIL, 2015 OUTLINE Overview Mass Media: Conceptual Clarification Mass Media Effects: Theory or Practice Mass Media Effects and the Nigerian Society Conclusion Overview The Mass Media in Nigeria have metamorphosed over the years to become an integral part of, and major contributor to, the journey towards nationhood and national development. Its reach, speed and influence have been recognized as crucial factors necessary to win the hearts and support of the public in matters of public interest, and issues bordering on development. This study of media effects have today been inculcated into the cardinal areas of Mass Communication studies. The long debate has been whether the media still wield the power to affect members of the public, whether media audience members are active or passive, and whether these effects are favourable or detrimental to the collective goals and aspirations of members of the community. In all cases, the social, political, economic, and cultural environment under which media contents are received, affect people’s interpretations. Literacy level, peer group or sub cultural groups, religious background, family, and special groups also affect how we interpret media contents. This also gives credence to the ideas behind the socio-cultural conditions that determine why and how media messages affect people differently. Mass Media: Conceptual Clarification The topic revolves around certain key-words that need to be clearly spelt-out and defined to assist in the further expatiations on the discourse. The key-words in the topic are; Mass media, media effect and society. Mass Media: Collectively, the communications media, especially television, radio, and newspapers which reach the mass of the people Media Effects: Any of the consequences of mass media operation, whether intended or not, has effectiveness and the capacity to achieve given objectives Society; a relatively independent, self-perpetuating human group, which occupies particular territory and has association with groups Mass Media Effects: Theory or Practice And it is true in this respect. Cultural values and lifestyle have changed over time by use of television, radio and internet. What were once closed societies, with its own ways of living and thinking is now more generic. Lifestyles in one part of the world have become similar to those in another part of the world. By being bombarded with images, what was once abnormal, have become the norm. http://www.presseradiotv.com As posited by Sambe (2014), attempts at quantifying or measuring the effects of the mass media on society through the scientific method by various researchers have been long and tortuous. Also, McQuail (1969) attests that despite frequent comments on the power of press-cinema and radio to change opinions and influence behaviour, attempts to measure the effects of communications by scientific means have lagged behind conjecture. Berelson (1953) argues that because of the variety and complexity of the effects of communication, this topic probably represents the most neglected area of communication research. What he means is that scholars are frequently playing safe because known can truly put a finger to it to tell the actual measure of effects that the media have on society. It is like pissing in the wind. McQuail (1969) further explains that the neglect of research on media effects has much to do with the complexity of the problems involved, since there are almost no fixed points of reference. He avers that even when a research effort is focused on the study of media campaigns designed to produce attitudinal or behaviour outcomes, a situation which lends itself to the formation of precise and testable hypotheses, the difficulties are still considerable. Berelson (1948) responds to this knotty problem of fixed reference points when he suggests a framework with five factors which must be taken into account in a study on Mass Communication effects. He says, “some kinds of communications on some kinds of issues brought to the attention of some kinds of people under some kinds of conditions have some kinds of effects.” For Berelson, Mass Media effects will vary in relation to the different communication situations, issues and people involved. He says: ‘effects will differ according to the existing state of opinions on issues.’ He also observes that people vary according to their use of the Mass Media, and their predisposition. As a result of this, he contends that many variations in the type or degree of effects will occur…and different kinds of effects on attitudes and opinions will come up. Conceding to this view, Klapper, in McQuail (1969), sums up that communications can lead to reinforcement, conversion, minor or major adjustments of attitudes, long-term or short-term effects, and to those that are unintended as well as intended. How effective are Mass Media Effects? It’s not unusual to wake up, check the cell phone for messages and notifications, look at the TV or Newspaper for news, commute to work, read emails, take meetings and make phone calls… and make decisions based on the information we have gathered from those mass media and interpersonal media sources. (Anthony Curtis, Mass Communication Dept University of North Carolina) Is this still the case? The crust of the discourse here is to evaluate how these media effects take place and under what conditions, and what leads to these effects; the consequences as well as the resultant effects. The questions that readily come to mind here are: Do media contents elicit direct unmediated responses in their audiences or do those contents interact with other factors (intervening variables) to produce the desired responses in the audiences? Do the media serve to change attitudes or do they serve to reinforce stereotypes? Rivers et al. (1971), writing on the persuasive power of the mass media, observes that it is easy to exaggerate the efficacy of the mass media as persuaders. Many people see them as operating in simple term of, cause and effect of communication stimulus and individual response. Some think, for example, that if an editor writes, his readers scurry like puppets to perform his will. A growing body of research of the media has proven to be neither direct nor simple. A single communication usually has little direct impact on attitudes or behaviour. McQuail (1969) supports Rivers’ view when he asserts that there is indeed overwhelming evidence that the measured net change in attitudes or opinions as a result of persuasive material presented in radio, film, television, or the press are likely to be small. Media Effects Theories Research and studies in media effects, as already mentioned, have brought out a number of conclusions on how media content affects the receivers. These conclusions constitute theories, which have been accepted by scholars. Sloan et al. (1996), contend that the individual has a personal theory about media, and given the same media contents, there will be varying degrees of reactions and affections. We acquire personal theories throughout our lives based on personal, social and cultural level of experiences. And the degree of media effect on us always has enormous consequences for the family, professional and educational dimensions of our lives. Mass media effect theories are not scientific. Scholars have propounded four dominant media effect theories: Passive-Audience or the Magic Bullet Theory Active Audience Theory (Dissonance, Spiral of Silence, Uses and Gratifications Theory) Technological or the Medium Theory, and Cultural Studies. All the above-listed theories represent a point of view and another. While some, like the Magic Bullet Theory tends to see the audience as passive, and accepting everything the media dole out at them without questioning, others, like the Active Audience theory takes a stand to correct the seemingly erroneous view of the former. The proponents are of the view that mass media audience are aware, and thus assess information they get from the media, choosing which to accept and which not to. Evaluating the Effects of Mass Media on the Nigerian Society The structure of the Nigerian society is such a complex and diversified one, with about 250 ethnic groups spread across six geo-political zones of the country. Hence, citizens react to media messages differently depending on the ethnic group, cultural standings amongst others. Take for instance, does the Fulani man react in the same manner that an Urhobo man does over a particular media report? This question and many more are being asked. When corpses of dead Hausa people from the Shagamu crises were shown on television screens, there were immediate reprisals against Yoruba people in Kano. Media effects in Nigeria can be classified as positive and negative; immediate or delayed. But whatever the classification, the ethnic backgrounds, literacy level and religious backgrounds always play a role in shaping the degree of affectation. Socially and culturally, it is because of the effects of media that we have concepts of media imperialism today. Through Western films, Nigerians are greatly influenced by American and European cultural values. Nigerians (youths especially), have lots of role models from films and music. These influence the people in modes of dressing, walking and speaking. It is because of the media, especially films, magazines and posters, that we have acquired Western European dressing modes, drinking habits, sexual and other deviant behaviours. In political matters too, the media have shown tremendous influence in telling people (Nigerians) “what to think about.” The recently conducted general election is a very good example, where the focus of every Nigerian immediately shifted towards the elections. Conclusion Truth be told, it is very difficult to comprehensively discuss topical issues in media effects on the Nigerian society. However, there can be broad groupings which include information and education; entertainment, socialization and economic growth; role modeling and habit cultivation; politics, nationalism, public opinion formulation, agenda setting and canalization. Moreover, through an extensive view of relevant literature on effects, determining what media effects are, how they occur, under what conditions they occur, and what factors mediate the stimulus and the response, it has been gathered that media effects vary in relation to the different communication situations, issues and people involved. It has also been gathered that variations in the type and degree of effects will occur. So, there can be effects on information levels, behaviour, different kinds of attitudes and opinions. REFERENCES Asemah, E. (2011) Mass Media in Contemporary Society. Jos. Jos University Press Curtis, A. (2012) Mass Media Influence on Society. University of North Carolina Press. http://www2.uncp.edu Sambe, J.A. (2005) Introduction to Mass Communication Practice in Nigeria. Ibadan. Spectrum Books Limited.