ISSN: 2320-5407
Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(9), 1397-1404
Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com
Article DOI:
Article DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/1740
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/1740
RESEARCH ARTICLE
External and internal characteristics of ostrich eggs from Dibete Ostrich farm.
John Cassius Moreki, Gadzikanani Kgosana Majuta and James Buti Machete.
Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Private
Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info
Abstract
…………………….
………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History
Received: 12 July 2016
Final Accepted: 22 August 2016
Published: September 2016
Key words:Egg quality, external traits, Haugh unit,
internal traits, ostrich.
A total of 39 ostrich eggs from three different flocks (A, B and C) were
obtained from Dibete Ostrich Multiplication Unit (DOMU) and used to
assess the internal and external egg quality characteristics. The
experiment was conducted at Botswana University of Agriculture and
Natural Resources (BUAN). Eggs were individually weighed prior to
opening in the Meat Science Laboratory at BUAN using a saw in order
to remove the internal contents. Parameters studied include egg weight,
shell thickness, shell weight, shell percentage, egg contents weight, egg
shape index, egg surface area, SWUSA, albumen ratio, shell ratio, yolk
ratio, yolk index, shell volume, shell density, egg volume, egg specific
gravity. Results showed that only the Haugh unit was significantly
(p<.0001) different among the flocks while other parameters were not
significantly (p>0.05) different from each other. Egg weight was highly
and positively correlated with egg contents weight, egg surface area,
albumen ratio and egg volume (r=0.97884, 0.99958, 0.60295 and
0.98344, respectively; p<.0001, <.0001, <.0001 and<.0001,
respectively) but highly and negatively correlated with yolk ratio (r=0.60498; p=0.0001) and weakly and positively correlated with shell
weight, Haugh unit and shell volume (r= 0.4648; p=0.0029, 0.36348;
p=0.0229, and 0.45506; p=0.0036, respectively). Shell thickness was
positively and significantly correlated with shell weight, shell
percentage, SWUSA, shell ratio and shell density (r=0.48506, 0.51737,
0.53380, 0.51737, 0.50416, respectively; P=0.0017, 0.0007, 0.0005,
0.0007, 0.0011, respectively). Egg specific gravity was positively and
significantly (r=0.43329; p=0.0059) correlated with shell volume.
Ostriches of different ages should be reared separately though there is
very little variation in quality traits.
Copy Right, IJAR, 2016,. All rights reserved.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:Ostrich eggs are the largest eggs produced by a living bird measuring 15.24 cm in length and 12.7 cm in diameter
(Cooper, 2001). The weight of an ostrich eggranges from 1.0 to 2.0 kg (Pleti et al., 2009).According to Cooper et
al.(2009), ostrich egg shell thickness ranges from 1.6 to 2.2 mm.Extremely strong shells of ostrich eggs make them
very resistant to breakage during handling and transportation while also serving as a basis for the making of curios
Corresponding Author:-John Cassius Moreki
Address:-Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana University of Agriculture and
Natural Resources, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana.
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(Mushi et al., 2007). In a 1500 g ostrich egg,the mean weight of albumen, yolk and shell are 900 g, 317 g and 296 g,
respectively. For a long time ostrich eggs have been consumed by humans and their shells used as containers and/or
also made into beads.
Egg quality is defined as the characteristics of an egg that affect its acceptability to the consumers. Hence, egg
quality is the more important price contributing factor in both table and hatching eggs, therefore the economic
success of a laying flock solely depends on the total number of quality eggs produced (Monira et al., 2003). Ostrich
eggs may vary from white to yellowish white. The egg is pitted with superficial pores of various shapes and sizes
(Monira et al., 2003). Christensen et al. (1996) found the distribution of pores per square centimetre to be 20.2±2.0,
18.3±1.6 and 17.7±1.1 in the broad end, equator and sharp end, respectively. The weight and proportion of egg
represented by albumen, yolk and shell vary significantly between the strains of birds. Shell thickness is
significantly influenced by bird strain; also higher egg size may also influence shell quality (Monira et al., 2003).
Recent interest in ostrich farming has increased the demand for information about ratites and ratite management in a
commercial environment (Miljković et al., 2009). However, basic information required to develop this industry is
unavailable. While the chicken egg has been extensively studied for its internal and external qualities, as well as, for
its composition, such information is not so well documented in other poultry species such as ostrich (Alkan et al.,
2015). Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the ostrich egg quality characteristics.
Materials and Methods:Study area:The experiment was conducted at Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (BUAN), Content
farm, Sebele, which is located 10 km north of Gaborone, capital city of Botswana.
Experimental design:A total of 40 eggs were purchased at a government ostrich facility, Dibete Ostrich Multiplication Unit (DOMU),
situated about 100 km north of Gaborone along the A1 highway. Eggs were weighed using an electronic scale,
whereas length and width of individual eggs were measured using Vernier calipers (Benoît et al., 2014). Thereafter,
eggs were opened using a saw in the Meat Science Laboratory at BUAN in order to remove the internal contents.
The yolk and albumen were separated by pouring the internal contents of the egg on a flat surface and collecting the
yolk enclosed by vitellinemembrane into a container. An empty container was weighed and used to weigh the yolk
by collecting it into a container and thereafter weighing the container with the yolk. The weight of the yolk was
obtained by subtracting the weight of the container from the weight of the container and yolk. Internal parameters
measured were yolk weight, yolk height, yolk width, albumen height, albumen weight, shell thickness and shell
weight. An electronic scale sensitive to 0.01 was used to measure the weight of albumen, yolk and shell while
Vernier calipers were used to measure the height and width of albumen and yolk. Shell thickness was measured
using micrometer screw gauge, whereas albumen weight was calculated by subtracting yolk weight and shell weight
from egg weight.
After collection of these data, quality traits such as shell ratio, yolk ratio, albumen ratio, Haugh unit, egg surface
area (ESA), shell percentage, shell volume, shell density, shell weight/surface area (SWUSA), egg specific gravity
(ESG), egg volume, weight of egg contents and egg shape index (ESI) were evaluated according to El-Safty and
Mahrose (2009) and Alkan et al. (2015) using the formulae below.
Egg volume = 0.51*egg length*egg breath²
Egg surface area=39782W0.7056 where W is egg weight
Haugh unit = 100 log (H - 1.7W0.37 + 7.6), where H is albumen height and W is egg weight
Egg surface area(cm²)
Shell volume =
Egg length (cm)
Shell density =
Shell weight
Shell volume
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Shell percentage =
Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(9), 1397-1404
Shell weight
∗ 100
Egg weight
Egg specific gravity (g/cm²) =
Egg shape index =
Shell ratio (%) =
Egg width
∗ 100
Egg length
Shell weight
∗ 100
Egg weight
Albumen ratio (%) =
Yolk ratio (%) =
Albumen weight
∗ 100
Egg weight
Yolk weight
∗ 100
Egg weight
Yolk weight
Yolk index = Yolk
Egg weight
Egg volume
diameter
∗ 100.
Statistical analysis:Data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software (version 9.2) (SAS Institute System, 2008).
The proccorrprocedure of SAS was used to calculate correlation coefficients. Significant differences among the
means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
Results and Discussion:External and internal quality traits of ostrich eggs:All external and internal physical quality traits except Haugh unit were not significantly (P>.05) different from each
other (Table 1). The average egg weight for flocks A, B and C was 1.27 kg, 1.26 kg and 1.34 kg, respectively. The
result on egg weight in this study is consistent with Mushi et al. (2007) and Brand et al. (2003) who found average
weight of an ostrich egg to be 1321 g and 1455 g, respectively. Previous study of Benoît et al. (2014) reported
average egg weight of 1370 g and 1200 g during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively.
On average albumen, shell and yolk in the current study were 60.5%, 13.36%, 26.04%, respectively. Koutinhouin et
al. (2014) reported that the albumen, yolk and shell make up 57.1-59.4%, 21-23.3% and 19.6% of the egg,
respectively. Selvan et al.(2014) found albumen, yolk and egg shell percentage to be 57.51 (825.35 g), 27.64 (396.76
g) and 14.83 (212.89 g), respectively. In the study of Di Meo et al. (2003) albumen, yolk and shell amounted to 57.1,
23.3 and 19.6%, respectively. El-safty (2015) reported slightly higher values of egg albumen, yolk and shell
compared to the current results. Average yolk index reported in the current study was 32.9% which is consistent
with El-Safty and Mahrose (2009) who found a value of 30.4%. However, a higher yolk index (44%) was reported
by Al-Obaidi et al. (2012).
The average shape index (82.65%) in the current study is consistent withHorbańczuk et al. (2003), Nedomová and
Buchar (2013), Benoît et al. (2014)andSelvan et al.(2014)who obtained shape indices of 83%, 82.49%, 83.5-83.86%
and 82.86%, respectively. Similarly, Elsayed(2009) and Koutinhouin et al. (2014) found shape index values of
ostrich eggs to be 80% and 83.5%, respectively. In this study, average egg specific gravity was 1.15897 g/cm3.
Similarly, Al-Obaidi et al. (2012) reported a value of1.15 g/cm3 while Koutinhouin et al. (2014) reported a specific
gravity of 1.13 g/cm3 during the rainy season and 1.03 g/cm3 in the dry season. The authorsfound average egg shell
thickness values of ostrich eggs to be 2.2 to 2.24 mm in the equatorial regions which is slightly higher than 1.87 mm
recorded in this study. Similarly, Mushi et al. (2007) reported shell thickness of 1.65 mm which is slightly lower
than the value obtained in the current study. The study by Cooper et al. (2009)found that shell thickness of ostrich
egg ranges from 1.6 to 2.2 mm. Similarly, Selvan et al.(2014) reported shell thickness of 1.92 to 2.4 mm, whereas Di
Meo et al. (2003) found that average shell thickness ranged from 2.20 mm at the equator to 2.24 mm at the sharp
end.
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Table 1: Means ± SE of external and internal physical quality traits of ostrich eggs
Flocks
Parameter
A
B
Egg weight( kg)
1.2758 ± 0.041
1.2636 ± 1.264
Haugh unit
129.05 ±0.833
127.33 ± 0.771
Shell thickness, (mm)
1.8658 ± 0.069
1.9207± 0.0640
Shell weight (kg)
0.1750 ± 0.009
0.1707 ± 0.008
Shell percentage (%)
13.8325± 0.574
13.4500± 0.531
Egg contents weight( kg)
Egg shape index (%)
1.0992 ± 0.037
83.1183± 0.784
1.0929 ± 0.035
81.8550 ±0.726
Egg surface area (m2)
Shell weight/unit surface area,
(mg/cm2)
Albumen ratio (%)
4.7158 ± 0.107
37.2617± 1.566
4.6871 ±0.099
36.2107 ±1.449
60.3275± 1.205
59.5950 ±1.116
Shell ratio (%)
13.8325± 0.574
13.4500 ±0.531
Yolk ratio (%)
25.8392± 1.064
26.9543 ±0.985
Yolk index
Shell volume (cm3)
0.3217 ±0.0103
0.03000±0.0004
0.3379 ±0.009
0.03000 ± 0.0004
Shell density (g/cm3)
5.4358 ± 0.249
5.3386 ±0.230
Egg volume (cm3)
1102.85 ± 34.678
1088.01 ± 32.106
Egg specific gravity (gm/cm3)
1.1567 ± 0.007
1.1621 ± 0.006
NS: Non-significant; ***:p<0.001; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; SE: Standard error
C
1.3408 ± 0.040
137.23 ± 0.800
1.8200 ± 0.066
0.1715 ± 0.009
12.8477±
0.551
1.1692 ± 0.036
83.0762±
0.752
4.8877 ± 0.103
35.1115±
1.505
61.9038±
1.157
12.8477±
0.551
25.2485±
1.021
0.3277 ± 0.010
0.03077±
0.0004
5.2200 ±
0.239
1157.51±
33.318
1.1577 ± 0.007
ANOVA
NS
***
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
The average Haugh unit in the present study was 131.16. According to Pleti et al. (2009), Haugh unit>100 shows
very good egg quality. Rath et al. (2015) stated that the higher the yolk index and the Haugh unit, the more desirable
the egg quality which implies that Haugh unit and yolk index are indicators of internal egg quality. The Haugh unit
varies greatly between the flocks which might imply differences in internal egg quality. The variation in Haugh unit
values in the present study might be due to variation in the age of the birds and the differences in storage time of the
eggs.
Correlations of egg physical characteristics:Table 2 shows the correlations between ostrich egg quality traits.Egg weight was highly and positively correlated
with egg contents weight, ESA, albumen ratio and egg volume (r= 0.97884, 0.99958, 0.60295 and 0.98344,
respectively) but highly and negatively correlated with yolk ratio (r= -0.60498) and weakly and positively correlated
with shell weight, Haugh unit and shell volume(r= 0.4648, 0.36348 and 0.45506, respectively). Selvan et al.(2014)
reported a significant correlation between albumen and yolk percentage with egg weight, but with a negative
relationship for yolk and positive for albumen.
Alkan et al. (2015) reported a positive correlation between egg weight and shell thickness which is similar to what
was found in the current study (Table 2). In disagreement with the present results, Benoît et al. (2014) found a nonsignificant correlation between shell thickness and egg weight of red-necked ostrich. For Monira et al. (2003), shell
thickness is significantly influenced by bird strain which might be a reason for non-significant correlation in this
study. According to Bobbo et al. (2013), egg weight has an indirect relationship with shell quality; however, egg
shell thickness has positive significant correlation with shell weight.
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Shell thickness was positively and significantly correlated with shell weight, shell percentage, SWUSA, shell ratio
and shell density (r=0.48506, 0.51737, 0.53380, 0.51737, 0.50416 respectively; P= 0.0017, 0.0007, 0.0005, 0.0007,
0.0011, respectively). These results are consistent with El-Safty and Mahrose (2009) and Koutinhouin et al. (2014)
who reported similar correlations. However, Bobbo et al. (2013) reported a negative correlation between shell
thickness and shell weight for smooth feathered ostriches and frizzle but a strong positive correlation for naked
neck. Shell weight was positively and strongly correlated with shell percentage and shell density. These results are
in line with those reported by El-Safty and Mahrose (2009).
The Haugh unit was weakly and positively correlated with egg contents weight, ESA and egg volume (r= 0.40106,
0.36434 and 0.39206, respectively), whereas albumen ratio was negatively and significantly correlated with shell
ratio, yolk ratio and yolk index (r= -0.48390, -0.88121, -0.57168 and p= 0.0018, 0.0001, 0.0001, respectively) (Table
2). El-Safty and Mahrose (2009) reported similar correlations in African black neck ostrich. According to Kontecka
et al. (2012), an increase in the yolk weight results in a decrease in the percentage of albumen.
Egg specific gravity (ESG) was positively and significantly (r=0.43329; p=0.0059) correlated with shell volume.
The current result indicates that an increase in shell volume increases ESG. This result is in line with Gryzinska and
Batkowska (2014) who stated that as ESG declines the number of cracks generally increase; hence ESG indicates
the quantity of shell relative to other components of the egg. The ESG usually declines over time partly due to the
size of the egg increasing more rapidly than shell weight (Butcher and Miles, 2015). Therefore, the differences in
ESG values among eggs of similar weights are mainly due to variations in the amount of shell.
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Table 2: Correlations between egg physical characteristics of Ostrich at Dibete Ostrich Multiplication Unit
Traits
Egg
weight
Egg
weig
ht
-
Shell
thickne
ss
0.03432
Shell
weight
Shell
percent
Haugh
unit
0.36348
Egg
contents
weight
0.97884*
Egg
surface
area
0.99958*
0.4648*
-0.147
*
**
**
SWUSA
0.06446ns
Album
en
ratio
0.6029
5***
Shell
ratio
Yolk
ratio
Yolk
index
Shell
volume
Shell
density
Egg
volume
-0.15475
0.60498**
0.04200
0.45506*
0.30429
0.98344*
**
*
Shell
thickne
ss
Shell
weight
Shell
percent
-
0.4850
6*
0.51737*
0.14840
-0.07268
0.03941
0.53380***
-
0.79421*
0.01014
0.26434
0.27623
0.46856*
0.90741***
-
0.40106*
0.36434*
-0.18652
-
0.97792*
-0.13814
**
**
-
0.34991*
0.15081n
0.97517***
s
Haugh
unit
Egg
content
s
weight
Egg
surface
area
SWUS
A
Albume
n ratio
Shell
ratio
Y0lk
ratio
*
**
0.2486
7
0.0708
0.4839
0**
0.1205
9
0.6679
1***
0.51737*
0.00475
0.15610
-0.04181
0.50416*
0.00527
0.79421*
-0.34787*
-0.01611
-0.01252
0.97258*
0.46756*
**
**
1.00000*
**
**
0.01273*
-0.07546
-0.26575
**
0.87783*
-0.14954
**
-0.26434
0.00511
0.24824
0.19098
-0.11052
0.39206*
0.34991*
0.57380**
0.05373
0.50257*
0.10773
0.95993*
**
*
**
*
-
0.06882
0.5978
7***
-0.15081
0.60131**
0.04974
0.44354*
0.30989*
0.98421*
**
*
-
0.3593
3*
-
0.97517*
-0.11612
-0.05680
-0.19463
**
0.95712*
0.06919
**
0.48390*
0.88121**
0.57168*
*
*
**
-
0.01273
0.07546
0.69419*
-
0.32027*
-0.18046
0.57412*
-0.26575
0.87783*
-0.14954
**
**
-0.22195
-0.26791
**
0.57489*
**
Yolk
index
Shell
volume
Shell
density
Egg
volume
-
0.00239
-0.04324
0.06166
-
-0.10700
0.37412*
-
0..31671
*
-
* p≤0.05; ** p≤0.01; ***p≤0.001
SWUSA = Shell weight per unit surface area
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Conclusions:Internal and external quality traits were not significantly different across the flocks except the Haugh unit. Egg
weight wassignificantlycorrelated with most other quality traits showing a relationship between the traits. The
current results suggest that ostriches of different ages should be reared separately although there is very little
variation in quality traits.
Acknowledgements:The authors wish to thank Department of Animal Production for supplying eggs used in this study and Dr. K.
Tshireletsoforhelp with statistical analysis.
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