XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy ABSTRACT BOOK International Association of Social Science Research University of Sapienza in Rome IASSR © 2016 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6005 TIME MANAGEMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH “KAIZEN” Senem Demirkiran, Tuna Sener , Esin Omer Department of Marketing and Foreign Trade, Trakya University, Ipsala Vocational School, Edirne, Turkey Kaizen that applies the philosophy “Welcome problems!” contains 2 -5 days of process and aims to reduce all kinds of costs with a speedy development. Kaizen remarks the importance of time efficiency in order to increase the customer satisfaction and competitive power. All the personnel in an institution is responsible of Kaizen, that includes continous improvements about the process. Kaizen consists of planning, implementation, sustainability and enlargement sections and improvement process starts from the purchase of raw materials till the product arrives to the customer. In Kaizen, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty are very important issues, because it is cheaper to get customer loyalt than getting new customers. Thus, in Kaizen, quality assurance, minimizing costs and time management come into prominence. The first two provisions of Kaizen are “Team starts and finishes a day always together and it is important to be always in time” and these two statements reveal the importance and indispensability of time management that aims people to use their time most efficiently. In this study, the importance of the time management concept in Kaizen philosophy is examined and it is tried to analyse the effects of time management to the quality assurance and reducing costs. Waste of time is a waste of resources, and this is not acceptable in professional business life. Keywords: Kaizen, time management, customer loyalty 1 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6007 Discrepancies of Persian Greek and Latin Origin Words’ Spelling in Old Anatolian Turkish Medical Texts Anıl ÇELİK Instructor Department of Literature, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey Writers of Old Anatolian Medical Texts didn’t regard to use especially Turkish terms when they create their works but also they didn’t prefer the terms which belong to foreign languages completely. They sometimes used the same words with their Turkish forms as well as Arabic, Persian, Greek and Latin forms. Moreover, they sometimes used the foreign terms and right after they wrote the Turkish version of this words. They generally preferred the original spellings of foreign terms but they used different types of spellings especially in Persian, Greek and Latin originated words. That is to say, they didn’t revealed systematic usages about spelling of this type of words. In this article, we will mention the possible reasons of this spelling discrepancies and examine the proper examples which are belong to most important Old Anatolian Medical Texts comparatively. Keywords: Old Anatolian Turkish, Medical Texts, Spelling. 2 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6008 The role of Social Media and Virtual Communities on Identity Construction Ugur Gunduz Associate Professor Istanbul Universitesi Iletisim Fakultesi Gazetecilik Bolumu Beyazit Istanbul It is a fact that the social networks have increasingly become the arena of our lives and involve different aspects of our social presence from day to day. So, it requires people to play some social roles. The Social Network is gaining more and more importance in today’s world and has a deeper impact on the society as to the traditional media. Social media enables identity expression, exploration, and experimentation; something natural for the human experience. Social and group interactions in online and virtual communities develop and evolve from expressions of human agency. The exploration of the emergence of agency in social situations has a crucial importance to understand the psychology of agency and group interactions in social media. Social media and online communities offer increased possibilities for connection, interaction and participation but also new media with tools for self-presentation and identity management. Interacting anonymously or eponymously, having one, none or many identities online expresses richness in online communication. This study explores practical aspects of identity construciton, relating to issues virtual communities and social media. The study discusses elements that may encourage the construction of digital identity and how the process, which the study refer to as spiral of transformation, reaches beyond the virtual environment. This study also aims at concentrating on the virtual communities appearing in the social networks while questioning their social and cultural qualities and values. Keywords: Social media, virtual community, identity, construction, social networking. 3 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6009 The concept of virtual nationalism in the age of information: A view to the perspective of Turkey Ugur Gunduz, Burcu Kaya Erdem Associate Professor, Associate Professor Istanbul Universitesi Iletisim Fakultesi Gazetecilik Bolumu Beyazit Istanbul The widespread use of computer-based technologies, such as the Internet and the Web, constitutes a new dimension in the study of virtual nationalism. The use of distance- and time-shrinking information technologies, such as social media, virtual communities, and the web sites by nationalist groups have attracted the structure of the context and discourse of nationalism in the age of information. Technological tools play a central role in the organization of society and in the shaping of the opportunities and constraints, meanings and ways of life. People and groups adapt technology to their needs and interests, producing transformations in the organization of social life and profoundly changing the structures of current society. Apart from the basic ideologies and pressure groups the inetrnet and social media has more a civil, conscious, confident perspective when compared to the traditional ways of communication. Networks are the pattern of social life and of dominant functions and processes in the rise of the network society . Although the relationship between the concept of nationalism and information is closely tied, the conditions under which networks of information and communication function in nationalists’ contexts are new. In this study the nationalist discourse in virtual communities and social media mainly in opposition and resistance parts in the cultural and social context will be discussed. While analysing some nationalists’ social media sharings based on hypothesis, inductive method will be used along with literature review. The study also concentrates on the impact analysis to figure out the negative consequences of these sharings on focus virtual groups and general users. Keywords: Virtual nationalism, age of information, social media, virtual community, communication. 4 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6010 ACADEMICIAN MOTHERS’ CONSTRUCTION OF SUBJECTIVITY IN BETWEEN THE CLAMP OF ACADEMIC PRODUCTION AND BIOLOGICAL REPRODUCTION Gulhan Demiriz, Tugce Zeynep Abali Adnan Menderes University, Department of Sociology, Aydin, Turkey Motherhood is thought as an area that everything is known about since it is characterised as the result of women’s “natural”, “instinctual” desire; is seen as the constituent element of their subjectivities; and, since it has ascribes a kind of holiness because a decent society is thought to be the product of the mothers. In fact, mostly in sociological terms it is a much unknown area. Because, common-known knowledge is the product of the patriarchal discourse and the understanding of the motherhood. Gender-based assumptions and postulates shape this look towards motherhood while they also shape women’s experiences and their way of looking towards maternity. Therefore, it is crucial to question the background dynamics of individual narratives related to “womanhood”, “motherhood” and “practices of ideal motherhood” in order to examine working women’s experiences of the construction of subjectivity (in terms of tensions, dilemmas, alienation, strategies of adjustment to or open a fault line in patriarchal system). Within this framework, the main aim of this research is to examine the background dynamics of academician mothers’ construction of subjectivity by looking at their narratives of their journeys of motherhood together with academicianship. In the construction of subjectivity as women, academician mothers are a group who in a sense force the possibility of reconciliation of motherhood responsibilities with professional goals and with womanhood. In this respect, academician mothers establish a field that gives us an opportunity to discover the junction points of main research questions. In-depth interviews were carried out in order to reveal above mentioned background dynamics by looking at the experiences of academician mothers’ construction of subjectivity as “women”, as “mothers” and as “academicians”. Keywords: Academician Mothers, Construction of Subjectivity, Women’s Subjectivity, Motherhood 5 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6011 The Features of he Reverse-bildungsroman in The Fight Club Figun Dinçer, Burcu Kaya Erdem English Language Teaching Department, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Chuck Palahniuk is an American novelist, who describes his work as transgressional fiction. He is the author of the award-winning novel Fight Club, which also was made into an film of the same name. He can be listed in “underground literature” in Turkey as well. Most of his books are translated all over the world in different languages. The common themes of his works are observed to be social satire with afflicted characters most of whom are drug users, addicted, outcast, alienated or revolt against social order. His other novels Lullaby, Diary, Haunted and Rant have similar characters who search for identity and freedom through violence. Most of his works also share features of “reverse bildungsroman” in common along with this search. I suggest a close reading this transgressional fiction through existentialism for a better understanding his works. Thus, this study aims to examine some feauters of the reverse bildungsroman in The Fight Club through existentialist thought. Keywords: Bildungsroman, reverse bildungsroman, existentialism, fight club 6 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6015 HUMAN CAPITAL CHALLENGES FACING THE BANKING SYSTEM IN KOSOVO Luan VARDARI, Nazli TYFEKQIU Faculty of Economics, University of Prizren, Prizren, Kosova Kosovo's economy in recent years has faced numerous problems. Change the system, from the totalitarian and centralized to a market economy was accompanied by events that had significant impact on the economy of Kosovo. Lack of experience with regard to free market economy made it more difficult to change the system. One of the sectors, which suffered during this transition period was a radical change banking system. Exactly these problems and challenges faced and is facing the banking system, will be the subject of this paper. It will also analyze the policies pursued by the banking system to see if they were suitable or not, in order to improve their future. An important part of this paper will be devoted to human capital, which is one of the main factors affecting the development of the banking system or not. It will examine how motivation affects the performance of human capital in the banking system. Who will look at factors that affect employee motivation and satisfaction. Part of the paper will be a model econometric analysis about the motivation of human capital in the banking system. This model is based on the survey conducted in some of the most important banks in the banking system in Kosovo. The methodology used in this paper is a combination of theoretical analysis, the analysis of the real situation, as well as treatment of an econometric model, so that the conclusions drawn and recommendations are more accurate. Keywords: Banking System, Human Capital, Motivation, Performance, Kosovo 7 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6021 An Analysis on the Credit Card Using Habits of Banking Students Fatma Lorcu, Sevil Demiralay Trakya University Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, Edirne In the banking sector which has been experiencing a radical and fast process of change in recent years, the focus has been concentrated on private marketing, and a fierce competition occurred at credit card marketing. The competition in the credit card sector has led to an expansion of target consumer group and students have become one of the key actors within this market. In particular undergraduates who study banking have great importance for being both target consumers and target employers in the credit card sector at the same time. Surveying the credit card attitudes of banking students who belong to a young age group and follow the products and practices in the banking sector would also provide opportunity to determine the requirements on topics like product planning, marketing, and employee training. In this study, the credit card using habits of banking students of the School of Applied Sciences at Trakya University, and the factors and demographical characteristics playing a role on their habits have been researched with the help of various parametric and non-parametric tests applied on data collected by the survey method. Due to survey results, it’s been determined that the factors like gender, number of possessed cards, monthly expenses and payments by credit cards and have an impact on the credit card attitudes of the students , besides, the number of possessed credit cards is directly proportionate to both emotional attitude and confidence in credit card usage. Keywords: Student credit cards, attitudes towards credit card, card payment systems 8 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6023 The Potentialities of Research in Translation Studies as İnterdisciplinary Mine Yazici Professor Department of Translation Studies, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey Interdisciplinary research provides several opportunities for scientific research especially in the fields of newly acknowledged disciplines emerging from interdisciplinary relations. Translation studies as one of the disciplines arising from the complex relatitions can prove not only the potentialities of interdisciplinary research in the field of social sciences, but also the way interdisciplinary research contribute to the autonomy of discipline. Furthermore, as a newly emerging discipline it is open to multidisiciplinary . This paper will define and discuss the origins, objects or subjects of study, methods, limitations and philosophical stances of research in terms of social sciences so as to introduce this field of study and its potentialities in research to other old established disciplines . Within this framework, I will first discuss the dual nature of Translation Studies as a field of study open both to conceptual and empirical research and discuss why it lay behind other disciplines in spite of long ages of translation activity held since Antic Age. Next, I will explain the descriptive, cognitive, causal and applied methods of research conducted in the field of Translation Studies so as to rationalize why translation studies be considered as a subfield of social sciences as opposed the old established concept that it is a subfield of humanities. Lastly, I will focus on the nature of relations Translation studies can develop with other disciplines for prospective ends and the barriers to overcome limitations in research in the field of social sciences to open up gateways for research projects. Keywords: Translation Studies, research methods, interdisciplinary relations. 9 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6025 Analysing of Verdoorn's Law in Turkish Manufacturing Sector by ARDL Bounds Test Sanli ATES Associate Professor Çukurova University, Dept of Economics, Adana, TURKEY This study investigates the validity of verdoorn hypothesis in Turkish manufacturing for the period 1963-2013 by using ARDL bounds test. Verdoorn foresees that there is a linear relationship that has 0.45 regression coefficient between growth rate of output and growth rate of per capita output in the long-run. The study finds that Verdoorn’s hypothesis is valid for some of Turkish manufacturing industry. In addition, if we decompose the components of long-run productivity growth, total factor productivity and investment growth are the main sources of long-run productivity growth, but scale effects other than transportation vehicles industry is the secondary and weak source. Keywords: Verdoorn’s Hypothesis, Turkish Manufacturing Industry, ARDL Bounds Test 10 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6026 THE CONCEPTS OF BODY AND SOUL IN JOHN DONNE'S VALEDICTION Ufuk Ozen Baykent Instructor Dr. Foreign Languages Teaching Department Faculty Of Education, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey The present study examines one of the major problems in metaphysics, namely the distinction between the body and the soul. The distinction is discussed in relation with the metaphysical poetry in Renaissance Literature in England. Particularly, the study investigates John Donne's "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" in terms of references to the metaphysical problem of the body and soul distinction. The poem reflects the Platonic Dualism which is relevant to Platonic Love. Firstly, metaphysical poetry of 17th century English Literature is reviewed. The study specifically focuses on John Donne as a metaphysical poet. Then, the metaphysical concepts of body and soul in the history of philosophy until Donne's time are discussed. In this section, the emphasis is on the arguments by Plato. Finally, John Donne's "Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" is analysed in terms of conceits and paradoxes. The links among the metaphysical problems of body-soul, Platonic Dualism, Platonic Love and Donne's Valediction are established. It is concluded that Plato’s distinction between the body and the soul, and its connection to the idea of Platonic Love can be observed in Donne's Valediction. Keywords: Body-soul distinction, Platonic Dualism, Platonic Love, metaphysical poetry, John Donne 11 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6027 Comparision a Calligraphic Tile Panel From The Tomb of Eyüp Sultan With Similars Timur Bilir Instructor Dr. Department of Traditional Turkish Arts,University of Mimar Sinan,Istanbul,Turkey İn this paper, a calligraphic tile panel which has a medallion form from the tomb of Eyüp Sultan will compare with similar period examples as size, meaning and ornament. The panel assembled and located on the tombs wall during the restoration. XVI. century was tile art’s peak period. İn this period, geometric ornaments widely used by Seljuk’s changed with plant ornaments. Floral ornaments used with rumi and clouds. Legendary and realistic animal ornaments, symbolic motifs and chain ornaments are located in tile art design repertoire. And also perfect examples of calligraphy took place on tiles. Our ancestors who want to imprinting into Qur'an language every corner of life has bequathed to us the most beautiful examples of calligraphy art just as stone works, wall paintings, ornamented plaster windows. The type of calligraphy was Qufi on Seljuk tiles because of the technical regulations. This tradition carried on principalities period. Thuluth calligraphy which has been reached it's ideal form preferred at The Ottoman Period. Our first example is located in the tile arrangement of Süleymaniye Mosque's mihrab wall. These panels placed as symmetrically, starting with Bismillah Al-Fatiha is written.Second one is from the mihrab tiles of the Kadırga Sokollu Mosque. These panels located as the same position like Süleymaniye tiles and both written on Al-Ikhlas. The other example is located on the mihrab of Kılıç Ali Paşa Mosque. It's written on this tile panel ""Ya Hannan ,Ya Mennan"". Last one is in the Beylerbeyi Mosque mihrab tiles. It’s written on this panel Al-Ikhlas and it has similarities with Kadırga Sokollu Mosque tiles. As a consequence, Eyüp panel is different from others as it has a Persian inscription. Therefore, it must be made for the palace. Compared with others, this panel similar as it has a medallion form, but it's different from the others as size and meaning. Keywords: Tile, Calligraphy, Mosque, Mihrab 12 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6035 AN EMPIRE DISCOURSE: USÛL-İ Mİ’MÂRÎ-İ OSMANÎ Serap Durmus, Nilgun Kuloglu Assistant Professor Department of Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey The aim of this study is to discuss the impact of textual representation in the establishment of the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and Europe. The study investigates the effective role the book titled Usûl-i Mi’mârî-i Osmanî (Ottoman Architectural Style) compiled in 1873 for World Exposition Vienna played in the establishment of an architectural theory, and focuses on the representation of Ottoman in Europe within the framework of Ottoman modernization in the 19th Century. The 19th Century is often considered a period where modernization, westernization, language, representation, culture and so on were discussed as problems to be analyzed. In this context, Usûl-i Mi’mârî-i Osmanî deserves attention in debates on contemporary architectural texts, as it is one of the first discourse texts developed with reference to identity, and attempts to establish a link between cultural identity and architecture. The problems mentioned in the text, and its claims to establish the forms of architectural thought make it a literal and historical case providing substantial clues regarding the development of the architectural writing tradition. Usûl-i Mi’mârî-i Osmanî was prepared by a team headed by İbrahim Edhem Pasha, including Bogos Şaşıyan, E. Maillard, Marie De Launay, and Pierre Montani Efendi acting as the exposition committee tasked with preparations for the World Exposition 1873 Vienna (Launay et al. 1873). As the first scientific and theoretical text produced by Ottomans, on Ottoman architecture Usûl-i Mi’mârî-i Osmanî occupies an unrivalled place in architecture and history literature (Ersoy, 2015; Morkoç, 2010). Revealing the fact that architecture can be reflected not only through buildings, as it did throughout its history, but also through texts, the manuscript was written in three languages –Ottoman, French, and German. 13 The plurality of voices in Usûl-i Mi’mârî-i Osmanî offers its readers a multitude of distinct perspectives as it presents an empire discourse in Europe. The distinction in question is a function of the efforts to revisit and re-interpret architectural writing through an interdisciplinary perspective. In this context, the novel perspective introduced by the study is also about the efforts to make inroads into the textual realm of the Ottoman through rhetoric, which is effectively the art of ""influential discourse"" and ""persuasion"". In a nutshell, Usûl-i Mi’mârî-i Osmanî presents a breaking point in the architectural discourse in its evolution from a personal empire perspective to a bureaucratic empire vision. Keywords: Architecture, Textual Representation, Theory and Discourse, Usûl-i Mi’mârî-i Osmanî 14 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6036 DETERMINING THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION OF STUDENTS THROUGH LOGIT MODEL EBRU ONURLUBAŞ Assistant Professor TRAKYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, KEŞAN YUSUF ÇAPRAZ UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER YÜKSEKOKULU, ULUSLARARASI TİC. KEŞAN/EDİRNE Alcohol consumption has recently become widespread among students. Students particularly influence each other while consuming alcohol. In this study, the alcohol consumption of university students and the factors that affect alcohol consumption are going to be examined. Within this scope, Questionnaires are going to be conducted to 300 students in Keşan Yusuf Çapraz School of Applied Sciences in Trakya University. Logit analysis are going to be applied to the data of the survey. The factors that affect the alcohol consumption of the students are going to be determined after the logit analysis. Keywords: Alcohol consumption, student, logit analysis, Edirne 15 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6044 An Interesting questionnaire of Turkish Press (Yeni Sabah): “Is it True for Turks to Marry with Foreigners?” Gulsah Kurt Guveloglu Assistant Professor Department of History, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Rize, Turkey The Soviet demands on the Straits in the Second World War, the Turkish-Soviet relations were colder and Turkey has been approached the West. It’s seen that, one-party rule in Turkey, has applications simultaneously with the fascist regimes in Europe (such as Germany and Italy) but is unique and different. In particular, the 1940s were a period that Turkey's moderate approach to rising nationalist movements in Europe. This period will be a period also be felt intensly the pressure of the big states on Turkey. Many of the external developments of the period are reflected in domestic policy. These reflections, shows itself not only in political life also in other areas especially on the press. Press, undertakes tasks such as routing people and strengthen the legitimacy of the ruling besides provides the freedom of information. In this respect, It’s concerned that the news and comments in the press, directs large masses, effects people and creates perception. Located in a “questionnaire” of one of the leading newspapers in the Turkish press, “Yeni Sabah”, in this study will be discussed. This questionnaire was applied to some of the Turkish intellectuals and the results were published in the newspaper. This questionnaire, probably shaped by under the nationalist tendencies, is an interesting survey showing us the Turkish intellectuals’ "Foreignness" and "Turkishness" perceptions. Keywords: Yeni Sabah, Turkish Press, Foreignness, Turkishness 16 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6045 COMMON GROUND OF ADVERTISING SLOGANS Gamze YILDIZ ERDURAN Instructor Dr. Trakya Üniversitesi İpsala MYO In order to market he brand more memorable, celebrities or popular people take part in the advertisements, music, visuals or slogans are used. Furthermore, form time to time bad advertising is preferred on purpose in order to be catchier. It is still a matter of debate whether there is good advertising or bad advertising. Yet, to strengthen the brand’s position, differentiate the brand from competitors and clarify consumer’s perception of brand; a brand needs a good advertising slogan. After some time, advertising slogans become the equivalent of the brand in consumer’s mind. For example, “Connecting people” slogan associates with the brand Nokia, although the brand has lost its sales force today, slogan still keeps the brand in minds. In this study, advertising slogans of global and Turkish brands are analyzed using text mining. Hidden but meaningful relations of data set are tried to revealed. Common and different characteristics of slogans are studied. Global and Turkish brands’ slogans are analyzed using association rules, common words and their effects on culture are emphasized. Keywords: Advertising slogans, Brand, Culture, Text mining, Association rules 17 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6033 The Determinants of Household Entertainment and Culture Expenditures in Turkey Seda Şengül, Haydar Şengül Professor Çukurova University, Faculty f Administrative Science and Economics, Department of Econometrics 01330 Balcalı-Adana, Turkey Changes in social and cultural aspects of life along with economic development makesthe analysis ofentertainment and cultural expendituresextremely important from the economic point of view. Establishing the link between the change in household entertainment and cultural expenditures would make it possible for policy makers to understand the relationship between the social and economic structure and entertainment culture. In addition, the evaluation of the entertainment and cultural consumption patterns contribute to the formulation of cultural policies. Although there are numerous studies on household expenditure in Turkey, there are only a few studies dealing with the household entertainment and culture expenditures. The share of household entertainment and cultural expenditures in total household expenditure is 3.1% in Turkey and 3.3% in urban area of Turkey in 2014 respectively. Data used in this study extracted from household budget surveys carried out in 2009. A distinctive characteristic of cross section survey studies is that they involve a number of zero responses regarding consumption of a particular commodity. While applying ordinary least square method with a data set involving zero responses in great deal results in biased parameter estimates, excludingzero responses from sample leads to less efficient estimations (Amemiya, 1985). In this case, empirical studies must be performed by using models with discreet dependent variable taking censored nature of the sample into consideration. For this reason, in this study determinants of entertainment and culture expenditures of the Turkish households are estimated employing Tobit model. Keywords: Entertainment expenditure, cultural expenditure, household, Tobit model, Turkey 18 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6049 THE PUBLIC SAVINGS' RELATION WITH BORROWING REQUIREMENT AND FINANCIAL BALANCES AFTER GLOBAL CRISIS IN TURKEY Ahmet Niyazi OZKER Associate Professor Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Public Finance Department, Faculty of Economic and Business Administration, 10200 \ TURKEY In this study, we aim to determine what public savings’ structural location in the analysis of effect levels that are related to public borrowing requirement to cope with the deviation of financial balances are, especially after 2009 global crisis in Turkey. Public savings as a financial option take up an important place in the scope of expressed government budget balances related to public borrowing requirements which are been increasingly location together with budget deficits. This fact especially is pertaining to investments and capital's transfers that are subject in the public decision making process towards economic growth in the future in developing countries like Turkey. Therefore, to increase public savings’ limits appear on these countries as an inevitable financial phenomenon concerning that have not sufficiently enough current investment savings to carry out towards the desired investments. Turkey, as a developing country, has faced in two financial phenomenon that increase borrowing requirement terms that lead to intend financial balances that have generally deviated after 2009 financial crisis. Firstly, it’s increasing foreign debt burden and the public savings' levels that have not been enough to cover all the proportion of foreign debt payments since 2009. Secondly, the effect level of global crisis on the exchange rates that directly causes the deviation of national currency values as a meaningful important negative impact on budget balances that are aimed at together with the macroeconomic financial balances. Keywords: Financial Crisis; Foreign Debt Burden; National Investments; Public Borrowing Requirement; Public Savings. 19 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6053 Relationship Between ICT Channels and Unemployment Cemil Serhat AKIN, Cengiz AYTUN Mustafa Kemal University I.I.B.F. Antakya/HATAY/TURKEY The increase of ICT channels sustained that there exist more efficient employer and employee match up, and it facilitated the emission of knowledge which was firstly thought that would decrease the rate of unemployment. Because of this reason, the aim of this study is to question the causality between ICT channels and unemployment via panel data analysis method. According to the data which was taken from 41 countries within the period of years 1980-2012, an analysis was performed and it was found that there exists a causality relation between unemployment and ICT. When the results of analysis was evaluated together, a causality relation from unemployment towards ICT was observed. The results belonging to the countries were evaluated individually, and a causality relation from ICT towards unemployment was determined in China, Finland, France and Israel. This relation is bilateral within the countries as Greece, Italy and Korea. The causality case for Australia, Chili, Panama and Uruguay was seen from unemployment towards ICT. The changing of this causality relation can be derived from the differentiation in the income level. Thanks to the ICT channels, the sustained knowledge exchange will increase the effective match between employer and employees. Transaction costs would be decreased, and the obtained saving could be transferred into the production, thus the unemployment would decline. Moreover, the easing condition of accessing the knowledge via ICT channels will increase the qualifications of labor force. The ICT investments can be used as policy tool in challenging with unemployment. Keywords: Unemployment, ICT, Causality 20 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6055 ISTANBUL AND STAMBOULIOTENESS IN THE NOVEL 'HUZUR' BY AHMET HAMDİ TANPINAR Hilal Demir Instructor Department of Turkish Language and Literature, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Turkey Istanbul is the most interested city in Turkish literature since 15th century. There are a lots of novels, short stories, essays and poems about Istanbul. Istanbul, with its historic fabric, eclectic structure and as being of bridge between east and west has been remarkable for not only native artists but also foreign artists. Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’s novels, short stories and essays are filled with views of Istanbul. Istanbul and Istanbuliteship are significant subject in his novel Huzur. Istanbul is not only a decor but also a protagonist as a cradle of civilization in the novel. Tanpınar presents Istanbul with his love that lived in, history, bazaars, booksellers, mosques and various structres and the Bosphorus to the reader’s mind. There is a nostalgic Istanbul in Huzur. Huzur is a novel that Tanpınar’s deals with the process of Turkish westernization in which is started at the end of 18th century. So selecting of Istanbul in his novel is suitable for the subject. For Tanpınar Istanbul is not an ordinary city but style of civilization and culture. The writer also establishes a bond the effect of the environment on personality. With this aspects Huzur is one of the most succesful novel in Turkish literature that narrates Istanbul. In this work I try to go around how Tanpınar handles Istanbul with its conflict of east and west, civilization, social-cultural aspect, culture and art. Keywords: Huzur, Istanbul, Turkish novel, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar 21 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6057 CORPORATE WISDOM AND REPORTING BASED ON INFORMAL KNOWLEDGE* Metehan Ortakarpuz, Ali Alagöz Akoren Ali Riza Ercan VHS Selcuk University Akoren/KONYA Traditional knowledge management is inadequate to meet the needs of competitive and sustainable growth targeted companies. Therefore, knowledge management must be adapted to today's conditions. The production and use of information to benefit from experiences, intelligence and judgments, to provide corporate culture and democracy, to increase the use of information systems and technology and related criteria will improve the knowledge management to the optimal benefit level. This level desirable for information management merely will be possible with the corporate wisdom which can be obtain by integrating wisdom virtue, just thought is unique to human, to the corporate structure. Corporate wisdom developed in this direction and has taken its place in literatüre, is a new concept. The effective reports for business needs in accordance with changing conditions only to changing conditions can only be created with the information produced as formal and informal thanks to the understanding of corporate wisdom. In this study was redrawn integrated framework of knowledge management considering the components of the corporate wisdom of understanding. It is intended to generate reports based on informal knowledge by information systems with this new structure. In order to measure requirements at practice of the topics covered in theory, a survey has been applied to the businesses whose already have corporate knowledge management. In the research, institutional wisdom infrastructure of businesses participated in the survey and their usage levels of reporting based on informal knowledge have been identified. *The scope of study as parallel to the subject has been benefited from the Metehan Ortakarpuz's doctoral thesis conducted in consultation with Ali Alagöz. Keywords: Keywords: Knowledge Management, Corporate Wisdom, Informal Knowledge and Reporting 22 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6060 Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing to Provide Competitive Advantage in Agricultural Machinery Sector Mehmet Burak CERAN, Baki Yilmaz PhD Student Akoren MYO, Selcuk University Technological developments, the disappearance of borders between countries as a result of international trade agreements, and the global market strategy of businesses that results in global competition require businesses to operate in a highly competitive environment. Constantly shifting conditions of competition in today's economy, businesses are compelled to sustain a competitive advantage over their competitors beyond surviving under harsh conditions of competition. Determination of correct costing method provides the businesses with getting rid of unnecessary costs and increasing profitability to succeed in international competition. The high speed of technological advances accelerates the transition from labor-intensive production to technology-intensive production. In the course of this transition, the traditional costing methods prove unable to give accurate results. As a result, modern costing methods have been developed. One of these modern costing methods which is time-driven activity-based costing will be discussed in this study. Also its application in agricultural machinery sector will be assessed with a survey. Keywords: Competitive Advantage, Time Driven Activity Based Costing, Agricultural Machinery Sector 23 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6063 The Share of Defense Expenditures in National Economies within the Context of Arms Race Hulusi Ekber KAYA Instructor Trakya University Kesan Yusuf Capraz School of Applied Disciplines The budget allocated to the defense expenditures in many countries seems to be at the top most of the time. The defense expenditures are quite high especially in countries which are close to the battle fields geographically where the tension has been high from past to present or in the ones who wants to play an active role in those areas. The Middle East is an obvious example for this topic. Defense services are essential for a country. Countries spend their resources both for foreign and domestic safety while developing technologies for this purpose. They either produce the technology themselves or import it, which results in arms race in the international arena. While the countries with greater economies carry on the race, the countries with shaky and fragile economies are dragged into economic crises. The victory of the USA over the USSR in the Cold War or the current crisis that Greece has been going through which has been a result of the arms race with Turkey can be good examples. In this study, the share of the defense expenditures in national economies will be reviewed based on the motives for defense expenditures within the scope of arms race. Keywords: Defense, Armament, Economics 24 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6066 Seekers, Solvers, Ideagoras: The Case of "acikinovasyon.com" as an Online Crowdsourcing Platform Oya Zincir PhD Student Istanbul Universitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakultesi Alemdar Cad. Soguk Cesme Sok. Fatih/Istanbul Harnessing ideas have always been important for organisations. They have harnessed ideas mostly from internal sources such as employees. Today, the world is more open and innovation is more important for all kinds of organisations to compete and be successful in the hyper-competitive environment. Thus, they need get not just internal ideas, but also external ideas too. An ideagora is a marketplace for minds. Crowdsourcing platforms such as "acikinovasyon.com" provide ideagoras for organisations and individuals; in other words, they bring seekers and solvers together. "No matter who you are, most of the smartest people work for someone else,” as Bill Joy once said, it is possible to harness lots of useful ideas from many individuals outside of the firm and use them for business practices. This study aims to explain what is crowdsourcing, how it can be used for business innovation practices and "acikinovasyon.com" platform as a case study by examining the website and its contents. Keywords: Innovation, Crowdsourcing, Online Platform, User Ideation 25 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6067 Turkey's metropolitan area management Melek Ozlem AYAS Specialist Departement of Political Sciences, University of Marmara, Istanbul, Turkey Great city-regions have begun to take a different role in center-periphery system, this role has brought the need of a legal basis. By strating to use the term of “metropolitan area” instead of the “city-region concept” has satisfied the search of a basis but it was not enough to solve the socio-economic interactions with the environment of the cities. In this perspective, this work aims to study and analyze ongoing process of expanding spatial scope and the relationship with the concept of metropolitan areas management starting by the Metropolitan Municipality Law 1984/No3030 and the new Metropolitan Municipality Law 2014/no5216. Keywords: city-regions,metropolitan area,metropolitan areas management, 26 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6069 President Election Effect on Stock exchange: Case of BIST Murat Akbalik Associate Professor School of Banking and Insurance, University of Marmara, Istanbul, Turkey There are many studies related to general election anomaly for stock exchange in the liteterature. However, there are no research respect to president election anomaly for BIST. In this study, the effect of the 2014 president election on BIST 100 will be researched with parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. Keywords: Behavioral Finance, BIST (Borsa İstanbul), Election Effect, Stock Returns, Anomaly 27 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6071 Pseudo-Cûfic Ornament in Byzantine Art Erkan KAYA Instructor Department of Art History, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey The etymological concept of the word pseudo-cufic is in Greek “pseudo” means “liar” and “cufic” (kûfi) is used as a writing font in the Arabic alphabet. These verses because of not providing a meaningful text mostly have taken their places in architecture as wall decorations. Besides the front part they also have seen in frescoes. Not only in architecture pseudo-cufic decoration also encountered in samples of handicrafts, textiles, glass, ceramics and metals. It requires us to question in which points and the ways that the interaction has become as the examples of these ornoments used as meaningless texts are having similarities to the letters of the Arabic alphabet and even some of them have been exactly copied from letters. Therefore, in this study, the pseudo-cufic applications in Byzantine architecture will be explained with a statement of how the kufi letters have come to Byzantine architecture from different regions. Keywords: Pseudo-cûfic, ornament, Byzantine, Architecture, Arts. 28 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6072 COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF ABBASIDS WITH BYZANTINES Mustafa Hizmetli Associate Professor Bartın Üniversitesi Edebiyat fakültesiTarih Bölümü, Bartın, Türkiye From the blooming of Islam at the scene of history in VII. Century Muslims had religional, political, military and cultural relations with Byzatines and those relations have drawn attention of researchers. In the term of Abbasids in which commercial activities got importance, economical dimension had added to the cruising relations in political, military and cultural areas in the time of the Prophet, the Four Caliphs and Emevids. The Abbasid-Byzatine commercial activities stands as a few researced subject except the study of W.Heyd. Before the conquests of Islam Byzantines had the superiority knew no rivalry in Mediteranean Sea. Coasts at the end of Asian trade were in their hands; Egypt where Redsea unloaded Eastern goods, Syria where caravans took the road from Persian Gulf, Central Asia unloaded their goods and the secondary points of Black Sea which Eastern trade had interested in were all in their hands. However bereaving those by Arabs arose a situation that upset commercial benefits of Byzantium. One of the roads by which Eastern goods transfered to West was Trabzon. Thus Ibn Havkal told Trabzon as warehouse of Eastern products. There was a city where the bazaar that Circassians, Muslims,Byzantines and Armenian traders visited every year did set up. At this point, our main problem is that Muslims’ goods reaching there by which region of Abbasid State. In this term primary bazaars that exchange was done were Antakya and Aleksandria beside Trabzon. This study intends to take attention to commercial relations between Abbasids and Byzantium. Keywords: Commerce, Abbasids, Byzantines 29 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6075 The Hobbesian Trap and the Harem FATMA DORE Assistant Professor Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Sociology This paper will demonstrate that for Thomas Hobbes, man has the right of self-preservation and the obligation to act in accordance with that right. The problem of this obligation is that there can be no objective method for an individual to determine an existential threat, but only a subjective one. It is the subjective judgement of the individual that leads to the problem of pre-emptive violence or the Hobbesian Trap. As the individual is left to determine a threat to his life, he has the obligation to neutralize that threat regardless of the intention of this supposed treat and regardless of whether he wishes to act violently. This paper will also examine how, by expanding the concept of the “self” that is obliged to be defended in accordance with an observation of Hobbes, the Hobbesian Trap can additionally encompass perceived threats to one’s self-regard or honour. This paper will reveal that within the frame story of The Thousand and One Nights, such a broad-based Hobbesian Trap is in operation in the action of Shahriyar in his execution of his newly-wedded wives on the morning after consummating his marriages to them. It will demonstrate that he acts pre-emptively to protect what he regards as potential threats to his honour. It will finally show that one method for defusing the Hobbesian Trap is through trust-building, and that Shahrazad wins the confidence of Shahriyar thus causing him to spare her life and abandon pre-emptive bride killing, which is “salvation” for him. Keywords: Hobbes, The Thousand and One Nights, Pre-emptive Attack, Shahriyar, Shahrazad 30 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6030 Virtual Reconstruction of Cultural Heritages by 3D Game Technologies: A Case Study on Hagia Sophia Museum Mehmet Fatih Döker, Cem Kırlangıçoğlu Assistant Professor Sakarya Universitesi Fen edebiyat Fakültesi Coğrafya Bölümü Cultural heritages are a national treasure keeping the ancient memories of the society inherited from past generations. It is significantly important to transfer this accumulation of knowledge to the children of computer age who use technology skills for communicating, investigating, accessing and using information about everything. Therefore, we need new and technology based methodologies to reach these people. The aim of this study is to take advantage of 3D game technologies to prepare a virtual museum platform which will be used as an interactive guide by millions of people all around the world. This paper describes the integrated methods for generating the required platform using 3D modelling techniques and game engines. Hagia Sophia Museum, which was chosen as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1985, is selected as the case study area for this study. The result of the study is a life-like and realistic real-time 3D virtual museum not only giving visual materials but also informative media including texts and sounds. Keywords: Virtual Museum; Real-time 3D; Cultural Heritage; Augmented Reality; Hagia Sophia 31 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6078 Design Assessment of a Metro Station Using Microscopic Pedestrian Simulation Cem Kırlangıçoğlu, Mehmet Fatih Döker, Uğur Karahan Sakarya Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Today, everywhere is under construction. We build new houses, plazas, shopping centers, railway systems and etc. Some people design our lifestyles while designing these buildings. How many of designers think about human behaviours, crowd dynamics, possible circulation difficulties, pedestrian flow or congestion problems inside and outside of these buildings? The aim of this study is to show the importance of human based design processes for more liveable and safer spaces. This study focuses on the application of microscopic pedestrian simulation techniques in the design process of a high density metro station which is used by tens of thousands of people every day. The case study area is selected as Haram Area West Metro Station of the first metro line of Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia. According to the predictions, nearly 40.000 passengers are expected to use this station in one hour during Ramadan High Peak period in the year of 2040. The results of this study show the benefits of using pedestrian simulation technologies to define the problematic areas of designs where people experience high density, congestion, discomfort, frustration, inconvenience, dissatisfaction and etc. This study should be seen as a first step towards understanding the underlying behavioural nature of human for ideal designs and solutions. Keywords: Human Behaviour Representation, Modelling and Simulation Environments, Agent-based Systems, Transportation and Traffic, Infrastructure Planning and Design 32 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6081 VaKE (Values and Knowledge Education) in the framework of Lifelong Learning in Applied Fields (LLAF) TEMPUS Project Dorit Alt, Nirit Raichel Regional Centre Zemach, Jordan Valley 15132, Israel VaKE (Values and Knowledge Education) is a didactical approach based on the principles of constructivism both for knowledge acquisition and for value education. It utilizes open teaching methods and non-directive principles of interaction that are orientated to the aptitudes of the individual learner. A case study describing the teachers' experiences with VaKE in the framework of LLAF, will be presented in the context of a specific course dealing with instructional approaches in teaching for undergraduate college students, enrolled in the Education and Community BA program. This study used a qualitative case study which is an approach to research that facilitates exploration of a phenomenon within its context using several data sources. The VaKE experience included two dilemmas, formulated by the students, based on their professional experience. The facilitators of VaKE have edit the dilemmas and omit personal references. The teachers of the course functioned as an ‘orchestrators of the learning’ clearly defined functions and responsibilities within the process. The students had to follow the steps of the VaKE process. Experiences of teachers and students were gathered by open-ended questions. The students reported having learned and acquired new information, and linked newly learned theories to authentic dilemmas. The teachers' reflections raised several challenges, for example, presenting a dilemma, designed by the students, can narrow down the story to a personalized dilemma, thus, linking other students to the story and make it relevant to them can become difficult. Interpretation of the findings and implications for future research are discussed. Keywords: Lifelong learning, higher education, constructivism 33 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6082 A LEADING WOMAN AUTHOR IN OTTOMAN EMPIRE: SIRPUHİ DÜSAP Yıldız Deveci Bozkuş Associate Professor Department of Eastern Languages and Literatures Based on Düsap’s identity as a woman and as an author; her works and themes in her works will be analyzed in this article. Sırpuhi Düsap who was born in 1841 in İstanbul has a special place in Armenian literature and among Armenian women writers. Along with being the first female writer using Armenian language, she is a significant intellectual who contextualized women’s lives. During the modernization period of the Ottoman Empire that had great impacts on diverse areas and especially on literature, Düsap kept up with the discussions on ‘‘equality’’. Also by the influence of the modernization in the Western world; Düsap started to write about women’s situations living in the Ottoman Empire. She dwelled upon the issues on women and women’s place in the society, in order to create awareness about these social problems. Düsap who had a good level of education, by taking into account the period that she lived, opened various schools and theatres and participated in publishing newspapers and journals. Düsap generally focused on the problems of the educated, middle and upper -class women in her works. Works she had put down on paper have an important influence both on her successors and her contemporaries. Sibil, Zabel Yasayan and Arşaguhi Teotig are the most important writers among who had been influenced by Düsap’s work. Düsap is an important intellectual who had a significant impact both on Turkish and Armenian women, believed that women should work and stand on their own legs and included these themes into her works. Düsap from this aspect; was a woman writer who influenced both her successors and contemporaries. She has three novels titled; Mayda (1883), Siranuş (1884) and Araksiya (1887). Düsap in her first novel Mayda emphasized the prejudice against widows. It has been asserted that; Düsap in Mayda, objected the ‘‘natural’’ superiority of men. On the other hand, in her novel named Siranüş which was written in 1884, it can be seen that women are more powerful against the androcentric society. She pointed out that; women are sacrificed by their fathers and husbands and criticized the prearranged marriages. In her last novel, Araksiya (or Mürebbiye), Düsap; gives wide coverage to gender inequality, rivalry among families and women who had been negatively influenced by these issues. Keywords: Armenian, author, women, intellectual, Ottoman Empire. 34 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6083 MONETARY POLICY WHICH AIMED AT FINANCIAL STABILITY OF THE CENTRAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY (CBRT), SINCE 2010 Havva ARABACI Trakya Üniversitesi Edirne Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksek Okulu Ayşekadın Yerleşkesi Merkez/EDİRNE Monetary policy is effort to manage variables such as money supply and interest rate for achieving macro-economic objectives as price and financial stability, economic growth, ensuring the balance of payments. Since the end of 2010, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) has designed and adopted a new monetary policy. Nonetheless, financial stability has been adopted as a supportive objectives; as for this purpose, additional policy instruments such as interest rate corridor (Weekly Repo Interest and liquidity management) and required reserves have been developed. The new policy design aimed to provide a framework to increase the economy's resilience especially resulting from fragility caused by balance of payments equilibrium, credit expansion and capital flows. In this study, new monetary policy tools aimed for financial stability which Implemented by the CBRT since the end of 2010 has been tried to explained. Keywords: Monetary policy, financial stability, central bank, interest rate corridor, required reserves 35 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6084 Lifelong Learning in Applied Fields (LLAF Tempus Funded Project): Two case studies on Problem-Based Learning Dorit Alt, Nirit Raichel Regional Centre Zemach, Jordan Valley 15132, Israel Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is focused on solving authentic problems. It fits within the constructivist theory of learning, which envisages learning as an active process by which students build new ideas and concepts based on their own knowledge. In PBL students center on a complex problem that does not have a single correct answer. They work in collaborative groups to identify what they need to learn in order to solve a problem; engage in self-directed learning and then apply their new knowledge to the problem. PBL will be exemplified by two case-studies that were conducted in the LLAF project, in a course entitled: Introduction to informal education. In this course learning is based on reading academic articles and finding literature describing case studies and field experiences about the characteristics of informal education, its components, dimensions and its spheres of activity. Multicultural groups of students, enrolled in the Education and Community BA program, collected materials regarding the nature of informal education. The students searched for authentic questions that concerned them with relation to an overarching question: How to motivate youth to get involved in the community and society? To answer the questions raised, they collected materials and interviewed professionals. The students synthesized theory and findings from the field, followed by group and class discussions in light of the academic articles read by the group members. The presentation will include: a description of the learning process and its evaluation. Implications of these findings for the LLAF project will be discussed. Keywords: Problem-Based Learning, constructivist theory of learning, higher education 36 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6086 A Comparison Upon Identity Of The American and the Ottoman YUKSEL YILDIRIM Assistant Professor Department of Anthropology, University of Bartin, Bartin, Turkey The subject of this study is comparison of identities of the American and the Ottoman, two great multynational power in the history. Ottoman Empire, in the wolrd history had entered into a process of disintegration in XIX. century, and it had disintegrationed in XX. century. New international actors will be on stage during this period. One of these actors and the most important is United States of America. Multicultural structure of the United States of America, sometimes, engendered to establish similarities between the Ottoman Empire. The most important basis to establish similarity between the two states was both elements has been host to many ethnic. Under Ottoman rule, there were various nations. Today, there are people of different nationalities in the United States of America too. In addition, there are two states in the claims and efforts for world domination. This will cause both be likened to an empire. In this presentation we will focus on those similarities claims. Keywords: İdentity, Ottoman, American, 37 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6088 SINOPE NATURAL HARBOUR Babur Mehmet Akarsu Assistant Professor Department of Archaeology, University of Sinop, Turkey The city Sinope is a settlement area which has been inhabited since Chalcolithic Period. As stated in the ancient resources, it was colonized by the people coming from Miletos in the 8th century BC. Numerous artifacts which were obtained at the end of the conducted archeological activities and was dated back to the 7th century BC points out the dense population of Miletos people in the City of Sinope. Sinope which is the only city having a natural harbour in the Anatolian section of the Black Sea had a bright and dense commercial and cultural life in antiquity. Sinope which was the capital city of Pontos Empire played a significant role in the sea trade during the Hellenistic Period. As well as the export of the sealed Sinope amphora and roof tiles, fish products and olive; it was the consignment location of numerous productions of the region since it was the harbour of Paphlagonia Region. The sea trade conducted through Sinope harbour continued during the period of Roman Empire too. Keywords: Sinope, Sea Trade, Sinope Amphora, Miletos, Antiquity 38 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6090 THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE REGIONS OF NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION AND WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION OF ANATOLIA Rasim Yasar Tarakci Instructor Department of Underwater Technologies, Sinop University, Turkey Numerous civilizations have lived in the coasts of Black Sea since antiquity. In addition to the sea trade between the countries on the coasts of Black Sea, they also conducted naval warfare. On the coasts of Black Sea region of Anatolia, numerous states such as Miletos, Pontos Empire, Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Anatolian Seljuk Empire, Trapezuntine Empire, Anatolian Beyliks, Ottoman Empire and the State of Turkish Republic have left deep traces, respectively. The Sinope Harbour which was one of the most important harbours of the Western Black Sea region of Anatolia during antiquity maintained its aspects as a commercial and military harbour during the Middle Ages and the following ages. In the 19th century when the policies of Russian Empire to reach to the warmer seas, the Shores of Sinope the City with its shipyard, sea trade and its natural harbours which are convenient for shipping and lee anchor experienced a naval war between Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire which numerous battleships were sunk on November 30, 1853. Keywords: Military Harbour, Naval War, the Shores of Sinope, Pontos Empire, Ottoman Empire 39 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6091 The Characteristics of Toxic Leaders and Teachers' Opinions Related to Reflections on the School Culture of the Toxic Leadership Münevver Cetin, Gozde Turkmenoglu Marmara Universitesi, Ataturk Egitim Fakultesi, Goztepe Yerleskesi, 34722 Kadıkoy - Istanbul This research was conducted to examine the characteristics of the toxic leaders and the reflections on the school culture of the toxic leadership according to teachers’ views. This research has been designed as a phenomenologic method which is one of the qualitative methods. In order to determine the study group of the research, convenience sampling method, which is one of the purposeful sampling methods, was used. The study group of this research has been formed among 12 teachers employed in public high schools located in Corlu and Ergene, Tekirdag in Turkey. The data on this research were collected in 2015-2016 academic year. A semi-structured interview form was prepared in order to collect data from teachers in the study group. The data obtained in the study was analyzed using content analysis technique. The findings from this study may be summarized as follows; participants who have involved in the research think that the toxic leaders are ignorant, unfair, critical, threatful, closed to new ideas, biased, materialistic, not solution-oriented, no respecter of teachers, people who have high ego, demotivate others and have not team spirit. The reflections on the school culture of the toxic leadership are lack of communication, lack of solution, lack of motivation, grouping, rumour, will of leave, decrease in performance, conflict environment, low student achievement, an environment of distrust. Keywords: leader, leadership, school culture, toxic leadership 40 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6092 The opinions of school administrators on the teacher performance evaluation Munevver Cetin, Ismail Erol, Pelin Karaduman Marmara Universitesi, Ataturk Egitim Fakultesi, Goztepe Kampusu, 34722, Kadıkoy - Istanbul, Turkiye Our aim in this study is to find out the opinions of school administrators who are at the top of administrating public schools on teacher performance evaluation, situation of the evaluation system, problems which they have come across during evaluation process, and competence of the criteria of evaluation form. In Turkey, teacher performance evaluation had been done by the inspectors of the ministry of education beforehand. With the regulation on the official journal published on April 17, 2015, teacher performance evaluation was started to be applied by school administrators in schools with the 2015-2016 academic year. In this study, we have got the opinions of the different school levels’ administrators who are responsible for teacher performance evaluation (on teacher performance evaluation, situation of the evaluation system, problems faced during evaluation process, and competence of the criteria of evaluation form) in schools. It is a qualitative study and for the study, convenience sampling is used and the study has involved 15 primary, secondary and high public school administrators who work in Suleymanpasa district of Tekirdag in 2015-2016 academic year. To get the data, semi-structured, faceto-face interview method which includes 12 open ended questions has been conducted and the data is going to be analyzed by using content analysis. Keywords: School Administration, School Administrators, Teacher Performance Evaluation 41 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6093 Entrepreneurial Spirit of Gen Z Burhan Kilic, Nisan Yozukmaz, Faruk Yuksel Faculty of Tourism, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mentese, Mugla Entrepreneurship is defined as creating and developing an economic activity by using both creativity and innovativeness or by taking risks and has become a current issue in recent years especially with the help of major developments in technology. Understanding what the members of Generation Z think about entrepreneurship is very important for entrepreneurial studies, the steps to be taken for the development of entrepreneurship and knowing Gen Z youth better. Generation Z which is also called as Digital Natives is a generation that is affected by technology and named with regard to this effect. They are the people born between 1995-2010 that are self-confident, individual and independent; techsavvy and have an analytical thinking ability. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of entrepreneurial spirit Gen Z has and which type of entrepreneurship Gen Z adopts. Described under different names and numbers, entrepreneurship types are examined under four groups specified by Miner (1996): personal achievers, super sales persons, real managers, expert idea generators. For this aim, in this quantitative study, questionnaire technique is applied as a data collection tool. The designed questionnaire is conducted to the students of Tourism Faculty, Mugla Sitki Kocman University born in 1995 and after. The findings and results revealed after the analysis will be shared in full paper. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship types, Gen Z, tourism students 42 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6094 The Entrepreneurial Attitudes towards Menu Changing in the Small-Medium Sized Food and Beverage Enterprises in Fethiye Aydan Bekar, Cemal Artun, Nisan Yozukmaz Faculty of Tourism, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mentese, Mugla, Turkey Menu is one of the important instruments of the interaction with customers in the food and beverage industry. The need of change in menus in small or medium sized food and beverage enterprises can be different from chain and big businesses. As “entrepreneur” factor in SMEs is in the forefront, the role of entrepreneur becomes more important in the decision of menu changing. The owners or managers of the enterprise are affected by their environment, their observations, experiences and attitudes when it comes to decision of menu changing. In this study, the effects of the behavioral dimension of entrepreneurial attitudes are examined in terms of menu changing in the small or medium sized food and beverage enterprises. The reason for addressing only the behavioral dimension is to determine the effects of an entrepreneur on menu changing through his/her behaviors within the frame of certain attitudes. As a data collection tool, the scale of behavioral dimension within the scale of entrepreneurial attitude formed by Robinson et al. (1991) is used. The population of this study consists of food and beverage enterprises registered to Fethiye Chamber of Commerce and Fethiye Chamber of Merchants and Craftsmen; the sample is all the enterprises within the population which participate in this study voluntarily. In the data analysis process, absolute and percentage values, factor analysis, Chi-Square analysis and correlation analysis are applied. According to results of the study, it was determined that innovative entrepreneurs prefer to make some changes in the menu due to the fact that the previous one has no longer reflect the image of their business; entrepreneurs in the personal success category prefer to make some changes in the menu due to the fact that the previous one has no longer reflect the image of their business and also they could continue their competition with other businesses; and lastly, analytical entrepreneurs prefer to make some changes in the menu so as to follow new trends in the industry. Keywords: Entrepreneurial attitudes, Menu changing, Food-beverage enterprises, SMEs 43 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6096 A SOCILOGICAL EVALUATION OF ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTION OF VILOLENCE GULCIN CEBECIOGLU, GULCIN CEBECIOGLU, IPEK BEYZA ALTIPARMAK DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY, ABANT IZZET BAYSAL UNIVERSITY, BOLU, TURKEY Violence is a situation that we may come across in all areas and lifts effectiveness day by day. The attitudes adopted by the youth against violence faced up with frequently are very important. These attitudes are affected by educational level, economic conditions, cultural background, gender variables. These variables are among the important setters in connection with the consciousness level of the individuals about which behaviors are violent and which are normal. Starting from this point a questionnaire is applied to 130 students studying in the Department of Sociology at Abant Izzet Baysal University. The data is analyzed via SPSS program and charts are created related with the subject. So it is seen that traditional attitudes are adopted by the young people in relation with the attitudes and perception of violence. At the end of the paper the importance of consciousness raising about gender is mentioned from their views on physical, verbal, sexual and psychological violence with some recommendations related with the topic. Keywords: physical, verbal, sexual, physchological violence 44 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6097 Inheritance Of Spouses' In Case Of Death In Turkish Civil Code and A Proposal In Accordance With Comparative Law. Çiğdem Mine YILMAZ Assistant Professor Uludag University, Faculty Of Law, Gemlik/Bursa, TURKEY In Turkish Civil Code, inheritance of one spouse is determined on other legal heirs. According to Turkish Civil Code, in case death of one of the spouses' after divorce case opened, purport of surviving spouses' depends on court decision. Purport of surviving spouses' change according to legal systems in foreign law. By this study is aimed to recommend a new article for Turkish Civil Code. Keywords: Inheritance, Purport of Surviving Spouse. 45 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6098 BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE IN TURKISH CORPORATE LAW PARTICULARLY A COMPARISON WITH SELECTED LEGAL SYSTEMS Sevgi BOZKURT YAŞAR Assistant Professor Uludag University, Faculty of Law, Gemlik/Bursa, TURKEY At this study, the business judgment rule which is a principal for the limitation of examining of the board of directors and officers decisions by courts was analysed. The business judgment rule provides to protect and promote free exercise of the managerial power of joint stock companies directors.The rule was developed as a common law doctrine and considerable influence, particularly in the State of Delaware. This principle was also adopted in Australian Corporate Law in 1999 and South African Companies Act in 2008. When man view the Continental European Law system, it can be determined that the principle is recently more used as a instrument to reduce liability and protect decisions of directors. While the principle was implanted with the amendments of German Stock Corporation Act i.e. Act on Corporate Integrity and Modernisation of Avoidance Rights in 2005, the legislator of Switzerland and Turkey is reluctant to enactment of the rule. However the principle is subject to jurisprudence and academic studies in Switzerland and Turkey. The business judgment rule excusing board of directors from liability of their business decisions so long as directors act on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action was taken in the best interest of the company. The rule is described as a presumption in American version while in the other countries -which were adopted the principle- some differences are observed in the practice. Keywords: Business Judgment Rule, Joint Stock Company, Business Decision. 46 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6102 1. “Life, Bureaucratic Missions, and Wealth of Koca Sinan Pasha (1520-1596)” Cafer Ciftci Professor Department of History, University of Uludag, Bursa, Turkey Sinan Pasha, who was named as “the Conqueror of Tunisia”, “The Conqueror of Yemen” and “Great” [Koca] in the sources, was one of the most famous, powerful, and wealthy statesmen of the Ottoman History. It is known that the pasha was appointed to different missions of the state and has reached the rank of grand vizier five times. In accordance with his fame and fortune, life and bureaucratic missions of Sinan Pasha have been taken into consideration in various studies. For our intention is to participate the conference with a panel titled as “Competence, Power and Wealth in Ottoman Bureaucracy: The Example of Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha and his Foundations”, the first speech of the panel is to deal with the topic at introductory level as it would be expected. Nevertheless, except the studies focused on the issue, the pieces of information based on the main sources of the topic, namely vakfiyes (foundation registration documents), which give us a clue about the life of Sinan Pasha will be manifested at the introductory stage of the speech. The information on the Bureaucratic missions and life of the pasha will be presented based on the texts produced by his friends and foes, summaries [telhis] he wrote, published mühimme registers [mühimme defteri], and works of historical chroniclers. The main focus of the paper is movable and immovable wealth accumulated by Sinan Pasha during his lifetime. The topic is still not dealt with a proper research. The most reliable sources that may inform us about the wealth of the pasha are the vakfiyes which are in fact, registry documents of the foundations he established. An important amount of these vakfiyes are located in the archives of Directorate General of Foundations in Ankara. A great deal of documents about the topic are also available in Ottoman Archives of Prime Ministry in İstanbul, in sub fond called Sinan Pasha fond, under the foundations fond, and in many other fond. In accordance with the whole information gathered from these sources, movable and immovable wealth of Sinan Pasha will be evaluated, and the accusations made by chroniclers about the amount and the ways of the accumulation of his wealth will be taken into consideration. Keywords: Koca Sinan Pasha, grand vizier, wealth, foundation. 47 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6103 Koca Sinan Pasha Foundations: Purpose of Establishment, Functionality, and Its Analysis in Terms of Employment Hasan Basri Ocalan Associate Professor Department of History, University of Uludag, Bursa, Turkey It is known that in the Ottoman State many services were rendered by the foundations and these foundations were established particularly by the leading administrators of the state. The Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha has spent a great portion of his wealth for the charitable institutions he founded on various locations of the Ottoman land. Having a look through the vakfiyes he had prepared for his foundations, each of which are books approximately a hundred pages long, it can be seen that Sinan Pasha has founded charitable institutions in cities like Damascus, Cairo, Yenişehir, Malkara, Istanbul and Kaçanik, and donated a great deal of movable and immovable wealth for these foundations. Sinan Pasha who in these cities established religious institutions like Mosques, dervish lodges, and prayer houses, educational institutions like schools and madrasas, and social charitable institutions like ribats, imarets, inns, baths and fountains explained in his vakfiyes how these foundations were to work an whom and how to benefit from them. Especially from his vakfiye for the imaret it is possible to get the specifics for the services rendered and conditions for benefiting from them. The vakfiyes in Archives of Directorate General of Foundations in Ankara, some of which can be found in original Arabic form and some survives in copies, and documents about functions of Sinan Pasha foundations in Ottoman Archives of Prime Ministry are the first hand sources and of crucial importance for the research on the topic. After reading of the vakfiyes and the other documents, the information gathered from them will be evaluated from different perspectives. Primarily, the information will be analyzed in terms of employment. As a result of an evaluation of the vakfiyes it can be seen that Sinan Pasha has appointed a huge staff for his foundations and created a great deal of employment. It is possible to observe that the pasha created positions which cannot be seen in some other foundations, and assigned multiple “tasks” to a single servant in order to create a greater employment. Keywords: Koca Sinan Pasha, foundation, employment, charity. 48 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6104 Range of Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha Foundations through the Ottoman Land Sezai Sevim Associate Professor Department of History, University of Uludag, Bursa, Turkey Foundations of Koca Sinan Pasha were scattered over a wide area under Ottoman rule from the Middle East to Asia Minor and the Balkans. It is a curious fact that the foundation buildings or the foundations for different services can be found in the centers of big cities and in some small towns alike. Why these settlements were preferred for the foundations? For this point, factors like populations of the settlements during the time of establishment, presence or absence of other foundations in the area, or the foundations’ links and missions related to the settlement should be taken into consideration. My paper proposal titled as “Range of Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha Foundations through the Ottoman Land” will be evaluated in the panel within the aforementioned framework. Basing the work on the vakfiyes the pasha prepared for his foundations, his foundation establishments which can be spotted on many locations from Damascus to Cairo, or from Skopje to Yenişehir, and movable and immovable grants reserved for keeping these foundations up and functioning will be detected regionally. By the help of this research it can also be possible to reach some other pieces of information indirectly. For example, by detection of the granted arable lands and its harvesting amount, agricultural structure of a region can be enlightened. The main sources employed for preparation of the paper are the vakfiyes belonging to Koca Sinan Pasha foundations. The multiplicity and enormous size of the vakfiyes stand as a hardship for the research. However, by a collective study on the vakfiyes and a cooperative effort spent together with the other panelists who are interested in different aspects of the topic, the hardship can be eliminated. In addition to the vakfiyes, some other archival documents are also to be included. For example, the tax registers (tahrir defterleri) can be important sources for evaluation of the population of the settlement where the foundation was established and for estimating how big the population the social complexes were serving along with the others. Keywords: Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha, Damascus, Cairo, Yenisehir, Skopje 49 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6105 Koca Sinan Pasha in Literary and Historical Sources: The Dilemma of Philanthropy and Cruelty Sadettin Egri Associate Professor Department of Turkish Language and Literature, University of Uludag, Bursa, Turkey Koca Sinan Pasha who left his mark over the Ottoman History as a statesman by the foundations he established and his hundreds of charitable deeds, was also severely criticized and insulted during his life time and after his death. The pasha has reached to the rank of grand vizier for several times, and became famous for his character, his wealth, his reforms in administration, and for his foundations. The criticism about his statesmanship seems sometimes organized and for personal reasons for the other. As we can see different examples fluently in the literary and historical texts and in some different documents, the reasons and sources of the criticism and insult can vary. Openly or indirectly declared, written or orally expressed criticism could derive from opinion of society or a social group, or can be explained by personal ambition, grudge, or expectations of a poet or author. Some characteristics of criticism toward Sinan Pasha which also finds its reflection in poetry deserves some attention. He is pictured as person who is revengeful, narcissist, cruel, weak for money, ignorant of competence, without grace and kindness, violating the customs of patronage, bribing, unfairly prospering, and showing hostility towards the men of the arts and sciences. The Turkish statesmen were expected to protect and support the men of sciences and arts, especially the poets, in accordance with the traditional framework of patronage. Although the statesmen of the Ottoman era were generally loyal to this traditions, there were also exceptional figures like Rüstem Pasha, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, and Koca Sinan Pasha who were strongly against this approach and taking the poets in no means as men of scientific mastery. Undoubtedly, it was a factor for criticism that the expectations of support and patronage for the poets were never met by Sinan Pasha. However this statesman is also ridiculed and even insulted for his policies, life, actions and character in historical chronicles too. It is a dilemma that a man of philanthropy like Sinan Pasha is called as “dog, carrion, filthy, or donkey corpse” after his death and criticized for location and physical features of his grave. In Turkish tradition and in Islamic approach a deceased man is generally remembered with good intentions, no matter how bad he actually was. One of the reasons why Sinan Pasha was not approached in this manner was undoubtedly due to the personality of his son Muhannes Mehmed Pasha. Keywords: Koca Sinan Pasha, ridicule, literary text, philanthropy, cruelty. 50 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6108 Who teaches the youngest migrants in Polish schools? Psychological and professional profile of teachers educating migrant children in public primary schools in Poland. Agnieszka Hennel-Brzozowska Dr. Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. KEN, Katedra Psychologii, 30-084 Kraków, u. Podchorazych 2, Poland As the integration of migrant children in the school and in the society of the host country depends seriously on the teachers competences, the paper presents data concerning psychological profile and professional level of public primary school teachers in Poland, working with Ukrainian , Vietnamese, Chechen and other migrant children, and some data about the accommodation of polish school system to the young migrants needs in macro scale accomplished in the last decade. Keywords: migrant children , teacher personality, migrant education, Vietnamese migrants, Ukrainian migrants 51 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6110 A READING OF THE RELATION BETWEEN INORGANIC MODERNIZATION AND MASS MEDIA IN THE CONTEXT OF AGNOTOLOGY The Case of the "İşte Benim Stilim: All Star" Program BURCU KAYA ERDEM Associate Professor FACULTY OF COMMUNICATION, ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY, ISTANBUL, TURKEY The relation between modernization and mass media has been examined by many academic studies in communication and sociology literature. The aim of this study is to present the argument that the relation between scrutiny and the new social appearances, which are mediated by technology, cannot be seen regardless of agnotology. Because of the perception that science, culture and knowledge are consciously manipulated and used for different purposes, including marketing, and the role of mass media in this process, it can only make sense with the concept of ""agnotology"" by Robert N. Proctor, history scientist, in mind. This concept is explained as ""the cultural production of ignorance"". The concept of agnotology is mainly used with ""modernization"" because Turkish modernization, which is a unique modernization practice, reflects a superficial modernization approach that is deprived of mental stimulation and philosophical knowledge and reduced to visual resemblance and/or imitation. The superficial modernization practices, that is, the practices void of a deep intellectual dimension, which are used in Turkish modernization, are still produced and upheld by the media in this society of scrutiny which is built by the mass media today in cooperation with the government in power. After the mainstream culture of modern society and mass media began replicating the culture of the minority and made it their own, the ""cultural production of ignorance"" has become more common and gained a new meaning. This popularization and meaning will be examined with a critical analysis of ""İşte Benim Stilim: All Star"", which uses the words ""modern"" and classy"" in its teasers. Keywords: INORGANIC MODERNIZATION, AGNOTOLOGY, İşte Benim Stilim All Star 52 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6109 INTEGRATION EFFORTS WITH THE WORLD AFTER INDIPENDENCE İN TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES SEDA BAYRAKDAR Dr. Kırıkkale Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bİlimler Fakultesi Iktisat Bolumu After the collapse of the Soviet Union has emerged fifteen different nation states. It is given to the common name the transition economies of all these countiries. While transition economies trying to be integrated with internetional system , these countiries have many problems such as security, economic, political in many areas. Each countiries applies own policies to solve faced by the problems . Even if after independence in transition economies tried a number of reform efforts, we can’t say achivement both reform effort and internetional entegration. The main purpose of this study determine the success of these countiries which is try to transforming from socialist system to free market economy in accordance with international indexes. Therefore we are going to use these indexes that Corruption Perception Index, Doing Buisiness Report, Index of Economic Freedom, Human Development Index. Keywords: Transıtıonal Economıes, Human Development Index,Corruption Perception Index, Doing Buisiness Report, Index of Economic Freedom 53 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6111 AGE OF DISCOVERY AND MAMLUKS-PORTUGUESE STRUGGLES Burak Gani Erol Assistant Professor Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Rize Between 1250-1517 the Mamluks in Egypt, Syria and He jaz in the political, military and economic authority have established. 267 years of managing these areas have their military orders. The Mamluks, a military structure, which is based on ground troops had essentially. Maritime activities, as well, according to their importance, can be said to perform great success the coast of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Geographical discoveries that took place the last period of the Mamluks and this discoveries at the most important events in the history of the world. Portugal Prince Henrique known adjectives that sailor or seaman (1394-1460) gave all the facilities of the state under the order of sailors and asked them to explore new places and sothe world entered a new era. The Portuguese came to India, the Red Sea region, the Mamluks, meantime the only ruler of the region and they fought with Portuguese until Ottomans beat them. Geographical Discoveries and the MamluksPortuguese struggles thesubject of this study. Keywords: Mamluks, Portugal, Egypt 54 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6114 Epistemological and Political Origins of John Locke’s Limited State Concept Mumin Koktas Assistant Professor Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey John Locke is one of the precursors of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment movement and the founders in the formation of modern political thought. It is almost impossible to make sense any discussion about modern politics, such as natural rights, constitutional order, tolerance, limited state, epistemology, without taking into account Locke’s explanations. Besides, Locke is one of the founders of both British and American political thought. In other words, modern British and American governments and political thoughts have been founded upon Locke’s insights. Locke's works can be divided into two general categories. These works are mainly about epistemology (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690) and political philosophy (Two Treatises of Government, 1689). However, Locke’s thought is handled separately from each other because of this distinction in general. In this respect, Locke is presented as a thinker who has two main trends unrelated to each other. So one would see a thinker dealing with human knowledge problem on the one hand and a thinker writing about politics on the other side. However, Locke's epistemology and political philosophy associated inseparably from each other. In this paper, Locke’s epistemology and political philosophy will be considered together through the concept of limited state. The concept of limited state is one of the best ways to connect human knowledge and political theory. In the most general sense, political activities of the state to control and regulate all aspects of human life should be limited because our knowledge is limited understanding the external world in a perfect way. Keywords: John Locke, Political Theory, Modern Political Thought, Government 55 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6115 Internet ci rende stupidi o intelligenti? Come la rete sta cambiando le nostre facoltà cognitive Giuseppe Di Palo PhD Student Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Sociali e della Formazione, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italia The digital environments are leading to the emergence of an inevitable decay and deterioration of traditional cognitive faculties including the ability to concentrate and memory. Parallel perspectives speak of new skills and styles of attention as a response to the digital environment strategies characterized by an information glut that is unprecedented in human history. Also McLuhan says that the media change our nature without our be conscious. Main actors of this dialectic are Nicolas Carr (2011) and Howard Rheingold (2013), which respectively respond to the questions of why the internet makes us stupid or intelligent. Carr argues that Internet, understood as the multifaceted set of always-connected digital devices, decreases the quality of our cognitive mode of attention and memory, making us lose some intellectual faculties as the deep reflection and richness of collective and individual memory. The continuous stresses of the digital environments do not enable the attention focused and the deep reflection. According to Rheingold, however, the network can make more intelligent provided that you acquire certain skills. In order for Internet to become a profitable environment is necessary an education on its use without which the experience of new media will raise an unmanageable chaos. Keywords: Internet, Carr, Rheingold, intellectual change 56 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6118 Time Series Forecasting with Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic Hakan PABUÇCU Assistant Professor Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey Fuzzy logic and neural networks have been used successfully to solve real life problems in several discipline. In the recent times fuzzy logic and neural networks have become an important method to solve the forecasting and especially time series forecasting problem. There is a growing interest to this forecasting models as an artificial intelligence technic. In this study provides a brief literature review and a brief description of fuzzy logic and neural network. As other traditional forecasting methods like ARMA and ARIMA, fuzzy logic and neural network have some advantages and disadvantages too. In the second stage represents this advantages and disadvantages of this methods comparison with traditional forecasting methods. In the third stage examines some recent application, recent development and improvement of fuzzy logic and neural network applications especially in social science. Additionally, represents some offer for further research to the researchers. Keywords: Time series, forecasting, neural network, fuzzy logic 57 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6122 As the Representatives of Generation Z, Being Aware of the 5-6 year-old-children Listening Skills and A Secret Touch to Develop Them Sultan Başaran Listening is one of the most significant skills of interpersonal communication. Ericson, Piaget, Eric Berne and many researchers have studied this topic. Today parents and teachers mostly complain about the lack of listening skills. As it has been widely accepted that listening is a psycho-social process. As the 5-6 year old period taken into consideration, generation Z should be handled deeply. Firstly, language education is accepted as the root of listening skill. Listening skill which begins in the family. 58 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6124 The effect of civil society on history teaching in Turkey Refik Turan Assistant Professor Division of Social Sciences Education, Department of Primary Education, Aksaray University refikturan76@hotmail.com The role and effect of civil society has been increasing in Turkey since the mid of 1980s and the criticism on the history teaching system has been increasing. In this period, the education system in general and history teaching have been on the agenda. In this period the criticisms related to history teaching have focused on the content of the course with the arguments of official history and TurkishIslamic synthesis and the methods of teaching the course with the rote learning. Non-governmental organizations (NGO) have started expressing ideas about the issues concerning large masses in parallel with their roles which are becoming more and more important in social life and have started to create pressure for change on the decision mechanisms by making researches and reports. The purpose of this study is to reveal the approaches of the non-governmental organizations on history teaching and the textbooks since 1990s in Turkey. In this study the concept of non-governmental organization has been limited with voluntary organizations working like unions, trade body, foundation, association, research center and think tank. In this study, the views, suggestions and activities of the non-governmental organizations like Turkish Industry & Business Association (TÜSİAD), Open Society Institute, Turkish Economic and Social Foundation (TESEV), Education Reform Initiative, (ERG), History Foundation, Turkish Education Union, Educators Trade Union, Education Union, related to history teaching in Turkey and the effects of these activities since 2005-2006 on the education reform will be revealed. In the research, the model of the general survey’ and document analysis method will be used. In this respect published and electronic materials will be examined and views, suggestions, history teaching and approaches related to textbooks and data related to the activities will be obtained. Keywords: Non-governmental organization, history education, history teaching, history textbooks 59 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6125 An Investigation on Professional Problems of Teachers of Nuray Gökçek Karaca, Erol Karaca Professor Department of Social Work, University of Anadolu, Eskisehir, Turkey This study aims to analyze perceptions of the teachers related to the Professional problems in Turkey. The data collected through “The Perception of Teaching Profession Problems Scale” (PTPPS) consisting of two sections, developed by researcher. The first part of PTPPS includes 17 open and close-ended questions related to demographic and personal information of teachers. The second part of PTPPS includes 66 statements related to professional problems of teachers on a 5-point Likert-type scale consisting of 5 choices, from 1=Strongly Disagree to 5=Strongly Agree. PTPPS was applied to 262 teachers working in Kutahya, Bursa, Burdur, Ankara, Eskisehir and Balikesir, Turkey. The data were analyzed with exploratory factor analysis and multi-factor confirmatory factor analysis by using the statistical package SPSS and LISREL. Consequently, the findings from this study revealed that the scale is valid and reliable. Results of the research show that the rights provided to teachers are insufficient and they are exposed to many problems. These problems faced by teachers can be categorized as “working conditions and wage”, “environmental conditions”, “professional execution conditions”, “job placement and employment policy”, “education policy”, “quality of life” and “legal regulations”. Keywords: Professional problems, Teaching professional problems, teacher problems, perception of the problem 60 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6126 A new larval record for Turkey: Lipiniella moderata Kalugina, 1970 (Diptera, Chironomidae) Nurcan ÖZKAN Assistant Professor Department of Science Education, Faculty Education, University of Trakya, 22030, Edirne, TURKEY Lipiniella moderata Kalugina, 1970 is reported as a new larval record from Tunca River (Edirne, Turkey). Chironomid larvae were collected from three different sampling stations of the River Tunca (Tundja, Tundzha). Some morphological characters and habitat features are given, and they are discussed in aspects of the biogeographical distribution. Keywords: Chironomidae, Lipiniella moderata, new records, Tunca River, Turkey 61 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6129 Influence of Domestic Violence Density on the Youth: Duzce Sample Metin KILIÇ, Bahar AYKAÇ Assistant Professor Department of Sociology, University of Duzce, Duzce, Türkiye It is undoubtful that the children are most affected by the rapid changes and transitions that take place in today’s society. In parallel with modernism, the fact that the violence phenomenon is increasing and gaining different aspects leads questioning the effect of social environment, technology and media on the child’s socializing process. In addition to the socio-cultural structure of the family which has the first impact on the child’s socializing, the impact of the techonological devices’ place in family life on violence should not be underestimated. The Youth of High school age in Duzce City formed the main phase of the research. The sample of research was determined according to stratified sampling technique, compliant with the criteria of the level of epitomizing the phase. The research was limited to youth of high school age between 14 and 18. The sample of research was formed by the youth from different social structures who was attending to twelwe different high schools and 1122 questionnaires were held. In the study, along with other related findings, it was found that domestic violence density for students who report that they hurt themselves were significantly different than the students who report that they do not hurt themselves. Keywords: Violence, Domestic Violence, Youth 62 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6130 The Effects of Socio-economic, Ideational and Demographic Factors on Having Children in Turkey in the Context of Demographic Change Cevat Bilgin, Handan Kaynar Bilgin Assistant Professor Department of Econometrics, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey The mortality and fertility rates in the industrialized countries have decreased during the twentieth century. The population growth have slowed down and the proportion of the old people has increased in this process which is defined as demographic change . Social, ideational, economic factors, individual and institutional changes led by modernization have been fairly effective on having children; the desired number of children has been decreasing over time. In this context, compulsory education, legal marriage age, increase in women's labor force participation, individualism and secularization have remarkable effects on the behaviors of having children. Turkey has been experiencing similar process. The fertility rate in 1960s was around 6, but the same rate have turned out as 1.96 in 2015. According to the population projections on Turkey, the fertility rate will continue to decrease. Under these circumstances, the population is expected to fall and there is an expectation of population aging. In this paper, the factors affecting having children are searched. In addition, the magnitudes and directions of these effects on having children are being analyzed. For this aim, the ordered probit model is estimated by using the data on Turkey derived from World Values Survey database. The dependent variable is defined as the number of respondent's children; the independent variables are importance of religion, the level of happiness, fatalism, marital status, financial satisfaction, religiosity, anxiety of not being able to give good education to children, individual autonomy, social status, gender, age, level of education, employment status and level of income. Keywords: demographic change, having children, probit model 63 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6132 INSTITUTE OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND TURKİSH JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGY (1925- 1928) HAKAN KURT Instructor Department of Common Lectures, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey Starting from the new movements in the Ottoman Empire in the ongoing process of medical progress and innovation are seen in large. Republic of Turkey, including the establishment of many branches of science in medicine, great strides had been started. Between these disciplines anthropology are also included and work in this field have been initiated. Turkey's foreign and notables of the period of their physicians, these studies have achieved the establishment of an institute, the institute's study also were asked to gather in a magazine. Here are the reasons that Turkey has started broadcasting Türk Antropoloji Mecmuası. Keywords: Anthropology, Turkish Journal of Anthropology, Turkish Anthropology Research Center 64 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6133 Historiography of Ancient Food History Writing Ali Guveloglu Associate Professor Department of History, Faculty of science and Art, University of Recep tayyip Erdogan, 53100, Rize, Turkey The object of this study is to analyze research conducted on Ancient Greco-Roman cuisine and the era’s typical palate, which are subjects within the scope of history, sociology and kitchen habits, in terms of topic-source and scope and reveal the traces that they have left behind. Thus, the topic will become much clearer and provide a road map for new studies. Athenaeus of Naucratis must have been the first to write about the ancient history of food. The author who lived in 2nd century A.D. managed to record the eating habits of the ancients by penning excerpts from Greek and Latin literature and showcased them to the reader, while saving many works from disappearing off the face of the earth. In the last 50 years, research on typical palates and eating habits, which have taken a back seat to discussions on wars and political views for years, has been increasing rapidly since the 1950s. The translation of classical texts into modern languages, the accumulation of knowledge which emerged as a result of conducting archaeo-botanical studies more meticulously and certain institutions addressing this topic, resulted in an increase in the research carried out on ancient eating habits. It can be seen that research on the topic is centered on institutions in the UK. and France, and thanks to the contributions of the research conducted in Germany and America, an intercontinental accumulation of knowledge has been achieved. Although research between 1950 and 1990 focuses on the overall tendency of ancient nations’ eating habits, research between 1990 and 2010 concentrates on textual analysis, regional food preferences and the economic impacts of food products. However, in the recent years the research at large has examined food’s relationship with health, religion, politics and philosophy as well as how eating habits shape sociocultural life. Whereas the commentaries of classical age texts and Archeo-Food essays, which have appeared as a result of know-how put forward by research in the last 20-30 years, aim to recreate the era’s typical palate as close to the original as possible. Keywords: Ancient Food, Historiography, Athenaeus, Apicius, Arceo-Food. 65 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6135 “Space” as a Phantasmagorical Production Tool for Power in the Context of Lefebvre’s Theory of Space: “Production of Space” in Turkish Political Communication from Palaces to Balconies BURCU KAYA ERDEM, REMZİ BİLGE Department of Journalism,Communication Faculty, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey Since power can fundamentally be organized as the ability to control others’ behaviors with or without their consent, it is also capable of producing the space within which it exists. According to Lefebvre, who coined the concept of the production of space in order to explain how power enables tyranny, exploitation and control in daily life through the occupation of spaces, the source of space is rhythms that originate within the body and desire to be heard. In this sense, it is phantasmagorical or illusionary. Space is not only the context of architectural narrative, nor a simple thing that requires no inquiry. Space is the context of the conditions of the individual’s existence, society and power. In other words, it is the context of all the narratives associated with life. This study will conduct a semiological analysis of examples of the use of space in Turkish political communication history in order to explain that space is an important part of the communication methods used by political actors to have their ideological aims approved and to achieve their goals. Yet, as Althusser also argues, ideologies are transferred to individuals by the ideological tools of the state, which is implicitly founded on the ideology of the dominant class. Ceremonies, formal services and meetings are held in spaces that carry traces of power. Thus, tracing the spaces where different powers have come into contact with people throughout the history of Turkish political communication will give us hints about their differentiating capabilities and choices. Keywords: Phantasmagorical, Production of Space, Lefebvre 66 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6134 Reflection of aspect category in Russian to Turkish within the framework of tense category Leyla Cigdem Dalkılıc Assistant Professor Department of Russian Language, Ankara University, DTCF, 45/45A Sihhiye/ANKARA The Russian language has become one of the languages in high demand in Turkey, especially in recent years. Interest in Russian has shown itself not only in course offerings but also in scientific studies. The desire to understand the linguistic structure of Russian and Turkish - which belong to different linguistic families - has accelerated these studies. This linguistic difference appears most starkly in aspect and tense categories of both languages. The aim of this paper is to show: the use of aspect category in Russian, which is not as clearly present in Turkish as it is in Russian, how it can be translated to Turkish and the difficulties or dilemmas encountered in this process. Verbs with the same lexical meaning but different grammatical meanings in Russian are divided into two types: perfective and imperfective. Aspect category is the speaker’s way of describing what he/she saw subjectively, evaluated and witnessed from his/her own perspective. In a sense, it also transfers a specific linguistic world view. In that respect, although infinitive verbs belong to two different categories in Russian, this is a feature which occurs only in conjugation. In this sense, “vid” represents an internal meaning which is present in the suffix, not in the infinitive verb. In Turkish however – unlike in Russian aspect is not present as a grammar category. The difference in terms of tense category between the two languages brings along certain semantic difficulties. Since each conjugated verb indicates a certain time, aspect and tense categories are evaluated simultaneously in Russian. Meanings of aspect category in Russian, which are present in verb lexemes and become clear with conjugations, are revealed in tenses in Turkish. In this study, the issue of how aspect category is transferred within the framework of tense category in Russian and Turkish will be examined comparatively. Keywords: aspect, manner of action, Russian, Turkish, tenses, internal meaning, morphologic dilemma 67 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6136 Examining Hotel Managers’ Characteristics of Organizational Identification and Workforce Agility and Perceptions of Reward Management Serol Karalar, Canan Cetin Department of Business Administration, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey Day by day, five star hotels face more competitors and problems because of dynamical structure of tourism sector in which they operate. Hotel managers, who can provide competitive capacity to hotel enterprises, are required in the hotel sector that is becoming more international. The notion of organizational identification which means middle and top level managers’ feeling themselves one with their organizations and the notion of workforce agility that provides hotels speed, proactivity, adaptability and flexibility, and reward management practices that help to increase managers’ performance and work satisfaction level, appear at this point. There are various factors that affect above-cited notions. It can be mentioned that managers’ socio-demographic characteristics have effects on the said variables. On the other hand, those notions can affect each other mutually. Accordingly; the purpose of this study has been determined as revealing the relationship between managers’ characteristics of organizational identification, workforce agility and perceptions of reward management and the effects of their socio-demographic characteristics on those variables. In the context of research purpose, a survey has been conducted on 308 middle and top level managers who work in five star hotels in Istanbul. Correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests have been implemented on the obtained data. In conclusion; it has been confirmed that there are statistically significant differences on sub-dimensions of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, organizational identification and adaptability in terms of gender, age, education level, full-time work experience and tenure. In addition to that, it has been revealed that there is a positive and medium level relationship between intrinsic rewards & organizational identification and intrinsic rewards & proactivity. Keywords: Organizational Identification, Workforce Agility, Reward Management, Istanbul, Hotel 68 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6137 Academic anxiety among students in the School of Health Sciences at the University of Venda, South Africa: Associated factors and effects. Adediran Olawumi Adedeji, James Takalani, Tshilidzi Mashamba Department bof Psychology, University of Venda, South Africa. Background: Today’s society tends to overemphasize the importance of examination and academic achievements. This culture pressurizes students to “succeed”, resulting in increased phobia and stress which subsequently affects the individual’s academic state. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to investigate the factors and effects related to academic anxiety faced by students in the School of Health Sciences in the University of Venda. Objectives of the study: To determine the level of academic anxiety among School of Health Sciences students, to establish the relationship between academic performance and anxiety as perceived by respondents among School of Health Sciences students and to identify coping strategies used by students under academic anxiety. Methodology: The study was quantitative using a self-administered questionnaire formed by the literature review and the FDN scale to collect data from the participants. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS-23. For continuous variables (e.g. age) descriptive variable were calculated. For categorical variables frequencies and percentages are presented. Chi-square (χ2) test was used to associate gender, level of study and department/degree programme with students’ personal feelings, attitudes and experiences. The p<0.05 was considered significant. The sample size for this study were two hundred and seventy eight (278) respondents in the School of Health Sciences ranging from first year to the final year students. Questionnaires were administered face to face to respondents in the respondents’ classrooms. Keywords: Academic anxiety, effects, factors, students, university. 69 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6138 Social Policy SELDA DUDU, Bülent Bayat Master Student, Doç.Dr. Gazi Üniversitesi The aim of this thesis is to reveal that as one of the most effective communication tool, theatre has an interaction with the society by taking social responsibility on solving the social problems. This study aims to reveal the relationship between the theatre of Brecht and the concept of social responsibility via the Play ‘Kitchen of the Rich’ of Vasıf Öngören. In order to continue their functions, theatres need to sell the tickets. This situation leads to theatre management. This study adapts the concept of social responsibility, which is generally used by business management, to theatre. As the one of the most important theatre theorists, Brecht focuses on social problems in his theatre plays. In the light of the data we have, the most satisfactory information about questioning the theory of theatre was born in Ancient Greece. From Ancient Greece to Brecht, the most important aims of theatre had been entertainment and education. Brecht, who thinks that life is changeable, by bringing to his idea to the stage, aims to change the spectators to active subjects who can produce solutions to their problems. Vasıf Öngören is one of the most important representatives of theatre of Brecht in Turkey. The techniques of qualitative research are used predominantly in this study. The structures of Brecht’s theatre and Vasıf Öngören’s theatre are addressed descriptively and written documents are researched on the movement of the 15th and the 16th of June, 1970 because it is the background of the Play ‘Kitchen of the Rich’ of Vasıf Öngören. The social effect of theatre is reveled on solving social problems by the help of the Play ‘Kitchen of the Rich’ of Vasıf Öngören. Keywords: Social Responsibility of Theatre, Play ‘Kitchen of the Rich’, Theatre of Brecht, Theatre of Vasıf Öngören, Movement of the 15th and the 16th of June in Turkey 70 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6142 1930’LAR TÜRKİYESİ’NDE TARIMDA ÜRETİMİ ARTIRMA ÇABALARINA BİR ÖRNEK: PULLUK KANUNU H. Cevahir Kayam Assistant Professor Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye Osmalı İmparatorluğu’ndan geri bir tarımsal yapı devralan Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi, ekonominin belirleyici sektörü olan tarımda üretim artışı ve verimi artırıcı çabalara, daha kuruluş aşamasında başvurmuştur. Bu alanda makineleşme, sulama, tohum ıslahı, destekleme alımları gibi çeşitli politikalar uygulanmıştır. Makineleşme çabalarını sadece traktörün yaygınlaşması olarak görmemek gerekmektedir. İnsan emeğini ikame eden ve verimi artıran her türlü araç gereç ve enerjinin kullanılması bu çerçevede değerlendirilmelidir. Neredeyse yerleşik topluma geçişten beri Anadolu’da ekim işlemi için kullanılan karasabanın yerine pulluğun kullanımının yaygınlaştırılması çabaları, 1930’larda Anadolu’da tarımda teknolojik dönüşüm amacıyla başvurulan hamlelerinden birini oluşturmaktadır. Anadolu’da tarımsal alanda ilk makine kullanımı 1885 yılında Adana bölgesinde buharlı pulluklarla başlamıştır. Bunu 1907’de traktörün girişi izlemiş ve çeşitli sorunlar nedeniyle makine kullanımının yaygınlaşması yavaş bir seyir izlemiştir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti yirmili yıllarda tarımın ve ülkenin kalkınmasının yolu olarak makineleşmeyi gördüğünden bu alanda özendirici politikalara başvurmuştur. Özellikle traktör kullanımının yaygınlaştırılması politikaları 1929 Ekonomik Bunalımı ile birlikte yerini, pulluk kullanımının özendirilmesine bırakmıştır. Bu politikanın temel dayanağı, insan ve hayvan gücü ile çekilebilen pulluğun yaygınlaştırılması ile karasabanın yaygın kullanımına son vermek ve bunun sonucunda daha az sermaye yatırımıyla daha fazla verim artışı sağlamaktır. Traktörün teşvikinden vazgeçilerek pulluğun yaygınlaştırılması, köylünün sahip olduğu çeki gücünün (at, öküz) kullanılmasını da teşvik edecektir. Pulluk kullanımının yaygınlaştırılmasında, ithalata olan bağımlılığa son vermek amacıyla 1931’de Pulluk Kanunu çıkarılmış ve yerli pulluk üretiminin desteklenmesine başlanmıştır. 1929 yılına gelindiğinde kullanılan pullukların yüzde doksanını ithal pulluklar oluşturmaktaydı. Bu durum özendirme çabalarına karşılık, pulluk kullanımının yeterince yaygınlaşmamasına neden olmuştur. Yasa ile birlikte yerli üretimin desteklenmesine başlanmıştır. Fakat yerli üretimin desteklenmesi amacıyla üreticiye prim verilmesi dışında, üretim için temel girdi olan demirin gümrük 71 resmi ve muamele vergisine tabi olması, 1935 yılında bu madde üzerine istihlak resmi konması, pulluk ithali ile ilgili herhangi bir kısıtlamaya gidilmemesi gibi nedenlerle yerli üretimin ithal pulluklarla rekabet edememesi sonucunu vermiştir. Böylece on yıllık sürede bir milyondan fazla çiftçiyi pulluk sahibi yapma hedefi gerçekleşmemiştir. Çalışmamızda pulluk kullanımının dönemin tarım teknolojisi içindeki yeri ve tarımsal üretimdeki katkısı, Pulluk Kanunu’nun kabulü ve uygulandığı yıllarda tarımsal üretimi artırma çabaları içindeki yeri ile ilgili tartışmalar ele alınmaktadır. Öte yandan bu çabaların genel iktisat politikaları ile nasıl ilişkilendirileceği üzerinde de durulmaktadır. Keywords: Pulluk Kanunu, Tarım Politikaları, Devletçilik 72 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6143 DETERMINANTS OF DOMESTIC SAVINGS IN EAST ASIA AND TURKEY: PANEL DATA ANALYSIS Ipek TEKIN PhD Student Cukurova University Department of Economics Private saving rates are very low particularly in developing countries for which it is essential and crucial to analyze the determinants of saving behavior in these countries. On the other hand East Asian countries’ success in terms of high saving rates is striking. The aim of this study is to compare developing East Asian countries which have higher saving rates among the others and Turkey which is behind East Asian countries. Earlier empirical studies regarding the determinants of savings are generally based on time series or cross sectional analysis. Differently, current study aims to estimate a private saving model by using Panel data analysis method in which co-integration and granger causality tests were employed for a group of East Asian countries and Turkey. In accordance with this purpose and in line with Permanent Income and Life Cycle Income Hypothesis, GDP growth rate, GDP per capita and real interest rate are taken into consideration as the determinants of saving behavior. Apart from these variables, inflation rate, terms of trade, bank density and inequality are also supposed to determine savings and are included in the estimated model. According to the results to obtain which are associated with theoretical literature and traditional explanations income, real interest rate and inflation are expected to have a positive impact on private savings. On the other hand real wealth, public savings, bank density and deterioration in the terms of trade are expected to affect savings negatively. Keywords: : Domestic saving, East Asian countries, Turkey, Life Cycle hypothesis, panel data 73 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6144 A Comparison between Heidegger's Conception of Language and Speech Act Theory of Searle Emrah Günok Assistant Professor Department of Philosophy, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey Today, the destiny of philosophy is strongly bound up with the seemingly unbridgeable chasm between the Anglo-American analytic philosophy and the more traditional paradigm presented by the Continent. The relations between the philosophy of mind and the Husserlian phenomenological thinking as one of the most important movements of the twentieth century, can be thought of as an obtruding instance of the tension originating from the aforementioned gap. The so called tension increases especially when the founder’s transcendental phenomenology begins to change into a kind of phenomenological analysis whose existential and ontological overtones override in the hands of Martin Heidegger. In this paper, Heideggerian philosophy of language—if there is any—together with his phenomenological account of Dasein and reality will be tackled vis-a-vis the Austinian/Searlian conception of speech acts. If it can plausibly be argued that language is the entity by means of which we primarily do things and only secondarily report the state of affairs around us as Searle maintains, then Heidegger’s anti-instrumentalist conception of language can be handled in congruence with it in that, both tenets emphasize the non-representative facet of language as the very essence of it. Searle’s conception of the “phenomenological illusion” will be the focus of interest throughout the above mentioned comparison. According to him, the thinkers of the phenomenological tradition are to be blamed with idealism or perspectivism because of their refusal of the in-itself reality as the most basic presupposition of any reasonable philosophy. At the concluding section of the present paper, it will be stated that, as long as the non-representationalism shared by the linguistic account of Heidegger and the speech act theory of Searle/Austin is accounted for, this accusation of Searle can be shown to be incoherent. Keywords: Speech act, phenomenology, language, truth, world 74 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6149 ROLES AND ROLE CHANGES IN FAMILY WITHIN THE TERMS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECTS Neside Yildirim Assistant Professor Department of Social Work, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Türkiye The concept of role in family has value according to their position based on individuals and interpersonal. Role merges within the social interaction process and varies according to the relationship of the persons. Family members who may fulfill their own roles, have to learn and do the behaviors that are required by their roles. Role-playing means either to fulfil the duties expected from people in the family or in the group; or İt can be understood in the form of people imitating other people’s behavior instead of them. If wife and husband are in violation with the idea that they have the role-related behavior, their relationships may be different. In this case, role disputes can be mentioned. In family roles, the role of parents deemed from the family system, a logical process is underway that will continue with the decision of children in the family. To adapt to the role of the child up to adapt to the role of the parent arise in the learning process. The changing roles of people, gives rise to a change of their movement and their behavior, mental structures and in psychology. Role changes, both cause and result of the open behaviors between family members Article is a theoretical study based on resources. Keywords: Psycho-Social Impact, Family, Role, Role Change. 75 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6150 The Semiotic Study of The Translation of Advertisements Into Turkish Sueda Özbent Associate Professor Department of Translation, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey As companies today need advertising campaigns that appeal to large groups of people to better sell their products on a worldwide scale, they are mostly required to think globally but act locally. In this respect, advertising translation which is gradually becoming a professional translation practice is already substantial in amount and keeps increasing. In dealing with texts regarding advertising, translators, besides having sufficient knowledge about advertising, also need to have a prior knowledge of translation methods and techniques and enhance their linguistic and translation competence. To craft a successful marketing strategy, an accurate communication, branding and an innovative perspective seem inevitable. Advertising texts having extra linguistic features, it is necessary that they be treated differently in their translation. Auditory and visual features accompany the oral component of the advertisements broadcast on the radio or in tv. When all these elements come to interact with one another, they inspire ordinary people to purchase the product. As hybrid texts, advertisements that reflect cultural values should be examined comprehensively. Trade marks create certain symbols and colors for global use. What is not spoken orally is revealed through visual images in advertising to sustain a long term memory; and therefore, its translation requires that a semiotic approach be adopted. Advertisements are intended to transmit subliminal non-verbal messages to fascinate the consumers. This study admits that advertising texts are part of a strategic action to sell more products. The study seeks to highlight how significant it is to semiotically analyze these texts with visual figures. To this end, Barthes’ concept of myth and the actantial model developed by Greimas have been used. Keywords: Translation, Advertisements, Semiotic of The Translation, myth and the actantial model 76 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6151 Kurdish Question in Turkey: Individual-Level Analysis on Grievance Theory Halil Bilecen Assistant Professor Department of International Relations, Harran University IIBF, Osmanbey Kampusu, Sanliurfa, Turkey. Kurdish question has been one of the most contradictory phenomena for decades not only in Turkey but in several countries in the Middle East. This paper attempts to examine the factors behind the Kurdish question and ethnic conflict thereupon in Turkey by conducting individual-level analysis. Previous research has been divided concerning relative importance of greed theory and of grievance theory. This study focuses on the relationship between Kurdish question and socio-economic characteristics of individuals, and grievances such as political discrimination, cultural discrimination, and economic backwardness. We find that these grievances influence Kurdish question. We also find that the Kurdish people that are directly affected by the ethnic conflict, that have favorable thoughts on Kurdish ethnic-oriented parties, and that think that their ethnic identity is very important to them have favorable attitudes toward grievance factors. Keywords: Kurdish question, ethnic conflict, political discrimination, cultural discrimination 77 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6152 Fashion and Identity: the concealment or disclosure process? Giulia Rossi PhD Student Department of Social Sciences, University La Sapienza, via Salaria 113, Rome, Italy In the current fashion we are seeing a gradual encroachment of menswear in the feminine and vice versa. The gender boundaries fade, tracing new shades identity possible, identified and captured by the fashion system from a body increasingly at the service of fashion, which lends itself to be shaped and defined to please the trend of the moment. While these encroachments could mark a loss, but on the other hand they are presented as evidence of a positive process, in which the encroachment is an enrichment, removal of barriers, greater ability to compete for both sexes with their feminine and masculine. Fashion allows the explicit of these encroachments and their implementation indicates the evolution of the identity dynamics. Fashion, according to the theoretical perspective of Fashion Theory, is considered a system of meaning within which produce cultural meanings, aesthetic and identity of the coated body. The dress so it must be analyzed as a cultural and social model together, image immediately transmissible, communicable, of its identity. In relations in public, as well as defines Goffman (1982) the dress is revealed bearer of signs that conceal a useful meaning to encourage interaction or, conversely, to radicalize the insulation. The dress is never insignificant, even in the face of nudity, which can in this reading - in fashion as a social construction - to be understood as the absence of clothes. Keywords: fashion, identity, body, gender 78 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6153 ECOLOGICAL MODERNISATION ON TURKEY’S ENERGY POLICY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY COOPERATIVES Suggestions for Turkey from the USA Policy Perspective Ayse Ozcan, Eric Strauss Michigan State University Human Ecology Bldg SPDC Urban and Regional Planning 552 West Circle Drive 48824 East Lansing/MI Every energy generation and transmission method affects the environment and ecosystem. In recent years, growing imbalance trends in global oil markets and ecological concerns over climate change have become major challenges all over the world. In this regard, renewable energy has been utilized by the world energy industry as a key actor or player. Renewable energy is also considered to be an important component for creating a sustainable future and ensuring sustainable socio-economic development due to ecological concerns on fossil fuels. Parallel with the developments in the world, Turkey’s energy policy has been changing based on the goal of increasing the use of renewable energy sources and EU energy policy over the last 10 years. The primary aim of this paper is to discuss the new face of energy policy of Turkey in terms of ecological perspective, using historical and descriptive methods in its analyses of the issues involved in establishing this new perspective. The conclusions are based on an evaluation of data obtained from field research on renewable energy cooperatives. Thus, this study presents an eco-political analysis of energy policy issues using the case of renewable energy cooperatives. The three central questions are: (1) how have new renewable energy sources, led by wind power, developed and expanded in recent decades? (2) how can we apply, and also we can modify renewable energy cooperatives in terms of ecological transformation? (3) How has the ‘identity’ of renewable energy cooperative (RES Co-ops) been constructed in the USA? The ultimate purpose of this study is to provide a general model for implementing sustainable energy development for Turkey based on the renewable energy cooperatives practices in the USA. Keywords: Renewable energy, renewable energy cooperatives, ecological modernisation, Turkey, USA 79 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6154 EVALUATION OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE INCIDENCES OVER THE CASE OF TURKEY Hasan Huseyin Tekin Instructor Department of Social Work, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey Sexual abuse of children is as old as human history, but being regarded as a health issue and a social problem corresponds to the 20th century. Sexual exploitation and abuse against children harms the healthy physical, mental, emotional and social development of children, making a lasting and irrecoverable impact on their lives, in Turkey, as well as all over the world. Child sexual abuse is use of children under the age of 18 in sexual activities by an adult in order to achieve sexual satisfaction or its toleration. It is estimated that the number of sexual abuse against children cannot be exactly determined; only 15% can be detected and the incidence of sexual abuse in childhood in Turkey is around 35%. The aim of this study is to seek answer to the question of the society emerged upon increase of child sexual abuse cases recently in Turkish visual and printed media: “Was sexual abuse against children in previous years as much as today? Or did it increase recently?” and to determine the current status with updated data. Keywords: Child, sexual abuse, child abuse. 80 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6155 INTERVENTIONS BROUGHT TO PROPETY RIGHT BY THE LAW NO 6306 ON TRANSFORMATION OF THE AREAS UNDER DISASTER RISK Alp Emre VAROL PhD Student Anadolu University Graduate School of Social Sciences Yunus Emre Campus Tepebaşı/Eskişehir The Law No 6306 on Transformation of the Areas under Disaster Risk was adopted for the purpose of preventing the losses of life occurring due to natural disasters in our country and came in to force on May 31, 2012. However said Law anticipates many interventions to property right. Property right is a constitutional right and confers the person the right of use, benefit and consume. This right is a right which is not only protected by national legislation but also protected by international agreements. Consequently what kinds of interventions are brought to property right in terms of said law constitutes the subject of this study. Keywords: Urban Transformation, The Law No 6306, Property 81 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6156 DISABILITY IN CONTEMPORARY CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY Suleyman Turan Assistant Professor Department of History of Religions, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Merkez, Rize The persistent thread within the Christian tradition has been that person with disabilities is either divinely blessed or damned. Since the late 1960s, a new theology emerged to challenge such understandings. “Disability Theology” is broad, ecumenical, and interdisciplinary area. This theology has emerged as people with and without disabilities have begun to highlight the importance of the human experience of disability for theological reflection and practice. Disability theologians in different ways have taken the principles of the Disability Studies model and applied a similar analysis to the church in its theology and practice. Through a process of critical theological reflection on ecclesial practices disability theologians seek to initiate a process wherein people with disabilities can be empowered to find meaningful inclusion within religious communities. In this study, we will try to examine the contemporary theologies like “Theology of Disabled God”, “Theology of Access”, and “Theology of Interdependence”. Keywords: Christianity, Disability, Disability Theology 82 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6158 The perceptions of teachers regarding the factors influencing character education in schools Kerim Gündoğdu, A. Seda Saracaloğlu, Mehmet Altın, Betül Altay, Nurtaç Üstündağ, Muhammed Eken, Meltem Çengel Adnan Menderes University Character education term is used to describe the teaching of children in a manner that will help them develop variously as moral, civic, good, mannered, behaved, non-bullying, healthy, critical, successful, traditional, compliant or socially acceptable beings. The purpose of this study is to clarify the factors infleuncing character education in schools. The findings of the study will be limeted to the schools in the Aydın province in the Aegean Region in Turkey. The participants of the study comprise of 513 primary and secondary school teachers. The findings show that family, peers school and media are seen as the crucial factors respectively. The literacy level, socio economic status of parents, beliefs, parental unity and communicaton seem to be important terms for teachers in terms of character education. The teachers acknowledged that teacher qualities, learning environment, courses, school culture; TV programs, the allocated time for technology, and internet, critical literacy levels of children also affect character education of children in schools. The study conludes that althoguh the teachers percieve that major character traits are so important; however they are not observed among children in schools at desired level. Keywords: Character education, values education, affective education, primary and secondary school teachers 83 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6159 Benefits of Alternative Dispute Resolution Ozgur Oguz Dr. anadolu uni.faculty of law, eskisehir, turkey Parties can appeal alternative dispute resolution (ADR) only on private law relations which they can dispose on freely. So, they cannot appeal ADR on divorcement, judicial separation, validity of marriage, custody, tutelage, personality, rejection of acknowledgement of child, rejection of adoption, determination of martial situation, maintenance, ex parte proceeding and bankrupt because they are about public order. That kind of disputes which are about public order, can be solved only on courts. Parties can apply alternative dispute relations instead of civil procedure on private law relations which are not related with public order. So, why parties should choose the ADR instead of procedure? The answers of that question which are related to each other, will be given below by titles. Keywords: alternative, dispute, resolution, law 84 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6161 A Study on the Perception of ELT Departments by the Academics of Other Disciplines Hakan Dilman, A.Nejat TÖNGÜR Assistant Professor Maltepe University, Faculty of Education, ELT Department, Maltepe, İstanbul, Turkey In Turkey, the English Language Teaching (ELT) had been considered a domain of Language and Literature Departments from which most foreign language teachers were recruited until the 1980s when Faculties of Education were formed with the centralization of higher education under the umbrella of the Council of Higher Education. Although a remarkable percentage of teachers of English is still graduates of English Language and Literature (ELL) and American Culture and Literature (ACL) Departments, the majority of the teachers employed in state and private schools and foundation universities are graduates of 60 English Language Teaching Programs in Turkish universities. The aim of this study is to display the perceptions of ELT departments by the academics of other disciplines with 11 open-ended questions. 50 academics working in colleges/faculties/post secondary vocational schools without ELT, ELL or ACL background in 5 state and foundation universities in İstanbul, Ankara and İzmir agreed to answer the questions. The responses show that most participants know that the English Language Teaching Programs are in the Faculties of Education despite a few “School of Foreign Languages” and “No Idea” answers. Although the academics unanimously believe in the necessity of ELT departments for the time being and in the future, they state that other language teaching departments must coexist with the ELT departments. The respondents do not quite agree on the aim and function of the ELT departments and most academics do not know much about the courses given in the ELT departments; however, they state that the main criterion for admission into these departments must be having very good/excellent language skills. Besides, on the qualifications and careers of the staff of the ELT departments, the participants prioritize excellent language skills and foreign country experience. Almost all respondents agree on the employment opportunities of ELT graduates in schools but many evidently believe that ELT graduates are also employable in imports, exports, commerce, tourism, finance, banking and industries with their language skills. Keywords: ELT, perceptions, ELT in Turkey, teaching English 85 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6164 The Death of a Poet on Media: Sylvia Plath will be Dying Forever Bahar Ayaz, Himmet Hülür Department of Journalism, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey In this study, Sylvia Plath and her death on media will be examined. Plath, an American poet, committed suicide on 1963 when she was 30. Her death was portrayed too many times by media. There are books, videos, blogs and stories about her death. She placed her head in the oven while the gas was turned on. Maybe this was an extraordinary story for media and thats why they emphasized it too much. Afterwards, a Hollywood movie called ‘Sylvia’ abouth the relationship between Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath was released on 2003. Plath’s daughter Frieda Hughes words; “Watching someone on TV means all they have to do is press ‘pause’ if they want to boil a kettle, while my mother holds her breath on screen, to finish dying after tea.” reveals how she felt about this movie. Media is exterminating the feelings, but besides that media is also replicating things too much and therefore we are loosing the reality. Actually Plath is dying again in every single moment when somebody watches the movie. Ironically, a Woody Allen movie cue expressed that Plath’s death is; misinterpreted as romantic by the college girl mentality. So, media is not only replicating, it is also creating a new reality. The media portrayal of Sylvia Plath and her death, supports Jean Buadrillard’s claims that reality is killed by virtualization. This study examines Sylvia Plath and her death on media within this context. Keywords: Sylvia Plath, hyperreality, media, Baudrillard, cinema 86 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6165 Problematic Internet Use and Hope among University Students Hicran ÇETİN-GÜNDÜZ, Subhan EKŞİOĞLU, Sinem TARHAN Başkent Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Bölümü RPD ABD Eskişehir yolu 20.km Ankara TÜRKİYE Internet has been taken place in education and social life rapidly and efficiently and provides large range of knowledge, game, entertainment and communication opportunity. Internet addiction is a health issue affecting people in the throughout world (Wang, Luo, Bai, Luo, Gao and Sun, 2013). Kim and Davis (2006) define internet addiction as uncontrollable use of internet that cause psychological, social and/or work problems in one’s life. Problematic internet use is studied with many variables such as depression, well-being, and loneliness. In the present study, Problematic Internet Use and Hope among University Students was studied. The participants of the study were selected from Bartın University, Sakarya University and Nevşehir University students in 2014-2015 academic years. Participants were consisted of 246 women and 127 men. In order to data collection, Problematic Internet Use Scale and Dispositional Hope Scale were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS program. The effect of gender on excessive use and social benefit/social comfort subscales of Problematic Internet Use Scale was not significant. On the other hand, negative consequences of the internet subscale differed according to gender and it is found that women’s negative consequences of the internet scores are low than men. Dispositional hope scores of students also did not differ according to gender. Considering the results of the study, activities to increase hope level to prevent problematic internet usage is suggested in regard to guidance studies context. Furthermore, it is recommended to investigate problematic internet use in different age groups and evaluate it from developmental perspective. Keywords: Problematic Internet Use, Hope, University Students 87 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6166 From Shadow to Watercolor: Karagöz Characters in Güzin Duran’s Paintings Ilkay Canan Okkalı Dr. Faculty of fine arts department of painting Being a painter and calligrapher Güzin Duran (1898-1981) was also interested in collecting the characters of the traditional Turkish shadow play Karagöz. She collected, in particular, the works of the renowned 18th and 19th century masters Nazif Bey, Hayali Memduh and Kâtip Salih. The shadow play, in which the figures are animated by an artist with the help of some other people, is a significant cultural heritage which has been performed in the Ottoman palace, the month of Ramadan, during circumcision feasts and religious festivals, and which is (still) enjoyed by people of all ages since the 16th century. This aspect of the play and the characters had attracted Duran’s interest. She exhibited two hundred and eighty one watercolor paintings that she made of her collection at the Topkapı Palace Museum in 1979. After this exhibition Güzin Duran donated her exhibited works of art to the museum. This study aims to inform on the traditional shadow play called Karagöz while the depiction of the Karagöz chararacters in the paintings of Güzin Duran are examined. Keywords: Güzin Duran, Karagöz-Hacivat, Shadow Play, Turkish Painting, watercolor painting 88 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6170 Return from Liquidation (Revival) in Corporations Diğdem Göç Gürbüz Associate Professor Commercial Law, Marmara University Faculty of Business Administration, Istanbul, Turkey With the amendments brought by Turkish Commercial Code, important innovations were introduced in many aspects of commercial law. One of these innovations is corporations’ return from liquidation. Return from liquidation (revival) is the legal notion which is possible during liquidation if certain dissolution reasons are present and it gives to corporation the capacity to conduct commercial activities stated in articles of association again by removing the purpose of liquidation. The purpose of this enactment in the article 548 of Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102 which was embraced and applied through scholars and court rulings in the term of abrogated Code numbered 6762, is the protection of the legal entities of corporations and continuation of their commercial activities. Liquidation is entered into by expiration of a corporation’s duration, decision for termination and adjudication of bankruptcy; return from liquidation is realized by General Assembly’s retrieval of decision for termination, removal of bankruptcy or finishing bankruptcy through arrangement of bankruptcy. In other causes of dissolution, return form liquidation is not possible. To be able to return from liquidation, distribution of corporation’s assets among shareholders shouldn’t start. Otherwise a decision for return from liquidation would be null. Resolution for return from liquidation can be adapted in ordinary general assembly or extraordinary general assembly convening for the return from liquidation with %60 affirmative votes of shareholders. This ratio can be aggravated with articles of association and other measures could be foreseen for this purpose. Registration and announcement of return from liquidation resolution is foundational. Another innovation brought by Turkish Commercial is supplementary liquidation. If it’s understood that it is mandatory for a corporation deleted from registry to follow supplementary liquidation procedures with certain reasons, until these supplementary procedures are completed, reregistration of corporation can be requested. When supplementary liquidation is over, legal personality of corporation finishes as it is deleted from registry. However in return from liquidation, legal personality of corporation continues. Before Commercial Code, there was a similar enactment in Cooperatives Law. Residential Building Cooperatives are deemed to fulfill their purpose and dissolve when jobs stated in articles of association are completed and individual ownership is achieved as residents are registered in the name 89 of shareholders. However, in 6 months from the registration date, if articles of association is duly amended and cooperative’s purpose is changed, provision regarding dissolution is not applied. (art. 81 amendment dated (3/6/2010). Keywords: corporation, cessation, liquidation, return from liquidation, supplementary liquidation 90 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6171 Asymmetric Effect of Inflation on the Relative Price Variability in Turkey Fatma Kolcu, Nebiye Yamak Karadeniz Technical University, Beşikdüzü Vocational Junior College, Department of Management and Organization, Beşikdüzü/Trabzon, Turkey In free market economies, the price mechanism plays an important role in the conduct of economic activities. In these economies, market prices are the main indicators which guide the allocation of the resources. As predicted by economic theory, disruptions in the function of the price mechanism prevent the efficient allocation of the resources. In periods of high inflation or deflation, the effectiveness of the price mechanism is further reduced and the structure of relative prices in the economy deteriorates. The empirical studies testing the relationship between inflation and relative price variability have shown that there is mostly a positive relation between the two variables. Empirical results implying the existence of the relationship between two variables have also come up the question of whether the effect of inflation on relative price variability is asymmetric. Knowing of the existence of asymmetric effect will be important for implementing economic policies. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the effect of inflation on relative price variability is symmetric or asymmetric in Turkey for the period of 2005:01-2016:04. For this purpose, first, relative price variability was calculated by using monthly consumer price index of 12 expenditure groups. Later, with the aid of relative price variability equation that contains both price increases and decreases as separate explanatory variables, whether inflation has an asymmetrical effect on the relative price variability has been tested within the framework of four different hypotheses. Empirical results indicate that the effect of inflation on relative price variability is not symmetric. Keywords: Inflation, relative price variability, asymmetric effect 91 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6173 “Interesting Walk” Approach In The Context of Walkability Ceren UNLU, Banu Çiçek KURDOĞLU Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey Negative effects of rapidly growing cities on urban environment and human health have been criticised recently. Sustainable urban planning approaches, which were developed to eliminate negative effects, emphasise the importance of the concept Walkability. When the walking is preferred to instead of car use, the damages of car use on urban environment eliminate, furthermore individual who choose walking has become healthier in terms of both physical and mental. In this context, to ensure walkability in the city centers have become more important, especially between open public spaces which having intensive human use such as parks and squares. The necessity of walkability is to being preferable which means humans choose to be pedestrian instead of to be driver. To achieve this necessity, streetscape should create interesting experience, which means ‘Interesting Walk’, during walking for pedestrian. Otherwise humans choose to drive instead of walking. In this scope, this study has two main aims. First, explain definition of ‘Interesting Walk’ approach and then identify its principles. Second, to offer streetscape design tips for interesting walk by analysing these principles over the study area. According to literature results of the study, streetscape elements should have got eight qualities (diversity, porosity, depth, vertical orientation, human scale, easy access, good edge effect, functionality) for create interesting walk experience. Survey to experts (urban planners and landscape architects) is used as method for analyses interesting walk principles over the study area. Finally, streetscape design tips are developed for interesting walk by using results of surveys and literature study. Keywords: sustainability, walkability, interesting walk, streetscape design 92 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6174 MEDIATION AS ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN TRADEMARK DISPUTES IN TURKISH LAW SENIHA DAL Assistant Professor Faculty of Business Administration, University of Marmara, İstanbul, Turkey Trademark ownership in global world system, where commercial borders disappear day by day and technology progresses with incredible speed, is important means in determining competitive power. Trademarks which are diversified in buyers’ minds through intense advertisement and marketing activities, became one of the most valuable assets of firms. Equal and effective protection of trademark rights, which are crucial for both national and international commercial competition, in all world is essential. In case of breach of trademark right use of litigation, which is viewed as the principal and preferred resolution method, may cause delay in trials due to reasons like workload. However what is desired is the quick resolution of disputes to arise due to rapid growth of trademark market, easiness of imitation and the fact that it can be subject to unfair gain easily. In this study, arrangements of mediation, which is alternative dispute resolution outside of litigation in disputes arising from trademark law in Turkish law, will be included. Keywords: Trademark, Mediation, Alternative Dispute Resolution 93 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6175 What Makes Philosophy Modern: A Research in Early Modern Philosophical Texts Zeliha Burcu Acar Assistant Professor Department of Philosophy, University of Yüzüncü YIl, Van, Turkey The first sign of modernity is the resignation of absolute being in philosophy. In early modern philosophy we can detect some hints of this shift. First of all, the aim of establishing a firm ground for the outer being apart from modern subject is given up. Secondly as we can see in the first determination there occur a new concept as called modern subject. To found a firm basis for modern subject and a firm basis for his/her methods of knowing become the main purpose of philosophy together with the modern period begins. These are the main indications of modernity as it is accepted. I think that there are two main important shifts in the background of these turning points. One of them is concerning the concepts of intuition. To search the place of intuition in cognitive processes and in knowing can give us important clues in terms of understanding the transition period of modernity. The second important shift occurs in the conception of space and time. There is a period between early modern thinking and Kant which the absolute conception of space and time is given up. After Kant space and time become apriori intuitions of the subject. In this regard, in this presentation I will try to question the conception of intuition and space and time in terms of the transition to modern philosophy. I think that the search for these conceptions can help us to understand modern thinking so I will try to explain them through reading of some early modern texts. Keywords: early modern philosophy, modern philosophy, Descartes, Kant, intuition, space, time. 94 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6176 Defensive Communication in Healthcare: A Case Evaluation Which is Reflected in the Press Ayhan Uludag Assistant Professor N.E.Ü Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Büyükihsaniye Mah.Kazım Karabekir Cad. No: 80 Selçuklu/KONYA Health, being directly related to all segments of society, has always been on the agenda. The changes and developments experienced in healthcare are quite important for the society. Discussions about the violence in the health sector constitute an important part of health news. Defensive communication is one of the communication issues that should not be ignored. Defensive approach poses significant obstacles for the communication between health care professionals and patients, which can only be established in desired levels when it is based on mutual trust. Defensive communication, when performed by the healthcare professionals, raises unrecoverable communication problems. The main purpose of this study is to make discourse analysis for the defensive behaviours of healthcare professionals in communication, based on reflections in the press. An expression made by Dr. Mehmet Müezzinoğlu, Health Minister of Republic of Turkey, in his speech in ""Physician of the Year and the Successful Physician of the Year Award Ceremony"" held in Bursa on 19 March 2016, had a big influence in the press. The expression of “We are dealing with an ignorants army which is coming to a physician with only 3-minute knowledge” he made about the patient relatives, took place in the headlines of press news. This sentence reflecting the defensive communication is important in terms of being used by a high-level manager in healthcare sector. This news, had also found its place in ""medimagazin” website which is one of the best-known among websites making health news. The news and the related comments made in this website have been subjected to discourse analysis. A total of 28 different commentators made 38 comments on the news. Although five different occupational groups commented, 30 of the comments were made by 24 physicians. Keywords: Defensive communication, patient, physician, news 95 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6179 Does Islamic Banking Have a Future in Germany? Ciydem Catak PhD Student Department of Business Administration, Turkish-German University, Istanbul,Turkey A new version of banking, called Islamic banking, has emerged over the last three decades and has begun to rapidly spread worldwide. Islamic banking is in accordance with the laws of Sharia, and it is based on the concept of profit-loss sharing instead of charging interest on loans. In addition, many argue that Islamic banks are safer than conventional banks. These banks have started to offer attractive products and necessary services as an alternative to conventional banking for both Muslims and nonMuslims alike. Over the last years, most Islamic banks have declared an increase in deposits by nonMuslims. Now, Islamic banking is the fastest-developing part of the global banking industry and has already attracted significant attention. With a Muslim population of nearly 6 million, in 2015 Germany opened its first Islamic bank, a subsidiary of the biggest Islamic bank in Turkey. This bank targets all people living in Germany, nonMuslims as well as Muslims, and aspires to be a hub for Islamic finance in Europe. The main aim of this study is to analyse the Islamic financial and banking market in Germany, specifically its development, evolution and future prospects. We conducted a survey with specific questions lamic banking and its products. Keywords: Islamic Banking, Germany, Turkey 96 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6182 The German Prince and the Romanian Political Elite: Crossing Important Political and Cultural Borders at the Beginning of Charles I’s Reign (1866-1871) Cosmin-Stefan Dogaru Assistant Professor Faculty of Political Science, University of Bucharest, Romania Inviting Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a foreign prince, to accede to the throne of Romania in 1866 was a significant move in the Romanian 19th-century politics – it mainly favored the modernisation process of the Romanian state that had been started and reinforced by the Romanian political elite already for some time. At first, for Charles I, Romania represented a challenge, but it progressively turn out to be a mission. On the one hand, the political elite reached a compromise by electing a foreign prince and deciding that the local prince was an already outdated choice. On the other hand, the foreign prince left his country and the environment in which he grew up (from a social, political, cultural point of view etc.) and chose to become the prince of an unknown country. Thus, both Charles and the Romanian political elite managed to cross-important political and cultural borders. My research belongs to the field of political history and, consequently I will particularly focus on the part played by Charles I and the Romanian political elite in crossing important political and cultural borders in the years 1866-1871, signifying an essential stage relating to the construction process of the Romanian state. My methodological attempt, which is still state-of-the-art for the contemporary research, is also an attempt to analyse historical facts and data from the point of view of political science. I intend to use specialised historical and political literature while analysing several specific sources of the age: memories, speeches, discourses etc. Keywords: Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Romania, political elite, conservatives, liberals. 97 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6184 İndependent area toilet: The analysis of the writing the toilet door in distinction between men and women Ozge Cengiz, Can Cengiz Gazi University, Communication Faculty, Journalism Department, Çankaya, Ankara In social places toilets provide us an independent area. This independent area can be used for another activities behind resolving essential needs. One of these activities is writing the toilet door. Writing the toilet door can be thought equivalent with street writing-graffitis. Street writing is defined as vandalism, art or independent area by some persons. But street writing does not promise too much independency enough, because that it is an area that other people can see the person who make some graffitis on the wall. The difference between the writing the toilet door and street writing is due that. Writing the toilet door gets out of the surveillence which public sphere brought and provides freedom to individuals. With this writing, toilet, which is included in public sphere, becomes a field of individual discourses. In this study, the toilet door writings which appears on cafes’, bars’, schools’ and other public spheres’ in Ankara will be researched and the writings’ differences will be analyzed by gender. It is thought that, on women’s toilet door writings political writings, on men’s toilet door writings sexually explicit, homophobic writings are more common. Cognitively, it will be benefitted from the difference between public sphere and private sphere, radical- feminst theory, psychoanalysis and some other poststructural theories and discourse analyse will be used as a method. Keywords: Writing the toilet door, private sphere, public sphere 98 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6187 The Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the environment Isabela Battistello Espíndola Master Student Department of Environmental Sciencies, Federal University pf São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil In the last decades the impacts of humankind in the environment have been increasingly significant, transcending borders and reaching several populations, which contributed to its recognition as a fundamental human right by the United Nations, arguing that the preservation and conservation of this environment is intrinsic for the very safety of mankind and other species. Since then the States and other international actors have been pressured to adopt measures to include environmental issues in their agendas and discussions. It is important to note that this growing concern for the environment is recent and many of the first international agreements did not have this environmental variable. This is also applied for the first regional integration processes, which often gave greater weight to economic issues. It is worth noting that the recent intensification of regional integration processes has triggered movements of political and strategic nature of various orders and directions, and among it is included the environmental issues. Within this context, this article aims to analyze how the environment is treated in UNASUR, one of the latest regional integration projects in South America, which currently presents itself as an important space for the resolution of regional conflicts and establishment as a supranational institution to integrate the countries of the region. In this sense, the analysis begins with the UNASURs Constitutive Treaty, the principal legal system within the Union, to see how the environment is considered in this regional integration process. Keywords: UNASUR, environment, regional integration, environmental law 99 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6189 Identification of “Armed Conflict not of an International Character” in the Decisions of International Criminal Courts Merve Ozkan Borsa Dr. Department of International Relations, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey Internal Armed Conflicts, or in other words ""Armed Conflicts not of an International Character"" are not always easy to identify neither according to International Law in general, nor according to International Humanitarian Law, one of which the field application is internal armed conflicts. On the other hand, as a close discipline to International Humanitarian Law (The Law of War) and a separate field of International Law, International Criminal Law has made significant contribution to this issue both by -but not limited to- criminal courts' statutes and by the decisions of these courts. In this article, the above-mentioned contribution of International Criminal Law on the identification of internal armed conflicts will be analysed by the evaluation of various decisions of international criminal courts from ad hoc criminal courts to the permanent; the International Criminal Court (ICC). As a conclusion, an identification of “non-international armed conflict” will be tried to be made from the perspective of international criminal courts. Keywords: International Criminal Courts, Armed Conflict not of an International Character, International Humanitarian Law 100 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6190 Çalışanlar Neden Sessiz Kalır? : Örgütsel Adalet Algısının Etkileri Senay Yürür, Hakkı Okan Yeloğlu, Yücel Sayılar, Cenk Sözen Yalova University The aim of this study is to analyse the effects of organizational justice perceptions on employee silence. According to Pinder and Harlos (2001), one of the most important determinants of employee silence is organizational justice perceptions of workers. Social Exchange Theory (Blau, 1964) provides a theoretical framework for understanding this relationship. Blau (1964) proposed that there are two exchange relationships between employee and his/her employer (or supervisor). One of them is economical exchange and the other one is social. In a social exchange relationship, one party voluntarily provides a benefit to another and this makes an obligation of the other party to reciprocate in return. Organizational justice is a valuable resource in a social exchange relationship that an employee tends to reciprocate in positive way. Therefore we assume that high level of organizational justice leads to low level of silence in an organization. For answering this question, we conducted an empirical research in Ankara/Turkey. Total of 471 employees participated to our research. We found that procedural justice effects employee silence negatively. The distributive justice’ effect on prosocial silence is positive. The other results will be discussed at the conference. Keywords: Organizational justice, distributive justice, procedural justice, interactional justice, employee silence 101 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6193 Investigating the predictive role of perceived organizational support on psychological capital among high school teachers Hilal Buyukgoze, Yüksel Kavak Department of Educational Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey In the current study, the relationship of public high school teachers’ perceived organizational support and psychological capital levels was investigated in relation to their gender, education, type of high school, tenure, marital status and membership to an educational union. The study group of the study consists of 337 (182 female and 155 male) high school teachers from eight public high schools located in Ankara- Altındağ. The data collection tools were “Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PsyCap)” developed by Luthans, Avolio, Avey, and Norman (2007), and “Survey of Perceived Organizational Support- Short Form (SPOS)” developed by Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, and Sowa (1986). The data were analyzed by utilizing t test, ANOVA, LSD test of post hoc tests, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression. The construct validity of the scales were tested by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The goodness of fit indices generated by CFA verified the factors of the scales. The Cronbach alpha value of the SPOS was calculated to be .91, and .95 for the PsyCap. The main findings are as follows; teachers perceive moderate levels of organizational support; the overall psychological capital level of teachers is relatively high; married teachers have higher levels of hope than single teachers; members of education unions have higher levels of hope than non-member teachers; teachers working in vocational high schools have higher levels of resilience than teachers working in Anatolian high schools; and, teachers with bachelor’s degree have higher levels of optimism than teachers with graduate education degree. In addition, there is a moderate, positive and statistically significant relationship between teachers’ perceived organizational support level and overall psychological capital level (r = .44). Furthermore, it was found that the independent variables together predict 8 % of the total variance in overall psychological capital level of teachers, and perceived organizational support is a statistically significant predictor of psychological capital. Future implications and recommendations for research and practice are discussed based on the findings of the study. Keywords: positive psychology, psychological capital, perceived organizational support, teacher, public high school 102 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6195 Indigenous Media and the Disjunctive Flows of Globalization Joe Grixti Associate Professor School of English and Media Studies, Massey University, PB 102 904 North Shore, Auckland 0745, New Zealand One of the most striking characteristics of global indigenous media productions is the self-awareness of many indigenous media practitioners. This is particularly noticeable in their understanding of how media can be used to re-examine and revitalize ancestral values, cultural identities and traditional practice. Different researchers have recorded how indigenous film- and video-makers in Northern Canada, the central Amazon and northern Australia, for instance, have been concerned about the importance of giving the younger generations hope and cultural pride through a stronger connection with their community, ancestry and heritage. But indigenous media are also inevitably produced and consumed within a broader context of globalisation dominated by market-driven developments in technology, world-wide processes of deregulation in broadcasting, and the growth of massive multinational media conglomerates which command interests that operate across the major world markets. Indigenous media productions are in this sense part of a larger global process in which local cultures and ancestral values are not so much being replaced by global media culture as getting inflected by being made to co-exist with it. The local and the global have become deeply intertwined, paradoxically reinforcing as they symbiotically transform each other. Drawing on fieldwork into how young people in Malta perceive their country’s indigenous media in an increasingly globalized media landscape, the paper explores some of the ways in which attempts to preserve and revitalise ancestral values and local identities through the media are influenced by the values and disjunctive flows of globalisation. Keywords: indigenous media, globalisation, identity 103 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6197 The Effect of Cyber Attacks on Turkey’s Banking Sector Murat Berberoglu, Ugur Uzun Department of Business and Administration, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Turkey Increased commercial use of internet has led to provide services for banking sector as these new developing technologies have brought new risks in this area. One of the most important risks in the banking sector has been cyber-attacks. The cyber-attacks can be occurred in some areas of the sector such as stealing information, distributed denial of service (Ddos) and so on. The cyber-attacks between December 15-25, 2015 to Turkish banking sector have been one of the most important examples on this topic. Referring to this information, the first aim of this study is to measure the impact of the cyber-attacks encountered during above given dates to Turkish banking sector. The second aim is to measure the potential impacts of successful cyber-attacks to Turkey’s financial sector in the future. A result of the research shows that the cyber-attacks between the dates did not cause a serious damage for the sector. But, it is calculated that if the cyber-attacks can decrease the operations of the banking sector by 10% in the future, the possible net profit of the sector would decrease ₺2.75 Million per day. Keywords: Cyber- attacks, Banking, Finance, Ddos, Net Profit 104 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6198 The effects of the antecedents on export performance: A study on Turkish olive oil. Ismail Tamer Toklu Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration, Artvin Coruh University, Hopa, Artvin, Turkey Olive oil mostly produced and consumed in the Mediterranean region in the World. But olive oil consumption is expanding in the developed countries for last decades mostly because of health consciousness. The increase in consumption leads to invest for olive oils in the producer countries and this triggers their exports. Turkey is among the biggest olive oil producers and exporters in the world. But the statistics show that Turkish olive oil exports fluctuate year by year. The aim of the study is to investigate how the antecedents such as marketing strategies, innovation, export stimulus and barriers affect the export performance. The data of the research were collected from 40 olive oil exporters in Turkey. The collected data were analysed by using SmartPLS structural equation modelling. A result of the study indicates that marketing strategies, export stimulus and barriers except innovation have a significant effect on export performance. Keywords: Olive oil, Export performance, Smart PLS 105 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6199 Enhancing Guidance Competencies of Pre-Service Preschool Teachers Hulya Bilgin Instructor Dr. Department of Preschool Education, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey Because 0-6 age group is a very important period in terms of all developmental areas of children, teachers have major roles and tasks. Preschool teachers are being natural leaders and counselors of their own classrooms as well as being classroom teachers. Teachers are the ones who are face to face with students. Many activities of guidance and counseling program cannot be executed thoroughly without the help and cooperation of teachers. Teachers are the ones who monitor students closely and encounter problems first. Thus, teachers should be using some counseling skills as well as having basic ideas and attitudes about guidance and counseling. They should take protective measures to prevent emergence of problems in their classrooms and they should also have understanding and sensitivity of discovering problems that tend to come out (Tan, 1992). Much more students would benefit from guidance services at the school with the participation of teachers. Therefore, teachers should actively participate in the execution of especially classroom guidance activities (Ergin, 2010). The numbers of guidance counselors who work in preschool education institutions are not yet at the desired number. Until reaching up to desired number, improving guidance knowledge and skills of preschool teachers will be an alternative solution for preschool children to benefit from guidance and counseling services. In addition, enhancing preschool teachers’ guidance competencies will also provide the requirements to cooperate better with school counselor if any. Therefore, enhancing guidance knowledge and attitudes of pre-service preschool teachers during their undergraduate education would be to the point. Keywords: Preschool Education, Pre-Service Teachers, Guidance 106 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6200 A Comparison; Legibility and Integration Level of a University Campus Beyza Karadeniz, Yelda Aydin Turk, Aysegul Ozyavuz Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, TURKEY Successfully designed campuses help to balance university’s academic, research and service missions with its educational services and raise learning performances. High level of design and planning service has close relation with campus legibility. Kevin Lynch, one of the leading theorists, did several research on legibility used cognitive mapping as a tool and defined five fundamental legibility elements, has been widely used in design research. In this study, Black Sea Technical University is selected as the research area and its legibility level has determined. Aim of this study is to define the legibility level of the campus by students perceptions. In this context, Lynch's five fundamental legibility elements directed students to generate cognitive maps of the campus, and each student's perception level on campus area is determined. Additionally, integration levels of the areas in the campus will be generated in Space Syntax tools and the results of each analysis will be compared. Respondent group include students from Architecture, and Urban and Regional Planning departments. End product is the analysis of the cognitive maps, produced by each student, based on legibility elements. Legibility map of the campus has created, and the legibility level of the campus is determined. Following, the results are classified as the areas with high, medium and low cognition. Furthermore, depth maps and integration levels of the Campus will be analysed in depthmapX application to compare the results with the cognitive maps. Finally, possibility of raising university’s educational and research activities through design are discussed. Keywords: Legibility, Campus Planning and Design, Depth Map, Integration 107 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6201 IMPORTANCE IN TERMS OF CONTRIBUTION TO STUDENTS ON 3+1 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE MODELS (SAKARYA UNIVERSITY EXAMPLE) Kazim Yildirim, Sedat Kuşcan, Yılmaz Bekleyen Hendek Meslek YüksekokuluSakarya University Vocational high schools that educates as associate degree, educates one period of its 4 semester program as practical. Student who practice workplace on third or forth semester will learn workplace responsibilities, worker-employer relations, work security systems and new technologies as practice. As stated in Sakarya University Vocational High School Workplace Practice Training Directive, students will develop vocational skills while practicing under the surveillance of Professional experts on workplaces related to their vocations and also will have the oppurtunity of future employment. The main purpose of practical lessons is that students will have the oppurtunity to learn their own vocations duties and roles to fulfill effectively thorough proffessional management. Workplace’s objectives and needs of services provided system leads the practice of student on workplace. Vocational High Schools of Sakarya University, adopted their programs to todays conditions and developed Turkey’s first 3+1 educational Model in order to provide skilled labor to industry, health, service, turism, food and agriculture sectors. Work is based on assesments of four characteristics mentioned in the directive for students. The contribution of practice to employment will be evaulated in terms of students. In this practicaly applied study surveys and interview techniques developed by us in accordance with the content of the subject will be used. Keywords: Vocational high schools, Practice Models, Contribution 108 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6202 Critique of the “societas academica”. Knowledge and communication between Vico e Habermas Andrea Lombardinilo Assistant Professor Department of philosophical and educational sciences, economics and statistics, "Gabriele d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy This proposal focuses on the university reformism debate according to the antiphrastic dialectics (peculiar of our modernity) between university and anti-university, in order to deepen the heuristic as well as different and convergent approach fostered by Vico and Habermas. In the foreground there is the development of the reflection on the “commoda” and “incommoda” (advantages and disadvantages) of university. Both Vico and Habermas propose distant but synergic interpretations in the light of different social and cognitive patterns as well as the consideration of the attention paid by Habermas to Vico’s thought. As a matter of fact, some of the matters pointed out by Vico in the inaugural speech On the study method of our times given in Naples in 1708 (the didactic fragmentation, the excess of self-reference, the separation between humanism and scientism, the limits of the freedom of research, to name a few) characterize the social reflection about university. This happens in the hard years of the student protest (University in the democracy, 1967). Furthermore, it is worth noticing that the reflection on the destiny of universities is entrusted to the form of the oral speech as Vico and Habermas and other important thinkers (Derrida, Morin, McLuhan, Bourdieu) have done before. These are the ones who have dedicated some significant programmatic reflections to the university reformism, therefore, the critic discourse on university and the public analysis on the communicative act can be joined together, far beyond the self-reference limits of our universities. Keywords: sociology of university, society of knowledge, communication and education 109 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6203 A SENSE OF UNCANNY: UNVEILING NAIPAUL’S THE ENIGMA OF ARRIVAL HALE YAGLIDERE Instructor School of Foreign Languages, Kafkas University, Kars,Turkey This study attempts to explore the theoretical notion of ‘unhomely’ as an uncanny concept, employed by Homi Bhabha through V.S.Naipaul’s ‘The Enigma of Arrival’. Widely used in the discussions of migration and crossing borders, the postcolonial sense; unhomely focuses on discourses that draw spaces in which one can see what is familiar and what is unfamiliar. In order to unravel the ambiguity in spaces evokes the uncanny essences of unhomely experiences; the notion of unhomely creeps and moves into uncanny by seizing the sense of identity as a never complete being. In Naipaul’s work, the sense of identity, being mixed with the dislocation and ambivalence nature of unhomeliness circles around the story told by the narrator, travelling from Trinidad to England. The external is side by side with the internal. The locations are the ambushes for the inner selves by composing the ambivalence ending of the displacement as unhomely, too. Within the light of all this information, this paper will put an emphasis upon the notion of ‘unhomely’ negotiating the fact that it is either an advantage or a disadvantage through transformational experiences related to the sense of identity in The Enigma of Arrival. Keywords: unhomely, identity, The Enigma of Arrival, Homi Bhabha, uncanny. 110 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6204 Analyzing The Opinions Of Classroom Teacher Candidates About Preschool Education Pinar Bagceli Kahraman Assistant Professor Uludag University Education Faculty Preschool Education Program, Bursa, Turkey Preschool years between 0-6 ages are very important in developing children’s personalities, skills and habits and shaping their attitudes. Preschool education is an educational process that provides children environmental opportunities in accordance with their individual characteristics and developmental levels and supports their developments. One of the aims of preschool education is to prepare children for elementary education. With current education system that changed in 2012, children between 60 and 69 months can start school with permissions from their parents. Under these circumstances, classroom teachers need to have adequate information about children in this age range. It is thought that hearing the opinions of teacher candidates and supporting them affect their knowledge, skills and attitudes after they start teaching. Based on this importance, this study aims to present the attitudes and opinions of classroom teacher candidates on preschool education. It is a general screening model study. Sample of the study is formed of 110 teacher candidates fro Uludag University, Faculty of Education, Department of Elementary School Teaching. Three different closed ended questions aimed at teacher candidates’ personal knowledge and four open-ended questions aimed at their opinions about preschool education were used in the study. “Preschool Perception Scale” that was developed by Kesicioglu (2013) as a three point likert scale was used in the research in order to determine the perceptions of teacher candidates about preschool education. Obtained data will be listed in tables. A code number (Ö1, Ö2…) will be given to each open-ended question to give the opinions of teacher candidates more clearly and quotations will be included. The results will be interpreted and discussed. Keywords: preschool education, teacher candidate,classroom teacher candidate 111 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6206 The Intellectual Origin of Jihadist Islamic Movements FARUK SANCAR Assistant Professor RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN UNIVERSITESI ILAHIYAT FAKULTESI 53100 MERKEZ - RIZE We aimed to identify basic dynamics of Salafi thought throughout history. Salafism is not a sect. Rather, it is a protectionist mindset and world view. It is a reactionary revolt against current religious acceptances in regions where socio-cultural world of Islam destabilized. Moreover, its expansionist and interven-tionist approach does not fit the boundaries of a religious sect. As a technical term “Salafism” is probably considered as “Hanbelism”. As a mindset “Salafism” exceeded the borders of “Hanbelism” and even succeeded to invade mental in-frastructure of heirs of its archenemy “ehl-i rey school”. This study aimed to in-vestigate the grounds for Salafi thought as a mentality by deciphering the codes of its inner workings from classical to modern times and tried to demonstrate how well it penetrated the Sunni theological system. Keywords: Salafism, Ahl Al-Hadith, Literalism 112 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6207 A Review of the Family Discourse in Religious Courses Bayramali Naziroglu Assistant Professor RTEU Ilahiyat Fakultesi 53100 Merkez RIZE In this study, it was discussed the family vision in Religion and Ethics Courses taught as a compulsory course in all primary and secondary education ınstitutions in Turkey. In this context, firstly, it was given some basic information related to family. After that, it was examined why family is on the agenda of educational systems. Then, it was focused on treatment of the family and domestic relations of family in religious education courses. At the end of study, we have been identified that expression of the family is seen as one of the main objectives of these courses. In addition, we were understood that the family had conceived as the basic unit of society. We have also determined that it has targeted regulation of social relations by way of domestic relations of family. In line with these objectives, it was frequently cited religious references, particularly the Islamic ones. Thus, religious institutions have emerged for the Turkish education system as an authority for the verifier on the subject of family. Keywords: Religious education, family, design of family, family in the religious education 113 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6208 Determining the Financial Performance of Companies by Using VIKOR Method: The Case of BIST-Tourism Sector Ismail Fatih Ceyhan, Ahmet Öztel Department of Business, University of Bartin, Bartin, Turkey Financial performance is an indicator for whether the financial resources provided to the company is used efficiently or not. Determining a company's financial performance is of great importance for company's stakeholders and requires to work simultaneously with conflicting criteria. Therefore, multi-criteria decision-making methods are used to reveal financial performance. In our study, the tourism sector, which is one of the world's largest industry and also of a significant share in Turkish economy, is elaborated. Hence, through analysis using the method of VIKOR, it was aimed to determine financial performances of 10 companies located in the BIST-tourism sector between 2010 and 2015. Financial ratios of companies were acquired from the annual financial statements published by the companies in the first place. Then, these ratios were analysed according to the method VIKOR and financial performance of the companies were evaluated in this work. Keywords: BIST, Tourism Sector, Financial Performance Analysis, Multi-Criteria Decision Making, VIKOR 114 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6209 EXAMINING HOW STUDENT ENGAGEMENT RELATES TO SOCIAL JUSTICE LEADERSHIP IN TURKISH HIGH SCHOOLS Hilal Büyükgöze, Gönül Şayir, Ebru Gülcemal, Sevda Kubilay Department of Educational Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey The present study elaborates on the relationship between school principals’ social justice leadership behaviors and student engagement in relation to high school students’ opinions. The study was conducted among high school students from two different school types. The data was collected by Social Justice Leadership Scale (SJLS) of Özdemir and Kütküt (2015), and Student Engagement Scale (SES) of Doğan (2015). SJLS is a 24-item and 3-factor Likert type instrument. Its factors are support, critical consciousness and participation. SES consists of 31 items clustered in three factors. These factors include emotional, behavioral and cognitive engagement of students. The data was anayzed by utilizing MANOVA, Pearson Product-Moment correlation, and multiple linear regression. As for validity, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on LISREL software to test construct validity of the data collection tools. Further, internal consistency reliability of the instruments was tested by calculating Cronbach alpha values. The limitations and future implications for research and practice in the field of educational administration are discussed in relation to the findings of the study. Doğan, U. (2014). Validity and reliability of Student Engagement Scale. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 390-403. doi: 10.14686/BUEFAD.201428190 Özdemir, M., & Kütküt, B. (2015). Sosyal Adalet Liderliği Ölçeği’nin (SALÖ) geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (KEFAD), 16(3), 201-218. Keywords: social justice leadership; student engagement; high school; school principal 115 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6212 Synchrony Types which have an effect on the translation in Voice-Over Transfer Mode Derya Oguz, Sevtap Gunay Koprulu Faculty of Arts and Sciences, German Translation and Interpreting Department, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus 34722 Kadıkoy/ Istanbul, Turkey The aim of the study is to analyse the voice-over translation in documentaries which is one of the transfer mode of the Audiovisual Translation. Common practice of voice-over which is accepted in the world is to perform dubbing over the original voice. Original voice in this transfer mode continues to be heard simultaneously in the background. Technically, the translated speech comes into play by giving chance to be heard original voice a few seconds before and original voice is faded down with narrator’s steps in. The translation usually finishes several seconds before the original and the sound of the original is raised again to a normal volume so that the audience can hear a part of it. The reason of original voice’s being heard a few seconds before the narrator and continuing to be heard in background is to preserve authenticity and to give the chance of evaluation to the audience. From this aspect, voice-over is accepted as the most reliable audiovisual translation method. After a literature review of voice-over in Audiovisual Translation, the documentary “Sunflowers” originally produced in English by BBC and an episode of the series “The private life of a Masterpiece” will be compared with the Turkish version based on the classification of different types of synchronies. The comparison will indicate asymmetries/divergences and parameters between the English and Turkish version. The analysis also focuses on the role of the translator who should take into account both the technical aspects of the voice-over translation mode and the substantial varying intrinsic characteristics between languages during the translation process. Keywords: audiovisual translation, documentary translation, voice-over, synchrony 116 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6213 A Research on Examining Employees’ Subjective Well-Being and Work Alienation Isil USTA Dr. Trakya University Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration 22030, Edirne, Turkey Subjective well-being consists of negative, positive affect and life satisfaction, and generally has been used as synonymous with happiness. Work alienation is a condition that can cause undesirable results on work, organizations and individuals. Subjective well-being is desired to increase while alienation is desired to decrease. Accordingly it can be thought that notions of subjective well-being and work alienation are substantial. In this context purpose of the research has been determined as revealing the employees’ subjective well-being and work alienation. At first, related literature has been viewed and said notions have been discussed theoretically. In first part of the study subjective well-being and in second part work alienation has been examined in details. In third part of the study, a survey has been implemented on academic staff in order to test the hypotheses developed within the context of research purpose. Data gained from the 592 academicians who works at public universities, has been evaluated by Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests on SPSS 22. It has been commented on analysis results with the help of tables. According to analysis results; it has been found out that there are statistically significant relationships between powerlessness and gender, marital status, age, educational status, title; between meaningless and marital status, age, job tenure, title, work unit, income; self-estrangement and marital status, age, job tenure, title, income. Additionally there are statistically significant relationships between negative affect and gender, marital status, title, work unit; between positive affect and title, work unit and income; between life satisfaction and marital status, income. Keywords: Subjective well-being, work alienation, academicians 117 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6214 An evaluation upon the geographical factors in the anatolian İslam belief Mustafa ERTÜRK Associate Professor Akdeniz Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Coğrafya Bölümü The geographical factors are examined in this Islam Belief of outer community. Turkey is one of the countries in which the Sunni Islam tradition is common. However, the Pre-Islamic belief factors and the belief consept of Turkish community living in Anatolia have been differentiated with the coming of Islam. The belief and practices related with nature which has been brought through the system of Islamic belief from the Pre-Islamic belief has provided a basis of the Islamic faith of outer community. So, astronomical and meteorological elements, holy trees, holy and sinister animals, certain days and weeks, places which are used for visiting, stones and caves are the framework of our study. Thus, the geographical elements in Pre-Islamic traditional Turkish belief system are keeping up-to-date. Especially, it is possible to observe it in the Turkish communities who lived in touch with nature. Keywords: Geography, Anatolia, İslam Belief 118 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6215 Audio-visual translation: Subtitling Gulhanim Unsal Associate Professor Departement of French Translation and Interpretation, University of Marmara, İstanbul, Turkey This study aims at studying subtitling, one of the oldest forms of audio-visual translation methods. Subtitling is defined as type of audiovisual translation that has its own specifications, rules and criteria and has restrictions of time and space which directly affect the final result of the work. Due to the restrictions of space and time, subtitlers resort to shortening and/or adapting the original script. However, it is essential that source text should lose neither its meaning nor linguistic features it has. That is to say that, subtitling does not only consist of translating the textual context, but also supporting the viewer in the image and the audio, with limited time and space. Although it is widely practised in Turkey, subtitling does not receive enough attention it deserves. Thus, the study is to deal with striking characteristics, difficulties and merits of of subtitling and to examine several French to Turkish movie samples in terms of linguistics, syntactic and formal aspects. Keywords: audio-visual translation, subtitling, translator 119 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6218 Development and Promotion of Carpet - making in Konya: The First Carpet - Rug Exhibition Dated 1901 EMRAH YILMAZ Instructor Deparment of History, Anadolu University, Eskişehir / Turkey Carpet production undeniably had a significant place in the Ottoman Empire. Anatolia had an evident advantage as a center of carpet-making in the Ottoman geography. Carpet weaving culture is accepted to have started with the nomadic tribes who settled in Anatolia. Among those, the Kaçar Tribe, by settling in Uşak, took an important role in the development of carpet-making and weaving in the region, and making Uşak a significant carpet-making and weaving center. Additionally, it is understood that Ottoman rugs, which are known as Oriental rugs, were produced with serial-intensive (mass) production methods, because transportation conditions had been improving since the late 19th century and railways extended into the inner centers of the Anatolian plateau. In our study, we will firstly analyze the carpet production patterns in Konya in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, as well as carpet production centers in Konya and the surrounding region. Secondly, we will thoroughly investigate the purpose and format of the first carpet-rug exhibition organized in Konya in the Anatolia region, the efforts of Konya Governor Avlonyalı Ferid Paşa in opening and successfully concluding this exhibition, the importance of the exhibition for later exhibitions and the exhibition instructions which includes information regarding the terms of joining the exhibition. We know that carpet-making is an important source of income in Konya, home and workshop style carpet production became popular in the early 20th century, and in addition to carpets, female carpet producers also wove prayer rugs, sheets, table cloths, linen towels, shirt fabrics and cloths in various colors and designs. Consequently, in this article, historical conditions of carpet production in Konya, patterns and development of production in Konya, and the impact of the exhibition which opened in 1901 will be analyzed. Keywords: Konya, Carpet Production, Carpet-Rug Exhibition Dated 1901, Ferid Paşa 120 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6219 Fairytale in Fairytale, Fairytale in Cinema: Fairytale Adaptations in Turkish and World Cinema Muzeyyen Saglam Instructor Department of Turkish Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature,University of Bartin, MA-610, Bartin, Turkey. The cinema that is known as seventh art branch is a product of secondary culture. Cinema is one of the art branches that deal with products of primary culture at the most. Domestic and foreign cinema sector converts the products of folk literature like fairytale, saga, legend, myth, fable, anecdote, ballad, song to modern narrations and transmit these narrations to broader range communities via mass media. Especially fairytales among the mentioned narrations are turned into a screenplay in both Turkey and world by changing episodes or doing no change in episodes as well as they can be used in other fairytales without changing their episodes. Even though there is not really much place to fairytale adaptations in Turkish cinema, there is an interest that increase day by day towards fairytale adapted films. While fairytales are adapted to films in domestic cinema, they obey on totally fairytale or totally digress from adaptation format by using name of fairytale or fairytale character. Whereas, in the world cinema, films that are produced by recreation of fairytale and fairytale characters nearby films that exactly overlap with plot of fairytale are shot. While 5 films are coming out in the Turkey between 2000-2013 years; this number is 28 in world cinema. While secondary oral culture periods are obliging benefit from primary oral culture period, reproduction and usage of folk adaptations, Turkish cinema makes no headway and continues to present fairytales that it takes from west without doing any change. Starting from these implications; adaptations of fairytales that are products of folk literature to Turkish and world cinema by taking modern narration format in this notice. Additionally, attitude that Turkish and world cinema follow will be compared by supporting with quantitative data in the period of adaptation of fairytales to films. Keywords: Turkish cinema, world cinema, fairytale, cinema, adaptation. 121 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6221 REAL ESTATE CONSTRUCTION AGREEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS AND BE ACCOUNTED FOR REVENUE STANDARD Yıldırım Ercan ÇALIŞ, Cafer ŞUEKİNCİ Marmara University Faculty of Business Administration Bahcelievler Campus Ressam Namık İsmail Sokak, No: 1, Bahçelievler / ISTANBUL / TURKEY Construction activity has very different from each other types of agreements and practices its structure. Businesses that undertake the construction of real estate makes various agreements, construction before completion or while yet in the process of starting construction. It is evaluated in the study real estate construction agreements; Turkey Accounting Standarts 11 ""Standard for Construction Contracts"" or Turkey Accounting Standarts 18 ""Revenue"", which is covered by the standart and the revenue derived from the construction of the property will be accounted for when subjects. For Example; Real estate agreements different types can be realized about businesses that undertake the construction of real estate; end of the entire work, a number of payment entitlements ty realization, etc. there are real estate deals that take place in different ways. For example; Residential real estate in nature, Produced before construction or completion of construction of housing they begin marketing, or even possible to find all they sell. Sales are made with a certain agreement not the realization of apartment delivery, This agreement is called the ‘’sales earth’’. In case of failure to complete the contract business, a refundable down payment paid by the customer. The rest of the purchase price; although in the case of certain installments customers gained the right to dispose of the property in question, Real estate money is paid on the date of the actual ending. 122 Of costumer must be present in some incentive payments between the date of the fulfillment of contractual items with the start date of the contract. For example; like of contracting services that business depending on the degree of completion of work Progress billings received. Keywords: Real Estate Constaction Contracts, International Accounting Standarts 11, International Accounting Standarts 18 123 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6223 Bram Stoker's Dracula and Its Reception in Turkish Literature and Arts Birsen BAYAN, Mehmet UYSAL Department of Western Languages and Literature, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey One of the most prominent sub-genres of Gothic fiction, vampire theme has caught a great deal of attention in recent years. There is no doubt that charismatic and handsome depictions of vampires paved the way for their popularity. Their characteristics, however, are still those that Stoker has established in Dracula in 1897. Dracula has a great importance for Gothic fiction as it is both the first and the most popular vampire novel. There are many productions on it both at the cinema and in literature all around the world. Despite its worldwide popularity, Vampire theme has a poor history in Turkish literature and arts. The aim of this study is to highlight the reception of Bram Stoker’s epistolary novel Dracula (1897) in Turkish arts. In this regard, Dracula and its Turkish counterparts will be examined at close quarters. The study will particularly focus on the close analysis of Ali Rıza Seyfi’s 1928 novel Kazıklı Voyvoda, which is more or less a summary, or a translation of Dracula. As Kazıklı Voyvoda (Vlad the Impaler) is a real historical figure that Stoker is claimed to have based his fictional Count Dracula on him, the study will need to have a brief look on him as well. Keywords: Dracula, Vampire, Bram Stoker, Gothic Fiction, Ali Rıza Seyfi, Vlad the Impaler, 124 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6224 DETERMINATION OF CAREER OPPORTUNITIES OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION GRADUATES AND EVALUATION OF DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERRENCES Mehmet Said Köse, Sabahattin Cetin Bartın Üniversitesi, İİBF, İşletme Bölümü The purpose of this study is to assess employment conditions, career prospects, employment sectors and positions of business management graduates and to determine whether there is a difference between employment sector and demographic qualities. A survey was conducted to 110 students who graduated from the department of business administration in Bartın University School of Economics and Administrative Sciences. T-test, Anova Test, Frequency and percentage analysis were used in the analysis of the data. According to results of the analysis, the majority of business management graduates works in private sector. There is not a significant difference between male and female graduates in terms of employment status and sector. Furthermore, there is a significant difference between graduation years in terms of employment status and sector. Keywords: career opportunities, business administration graduates, demographic differences 125 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6225 The Impact Of Proactive Personality On Strategic Thinking Skills Sabahattin Cetin, M. Said Köse İşletme Bölümü, Bartın Üniversitesi, Bartın The impact of proactive personality on strategic thinking skills is evaluated in this study. Strategic thinking is briefly defined as the ability to solve strategic problems. There are various approaches to strategic thinking. Strategic thinking is the sum of systems thinking which refers to the ability to collect data by using system dynamics approach and to extract results by thinking on it; reframing which refers to the ability of collection and organization of the data which describes situational realities; and reflection skills which refers to ability to proceed data, to produce knowledge based. The impact of proactive personality on strategic thinking is evaluated trough a survey conducted on 267 students. According to results of the analysis conducted by using structural equation modelling, it is observed that model fit indices satisfies the compliance with conditions. According to results, proactive personality effects significantly systems thinking, reframing and reflection skills in positive manner. Keywords: Strategic Thinking, proactive personality, reframing skill 126 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6228 Aesthetical Implications of Kant’s Account on Insanity Tanzer Yakar Assistant Professor Sakarya Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Felsefe Bölümü, Esentepe Kampüsü 54187 Serdivan / SAKARYA This paper considers aesthetical aspects of Kant’s account on insanity. Firstly, I will start with internal touchstone of insanity, that is, the positive aspects of illusions created by reason. Secondly I will turn motives why Kant goes beyond the autonomous realm of reason and searches an external touchstone in his theory of mental disorders. The second one related with Kant’s definition of insanity as “in having lost public sense” and his account should be read also as political one. While Kant says directly nothing definite regarding the relations of politics and faculty of judgement, Arendt rightly recognized political implications of Kant’s theory and, the possibility of collective mental disorders under the regime of totalitarianism. At the end of this paper, I will try to show that these two touchstone of truth is not enough and there is also third one, namely aesthetics, at work as a medium in Kantian dialectic. In Kantian system, mental disorders, that is disorders of cognitive faculties, can be attuned by the improvement of artistical ability of human species. Keywords: Kant, Insanity, Reason, Common Sense, Arendt, Aesthetics. 127 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6232 SPATIAL AND CULTURAL RESULTS OF NEOLIBERAL POLICIES: PRODUCTION OF NEW DISCIPLINARY SPACES AND NEW CULTURAL IDENTITIES Aysun AYDIN OKSUZ, Zafer SAGDIC Department of History of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey According to Foucault, commonly adoption of prison in Western societies in the ninetieth century points on a very importance transition period in power fields. In the field of punishment, incarceration has taken the place of public executions, torture or other ""demonstrations"". A ""double process of change"" has been in question. Shows have disappeared and deprive of freedom and abusive discipline have taken the place of giving suffer. This transition has begun changing spatial equivalent of discipline concept. Discipline definition has begun to be expressed with words such as shutdown/abstraction/hidden. Discipline in front of the community has evolved into abstraction from the community and surveillance. Being under surveillance has become a natural part of the discipline. Determination of the fact that surveillance is one of the most important tools of discipline has taken 'disciplining' concept into the daily life. Discipline was no longer just a criminal action that is performed after the crime; with Foucault's definition, it has begun to turn into ""docile bodies"" or social taming. At this point, the following question takes place: to which places have places such as factory, hospital, school, barrack - defined by Foucault - which are the surveillance-based discipline places in the ninetieth century turned into and which cultural codes have begun to be produced by this transition. When Foucault's docile bodies definition and the fact that surveillance is a natural part of discipline are considered together and when it is thought that the basic discipline places of neo-liberal economies in today's world are Malls, Residences and Office Buildings, it is seen that a new/complex/spiral global cultural code is produced. In this context, aim of this study is to create a critical perspective on how have the residence buildings, high office blocks and shopping malls, which can be accepted as physical equivalent of discipline concept, been normalized; how have they been a part of life without being aware; how have they been turned into choice objects; and how these new covered/hidden discipline places produce a global single cultural code. Keywords: Globalization, Single Culture, Discipline, Neo-liberal Economy, Malls - Office Buildings Residences. 128 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6233 INTERNET'S IMPACT ON PERCEPTION OF CITY: VIRTUAL CULTURE PRODUCTION AND CHANGE OF CITY REALITY Aysun AYDIN OKSUZ, Bahar KUCUK Department of History of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey Entrance of Internet into the daily life with advancement of information technologies has changed the communication style of individuals and allowed people use Internet tools more. The virtual world provided by the Internet technology is a new cultural virtual reality world in which the users express themselves and communicate with the other users. With opportunity of using virtual communication programs in mobile devices, the users can instantly share the cities they go and every status shared in Internet can turn into a new virtual culture code for that city. They can upload photos of the cities they visit and they can make comments on these cities. In this way, one can have ideas and predictions on a city he/she didn't go, as if he/she went there before. Developments in communication technologies impact the city's perception and description too. With Internet network, a new single world fiction and virtual cities have been created. This virtual visibility of cities come before the physical experience and it becomes detectable with Internet tools. Therefore, one can have information on a city he/she didn't visit physically. This situation creates a different reality perception other than known and accepted real spatial culture description. In other words, real cultural codes on a city, which are felt or defined with physical senses are now expressed with only a mental/intellectual reality description. In this context, aim of this study is to fins answers to questions of how the technological changes in communication impacted and changed ""city reality, city perception"" concepts, how these concepts are rebuilt and how the new virtual culture codes that can be created as result of these questions are shaped. In accordance with the aforementioned inspections, firstly the definition of Internet and virtual media and the new reality created by them will be discussed, then the problem about new virtual cultural codes created by city culture and virtual media, and impacts and changes of these codes on cities will be inspected. Keywords: Virtual Culture, Internet, City, Perception, 129 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6235 The Westernizing in Turkish Painting Osman Hamdi Bey – Vasiliy Vereshchagin Gonul Uzelli Professor Rus Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Ordu Cad. No: 6, 34459 Laleli / İstanbul In 18th and 19th century the political and the cultural interactions between Ottomans and Russians considerably improved. In order to prevent the decedance of the Empire Ottomans started to have a close look to Europe for the scientific improvements. This so called “Westernizing Movements” at this period also caused to grow an interest in Ottomans in Western countries. They started to send artists and scientists with the ambassadors, as a natural result of these interactions. The European culture and art began to influence especially the Otoman court art. During the Tanzimat period, the Western influences became more noticable. Painting exhibitions started to be held. The first fine art school opened in Istanbul. The art students went to the Western academies to study painting. Osman Hamdi Bey was the most ambitious student among them. While he was studying in Paris at Jerome’s studio, he met Russian painter Vereshchagin. Both painters were influenced by Oriantalist movement. It is possible to see the mystical atmosphere and the documentary value in their paintings. Keywords: Osman Hamdi, Vasily Vereshchagin, orientalism, westernizing, Ottoman 130 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6237 P.A.Tolstoy: The Life of a Russian Ambassador in Istanbul in Historical-Fictional Context (1702-1714) Emine Inanir Professor Rus Dili ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Ordu Cad. No: 6, 34459 Laleli / İstanbul The correspondence of Russian diplomats-ambassadors (’’stateynıye spiski’’) and the notes of travelers, who were in search of new territories, give place not only to sacred places and relics of Christianity, but also to impressions about Istanbul. With the political and commercial relations between Russia and Turkey getting stronger in the 18th century, Petro the Great had to assign an experienced diplomat, who would be in good terms with the Ottoman administrators. Petr Andreyevich Tolstoy, chosen by the tsar, performs his missions successfully between 1702-1714 in Turkey. The 12 years period with highly intense relations and difficulties becomes the centre of attention for Russian historians and writers. In our study, the time that Petr Andreeviç Tolstoy spent in Ottoman fields and in Istanbul are studied, depending on the reports of the ambassadors in state archives, the historical-fictional work of investigator N. Pavlenko “Vokrug Trona. Ptentsi gnezda Petrova. Strasti u trona” and the historical novel of Y. Fedorov “Poruçaet Rossiya” Keywords: P.A. Tolstoy, Turkey, travel notes, Istanbul 131 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6238 Factors affecting academic performance of undergraduate student at faculty of agriculture: The case of Cukurova Universite, Turkey Seyit Hayran, Aykut Gül, Oktay Can, Ayşe Gül Aytuç Deparment of Agricultural Economics, University of Cukurova, 03310, Adana, Turkey The purpose of this study is to analyze factors (socio demographic, education, spend spare time) affecting academic performance of undergraduate students in Facultry of Agriculture, Cukurova University in Turkey. Data were obtained in May 2016 from face-to-face interviews with 200 students. Their responses to the “factors” and grade point average were collected and analyzed using methods containing descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-test and multiple linear regression analysis. According to the result, scores of students are positive related to their score of high school. Results of multiple linear regression show that female are more successful than male. Students who wish to master and who use references suggested by teachers are more successful. And moreover, there is a positively and statistically significant relationship between time of study of students and their academic performance. Keywords: Academic score, Socio demographic factors, Agricultural education 132 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6239 Refugee Issue from the Perspective of the European Convention on Human Rights Merve Ozkan Borsa Dr. Department of International Relations, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey It is unargued that the consequences of the migrant/refugee crisis the world is facing today, has obviously been and is being affected by international legal regulations -besides that of the states individually-. International legal regulations regarding this issue, however, have some shortcomings in meeting the contemporary needs and in comparison to each other. In this article, one of these international legal regulations, -though regional; effective and operative- the European Convention on Human Rights and additionally the decisions of European Court of Human Rights (to see how the provisions of this Convention are interpreted) will be handled and analysed to come to a conclusion on the question of what extent these accord with the specific convention of the Convention relating to the status of Refugees adopted in 1951 and whether they are adequate in order to overcome the challenges of the recent crisis which requires to be met. On the other hand, one should be reminded of the fact that the shortcomings and inadequacies are not limited to the European Convention on Human Rights; 1951 Convention and alike are neither devoid of these, as regards to various universal human rights values, but, whilst recognising them, these issues will be left out of the limits of this paper. In the final part of the study, some recommendations on how these inadequacies could be eliminated will be discussed. Keywords: International Refugee Law, European Court of Human Righs, Convention relating to the status of Refugees 133 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6240 Profit and Loss Year in the Stock Exchange: Case of BIST Murat Akbalık Associate Professor Bankacılık ve Sigortacılık Yüksekoukulu, Marmara Üniversitesi, Göztepe Kampüsü- Kadiköy/İstanbul In this study, the anomaly of profit and loss year in the stock exchange, where some years are accepted as profit years and some as loss years will be researched. With this aim, this anomaly by using the daily closure indices values for the Borsa İstanbul from 1988-2015 has been tested throuh statistical methods. Keywords: Anomaly, Stock Exchange, Profit year and Loss year 134 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6241 Determination and Examination of Cartoons Which 36-72-Month-Old Preschool Children Watch Most Handan Asude Basal, Pinar Bagceli Kahraman, Merve Akoglu, Gulcin Atlilar, Oznur Durgut Uludag University Education Faculty Preschool Education Program With this study, it was aimed to determine the cartoons which 36-72-month-old preschool children watch most and examine the contents of these cartoons. In line with this purpose, positive and negative features in the cartoons were determined and these cartoons tried to be evaluated. Moreover, it was also aimed to determine if there were any relationships between variables like age of parents and variables like duration of watching cartoons and if parents supervised watched cartoons. The study was analyzed with the method of document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods. The study was carried out in two stages. At the first stage of the study, questionnaires were sent to the parents of a total of 141 children, 72 male and 69 female in the age group of 3-6 years. At the second stage, 53 children were asked to draw the cartoon hero which they watched most. 5 mostlywatched cartoons were selected from among the cartoons which mothers and children liked most. The researchers watched three episodes of each of the cartoons and positive and negative features were evaluated in the prepared evaluation table. According to the questionnaire results given by the mothers, it was observed that the first five mostlywatched cartoons were ""Pepee, Canım Kardeşim (My Dear Brother), Keloğlan (Bald Boy), Scooby Doo and Caillou"". However, it was determined that the cartoon which the children liked most and drew the picture of was the ""Ninja Turtles"". It was determined that there were many negative expressions and features in the cartoons examined. Of these six cartoons, only Pepee did not have any negative features. Keywords: preschool children, cartoon,television 135 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6242 To Analyse Political Discourse in Terms of Values: Example of Election July 22, 2007 Aynur Kose Associate Professor Karadeniz Technical University Cummunication Faculty, Trabzon Values have great importance to understand a society’s political, economic, cultural and social structure. Because values are criteria that are used by people to understand themselves and the world. These criteria are directly related with the politics. To analyze to analyse political discourse in the field of values is a true way to understand and comment valid application in politics of a society. Therefore the relationship between values, politics and political choices is very important. In this study by focusing the relationship between politics and values, political discourse is analyzed in the framework of values. General elections made in 22 July 2007 was selected as sample. Because it was turned into a referendum of the social order by the effects of the polarization during presedential elections. In this study, speeches of political actors particapating to the 2007 elections were analyzed. In the research which was conducted by qualitative content analysis, 10 basic and 56 subvalue analysis categories located in the Schwartz Value Scale were used. Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Radikal, Zaman and Yeni Şafak newspapers which represent different segments in Turkey, were analyzed. Data used in this analysis, was reached in the TÜBİTAK Project which aims to analyze periods of 2002-2007 and 2011 general elections. Also by analysing the values which political parties convince the voters in election studies, it will determine that which values in the election will gain and which values in the election will lose. Keywords: Values, Political Discourse, qualitative content analysis, Schwartz Value Scale, Newspapers 136 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6243 Interaction Of Institutions and Environmental Degradation Cengiz AYTUN, Cemil Serhat AKIN Cukurova University,FEAS, Department of Economics Adana/ TURKEY Although there are many studies upon questioning the relation between the economic growth, energy consumption and environmental quality, the relationships between the institutional spheres in which the economic activities realize were not questioned adequately in those studies. To obtain sustainable development, institutions should be added to the analysis. To fill the gap, relationship between institutional quality and CO2 emissions was questioned in this study. The datum for 13 middle income countries which covers the period between the years from 2001 to 2011 was examined by the panel data analysis method. In the realized study, the Pollution Heaven Hypothesis was also examined. Variables which will represent the institutional quality level are taken as the subcomponents of World Governance Index. These variables are the control of corruption, the government effectiveness, political stability and the absence of violence/terrorism, the regulatory quality, the rule of law and voice and accountability. Per capita income, fossil fuel usage and energy consumption were used as a auxiliary explanatory variables in our model. Results support that institutional quality effect environmental quality directly and indirectly. The effects of the variables which used as indicators of institutional quality differ in the analysis. Keywords: Institutional Quality, Environmental Degradation, CO2 Emission, Panel Data Analysis, Pollution Heaven Hypothesis 137 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6246 COMPARISON OF PRESERVICE TEACHERS’ OPINIONS ABOUT SEXUAL EDUCATION AT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Gonul ONUR SEZER Assistant Professor Uludag University, Faculty of Education, Department of Elemantary Education, Bursa, Turkey The purpose of this study is to determine and compare the opinions of preservice teachers having received and the ones having not received the course of “Sexual Education” as an elective course at university about sexual education at Elementary School. This study employs the screening model, one of the quantitative research methods. The sample of the study is composed of 216 preservice teachers enrolled in the Elementary Education Program of the Education Faculty of Uludag University. In the data collection form used in the study, there are questions aiming to learn about if the participant preservice teachers have received the course of “Sexual Education” and their classes and also there are questions formed by taking expert opinion about the sexual education of children. Moreover, a questionnaire used by Gökdeniz (2008) and composed of 18 five-point Likert type questions determined within the scope of this study as appropriate based on expert opinion was used. In the analysis of the data, percentage (%) and frequency (f) calculations were made. Tables were prepared in accordance with the obtained data and interpretations were made in line with the purpose of the study. As a result of the study, it was observed that the course of sexual education should be taught as a separate course at elementary school. Keywords: sexual education, elementary education, preservice teachers, 138 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6248 A Writer from Istanbul Who Served Three Tsars Emine Zeynep Günal Professor 06100 Gazi Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Rus Dili ve Edebiyatı, Teknik Okullar, Beşevler/ANKARA Fyodor A.Emin is one of the most interesting writers of the 18th century Russian literature, because when he came to Russia and began to live there it was not well known where he was born and who he was. The famous writer and journalist Novikov and the publisher Kopnin who were his contemporaries tried to write Emin’s biography on the basis of his works and on what he had told them. But the Soviet researchers Beshenkovsky and Arzumanova found several documents in the Russian government archives, which proved that Emin’s ancestors were from Poland and they migrated to Ottoman Turkey. According to these documents, Emin, who had to become a muslim, couldn’t continue to live in Istanbul as an Otoman soldier because of some uncertain reasons and went to Russia. He lived in Russia until the end of his life serving three tsars. Emin as an immigrant was always in need of money and in debt. Several times he wrote official letters to the tsars about his insufficient salaries. At the end Catherine the Great lent him money, and asked to be notified about his every future translation, which would pay back the debt, given by her. Besides, Emin tried to find a kind of solution in the literature life by publishing novels, which were very attractive for the Russian people. In spite of his short literature life and learning Russian quite late, Emin had managed to become a very productive and popular adventure-romance novel writer among the ordinary people. Today Emin from Istanbul is considered to be one of the founders of the Russian novel. Keywords: Fyodor A.Emin, 18th century Russian literature, Novikov, Kopnin, Beshenkovsky, Arzumanova 139 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6249 THE MATTER OF PATERNITY IN SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD Muhammed Fatih CENGİL Instructor Cukurova University Faculty of Law, Sarıçam, Adana, Turkey Being so developed of technology; pushes societies to use technology in matter of fulfill their needs occurred in processes of changing and transformation. Fulfilling these needs brings with new problems. Developing technology is paving the way for a set of new problems while offering solutions for occurred problems. These problems occurred by discussing and evaluating the matter in terms of ethic, legal and religious. One of these problems is paternity in surrogate motherhood as a result of development of medical technology. The only occurrence reason of conjugal community is not to have a child and thus continue the family but this factor is situated in a central place for occurrence of “family” and its gaining continuity. As well as “childlessness” is a reason for divorce in Turkey, the matter of artificial insemination will remain on the agenda. In addition to this, the needs of people to have a child by using a different method, will prompt the society to use helper reproduction techniques. In our study, answers for a set of legal problems will be researched such as concept of motherhood, legal characteristics of agreement made between surrogate mother and genetic mother-father; whether the woman who gives birth or the woman who has the eggs will be considered as mother, for people applying surrogate motherhood system; in terms of affinity law; equivalent of this condition in our legal system, in cases of applying surrogate motherhood method in foreign countries or with illegal ways; establishing paternity with father according to whether the woman who gives birth is married or not. Keywords: Paternity, Surrogate, Motherhood 140 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6252 "RE-READING AYŞE KULIN'S GIZLI ANLARIN YOLCUSU AND BORA’NIN KITABI AS WORKS OF QUEER THEORY" Ozlem Dilaver Instructor Adnan Menderes University, School of Foreign Languages AYDIN/TURKEY Queer, in a broad sense, is an umbrella term that is used to describe men and women who have a sexual attraction to the people of the same sex. While this term had a pejorative meaning at first, it was evolved later and became so named in the early 1990s. Even though queerness is considered as a taboo by majority of people, it has recently gained popularity in the field of literature. Likewise in Turkey many writers including Ayşe Kulin have shed light on this controversial theme. The aim of this paper is to examine Ayşe Kulin’s two novels, Gizli Anların Yolcusu (The Passenger on a Secret Path) and Bora’nın Kitabı (Bora’s Book), from the point of “queer theory”. As these two books are sequels, it will be to the point to analyze both. The main concern of the books is the difficulties which the protagonist Bora has undergone while he is trying to find his sexual identity in a traditional society. In this sense; at the very beginning of the study, it will be focused on the term in question by providing a short philosophical context. Then the books will be analyzed considering the data of “queer theory”. Keywords: queer, queer theory, gay, literature, identity. 141 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6253 Way-finding Strategies of Blinds in Urban Scale Didem Kan Kilic, Fehmi Dogan Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, University of Economics, İzmir, Turkey The aim of this study is to investigate whether different urban environments have different impact on way-finding strategies of blind people and if there are any impacts what these are. It also inquires how blind people use their senses and how the priority of senses changes according to the urban context. The participants of the study consist of 9 congenitally blind individuals and took place in an urban fabric, namely Kemeralti District in İzmir and in an urban park, namely İzmir Fair Park. In the first phase (learning phase), a first trial along the selected routes was conducted for each participant individually accompanied by the researcher. In the second phase (test phase), the participants were requested to re-walk the route and talk about the environmental cues they attend to. The participants’ verbal reports were recorded and transcripts of the recordings were coded according to the environmental sensory inputs such as auditory, tactile and olfactory information. In addition, their short-term memory was also evaluated. The results show that the characteristics of the urban environment seem to have an impact on way-finding strategies of blind individuals. It was learnt that the sound of the city and the echo of the environment is the most important factor for blind participants in a dense urban environment. Environmental obstacles create echoes and give a sense of enclosure which helps them orient themselves. However, in the park environment, the sense of enclosure is almost impossible because of lack of boundaries in the environment. Keywords: blinds, way-finding, senses, sense of enclosure 142 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6254 SWOT Analysis Assessment of E-commerce in Organic Product Marketing Esma Arda Department of Economics, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey People’s eating habits have changed in the world as time passed by. Since the 1990s it is believed that healthy and eco-friendly nutrition style should be adopted even though early on people would eat to fill themselves only. At the present time consumers’ self-awareness about healthy food consumption and nature conservation has increased their sensitiveness and demand on organic products. As a consequence of that, organic agriculture has become widespread. By this way, eco-friendly agriculture forms using modern technology have come up. After all these developments, organic products market has emerged. Organic products don’t include preservative synthetic chemical materials. Therefore, those products don’t remain fresh for a long time, don’t have long storage life and can’t be produced due to market demand. All those problems constitute organic products’ marketing issues. Consequently producers direct themselves to e-commerce. Apart from traditional methods, e-marketing and e-commerce oriented marketing strategies should be used in order to survive in national and international organic products market. E-commerce enables organic products to be marketed and to set the whole country and the world as potential market. In this paper, SWOT analysis has been performed by determining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats oriented towards using e-commerce in organic products marketing, and SWOT matrix has been generated. E-commerce’s contribution to organic agriculture sector, as an important instrument to minimize agricultural marketing problems, has been evaluated. It can be mentioned that e-commerce plays a significant role in establishing national and international supply-demand balance by internet and computer without time and place limitation, and in providing active marketing. Keywords: Organic product, E-commerce, SWOT analysis 143 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6256 Topic Trends of Augmented Reality Studies in Education Gökçe AKÇAYIR, Murat AKÇAYIR Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology, Faculty of Gazi Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey Augmented reality (AR) has become a popular technological topic in recent years, and it is now also widely used in educational environments. Because AR has attracted much scholarly attention, a review is presently needed of academic studies that are focused on the applicability of AR in education. In the current study, 68 articles dealing with the use of augmented reality (AR) in education and published in Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) journals up to 2016 were analysed. The articles’ topic trends were determined. As a result of the analyses that were conducted, the research topics were classified into eight groups (performance outcomes (f=54, 79.41%), disposition (f=15, 22.06%), interaction (f=10, 14.71%), compare (f=8, 11.76%), instructional approach (f=51, 75.00%), instructional design (f=8, 11.76%), ability & skills (f=8, 11.76%), and other (f=25, 36.76%)). Six groups (performance outcomes, disposition, instructional approach, instructional design, ability & skills and other) were divided into relevant sub-topics. Group of other topic includes sub-topics such as behavioral pattern (f=3, 4.41%), gender (f=2, 2.94%) and enjoyment (f=1, 1.47%). In short performance outcomes involving AR usage in academic settings is one of the currently trendy topics. On the other hand, very few studies have examined topics such as cognitive attainment, experiental learning and knowledge construction. Keywords: Augmented Reality, Topic Trends, educational technology 144 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6258 Art Nouveau and the European influence in Brazil: the contributions of Victor Dubugras's bourgeois house for the Brazilian architecture Amanda Mitre Master Student Institute of Architecture and Urbanism, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are periods in which are possible to observe a large development of the architecture and the conceptions about the characteristics of housing, basing them on the hygienists and moral theories that were being spread as well as through the technical and aesthetic innovations associated with the emerging industrial reality. Within the context of housing transformation and the enhancement of the distinction between the public and private spheres, it is highlighted the bourgeois home model and the Art Nouveau architecture. In Brazil, the style had little implementation among the architects, gaining prominence through the work of the french architect Victor Dubugras. In this sense, this paper seeks to understand the conception of the bourgeois house and its association with the Art Nouveau architecture developed in Brazil. This analysis focuses on three residences designed by the architect Victor Dubugras for São Paulo’s bourgeoisie: the Uchôa Village, Horacio Sabino’s residence and the residence of Arari’s baroness. Into these three residences, the paper aims to investigated the characteristics of Art Nouveau, the spatial design, environments arrangement and the association between the private and collective areas. Finally, it’s possible to emphasized the residences analyzed in this paper can be considered a reflection of social, cultural and economic conditions, mainly due to the bourgeoisie built-needs programs express the importance given by this social group to its own public image. Keywords: Art Nouveau, European influence, Brazilian architecture, Victor Dubugras 145 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6260 An investigation of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) self-efficacy on material development for pre-service science teachers according to some variables Muhammed Doğukan Balçın, Ayşegül ERGÜN Department of Science Education, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey The purpose of this study was to investigation of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) self-efficacy on material development for pre-service science teachers according to some variables. In the study, survey model, which is a quantitative research method, was used. The study was conducted with 756 pre-service science teachers studying in 3rd and 4th classes of colleges in 12 different universities around Turkey, in 2015-2016 educational fall period. As for the data collection, Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) Self-Efficacy Scale on material development for pre-service science teachers as instrument which is developed by researchers was used. The scale was consisted of 40 items and 8 sub-scales. These sub-scales are Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK), Technological Knowledge (TK), Content Knowledge on basic and subspecialties of science (CK), Pedagogical Knowledge (PK), Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), Technological Content Knowledge (TCK) and Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK). SPSS version 18 software programme was used in the analysis of the data. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient of all the scale was calculated as .76. In the research the dependent variable is pre-service science teachers’ self-efficacy levels of the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) on material development. In this research some independent variances are; gender, university of attendance, general note average, class level, types of the graduated high school, having a computer, the average of using computer time, the level of using computer and the place of using net. It was determined whether there is a meaningful relationship between the dependent variable of each independent variable or not in the research. According to the result of research, it was determined that pre-service teachers find themselves sufficient the best in CK of TPCK’ self-efficacy sub-scales. It was determined that they are the best on the science’ content knowledge belong to basic branches, PCK and TPK sub-sclaes, good at on another sub-scales in pre-service teachers’ TPCK selfefficacy degree. Keywords: Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK), material development, selfefficacy, science education, pre-service science teacher 146 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6261 The Results of Collusion in Turkish Tax System Ömer Faruk Bayrakcı Master Student Department of Public Finance, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Univesity of Uludağ, Turkey Collusion is a secret agreement abusing the rights of individuals with misleading others to achieve their interests. In other words, collusion is two or more people to defraud a person of his rights or to obtain something that is prohibited by law. Collusion, essentially related to private law, is made in order to harm the interests of other individuals or provide benefit for parties. But the tax liability resulting from private law procedure, these transactions has a results acording to tax law. Collusion can be made both legal and illegal. In legal terms, all acts effected by collusion, agreement especially for fraudulent purposes, are considered void in private law. But, collusion is considered valid in Turkish Tax System. In Turkish Tax System, the state of collusion and the position of the collusion is a controversial issue. In this work, was tried to explain the results of collusion in Turkish Tax System Keywords: Collusion, Tax Law, Abuse of Right, Turkish Tax System 147 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6262 Analyzing Gender and Age Differences in Preschool Children’s Gender Self-Concepts Oya Ramazan, Hande Arslan Ciftci Department of Preschool Education, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey The aim of this study is to examine age and gender differences in 3-6 years-old preschool children’s gender development and perceptions related to gender. What gender self-concepts have preschool girls and boys developed and what do they mean to them? This research was carried out with phenomenology approach to collect detailed and in-depth information about preschool children’s opinions and perceptions regarding their gender identity. The research was carried out with 40 (20 girls and 20 boys) preschool children aged 3-6 who continue their education in 4 private preschools in Istanbul during 2015-2016 school year. As data collection tool, an interview form consisting of 13 semi-structured questions was used. Five questions in form was an adaptation of close-ended questions in Slaby and Frey’s (1975) Gender Constancy Interview to determine the levels of children’s gender constancy. Other seven questions are open-ended and developed by researchers to collect information about children’s gender self-concepts. Data obtained from interviews were analyzed by using descriptive analysis technique. Results were divided up into three main themes, including “games and toys”, “gender constancy” and “perceptions related to one’s own and opposite gender”. Results have shown that game and toy preferences of most children were based on gender stereotypes they have. Most children did not demonstrate full degree of gender constancy regardless of their gender and age. In addition, it was found that older children in both genders showed more rigidity of stereotypes related to their perception of what their own and opposite gender can and cannot do. Keywords: Preschool, Self-Concept, Gender, Gender Continuity, Gender Stereotypes 148 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6263 Intervention of using strengths for sense of authenticity. Makoto Takahashi, Yoshiyuki Morimoto Department of Human Psychics, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Kaichi International University, Chiba Japan. The purpose of the present study was to develop a new intervention of using the “character strengths (CS)” for increasing the feeling of authenticity in Japan. Participating students were 89 Japanese university students. The methodology was as follows. During week one, the participants were asked to take an inventory of their CS. On week two, they were received individualized feedback their top ten the CS. In addition, they were practiced psychological education for using the CS. And they were requested to use one of these CS in a new and different way every day for one week. We measured subjective well-being, sense of authenticity, and feeling of using strengths during the pre and post time periods for the participants. The changes for the participants during the intervention were analyzed using a t-test. As a result, there was significant increased on sense of authenticity, subjective well-being, feeling of using strengths scores from pre-test up to post-test. These findings suggested that the psychological intervention using of individual’s top ten CS was effective in subjective well-being, authenticity and using strengths. Keywords: Using strengths, Sense of authenticity, Intervention 149 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6264 Inheritance Rights of İllegitimate Children in Roman Law GÜZİDE BURCU GÜNVEREN Assistant Professor Roman Law, Uludağ University, Turkey In the Roman world, as a rule, marriages took place to have successive generations. Girls marrying at fairly young ages were expected to bore a child by their husbands and the society. A newborn baby, particularly a baby boy, to join a family was welcomed with great joy, since the baby would presumedly maintain the family’s sacra, cult, and hand the family name down to the next generations, which was not the only expectation of families from their future heir: other expectations include handing family estate down to the next generations without destroying the family, providing the needed support for parents that grow old in following years and eventually organizing their funeral rites, ensuring that their memories are remembered with commemorations, and being responsible for their tombs. Childlessness was also commonly observed in Roman families. Romans could not reproduce due to various factors, primarily such as infertility. Health problems including the tendency of miscarriage, especially among pregnant women that were conceived at a very early age, prevented parents from having children. Keywords: Pater famlias, Spurii,Lex Papia Poppaea 150 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6265 TURKISH CLASSICAL MUSIC’S RELATIONSHIP WITH EMOTIONS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES Dilem Dinc, Asli Aslan Cag University, Mersin, Turkey Although there is a claim about Turkish Classical Music that while Rast mode interprets positive mood, Huzzam mode interprets negative mood, this claim is not studied empirically. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between Turkish Classical Music and emotions, and physiological responses synchronized with emotions. 33 men and 52 women who are university students participated in the study voluntarily. Data was collected individually in computer environment. All participants were listened to 4 pieces of music. While listening to the pieces participants’ physiological and emotional responses were measured. To analyze the data, ANOVA (4 mode: Huzzam1, Huzzam2, Rast1, Rast2 X 5 tempo and complexity: no music, fast-simple, fastcomplex, slow-simple, slow-complex) was carried out. Physiological measures were divided equally to four epochs (time: 15s epochs) and analyzed. Findings showed that there are significant differences between Rast and Huzzam modes. In Rast mode, fast-complex music elicited positive emotions; while in Huzzam mode, slow music elicited negative emotions than music in Rast mode. Cardiovascular responses discriminated moods induced by music. Music listened in Rast mode had higher cardiovascular responses. On the contrary music listened in Huzzam mode had lower cardiovascular responses. Results were discussed in the literature. Keywords: Turkish Classical Music, Rast Mode, Huzzam mode, emotions, physiological responses. 151 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6266 Joint effects of anxiety and mood on risk taking behavior for elderly and young. Asli Aslan, Dilem Dinc, Bahtim Kutuk Department of Psychology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey Numerous studies showed that many factors, such as cognition, emotions and personality influences the decision-making mechanism in potentially risky situations. In fact, mood state’s contribution to the decision-making mechanism is quite substantial. Depressed people are often advised by their therapists to think twice before taking important steps. In many studies, anxiety or stress levels found to predict behavioral outcomes differently for the people from different age groups (e.g. Macatee, R. J., ; Johnson, S. B. 2012, ). In this study, we examined the influence of positively and negatively induced moods on risk-taking behavior for three different age groups (adolescents, young adults and elderly). Participants in all there age groups were randomly assigned to positive and negative mood conditions. Happy and negative mood states were induced by movie clips and music. Risk taking behavior was measured by using Balloon Analogue Risk Task and study involved real money payoffs. It was found that, young people behaved more risky on positive mood induction condition than the elderly people. We also found associations between risk taking behavior, anxiety levels and perception of risk levels. Keywords: Risk taking behavior, mood induction, anxiety. 152 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6267 Positive and Negative Economic Impacts of Mega Sport Events Emre Cengiz PhD Student Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Istanbul, Istanbul Türkiye Mega sport events are defined as the activities that are organized for one or more times in a specific time period; that draw intense attraction of the international media; and that leave their effects for a long time. The examples to these events are the World Cup, European Cup, Summer Olympic Games, and Winter Olympic Games. Economic impacts, which start with the process of becoming a candidate for hosting the mega event, continue in the time period that the event occurs in, and they continue for many years after the event is done. The economic impacts of mega events usually occur in three ways. The first one covers the consumption expenses of the visitors, players, journalists, and the organisers. The second one is the development that happens in the local economy with the new business investments and the expenses for the design of the event facilities. In other words, they are the expenses made for ensuring the security and functionality of the facilities. These three types of impact maintain their effects on the hosting country for many years. In this study, the negative and the positive impacts of the events on the countries that host the mega sport events will be explained. Keywords: Mega Events, Olympics, Economic Impact 153 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6268 ASSESMENT OF NEUROMYTHS IN EDUCATION AMONG TEACHERS AND TEACHER CANDIDATES Tuncay Canbulat, Halit Kırıktaş, Uğur Cipcevizci Dokuz Eylul Univercity, Education Faculty of Buca , Buca/İzmir Due to being the organ that learning occured, brain itself and the structure and functioning of the brain has been the focus of attention of educators. The rapid development of brain imaging technology offers important clues to medical world and therefore to educators. As a result of research on brain and learning, a teaching and learning approach that called “Brain Compatible Learning, Brain Based Learning, Neuro-physiological Learning” in literature. But, according to some research findings, many techniques used under the name of learning based on brain are neuromyths so it has been demonstrated that the inventions of neuroscience was misunderstood and misused. The purpose of this study is to determine the neuromyth level of teachers and teacher candidates and reveal if there is significant difference in terms of some variables (gender, class, seniority, etc.) Research was designed in survey model. The research sample was formed with 241 teachers that are working in İzmir in the 2015-2016 academic year and 511 teacher candidates. In the collection of data, “Educational neuromyhts test” that has 31 questions with options “right, wrong, I have no idea” that was created by the authors by applying reliability studies. Score that can be taken from measuring tool are in the range of 0-31. According to the findings; while teachers are having an average score of “18,87”, teacher candidates received an average score of “16,70”. While comparing the scores of teachers and teacher candidates, a significant difference in favor of the teachers (p=.000) were found. The results of the research are expected to led to a debate on “brain and learning” issues and ensure awareness on the issue while contributing to comparisons between countries. Keywords: Neuromyth in Educatiın, teacher, teacher candidate, Turkey 154 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6271 Environmental risks and technological progress in perception and practices of Italians Benedetta Martino PhD Student Department of Communication and Social Research, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy This paper is concerned with environmental risks. In particular, it is concerned with how and why different people produce the same risks in different ways and the implications that these have on society as a whole. The notion of risk appears central to the concept of nowadays. Modern confidence in progress, rationality, positivism, objective truth and knowledge have all been undermined and eroded. For many years numerous international sources have shown the rapidity with which the human being is gradually destroying the ozone layer. Man with his activities to globalize is contributing global warming, increasing water and air pollution, and the consequence is the reduction of biodiversity, the destruction of forests, the depletion of mineral resources. All this takes place even if it is well known that man’s future mainly depends on protection and safeguard of the environment. Many actions in our standard behavior and daily routine, as for instance turning the light and heating on, making electrical appliances work, driving and throwing the disposal of waste away surely have high impact on environmental quality. Furthermore these actions have different behaviors depending of gender and age. It has been decided to create a web survey to analyze the relation between the different behaviors, the environmental risks and the technological progress in perception and practices of Italians. Keywords: Environmental risks,technological progress, risk perception 155 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6274 Rationality of Fiscal Rules Semih Bilge, Esra Dogan Associate Professor Department of Public Finance, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi, Eskisehir, Turkey Fiscal Rules based on Constutional Economics and Public Choice Theory, has started to develop from begining of the 1970’s and has an increase importance with the crisis of the 2000’s. Evaluation of results of the application of these fiscal rules is necessary because of the fact that fiscal rules has been accepted as the single economic recipe and the budget rule during the development of neo-liberal policies. In the scope of this study it is aimed to ascertain the reasons of fiscal rules rationalization process based on neo-liberal policies. Thanks to this study it is planning to compensate for the discursive critiques about fiscal rules. Therefore it is used the statistics published by Worldbank and IMF for the evaluation of 89 countries. In the scope of this evaluation firstly it is formed on a scale for the level of fiscal rules and secondly it is evaluated that the relationship between this level of fiscal rules scale and the level of corruption, voice&accountabilitly. Finally it is planing to conclude that rationalisation instruments of fiscal rules can not be realized in the meantime. Keywords: Fiscal Rules, accountabilitly, corruption 156 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6276 Vicious Bees of the Prosperous Hive: An Investigation on Mandeville’s The Fable of the Bees Isil Cesmeli PhD Student Department of Philosophy, Middle East Technical University, Ankara,Turkey Dutch physician and pamphleteer Bernard Mandeville is notable for his masterpiece The Fable of the Bees. He investigates self-regarding motives and selfish moral conduct of human species in it. His assertion of selfishness as a primary motivation of man denotes the revival of Hobbesian pessimistic thesis in the eighteenth century. Besides, in the first volume of The Fable a poem named “The Grumbling Hive: or Knaves turn’d Honest” leads to his well-known paradox “private vices public benefits.” He portrays vicious bees of a prosperous hive by giving moral motivation and private vices and self-interested pursuits of them which turn into general flourishing. The story depicted in the poem, says Mandeville, is a perfect simile of human species in the sense that qualifications which seem to mortify us, in fact are attached and accompanied to a flourishing society. Does Mandeville encourage vices like avarice, lavishness and dishonor? Is vicious prosperity preferable to virtuous poverty? Or does he try to expose hypocrisy and fraud of mankind? The aim of this paper is to examine Mandeville’s account regarding morals in the light of these questions and look into reactions and criticisms of eighteenth century Scottish philosophers to his selfish hypothesis. Keywords: Morality, virtue, vice, self-love, 157 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6277 An Analysis of Middle School Students' Perceptions Regarding Science Courses and Science Course Teacher Via Metaphors and Drawings Hilal Aktamış, Gülcan Dönmez Department of Science Education, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydın, Turkey Perceptions determine how people comprehend an object, a concept or a condition and how people feel about these mentioned topics. A method which is employed to evaluate perceptions is metaphor. In this study, determining students' perceptions regarding "science courses" and "science course teacher" is aimed with the help of metaphors and drawings. This study utilizes qualitative research methods and employs science case patterns. In addition, the study is in the form of survey model. The researchers have focused on survey forms including open-ended statements such as "Science courses are like......; since........", "Science course teacher is like......." as devices to gather data. Also the researcher asked the students to make drawings for each metaphor. Through these methods, reaching metaphors' symbolic meanings has been aimed. The gathered data have been analyzed by content analysis method. The research's study group comprises 490 students who are from 4 different middle schools functioning in the districts of İzmir in 2015-2016 education term. After analysis, 229 boys and 205 girls, in total 434 students have been included to the study. Various metaphors related to each concept have been attained. Gathered metaphors have been associated with their explanations and presented by creating common themes. The data gathered from this study have significant role in enlightening the preparation process of the future programs. Covering and analyzing these studies in the teaching courses might help students to improve and change their thoughts as well as helping them to make judgements while questioning concepts. Furthermore, this study could be considered as a resource for the future quantitative and qualitative studies. Keywords: Science Course, Science Teacher, Metaphor, Drawing 158 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6279 How Pre-service Mathematics Teachers Use Mathematical Language in Paper Folding Activities? OZGE YIGITCAN NAYIR Assistant Professor Department of Elementary Mathematics Education, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey "Language use is important for to learn mathematical concepts and to improve mathematical thinking. Language use is not only for expressing oneself it is also essential for developing thinking. Therefore, for a mathematics teacher it is also crucial to use an effective and correct mathematical language in class activities. Origami is an activity lots of people interested in as a hobby. It is also used to explain the concepts of geometry and abstract algebra. There is also sociocultural effects in which origami provides the dealers. Therefore, paper folding activities is a good way of using mathematical language for a teacher. The purpose of this study is to determine how pre-service elementary mathematics teachers use mathematical language in paper folding activities. Study is designed as a qualitative study. In order to achieve the purpose, third grade elementary mathematics teacher education students’ video records of paper folding activities with students were analyzed. Ten pre-service teachers’ video records were analyzed according to their mathematical language use. According to the analyses there are some deficiencies in their mathematical language use. They focus only a few mathematical concepts and they make mistakes while using related mathematical words." Keywords: Paper folding, origami, mathematical language use, pre-service elementary mathematics teachers 159 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6280 The Rights to Educatiın in The Constitution Selda Çağlar Associate Professor Trakya Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Balkan Yerleşkesi Edirne Education was first brought into agenda with the United Nations, Declaration of Universal Human Rights as a “right” in the field of international human rights; and in the following process, the understanding of education not only being the subject of a public service but also being the subject of a right has been brought into use by many other countries. The right to education has been included in universal and regional human rights declarations with a rich coverage, common language and standards. This right has been transferred to positive law, and has been influential in expressing the need for additional measures to enable children’s groups, who lived in a situation deprived of this right, and especially the disadvantaged groups, to benefit from the right to education in an equal manner without being discriminated. Parallel to the developments in international law, the right to education has been recognized as a basic right at the constitutional level by the majority of the countries all over the world; and the precautions that should be taken in order to ensure the education of children, who are in difficult economic conditions or who are in difficult situations in terms of language, religion, ethnical origin, being a foreigner and immigrant; and also to include the handicapped, who need special education in the educational processes. In this study, the level of Turkey in performing the liabilities in the field of education accompanied by the present constitutional regulations will be determined since Turkey is the participating party of the majority of the relevant international agreements. Also, recommendations will be provided on how to make amendments in the Constitution and in the new constitution that is planned in agreement with international principles and standards. Keywords: Constitution, right to education, international human rights, state obligations 160 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6281 The Effect of Organizational Creativity on Ecopreneurship Sertac Ercan, Fatma Zehra Tan, Mehmet Gokerik Department of Entrepreneurship, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey The term ‘ecopreneurship’ is a combination of two words, ‘ecological’ and ‘entrepreneurship’. Ecopreneurship can thus be roughly defined as ‘entrepreneurship through an environmental lens’. Creativity is a process of the generation of new ideas. Therefore, enterpreneurship is an innovative process which includes both individual and organizational perspectives. On the other hand, enterpreneurship is a network which combines creativity and innovation in order to commercialize results after finding an idea. Ecopreneurship is a sub-field of enterpreneurship; thusly, innovative and creative relations are valid for ecopreneurship, too; field of ecopreneurship is on progress because of the great importance of ecology for today’s World. In general, most studies have examined the effect of individual creativity. In this study we will examine the effect of organizational creativity. The sample of research has been chosen from Karabük University akademik staff. Karabuk University is a organization that give importance to ecological envoirement and it has “Global Green Award” because of it’s environmental success and sustainability. Data taken from questionaire which will analyze the relation between organizational creativity and dimensions of ecopreneurship level. Keywords: Ecopreneurship, Entrepreneurship, Organizational Creativity 161 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6282 The role of self-regulation between perfectionism and procrastination Juno ChunLin Ju, YiHsuan Hsu Department of Counseling and Industrial/Organization Psychology, TaoYuan 33348, Taiwan, ROC In a society which highlights efficiency and preciseness, people tend to regard perfection as an important standard we should pursue. However, there always are gaps between expectation to be perfect and reached perfection, and the phenomenon pervade. This study therefore aims to investigate the perfectionist's procrastination in learning situations. This current study hypothesizes different type of perfectionism has different influence on procrastination, and self-regulation might regulate the relationships between both. The research adopts questionnaire survey to collect data and recruits the undergraduates, graduate students, executive master program students, and doctoral students in Taiwan, totals 595 people. With correlation and hierarchical regression analyses it can be found that higher degree of positive perfectionists have lower degree of active procrastination, while no significant correlation with passive procrastination. The higher degree of negative perfectionists shows a significant positive correlation with active and passive procrastination. In addition, self-regulation shows no significant regulation effect on the relationship between negative perfectionism and active or passive procrastination. It is believed that positive perfectionists consider punctuality as one of the standards of perfection therefore they won't procrastinate. On the other side, negative perfectionists might use evasive and passive procrastination in order to avoid possible failures which hence paralyze their motivations and actions engaging in tasks. Based on the results, the current study recommends the intervention toward negative perfectionist with procrastination might focus on identifying and get rid of irrational beliefs, also learning stress management skills and establishing positive inner language in order to develop adaptive lifestyle. Keywords: self-regulation, perfectionism, procrastination 162 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6283 The Relationship Between Organizational Climate and Organizational Trust In Healthcare Institutions Ibrahim Gun, Selma Söyük Istanbul University Health Sciences Faculty, Bakırköy, İstanbul Objectives: Major aim in this study is determining organizational climate level and organizational trust, and put forth relationship between organizational climate and organizational trust in healthcare institutions. Study Design: This study has been designed as cross sectional research. Population of the study has been consisted of two public hospitals operating in Istanbul. Throughout the study sampling selection is not determined and we have tried to reach all professionals who accepted to participate the study. There are 801 professionals accepted the join the research but unfortunately 396 questionnaire forms were fully filled. Return rate of forms calculated as %49,5 and data evaluated in %95 confidence interval. Results: Organizational climate’s mean score has been founded as 2,76±0,42, whereas organizational trust is 2,98±0,71. Statistically significant difference has been found between organizational climate and educational status, total professional time, professional time in institution, level of income, to choose job willingly (p<0.05). Similarly, there has been significant difference between organizational trust and age, total professional time and to choose job willingly (p<0.05). There is positively moderate level of relationship between organizational climate and organizational trust (r=,548; p<0.00). Conclusion: Low level of organizational climate and moderate level of organizational trust has been founded. Organizational climate level have differences according to educational status, total professional time, professional time in institution, level of income, choosing job willingfully. Likewise, age, total professional time and choosing job willingfully has made differences on organizational trust. There is positively moderate level of relationship between organizational climate and trust. Keywords: Organizational climate, organizational trust, healthcare Institutions 163 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6285 The Financial Performance of Ceramic Industry Companies Listed in Borsa Istanbul: An Application of Grey Relational Analysis Fatma Kose Icigen, Seyfettin Unal, Halime Gurdal Department of Business Administration, Dumlupınar University,Kutahya, Turkey In this study, using Grey relational analysis (GRA) method, we conduct a financial performance analysis on three ceramic industry firms whose shares are publicly traded in Borsa Istanbul (BIST). The sample covers a five-year period of 2010-2015. In order to measure the financial strength of the firms, the GRA is performed on a selected set of their liquidity, operating efficiency, financial leverage and profitability ratios. For the purpose, each firm’s calculated financial ratios are converted into a single score via the GRA method so that it reflects the firm’s overall performance. The calculated performance scores are used for ranking the firms. As a result of the study, “Ege Seramik” appears to be the best in financial performance, followed by “Kütahya Porselen” and “Usak Seramik” respectively. Keywords: Grey Relational Analysis, Financial Performance, Ceramic Industry 164 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6288 THE REFLECTIONS OF POSTMODERN PERIOD ON PAINTING Melihat Tuzun Professor Department of Painting, University of NKU, Tekirdag, Turkey Postmodernism begining with its own query and resolution of modernism, by returning to the classical figure image on painting, taking references from the past, with its color, form, confronts us by enabling all the posibilities of pictural expressions. Postmodernists who challenged the individuality and the innovation urge of modernism, by peaking the quoting, they put figure and the political image which the modernism had revolted, at the center of painting. During this period it is seen that there had been researches upon the problem of meaning and content which push the limits of place and material. With this study modern painting which’s boundaries are drawn and postmodern painting will be compared, the effects of postmodern period on painting and its reflections will be emphasized. By the literature review, postmodern painters and their works will be examined, The study will come through by analysing formally and iconographically the chosen painters and their works from the world and Turkey. Keywords: Postmodern, Modern, Painting, Art. 165 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6289 THE PLACE AND IMPORTANCE OF IHAP HULUSİ GOREY IN THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH ILLUSTRATION BIGE GURSES PhD Student NKU Guzel Sanatlar, Tasarim ve Mimarlik Fakultesi, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkey. One of the artists who has the most important role in the Republican period for the design efforts is the painter and graphic designer Ihap Hulusi Gorey. After having art classes in Germany in 1920 he returned to the country and designed the cover of the first Turkish Alphabet Book. In later years he has served to many important private institutions. By opening his own studio in 1927 he started his own works. In the begining he worked at the Akbaba Magazine as an illustratior and made his name. Collabrated to the interest of the public upon books. Through his designs and illustrations during the Republic period he increased the public’s interest on books. In this way, along with the republic By entering a quick tempo in the life of publishing in Turkey being an illustrator in other words book drawing has been encouraged. At this study, by reaching the designs of Ihap Hulusi Gorey who has an important place in Turkish art history, with a pictural point of view and analysation, the value of his illustrations, paintings and poster designs have been examined. With his important place in Turkish art history the boundries of painting and illustration in which he has enlightened, have been examined. Keywords: Ihap Hulusi Gorey, Art, Design, Illustration, Poster 166 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6290 On the Améryean Resentment Elif Ergün Assistant Professor Department of Philosophy, University of Sakarya, Sakarya, Turkey After the war Hanns Chaim Mayer changed his name to Jean Améry. Because he after the war as a way of distancing himself from all things German. He was arrested, tortured, and sent to a number of concentration and extermination camps, namely, Auschwitz, Buchenwald and Bergen-Belsen. In 1978, at age sixty-six, Améry took his own life in a hotel room in Salzburg. He write the existential condition of the Nazi victim in post-war Europe. He feel uncomfortable in peaceful, lovely land, inhabited by hardworking, efficient, and modern people. He speaks as a victim and examine his resentments. Resentments were by no means evident on the days when he left the last of his concentration camps, Bergen-Belsen, than returned home to Brussels, which was really not his home. But he had first doubts in 1948, while passing through Germany on a train. Germany's politicians, had distinguished themselves in the resistance movement, speedily and enthusiastically sought to affiliate with Europe. Suddenly there was good reason for resentments. Améryean resentments look past and it is not a revenge nor one of atonement. He believe to have recognized that a forgiving and forgetting induced by social pressure is immoral. It seems his resentment of purpose is reconciliation. Keywords: Jean Améry, Resentment, Recollection, Forgetting, Reconciliation 167 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6291 The Effects of Renewal Areas to The Urban Life Quality Elif Ebru Sisman, Pinar Gulturk Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Landscape Architecture 59030 Degirmenalti/Tekirdag Open and green areas that are basic elements of urban pattern are described areas as unstructured and served potential areas for suitable recreational uses. While open and green areas are planned for public welfare, in the direction of increasing the field of these areas urban renewal works have been accelerated in recent years especially all kinds of areas of lost their functions. These areas where are unusable or left for several reasons, have to be transformed thereby to protect within their historical, cultural and natural values contain in themselves. The areas where are related or unrelated to the city, contribute to the city by related in this way for using land, physical, functional, social, economic and ecological meaning. In this context, the beginning of the carried out work has been in Ruhr Region of Germany where was based on mining and iron-steel industry. This region was subjected to comprehensive rehabilitation program for depletion of reserves after the war and health conditions that were reached threatening level in pollution due to becoming unlivable. Thereby the region was both reacquired and an important example of conversion of the abandoned post-industrial areas in the world. In this study, the areas where lost their functions in Turkey and the world were reacquired to the cities and the contribution of these areas to the quality of urban life were examined by model implementations. Keywords: industrial area, renewal, open and green areas 168 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6292 The Reflection of Art Movements to the Landscape Architecture Pinar Gulturk, Elif Ebru Sisman Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Landscape Architecture 59030 Degirmenalti/Tekirdag Landscape architecture progressed as garden art in historical time, especially 18th century. While gardens had formed formal, symmetrical approaches until these times, formal approach changed with naturalistic art movement which was dominated especially Europe after 18th century and started to formed by the effect of other art movements. Modernism was pioneer movement for becoming artistic and cultural trend with modern idea from the mid 19th century. Cubism movement was accepted as the birth of modernism and found a place prominently in many field such as architecture, literature. Biomorfism that focused on the power of natural life and closeness to the organic forms came up at the beginning of 20th century and was adopted by some part of art nouveau designers. Modernism movement was started to be queried as the retrospective re-evaluation effort from the mid 20th century and postmodern movement showed itself as change effort. Art movements from 18th century to today have been effective in landscape architecture as in many areas. In this study, the effect of art movements on landscape architecture was examined and briefed knowledge about today’s contemporary landscape design approach. Keywords: art movement, landscape, architecture 169 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6293 COPPERSMİTH ART AND ŞANLIURFA COPPER FOUND A STUDY ON WORK SAMPLES Hatice Kubra Ergin Assistant Professor department of painting, harran uni, sanliurfa Turkish handicrafts have different technique, with a widerange of applications and materials. Coppersmith art manually or reflect the socio-cultural structure of the dominant geography using simple auxiliary tools. Manufacturer with experience with admiration and crafts that are important with in the limits of dexterity comments. In this research, practice and scientific diversity of the area in terms of having one of the mos timportant examples coppersmith's central province of Şanlıurfa is selected. The presence of copper as raw material and comfortable easy processability, historical context is one reason why there is a long history. This art in a rich historical past has experience dauthentic handicrafts of Sanliurfa. In addition to technological development, operation and producerconsumer plastic that allows for ease of use, zinc, competing materials such as aluminum. The result that has begun to disappear when the old with the proportion. In this study, the interest in the fact that the movement gradually decreases coppersmith, tourist products of daily use goods and decorativeshaped specifying how to be forgotten today is intended to contribute coppersmith. Coppersmith Works with the historical background, technical specifications will be detailed. Investigation of copper craftsmanship and product samples will investigate how it is located today. Keywords: Sanliurfa, Copper, CopperLabor, Art. 170 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6294 Reflections on the concept as Arabesque and Turkish Cinema Gokhan Kuzucanlı Assistant Professor Faculty of Fine arts, Harran uni, Sanliurfa In this study, out of defining the term arabesque trends in Turkish cinema and is being studied by investigating the source of these trends through examples and case. Arabesque supply-demand approach in the framework of the unity of the community is seen as a social and economic as those encountered as a reflection of the general situation. Therefore, the nature and away from the effort to create an exaggerated affective area that aims to directly hit the community feeling arabesque case, as can be seen in the cinema exemplified in all branches of the arts. arabesque has focused on the general features and structure in this context and the History of Turkish Cinema cases calling arabesque arabesque works were interpreted through practice. Arabesque art and literature where the study was completed using descriptive analysis and Turkish cinema in general has tried to determine the effects of arabesque formation. Keywords: Arabesque, Art, Cinema, Turkish Cinema 171 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6295 Rethinking Popper's Politics Taşkın Erol Instructor Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Felsefe Bölümü Serdivan Kampüsü, Sakarya Popper thinks that all human products -whether it is social or individual- are the results of a single process.This process is called problem Popper thinks that all human products -whether it is social or individual- are the results of a single process.This process is called problem-solving. He puts this concept in the centre not onlyof epistemology, but also theory of science and his thoughts on the political structure. For this reason, as it is essential for philosophical thinking to be consistent, we believe that all his ideas in other areas should be evaluated taking the aforementioned process into account. It is clear that ‘ problem-solving’ action indicates the existence of a problem. If we put ‘ problemsolving’ to the very beginning of the adventure of knowledge as claimed by Popper, we define knowledge or search for knowledge as 'troubleshooting'. This attitude inevitably leads us to mistakes and deficiencies or it leads us just to see only the adverse situations. The situation develops this way in all fields of human thought; our information process begins with a problem. Not only the scientific process but also the political life alter and advance in this way. According to Popper, science is the search for right and this search progresses not by the accumulation of the rights but eliminating wrongs. The objective of the political field is the search for freedom. In parallel with Popper’ s ideas on knowledge and science, freedom should be increased through removing the restrictive conditions not through duplicating freedom. This means shortly that; in decisions, especially in political field, objectives should not be planned ignoring and staying away from the current condition-even if it is an undesirableone- of the society.Just as we think that a politically mighty society is an ideal one and although we think that it is impossible to achieve it but that we can correct the existing deficiencies of current society, we should continue thinking in the same way for scientific activities; science is the search for the right. However, we have no tools enabling us to distinguish the right from wrong. But beside this, we have a conception of right. And this conception forces us to search for it. The focal point in this search is the idea that right can be found through the elimination of wrongs. To put it in a nut shell, according to Popper, every sphere of life- not only for human beings but also for other creature creatures- is a process of elimination of mistakes. The aim of this action is to create a better world.-solving. He puts this concept in the centre 172 not only of epistemology, but also theory of science and his thoughts on the political structure. For this reason, as it is essential for philosophical thinking to be consistent, we believe that all his ideas in other areas should be evaluated taking the aforementioned process into account. It is clear that ‘ problem-solving’ action indicates the existence of a problem. If we put ‘ problemsolving’ to the very beginning of the adventure of knowledge as claimed by Popper, we define knowledge or search for knowledge as 'troubleshooting'. This attitude inevitably leads us to mistakes and deficiencies or it leads us just to see only the adverse situations. The situation develops this way in all fields of human thought; our information process begins with a problem. Not only the scientific process but also the political life alter and advance in this way. According to Popper, science is the search for right and this search progresses not by the accumulation of the rights but eliminating wrongs. The objective of the political field is the search for freedom. In parallel with Popper’ s ideas on knowledge and science, freedom should be increased through removing the restrictive conditions not through duplicating freedom. This means shortly that; in decisions, especially in political field, objectives should not be planned ignoring and staying away from the current condition-even if it is an undesirable one- of the society.Just as we think that a politically mighty society is an ideal one and although we think that it is impossible to achieve it but that we can correct the existing deficiencies of current society, we should continue thinking in the same way for scientific activities; science is the search for the right. However, we have no tools enabling us to distinguish the right from wrong. But beside this, we have a conception of right. And this conception forces us to search for it. The focal point in this search is the idea that right can be found through the elimination of wrongs. To put it in a nut shell, according to Popper, every sphere of life- not only for human beings but also for other creature creatures- is a process of elimination of mistakes. The aim of this action is to create a better world. Keywords: Popper, politics, science, problem-solving method 173 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6296 Analyzing the Relationship between Pre-Service Preschool Teachers’ Self-Leadership Skills and Motivation to Teach Rengin Zembat, Ayşenur Duran, Hande Arslan Çiftçi Department of Preschool Education, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between pre-service preschool teachers’ selfleadership skills and motivation to teach. The research was carried out with survey model of quantitative research method. The study group included 186 pre-service preschool teachers who are senior students at Department of Preschool Education at three (1 foundation and 2 public) universities in Istanbul in spring semester of 2015-2016 school year. “Self-Leadership Scale” which was developed by Houghton and Neck (2002) and adapted for educational organizations in Turkey by Konan and Atik (2015) and “Motivation to Teach Scale” which was developed by Kauffman, YılmazSoylu and Duke (2011) and adapted into Turkish culture by Ayık, Ataş-Akdemir and Seçer (2015) were used as data collection tools. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, Mann-Whitney-U and Kruskal-Walli-H analysis were conducted for data analysis. Results have shown that there is a significant positive correlation between pre-service teachers’ Self-Leadership Scale total scores and Motivation to Teach Scale total scores (p<,01). It was also found that behavior-focused strategies and constructive thought strategies of Self-Leadership Scale were in a significant positive relationship with both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation dimensions of Motivation to Teach Scale. Results have also shown that there is a significant positive correlation between seven dimensions of Self-Leadership Scale and Motivation to Teach Scale. In addition, students’ mean scores of Self-Leadership Scale significantly differ according to their GPAs on behalf of students with higher GPA. Keywords: Preschool Pre-Service Teachers, Self-Leadership, Motivation 174 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6297 Urban Poverty and Homelessness Meryem KÜÇÜK PhD Student Sakarya University Esentepe Campus, 54187 Sakarya/ TURKEY Developments in and after the 19th century that occurred in line with the social changes of the industrial revolution, transformed the outlook and semantic dimension of poverty. While old poverty makes life livable and bearable through informal mechanisms within the community, new poverty eliminates this positive state and instead leaves its place to the deepening of poverty. With the new era poverty, social differentiation and separation, social exclusion, marginalization, social deprivation, public violence, hunger and misery became more apparent. In other words, the new poverty phenomenon that emerged from social changes and transformations, resulted in the creation of “homeless people” who represents the deepening of poverty and social exclusion. Homelessness not only exhibits the life spent under bridges, in ruined buildings, parks, on cardboard boxes, but also displays social and spatial isolation. While the urban area continues its race to attract more capital, it overlooks the homeless people who are integrated with deep poverty at the edge of the city and somehow stay out of life. Ultimately, the problematic of homelessness is becoming widespread nowadays and it turns out to be a significant phenomenon waiting for its resolution. The research evaluates this problematic as a type of urban poverty, and aims to analyze the challenges throughout the process, measures developed against this problematic and similarities of homeless people with underclass group. In-depth interviews were conducted with homeless people using the method and technique determined in line with the research’s goal. The study is composed of three sections. The first section of the research lays out a discussion on the conceptual and theoretical framework related to the subject area. Basic concepts and definitions related to urban poverty has been covered. The economic, social and cultural factors of urban poverty is analyzed and its relationship with homelessness is questioned. Thereafter, citing the historical origins of the underclass debate, an assessment has been made on the formation of underclass phenomenon in Turkey. Finally, the section concludes by referring to the meaning and scope of homelessness, cross country differences on its meaning and theories explaining homelessness. The second section of the research addresses the studies and practices performed in different countries. At the same time, the research covers the theoretical and applied studies in Turkey with a brief data analysis. Finally, the section concludes with a description of services for homeless people in Turkey. The third and last section of the research lays out a comprehensive data analysis on the qualitative research conducted in Zeytinburnu District Sports 175 Complex Lodging House that has been opened by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Directorate of Almshouse between the dates 24 .02.2014-29 02.2014 to protect the homeless people from cold weather in the winter time. The analysis is composed of four sections: 1.Qualitative analysis of homeless people’s socio-demographic characteristic 2.Challenges homeless people face and the measures they take against them (The other side of the street) 3.Causes of homelessness and 4.Evaluation of the homeless people with underclass indicators. Keywords: Urban Poverty, Homelessness, Underclass and Social Exclusion 176 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6298 WOMEN IN TURKISH HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT: DON QUIXOTE and DERVISH IN CHARGE Nese Aysin Siyli, Hasan Arslan PhD Student, Associate Professor Anadolu Universitesi Iki Eylul Kampusu YDYO Ofis D318 Eskisehir Turkiye Institutions of higher education today need to be more autonomous to meet the specific demands of their environment and make the necessary amendments depending on their own decisions. Such autonomous institutions require leaders that can influence, motivate and encourage followers, in other words, transformational leaders. The number of female leaders in Turkish higher education institutes is increasing but it is not at a satisfactory rating at the moment. The study aims to find out the transformational characteristics of female leaders through metaphors. This is a descriptive study and 9 female leaders in senior-management positions participated in the study and the answer of the question “What is a female leader in HEI like? Why?” is tried to be found out. The study also reveals how these metaphors are connected to transformational leadership characteristics. Keywords: female leaders, higher education management, transformational leadership, metaphor 177 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6299 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMOR STYLES AND PERCEIVED STRESS, ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION OF COLLEGE STUDENTS Esef Ercument Yerlikaya, Banu Yazgan İnanç Department of Psychology, University of Cukurova, Turkey The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the styles of humor and perceived stress, anxiety and depression among college students. Humor Styles Questionnaire, Coping Humor Scale, Life Events Scale, Daily Hassles Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory were administered to 409 (199 females, 210 male) college students. Results indicated that the Affiliative Humor, Self-Enhancing Humor (subscales of HSQ which assesses the healthy styles of humor) and Coping Humor were negatively correlated with perceived stress, anxiety and depression. No significant relationship was found between Aggressive humor and negative affect however Self-Defeating humor was weakly but positively correlated with negative affect. The results of the hierarchical regression analyses showed that humor styles were not moderating the effects of major life events but only aggressive humor style was moderating the effects of daily hassles on negative affect. Results failed to support the hypothesis that humor moderates the negative effects of stressful life events on mood. Keywords: Humor styles, perceived stress, anxiety, depression 178 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6301 Selected Psychological Aspects of Professional Helping. Miroslava Köverová, Beáta Ráczová Department of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia The study is aimed to determine the prevalence of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue (secondary traumatic stress, burnout), level of subjective well-being (experienced positive and negative emotions) and self-care of workers in helping professions. Another purpose was to determine whether subjective well-being and self-care can predict compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue of selected respondents. Research participants were 220 workers of helping professions - psychologists, social workers and health professionals. Respondents completed the Slovak adaptation of Professional Quality of Life Scale, the scale of positive and negative state of mind and the Performed Self-Care Questionnaire. The results showed a higher incidence of positive than negative aspects of helping - a higher incidence of compassion satisfaction than compassion fatigue (secondary traumatic stress and burnout), and experiencing often positive than negative emotions. We also found higher incidence of physical than psychological self-care. Self-care and subjective well-being have proved to be significant predictors of compassion satisfaction and fatigue. A higher rate of compassion satisfaction was explained by frequent positive emotions and physical and psychological self-care. Level of secondary traumatic stress was mainly explained by experiencing of negative emotions. The most important protective factor of burnout was psychological self-care. The results indicate the importance of psychological well-being and self-care in experiencing positive and negative consequences of helping. It can be used among helping professionals in order to promote compassion satisfaction and to eliminate the negative effects of helping - stress and burnout. Keywords: Compassion Satisfaction, Compassion Fatigue, Well-being, Self-care in helping Professions 179 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6303 Taking Back the Power: Web 2.0 Tools and Learner Autonomy Gulcan Gocer Instructor Anadolu Universitesi, 2 Eylül Kampusu, Yabanci Diller Yuksek Okulu, C-214, Tepebasi, Eskisehir The emergence of English as a global language and the rise in technological developments and their frequent and increasing use has made it inevitable for the two fields to come together, making it possible for English language teachers to integrate WEB 2.0 tools into their language classrooms to make them more enjoyable, engaging, collaborative and their learners more autonomous. Basal and Aytan (2014) state that WEB 2.0 is “the second generation of the World Wide Web, which makes it available for people to collaborate and share information online easier.” This study explores the effects of using Quizlet, a WEB 2.0 tool, on language learning performance, collaboration and autonomy on young-adults. The questionnaire was administered at the end of a 16-week studying period with the tool being used each week in an integrated-skills curriculum. The sample group consisted of 80 Turkish students, with an English background from high school, studying B Level in Preparatory Classes of Anadolu University, aged 17-19. The researcher’s observations of students’ use of Quizlet and its effectiveness are as follows: While Quizlet tremendously helped students enhance their language learning performance, especially in the areas of grammatical structure and vocabulary learning, it led them to be slightly competitive rather than collaborative during whole-class activities. Furthermore, learners became more aware of their strengths and weaknesses in language learning, thus leading them to take more responsibility of their learning and to be more autonomous. The final results of the questionnaire are being analysed and will be finalized soon. Keywords: Web 2.0 tools, learner autonomy, Quizlet 180 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6304 Language Learning Strategies Ebru Ergün, Nese Aysin Siyli Anadolu Universitesi İki Eylul Kampusu YDYO ofis C 305 Eskisehir There has been a shift within the field of language learning and teaching recently with major emphasis being put on learners and learning instead of teachers and teaching. Considering this new interest, the following questions become crucial to answer; How do learners process new information? What strategies do they use to learn or remember the information and improve as a language learner? Richards and Platt (1992) state that learning strategies are "intentional behavior and thoughts used by learners during learning so as to better help them understand, learn, or remember new information." This study explores the use of learning strategies as an important element in the success of youngadult learners of foreign languages. The SILL (Strategy Inventory for Language Learning) by Oxford, which consists of 6 categories: memory, cognitive, compensation, metacognitive, affective, and social, was administered at the beginning and at the end of a four-month studying period. Results from the survey indicated that metacognitive strategies were most frequently used, while memory strategies were least frequently used and also highlighted that there was a remarkable increase in the implementation of metacognitive strategies at the end of the four-month period. The overall sample at the time of the current study consisted of 86 Turkish students studying B Level in Preparatory Classes of Anadolu University (AUSFL), aged between 17-19, 44 (51.1%) male and 42 (48.9%) female. Keywords: SILL, Language Learning Strategies, Prep School 181 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6305 New Institutional Theory and Analysis of Isomorphism in Higher Education Mithat Korumaz PhD Student Department of Educational Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey The new institutionalism focus on the growing and startling homogeneity of organizational forms and practices. The new institutionalism’s emphasis on institutional rationality and isomorphic elements for the organizations. On the other hand universities or generally higher education institutions pledge a wide range of variety and diversity for programs, structural elements or curriculum they have in recent years. The purpose of this research is to find out the elements, causes and results of isomorphism in growing number of waqf universities in Turkey depending on the thoughts of trustees boards members of the waqf universities. This qualitative study was designed with a phenomenological approach to describe the thoughts of board of trustees’ members of higher education institutions on isomorphism in their institutions. Participants of this study were ten (n=10) as members in trustees boards in different Waqf Universities in İstanbul, Turkey. The data of the study was collected with face to face interviews with the participants. The data was analyzed via descriptive analysis. The researcher found out three main themes; (a) coercive, (b)mimetic and (c)normative in accordance with the kinds of isomorphism in the literature. The results highlighted that the causes of isomorphisim in waqf universities were legislative regulations, achievement pressure, academic expectation of students, families or sectors. On the other hand one of the remarking result of the isomorphism in universities was being an ordinary institutions in population ecology of these institutions. The results of the study were discussed in the light of the existing literature. The researcher brought suggestions for both policy makers and further researchers according to the discussions. Keywords: New institutionalism, isomorphism, waqf university, diversity, institutional rationality 182 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6306 Analysis of “Truman Show” Movie from the Perspective of Simulation Theory Kamile Elmasoglu PhD Student Department of Public Relations and Publicity, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey According to Baudrillard, simulation is expressed as “derivation through models of the fact that lack an origin or a reality”. At this point, a reality that is put indicators instead of the original is possible. The universe of simulation, imaginary and real have intertwined. Hyperreal has taken the place of the principles of truth. Movie screen is also affected by this process. Additionally, cinema has contributed to the advancement of this process by reformating the fact that is represented. Especially, in the type of the science fiction movie, this situation can be seen clearly by looking at the illusion and fantasy created with demonstrations. Therefore, the aim of this study, the reflection of simulation in cinema is to reveal. In accordance with this purpose, it will be discussed first the simulation theory in the scope of study. Then, it will be focused on the relationship between simulation and cinema. In the last part of the study, the Truman Show movie have been selected by judicial sampling method to examine in the context of simulation theory. The Truman Show movie is written by Andrew Niccol in 1998. This movie is talking about the tragic life of a person named Truman Burbank. He has lived in a studio for years but he thinks this is real life. In this context, the Truman Show movie that is thought to be related to the this subject will be examined by considering the stylistic and depth narrative dimension from the perspective of Baudrillard’s simulation theory. Keywords: Simulation, Cinema, Truman Show 183 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6309 The Role of Values in the Relationship between Political Discourse and Political Preferences: An Analysis of Turkey’s 12 June 2011 Parliamentary Elections from a Values Perspective Mustafa Yilmaz Associate Professor Department of Public Relations and Publicity, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey Actions, behaviors, preferences and decisions as well as rights and wrongs of an individual all point to a system of values. Because people’s acts and behaviors, as well as their assessment of events closely relate to the values they hold dearly, the effects of values on political preferences constitute an important topic of scholarly investigation. This study aims at figuring out the range of values that are most influential in political decision making in Turkey. This paper will examine Turkey’s 12 June 2011 parliamentary elections by utilizing the data gathered for a TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) funded research project: ‘A Political Values Map of Turkey in the 2000s: An Analysis of the Relationship between Political Discourse and Political Preference.’ It will conduct a content analysis using the Schwartz Scale of Values. The data is drawn from the cover pages and political news pages of five major daily newspapers representing different political ideologies: Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Radikal, Yeni Şafak and Zaman for a one month period preceding the 12 June elections. This was a period when the Ergenekon investigations were proceeding at full speed and the debates over the possibility of Turkey’s transition to a presidential system were voiced loudly for the first time. This paper asks what values political actors reference in their discourses. It investigates whether there are significant similarities or differences in the discourses of winners and losers. It also examines how politicians present and connect the different values they reference in their discourses. Keywords: Values, political discourse, Turkey, elections 184 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6310 Ibn Khaldun, Bacon and Vico Sema Onal Associate Professor Department of Phılosophy, Faculty of Literate, University of Kırıkkale, Kırıkkale, Turkey Methos of history of the Natural Science, Ibn Khaldun, Bacon and Giambattista Vico is evaulated in term of ideas. In the 14. Century Ibn Khaldun, in history ans society, investigator, prejudices, rely on the authorities argued that ingrain wrong. 17 th. Centuy, draws our attention to the idols under the name similar ideas. Vico indicates that Bacon’s method takes as his model. Again vico ıbn Khaldun’s similar to Umran. Science has revelead idendical to the name of the New Science. Again Vico ıbn Khaldun Umran Sience a similar trend, the name of this science has put a new science. Keywords: Ibn Khaldun, Bacon, Vico. 185 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6312 DOES THE RESPONSE OF THE TOP LEVEL MANAGEMENT TO ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AFFECT FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE? Korhan Arun, Canan Koçer, Suat Begeç, Mustafa Polat Namik Kemal University IIBF Degirmenalti Tekirdag Firms have different organizational cultures. Also, it is true that behavior of leaders differs from each other in the same way. In the literature, it is stated that the financial performance of the organizations shows growth, depending on the organizational relationships and values. In this context, the purpose of the research was to determine the impact of top managers on the organization's culture whether affects the financial performance of the business. As a distinction from other research done before it is aimed to search the effect of culturally based behavior of executive officers not the leadership styles. For this purpose, surveys have been conducted with the top managers from 36 companies in the European Free Zone (ASB) in Corlu/Turkey. Frequency data obtained were analyzed by nonparametric correlation and Friedman tests. According to the first results, top manager behaviors correlated with the organizational culture and it has also reached the conclusion that organizational culture influence is associated with financial performance. Keywords: CEO, Finacial Performance, Organizational Culture, Top Management 186 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6313 The Philosophical Underpinnings of Immigration Kazim Yildirim Assistant Professor Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey Human who exists in time and location, lived the migration by social movements and obligations in historical process. The migration started in time with human especially in social life. Migrations bring people dynamism, enthusiasm, and excitement and also bring and increase ethnicity awareness. In Social movements occurred by natural, social, economic, changing of forces or cultural necessity, large amount of population in ethnical structure migrate with destroying current social structure and try to find identity, try to exist in what opportunities their new locations provide them. Two kinds of results can be expected in this kind of changing process; assimilating the new orders cultural features or creating ethnic group to gain social power by owned traditional qualities. We can say, in generally, to maintain ethnic differences can actually be an advantage to individual or group. It must be emphasized that migration increases ethnic consciousness, keeps alive solidarity and people put all their strength to hold on to life. Ethnic identity creates similarities in main culture on the other hand erosions occurred in ethnic culture gain new dimensions. New identities have some common parts with old identities but will have differences. The purpose of the study, taking into account the data from people that have forced migration into Turkey from Syria, to determine the dynamism, enthusiasm, excitement, ethnic awareness, identity structure which make up our assumption by using techniques such as interviews. Study will be carried out by literature monitoring and practice. Keywords: Migration, Ethnic Identity, Solidarity, Enthusiasm 187 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6314 Research on idiosyncratic deals: A selective review and synthesis Severin Hornung Dr. Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Austria Idiosyncratic deals, commonly referred to as “i-deals”, are an upcoming “hot” topic in organizational research. I-deals stand for personalized non-standard workplace arrangements negotiated between individual employees and employer agents, such as supervisors or managers, providing recipients with extra flexibility in work hours, special job tasks, or development opportunities. A reflection of shifting paradigms in organizational theory, i-deals cover the middle ground between top-down human resource practices and bottom-up proactive behavior. In contrast to micro-politics or favoritism, ideals evoke procedural justice and yield advantages for both workers and organizations. The first part of this contribution will review theorizing on i-deals, including individual negotiation, mutual benefits, heterogeneity in forms, scope, and composition, as well as distinctness from and intersections with related concepts. The second part will provide a synthesis of eight empirical studies investigating these assumptions using survey methods. Studies were conducted within a larger research program the author was involved in, and integrating results was part of the final program evaluation. The main focus was on the two broader types of flexibility and development i-deals. Antecedents included organizational (e.g., work arrangement), individual (e.g., proactivity), and interpersonal (e.g., leadership) factors. Outcomes captured individual (e.g., satisfaction) and organizational benefits (e.g., performance), as well as mediating processes (e.g., work design). Stated objective was to compile a meta-model of individualized employee-employer negotiation. Based on this aggregation, the quality of evidence with regard to different correlates is evaluated according to methodological criteria and implications for research and practice as well as limitations are derived. Keywords: Idiosyncratic deals, individual negotiation, organizational theory, research synthesis 188 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6315 THE VIEWS OF THE TEACHERS ON PRE-REFFERRAL PROCESS FOR STUDENTS AT RISK Yıldız Güven, Zekiye Tunç, Nur Akçin Professor, Uzm., Doç.Dr. Department of Preschool Education, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey In this research, the teachers' explaining their views on pre-referral process for students at risk was aimed. Thirty teachers working as classroom teachers in different primary schools in Kocaeli were participated in this research. The study was implemented by using semi-structured interview which is one of the qualitative research techniques. According to the research findings, it was concluded that the classroom teachers had recognised for students at risk owing to the fact that they demonstrate academic deficiency, have difficulty in socialization and compliance in classroom. It was observed that most of the teachers had taken advantage of classroom schedules and acquisitions to designate the students’ knowledge level; and they had also supported those students by performing additional studies and utilizing classroom schedules convenient with the students’ level. It was resulted that teachers principally make seating arrangements for students at risk in classroom environment. It was determined that teachers prefer the way of giving information about the students with special needs to ensure that they are accepted by other students in the classroom; moreover they prefered warning the students in the event that the students disrupt the classroom atmosphere. It was also determined that classroom teachers mainly employ peer teaching and also visualized teaching style in which they performed dramatization techniques for students at risk. It was concluded that teachers used visualized materials and technological devices and assign homework below the level of the classroom level for students at risk. Keywords: Pre-referral-Process, Individualized Education Program, Instructional Adaptation, Students At Risk 189 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6317 Renewable Energy Production Potential and Development Relationship: The Case of Turkey Turgut Bayramoğlu Assistant Professor Bayburt Universty, Economics Deparment, Bayburt, Turkey The energy sector is one of the fast-changing sectors. Available energy projections and growth and development aims of countries shows that energy importer countries can be exporter or energy exporter countries can be importer up to this point in time. Increase in population growth, industrialization rates, and middle class mania of developing countries with the increasing energy demands has contributed to this trend. This situation pushes the countries invest the renewable energy (RE) sources and provide the energy supply security with non-externally dependent energy resource type. On the other side, to achieve the development objectives of countries the increase of energy usage is an acceptable fact. As a developing country, Turkey each passing day increases the energy demand so that increases energy dependency. 58% of the Turkey’s foreign trade deficit is energy originated and in 2020 this is expected to rise to $80 billion. The share of renewable energy in electricity production in Turkey is 28%. Therefore, renewable energy has a vital importance in Turkey in every aspect. These trends shows that importance of RE for Turkey in order to achieve the development goals by taking Sustainable Development Goals into consideration. Turkey should invest REs and increase the production of them in order to improve environmental indicators, reduce regional development disparities, prevent migration to meet its growth targets, and reduce the unemployment rate. Briefly, in this study the contribution of the usage of the renewable energy and increasing the production for development is examined in the case of Turkey. Keywords: Renewable Energy, Development, Turkey 190 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6318 EVALUATION OF URBAN OUTDOOR FURNITURE IN THE CITY OF NEVŞEHIR ON THE POINT OF VIEW LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ESRA OZHANCI, MELIHA AKLIBASINDA Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, NEVSEHIR UNIV. ENGINEERING and ARCHITECTURE FACULTY, TURKEY In today's society rapidly changing living and environmental conditions, also increases the importance of the qualitative standards that are uploaded to the urban phenomenon. Urban environments, beyond planning and design, have to provide a more comfortable and livable environments in terms of technical and aesthetic applications. Apart from functional and ergonomic requirements, the popularity of aesthetic concerns and expectations are increasing day by day. More aesthetic cities are the product of successful urban design. The designer must also be user of the product, should see the expectations of the city and the city folk correctly. Outdoor furniture are determinative with its features that directing and editing of the user's experience of the environment. In this study; outdoor furniture located in Nevsehir city parks are examined in terms of landscape design principles. Based on user expectations, assessment was carried out over measures such as aesthetics, function, material, color, texture, form, harmony, stability, competence, perceptibility. Keywords: Park areas, outdoor furniture, design, Nevşehir 191 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6322 Reflections on Woman’s Identity during & after 2011-2015 General Elections Selcen Altinbas PhD Student Turk-Alman Universitesi Sahinkaya Cad. No:86 Beykoz/Istanbul Political parties, which undertake important roles to represent individuals in the political arena, are considered to be essential in democracies. In accordance with the roles they undertake, especially during the election periods, these forms of networks aim to succeed in the race of representing, that they enter with their declarations prepared on subjects which they consider as being problematic for the country. When the importance of the encountered problems is considered, an important subject in political parties’ declarations is the women’s identity. In the study, the prevalence of the women’s identity was assessed in the declarations prepared by the “Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi” (Justice and Development Party), “Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi” (Republican People's Party), “Emek, Demokrasi ve Özgürlük Bloku” (Labor, Democracy and Freedom Block) -an independent candidate platform supported by the “Barış ve Demokrasi Partisi” (Democracy and Peace Party), “Halkların Demokratik Partisi” (People's Democratic Party), and “Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi” (Nationalist Movement Party) for the 2011 and 2015 General Elections. The extent of bringing the “commitments” in these declarations into the political arena by the “Kadın-Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu” (Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men) and the effectiveness of the committee's activities were investigated through reflections in the media by carrying out a media review using two different newspapers. Keywords: Political Parties, Identity, Woman’s Identity 192 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6326 COMPARISON OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS FOR HEALTH AND CORRUPTION INDICATORS OF COUNTRIES Fatma LORCU, Gamze YILDIZ ERDURAN İİBF Trakya Üniversitesi Edirne Türkiye After WW II. countries are considered as developed, developing and underdeveloped in economic literature. The most important factors that affect the level of development are the ones that satisfy the basic needs like education and health. Especially in underdeveloped countries, education and health are under heavy government intervention because of market failure. Although government intervention is considered as a solution to market failure, it is accompanied by corruption. Corruption is an issue that whole world fight against to create a decent society. Corruption not only paves the way for revenue loss and affects economic growth negatively, but also it decelerates the economic growth. Sustainable development goals, whose primary objectives are to end poverty, to save the planet and to ensure well-being for all, is focused on 17 goals. Reducing child and maternal mortality, HIV, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis are some of the medical goals. In this study, corruption indicators and sustainable development goals for health will be compared by using statistical methods. With this comparison, Turkey’s position among neighbouring countries will be defined and suggestions will be made. Keywords: Corruption, Sustainable Development Goals, Health Indicators 193 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6327 The Study of "School Administrators’ Intellectual Leadership Scale" Development Nuray Sevinc, Hasan Arslan PhD Student, Associate Profesor MEB,Tekirdağ,Turkey One of the leadership model of the future for the school administrators to be carried out professionally is the intellectual leadership approach. MacFarlane (2011) examined the leading intellectuals, professors at universities. intellectual leadership competencies revealed by Macfarlane also be considered today for school administrators such as professors. In this regard, ""School Administrators’ Intellectual Leadership Scale "" have been developed in order to evaluate intellectual leadership competencies of school administrators. The aim of this study is to develop a validandreliable measure for evaluating the level of school administrators’ intellectual leadership competencies. The working group of this research consists of 160 school administrators who are working in public schools in 2015-2016 academic year. School administrators were asked to assess themselves to realize their intellectual leadership competencies.The scale consists of 30 items was reduced 25 items after the validity and reliability analysis. Accordance with the theory Macfarlane scale items are grouped into six dimensions, after assessing the applications for school administrators are grouped under three dimensions.The assessment of the scale, KMO (Kaiser- Meyer- Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy) as 0.937, Bartlett Test as 2,867 and Cronbach Alpha value as 0. 960 were founded. The findings of the study revealed that scale is validandreliable for evaluating the intellectual leadership competencies of school administrators. Keywords: School Administrators, İntellectual Leadership, Scale Development 194 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6332 18th Century Relations Between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Dubrovnik: 18th Century Dubrovnik and the Contemporary Surrounding World Zeynep Arslan PhD Student Department of History, Istanbul Sehir University This study seeks to identify the political and economic relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Dubrovnik in the 18th century. Aside from other archival documents, the primary sources of this study are from the Registers of Foreign Affairs (Düvel-i Ecnebiye Defterleri), classified under the codes A.DVN.DVE.d 19/7 and 20/8 in The Prime Minister’s Ottoman Archives (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi: BOA). These registers, dated 1779-1806 and 1788-1806 respectively, are the last known records that the Ottoman Empire published regarding Ottoman-Dubrovnik relations throughout history. Using data from A.DVN.DVE.d 19/7 and 20/8, we aim to shed light on all forms of OttomanDubrovnik relations during the 18th century, and we will determine both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of said relations. Further on in this study, we will examine how the 18th century is often perceived as a declining period for Dubrovnik and question this stance in favor of the argument that Dubrovnik was always a lively port, even in the 18th century, where a plethora of goods and services were always provided. This period in Dubrovnik’s history remains important to the region’s fate, and even though it faced periodic troubles throughout its history, Dubrovnik remained a strong city-state. Keywords: 1. The Ottoman Empire 2. The Republic of Dubrovnik 3. The 18th century 4. Ragusan traders 5. The Mediterranean region 195 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6333 Instrumental Approach to Sustainable Urban Development Process: Participation, Urban Policy and Urban Planning Aygül Kılınç Assistant Professor Political Science and Public Administration Department, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Artvin Çoruh University, Hopa / Artvin, Turkey Sustainable urban development is a comprehensive concept. This concept predicts the functionality, efficiency, protection and healing in all components of the city. Urban areas with numerous component consists of a dynamic and intricately structure. Some of these components requires protection. Another section requires to be constantly improved. Some of it requires constant being run like a machine. Fluidity and continuity of urban services it depends on the implementation of this rule. Urban services should be made available to citizens in the extent to certain standards and in continuity. Only in this way, quality and high-quality living space in urban space can be created. In this sense, ensuring the sustainability of the urban component is essential for both the citizens and the city. In this study, "participation", "urban policy" and "urban planning" will be discussed. Which it will be discussed as a means to ensure sustainable urban development. In the study, if used effectively in accordance with the purpose of these instruments it is purports to be able to sustainable urban development. The study planned in the form of a theoretical discussion will primarily focus on the importance of sustainability in terms of urban development. Subsequently, the determination on the urbanization of these instruments will be discussed. Finally, the study will be connected with the general assessment. In this overall assessment, in the case of the effective use of these instruments will be able to sustainability in urban areas will be highlighted. Keywords: Sustainable Urban Development, Participation, Urban Policy, Urban Planning, Urban Management. 196 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6335 A new parallel form for 3W3S (three words and three shapes) test Asli Aslan, Cigdem Kudiaki, Dilem Dinc Department of Psychology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey Prevention of neuropsychiatric disorders involves early diagnosis and treatment. However, eventhough for many neuropsychiatric disorders treatment is not possible, early diagnosis help slowing the processes. In addition, an establishment of a diagnosis allows for the planning of important things for the family as well as for the patient. Neuropsychological testing is part of the work out that involves physical examination including neurological assessment for diagnosis, treatment or planning. With a rapidly growing elderly population in all of the World quick bed side cognitive screening becomes very important. In current study, a shorter version of 3W3S (Three Words and Three Shapes) test was administered to the elderly people. 3W3S test was originally constructed by Wientraub and Mesulam (1985) to be used as a quick bed side memory test for measuring verbal and nonverbal material in the same modality. 3W3S is easy test to examine the progress of many degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer. Normalization of shorter version of 3W3S test to the Turkish language and elderly (ages 50-100) (Kudiaki and Aslan, 2007). In the current study, a new parallel form of 3W3S test was constructed. The purpose of the new parallel test is to be able to see the progress of degenerative disorder with the same people using same test couple of times. Co efficient correlations between the original 3W3S test and the new parallel form was quite high. Differences between the performances of age groups and different education groups was statistically significant just like the results of original 3W3S test. Keywords: Neuropsychological test, Alzheimer, elderly. 197 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6337 Vernacular Settlement Fabric as a Cultural Landscape Component: Case of ArtvinŞavşat,Turkey Aslıhan ERDOĞAN, Hilal Surat Department of landscape architecture, Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir/TURKEY Cultural landscapes are areas that combined works of nature and humankind, which acquires significance over time and, that are representative of the different regions of the world. Cultural landscapes are the reflection of nature which created them and can vary according to the culture of society. Living traditional cultural landscapes need to be transferred to future generations by protecting and reqired to maintain its sustainability. Protection and evaluation of cultural landscape features and the vernacular settlement patterns, which is the most important component or element of cultural landscape, will provide the transferring of these values to the next generations. In recent years, the characteristics of rural settlements in Turkey have been either destroying or disappearing with the growing changes in economic and social environment. Şavşat district is a rural area which has a rich cultural diversity. In this context Şavşat traditional rural settlement pattern was examined within the framework of natural environment, economic structure and user/space relationships. First of all general characteristics of pastoral life and the elements that forming the settlement fabric has been explored and analyzed. Later threats to traditional settlement fabric have been determined, such as conversion of building materials and construction techniques, roading and associated works, and recommendations sugessted for the sustainability of these features by taking into consideration the needs of today's rural settlements. Keywords: Vernacular architecture, Şavşat, Cultural landscape, Pastoral life 198 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6338 The Influence of Islamic Civilization On Europe- Example of Sicilia M. Hanefi PALABIYIK Professor Ataturk Univesitesi Ilahiyat Fak. Islam Tarihi ve Sanatlari Bol. 25240 ERZURUM/TURKIYE In the period from in the first invasions at 652 to Sicilia island to the year 1091 which the Muslims completely lost their control of the island, Muslims was provided for the establishment and continuation of Islamic civilization with the Aghlebids, Fatimids and the Kalbids. But here it should be noted that the most effective administration is performed by Aghlebid administrators. The Islamic sovereignty on the island, not only in area of militarily, but in area of Islamic Culture has shown itself. Civil-cultural structure was supported with scholars and intellectual activities in the region, also mosques and madrasas in the towns have been quite effective in this subject. Despite of chronologically earlier, the way of influence of Islamic Culture to West by Andalusia and Sicily, because of the importance of military and social devastation the Crusades are more often examined. Behind the effect of the European reformation and the Renaissance Andalusia and Sicily is too obvious to be ignored. Particularly from the tenth century this effect on not only science, technology, management and the fields of culture, but also in social life has shown itself. In the beginning, the academic effects in the field of astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, medicine, chemistry, zoology and botany manifests itself in translation of the works of Muslim scholars. Introducing Arabic numerals to Europe by Leonardo of Pisa for the first time. Again, the university system of European taken from Muslims and a school of education in Arabic was opened at Geneva in the 1207 As can be seen from the Arabic word passing Italian, art, clothing, food, agriculture, and managementrelated words, at the same time, shows the area of influence. In addition to its role in the transfer to Europe of some philosophical works, İdrisi’s geography work to be educated in European universities for centuries. The transition of Islamic medicine to Europe are also partly by means of Sicily. Information on astronomy and astrology to the West, via Sicily were transferred. The paper production in Italy, however, is achieved by way of Sicily in 1154. Italian art has influenced Islamic Art. Silk weaving and 199 sericulture in addition to related techniques was passed to northern Italy in thirteenth century. Units of measure that are used in some regions in Italy, is even influenced by Muslims We will try to illustrate the effects of Islamic civilization to westward from the standpoint of the Sicily Muslims by the above headings in this paper. Keywords: Sicilia, Islamic Civilisation, Influence, Science, Aghlebids, Muslims, Europa 200 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6339 INVESTIGATION OF RELATONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING AND INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCE Esra Asıcı, Fatma Ebru İkiz Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Buca Education, Department of Educational Science In this study, investigation of the relationship between psychological well-being and interpersonal competence level of college students was aimed. Besides, the effects of gender and state of romantic relationship were investigated. The universe was consisted of all college students attending to Faculty of Buca Education in Dokuz Eylul University during 2015-2016 academic years. The sample of research was consisted of 228 female and 142 male, totally 370 college students. The data was collected by Psychological Well-Being Scale, Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire-Short Form and a personal information form. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 15 statistical packet programme. According to results, there were statistically significant positive relation between psychological well being and interpersonal competence level of college students. Gender didn’t have an effect on psychological well being level of college students. Obtained findings were discussed in the light of related literature. Keywords: Psychological well-being, interpersonal competence, college students 201 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6340 The Relationship Between Levels of Empathy; Communication Skills and Internet Addiction SEBAHAT SEVGI UYGUR Master Student Department of psychological counseling and guidance, University of Dokuz Eylül, İzmir, Turkey Internet is the most common information and communication tool nowadays. Because reaching the internet easily, everywhere and every moment is available. However using the internet too much and seeing it as a main purpose but not just a tool creates internet addiction and the main risk group is adolescents. Internet addiction is related with a lot of different subjects but this research purposed to examine the relationship between levels of empathy, communication skills and internet addiction among Turkish high school students. A survey was conducted on 304 high school students in Istanbul, Turkey. Easily accessible sampling technique was used. Data was collected with Basic Empathy Scale, Communication Skills Evaluation Scale and Internet Addiction Scale. Pearson product-moment correlation will be used. The analysis is still being carried on with. The results will be discussed in the light of literature. Keywords: Empathy, communication skills, internet addiction, high school students 202 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6342 ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION OF CHILDREN AGED 5-6: THE CASE OF TURKEY (SİNOP) Ceren Demiralp, Keziban Ceren Demiralp, Sibel Işık Mercan Education Faculty, Universty of Sinop, Sinop, Turkey This study is important in terms of presenting the environmental perceptions of children who live in an area having a low population rate and unspoiled nature. The sample of the study consists of 22 preschool children aged between 5-6. The study is based on descriptive research method, and drawing analysis and focus group discussions were used in the study. At the first stage of the study, participant children were asked to describe what they saw in their surrounding and what kind of an environment they want to live in. At the second stage, they were asked to draw a picture of the environment they want to live in and explain their pictures. How children percevied the term "environment" was analyzed through the drawings by considering the titles of environmental mental image, imaginary mental image, drawing ability, feeling value, as well as gender and evaluation criterias for drawing development period of children aged between 5-6. According to the findings of the study, "medium" value with %45 in height hierarchy, "medium and above" value with %81 in concept change and completing, "medium and above" value with %72 in originality, "medium" value with %36 in smoothing, "medium and above" value with %82 in detail and equal distribution in transparency were seen in the drawings about the places they live in. In terms of drawings about the places they want to live in, "low" value with %36 in height hierarchy, "high-very high" value with %72 in completing, "medium-high" value with %96 in concept change, "medium and above" value with %96 in originality, "medium-high" value with %36 in smoothing, "medium and above" value with %91 in detail and transparency showed "medium" and significant distribution with "%41". Findings show that drawing development period features of children aged 5-6 about "imaginary mental environmental images" are up to the mark. Keywords: Environmental Perception, Preschool Education, Drawing Analysis, Sinop 203 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6344 THE MEASUREMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS’ SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION BEHAVIORS Enes Emre Basar Dr. Bayburt University Business and Administration Faculty Marketing Department The aim of this study is to develop a scale dealing with a holistic approach to the sustainable consumption behaviour of households, covering a hypothetical base of concept and a theoretical basis, and providing validity and reliable criteria. Thus, it is proposed that an important gap in literature will be filled. The study consists of four chapters. It focuses on institutional and theoretical infrastructure in the first three chapters; and is concerned with emprical research findings in the last chapter. The realm of research consists of household living in the USA, owing to the fact that unsustainable consumption in the world is prominent in most developed countries, especially in the USA. The research process is discussed in three stages as the creation of the item pool, the exploration of the scale and the confirmation of the scale. In consequence of the research, a scale called “Households’ Sustainable Consumption Behaviours Scale”, consisting of a total of 27 items and 5 sub-dimensions, has been developed. Keywords: Sustainable Consumption, Households’ Sustainable Consumption Behaviors, Scale Development 204 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6345 What determines Job Alienation: An Application in Public Hospitals Ibrahim Gun, Selma Söyük, Haluk Şengün Istanbul Unıversity, Faculty of Health Sciences Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of demographic variables, job satisfaction, job performance and intension to leave on work alienation. Method: This research has been designed as cross-sectional study. Questionnaire form that is formed by 5 sections including demographic questions, job satisfaction, work alienation, job performance and intention to leave job. There are 702 people has accepted to join research. The study has been conducted in 11 training and research hospitals that serves under Association of Public Hospitals Northern Anatolian Region of Istanbul. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis has been used in this study. Result: 695 questionnaire form was evaluated in this research and majority of respondents are belongs to the gender group of women (%77,1). Majority of participants are being composed of nurses (%50,4). In terms of choice of profession willingly, 479 Employees (%68,9) indicate that they have chosen their job voluntarily and 448 of all staff are satisfied what do they do. According to the logistic regression results accurate classification rate is %81,4. One unit of increase in job satisfaction causes %87,6 decrease in work alienation. A unit of increase in intention to leave causes %48,1 increase in work alienation. If a worker chooses its job willingly work alienation decreases %57,6. Conclusion: According to the research results work alienation is affected by demographic variables (choice of profession willingly, manner of work), job satisfaction and intention to leave of workers. Whereas Job performance, professional time, marital status, managerial status have statistically significant relationship with work alienation, they couldn’t join the model. Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Job Performance, Intension to Leave, Work Alienation 205 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6346 Analysis of teacher candidates' perceptions of environmental problems in Sinop in terms of city image Sibel ISIK MERCAN Assistant Professor Education of Faculty, University of Sinop, Sinop, Turkey Qualitative research paradigm was taken as basis in this study which aims at analysing the teacher canditates' perceptions of environmental problems in Sinop in terms of city image. The study group of the study consists of 79 teacher canditates from 1st and 4th grades who study at Sinop University Faculty of Education during 2015-2016 academic year. The data obtained from 5 open-ended questions prepared by experts were evaluated with content analysis. According to the findings about Sinop; "unplanned urbanization" (f:40) in terms of environmental problems; "human-based reasons" (f:40) and "local government-based reasons" (f:39) in terms of the reasons of environmental problems; "sadness" (f:24) in terms of the dominant emotions about environmental problems; views on increasing infrastructure works in projects to be carried out to prevent environmental problems have the highest values. Keywords: Sinop, Environmental perception, University student 206 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6349 An investigation of cointegration and causality between socio-economic indicators and female labor force participation in Turkey Hacer Simay Karaalp-Orhan Associate Professor Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey Female labor force participation is an important driver of growth and development. Unlike from male labor force participation rate female labor force participation rate affected from a wide variety of economic and social factors. A significant difference between male and female labor force participation rate is observed in Turkey. While male labor force participation rate is 71.3%, female labor force participation rate in Turkey is quite low by EU and OECD standards: it was 30.3% percent in 2014, compared to 51.8% in EU-28 and 51.5% in OECD countries. The aim of this study is to examine the existence of a causality relationship between female labor force participation and some socio-economic indicators such as real GDP per capita, total fertility rate, urbanization rate and education level by using a Granger causality time series analysis over the period 2004-2013. The Data was obtained from TurkStat. According to the analyses results, a negative relationship is expected to found between the fertility rate and female labor force participation. Due to the opportunity cost of child care, women with children have lower participation rates, particularly in urban areas. As a country develops, economic activity shifts from agriculture to industry which causes the decrease of labor force participation rate through migration, so urbanization reduce participate rate. Female labor force participation follows an U‐shaped trend over the course of economic development. Moreover a positive causality relationship is expected to found between female labor force participation and education level. High education encourages women to join the labor force. Keywords: Labor force participation rate, socio-economic indicators, Turkey 207 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6350 An Evaluation About Dynamics of The Global Economic Crises Ufuk Selen Associate Professor Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey The purpose of this study is to make assessments about the dynamics of the global economic crisis and to draw attention to the global economic crisis arising from capitalist accumulation model. Essentially, economic crisis is an indicator that the current capital accumulation model has lost its function and the need for a new model of accumulation has emerged. The economic crises that led to the emergence of a new accumulation model and the bankruptcy of the accumulation model occur in 5 gradual process. These can be systematized as; the establishment of accumulation model that will allow to increase the marginal productivity of capital, the reduction of the marginal productivity of capital, the quest for new sources of profit and orientation speculation, resetting the marginal profit ratio due to accumulation model and reaching the natural limits of speculative profits. The economic crises depending on the working cycle ‘’money - commodity – money’’, and based on the theoretical justification, embodied in the bankruptcy of the capitalist accumulation model prepare the ground for the transition to a new model of accumulation. Each accumulation model is built to keep the marginal efficiency of capital at the highest level. As the capital accumulation level increases, the accumulation model loses to the law of diminishing returns and marginal return on capital is decreasing over time. Focusing on the profit-maximizing capital is gain speculative character in order to improve the declining productivity. Speculative profit seeking leads to the disappearance of the relationship between the real and financial sectors and the money the goods - money cycle, on which the accumulation models are based, is broken. In this case, the search process for the establishment of a new cycle model is being experienced as an economic crisis. Each global economic crisis took place in this systematic. Although it is the full unformed, it can be said that has been the established of a new global accumulation model based on public economy after 2008 global economic crisis. Keywords: capital accumulation, global economic crises, public economics 208 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6352 Rewriting the Income Tax Law with ‘Zipper Procedure’: EU Applications and Evaluation for Turkey Adnan Gercek Professor Department of Tax Law, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey Income Tax Act in Turkey, has become unjust, complex and inefficient law. Therefore, reform in income tax was needed, and the new draft legislation was prepared as a single tax act, combining Income Tax Act and Corporate Tax Act. But, the new draft legislation is not more clear and simple than old one. Because, the new draft legislation was formed with “zipper procedure” by combining same articles of these two acts. Income and Corporate Tax Act were legislated separated from each other in sixteen member states of European Union. These two acts were legislated as a single act, consists separated chapters ın eight member states of EU. Only in four member states of EU, these two acts were legislated as a single act. For example, in the UK, natural and legal person’s ıncome were organized in the same tax law, with Income and Corporate Tax Act 1998. But after approximately 10 years of practice in due cause confusion, Income Tax Act and Corporate Tax Act were enacted separated from each other. It isn’t true to combine Income Tax Act and Corporate Tax Act in a single act. Because income tax has progressive rate and subjective character, but corporate tax has flat-rate and objective character. Therefore, it does not bring any simplicity writing these two acts intertwined with “zipper procedure”. Income tax and corporate tax should not be combined in new draft legislation. Alternatively, income and corporate tax can be written in separated chapters in new act. This systematic, will be more proper for easier understanding and implementing of the taxes with different characteristics. Keywords: income tax, corporate tax, tax reform, “zipper procedure”, income tax act 209 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6353 Women’s Organizing in Turkey: Preventative role of Turkey’s Kurdish Women in Conflict Escalation Fatih Cicek Master Student Department of Public Administration, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey Turkey has been in conflict with one of the oldest ethnic groups in the Middle East, the Kurds. This long-lasting conflict has generated vital circumstances for both of the parties starting from human casualties to financial loss, to deep social fragmentation and social costs. However, as is in all wars and armed conflicts, women suffer the most as widows with children. Kurdish women are not only victims of an ethnic conflict but also suffer from the very low status given them by the patriarchic society they live in. Owing to traditional and cultural structures of different communities, women in Turkey have been perceived by state and men as only mother and wife and their organizing as a threat. Hence, Kurdish women have to deal with patriarchy and ethnic conflict at the same time. This state of being of Kurdish women lead them to get organized and to seek the ways to ease the suffering they get both from patriarchy and consequences of the armed conflict. Focus of this paper is to examine where women stand in Turkish-Kurdish conflict and what is their role in conflict prevention, to seek the motivations behind Kurdish women’s organizing and their political and social mobilization starting from 1980s up to today and to examine women initiatives, their organizing and involvement with politics in order to prevent and/or get rid of the situation they are in. Keywords: Kurdish Women, Women’s Organizing, Conflict Prevention, Patriarchy, Turkey’s Kurds 210 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6356 Understanding of the Revolutions in British Political Thought in the Eighteenth-Century Mustafa Kemal Saglam PhD Student Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey In the late 18th century, the British Empire had struggled from two different revolutions occurring in America and France. In order to avoid from the possible negative effects of these revolutions, the Empire made efforts in both politics and wars. The first revolution occurred in America in the second half of the 18th century and continued as an independence war against the Empire. The second revolution took place in France in 1789 as an internal issue in terms of its social and political dynamics. In other saying, the 18th century came with two significant revolutions and the British Empire was related with both of them as the main player. The efforts that made by the British Empire actually focused not only on politics and wars but also on the philosophy. The British philosophers, either stood by their country by theorizing the British conservatism or defended France with the idea of revolution, had significant roles to shape modern politics. There is no doubt that Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine were the main characters of this philosophical struggle in terms of their ideas during the process. While Edmund Burke was defending the British Empire with his idea of conservatism, Thomas Paine was standing by France as a revolutionist. This paper examines the differences of the ideas of the Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine on revolution, human rights and the form and nature of government. Keywords: French Revolution, American Revolution, Enlightenment, Edmund Burke, Thomas Paine, Nature of Government. 211 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6359 Symbolic Meanings Of Some Ceramic Motives And Tellings Of A Few Tile Patterns Nursel Karaca Assistant Professor Department of Graphic Design, Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey Traditional arts are unique arts of a nation. For this reason, it belongs to the cultural heritage of the communities in which filtered, synthesized and transferred from one generation to the other by the master-apprentice relationship. It is a unique communication tool that is the reflection of the social life, traditions and customs of the community and convey its tastes, beliefs and thoughts by the most concise and immortal phrases at the same time. Decorative arts have also been born and survived its developing in this sense. This source of motifs in this art, their development and changes recorded in the process of history, usage patterns, their stylization and meanings they carry in a composition are of great importance. Turkish tile art is also one of the areas that makes up the most beautiful examples of Turkish decorative arts. Anatolian Turkish tile art revealed unique examples by synthesizing the effects taken from different culture environments. Some motifs and patterns used in tile were loaded some symbolic meanings with their stylized forms in this process. In this study, it will be focused on the symbolic meaning of certain motifs used in the Turkish tile art and give a place to some symbolic expressions attributed to some classic Iznik tile patterns. Keywords: Ornament Art, Tile, Symbolism, Motive, Pattern. 212 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6360 Testing Meteor Showers Affect in Stock Market: The Sample of Turkey, Italy, Greece, Russia Ugur Uzun, Murat Berberoglu Assistant Professor Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Turkey International economic borders are collapsed between countries with the globalization affect in the World. The impact level of different countries’ financial markets on each other raised while international capital movements increasing. This case makes led to return and volatility in the Stock market which is one of the most basic investment instruments and, the interaction of among stock exchange markets made important for investors. according to the theory called “meteor shower” in the literature; a volatility which exist a market can spread to others. In this study, it is aimed that to examine the return and volatility spillover among Turkey, Greece, Italy and Russia’s stock market. in this context, basic stock market index data of Countries are analysed with cointegration, ARCH& GARCH and other econometric tests. Keywords: Stock Market, Meteor Shower Teory, Volatility, Return 213 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6366 The union of the «Two Cultures». For a new historical-social research program Andrea Lo Bianco PhD Student Dep. of Political Science, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy The subject matter of discussion I propose is made up of two interrelated themes. The first one cuts the entire proposal transversely and it would be a call for tearing down the disciplinary barriers among social sciences, rethinking their division of work and knowledge. More than a century ago Durkheim foresaw that «science, carved up into a host of detailed studies that have no link with one another, no longer forms a solid whole» (The Division of Labor 1984: 294). The ever-increased thrust towards a sterile technicality has brought about his thought. The discussion will be permeated by the nomothetic/ideographic problematic and the so called «two cultures» in order to stress how stifling is the compartmentalization of knowledge for our comprehension of the world and its overall dynamic. The second theme arises from my firm belief to uphold what I would call a convergence between the two cultures, the Historical Sociology. It is a powerful instrument of inquiry but disregarded and neglected. By means of a brief explication of my idea of historical, holistic, compared and integrated social science, the discussion would show a clear image of the Historical sociology’s nature, stressing its own becoming the «interscience» of braudellian mémoire. The entire analysis aims at highlighting the relevance of a «science of complexity» structured on the assumption of the irreducibility of the complexity of human reality and endeavor. Thus, this proposal would be a call for a «Sociological Imagination» for the Twenty-first century, an intellectual challenge and a collective responsibility. Keywords: Historical-social science, division of work and knowledge among sciences, epistemology 214 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6367 Analytical vision of the reality of Arab women's development of social policy perspective Magda Sorur Professor Qatar University-Qatar-Doha Entitled: analytical vision of the reality of Arab women's development of social policy perspective Human resources of any society is decisive and effective factor in the investment of physical and natural available resources and, of course, the lack of effectiveness of these human resources, along with some other factors, makes the investment community for its natural resources more expensive and less productive, which leads to a slow growth rate and development .And the reality of women in any society is effectively a benchmark for judging the degree of real growth for this community and his accession. And especially to the reality of women in any society is effectively a benchmark for judging the degree of growth of the truth and his rise, borders are offering this community are the same as the degree of advancement of women which came near the man and the ascent is closely linked with the advancement of women, they can not actually apply in isolation from women, where there is a failure women's share in it is the largest and the least fortunate of the opportunities fortunes progress is measured not only sharply higher, but a large degree bottom out. It is clear that the result of the participation of women is not just to generate income for women, but also bring social benefits are the result of women's empowerment and independence, and that the participation of women in the forces factor affecting social change. Given that sustainable development will not be realized until the face of prejudice and discrimination against women, and this distinction is clear from the inequality in the distribution of resources and thus lead to the exclusion of women from development programs. Women is one of the social groups that are still demanding the application of the rights guaranteed by its laws and legislations and international and local constitutions and relate mostly to remove various forms of qualitative differentiation and enable them to participate in public life. Keywords: Arab women's development, challenges, empowerment, integration 215 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6368 Is Family Life Cycle Affecting Behavioral Biases? An Analysis on Active Investors as Consumers of Stocks Funda Bayrakdaroğlu, Hüseyin Sarıkaya Department of Business Administration, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey It seems that interdisciplinary studies have brought novel perspectives to the field of finance concerning behavioral finance. The contribution of marketing- in particular consumer behavior- to this point of view is remarkable. How the factors, which are considered in consumer behavior, affecting the destination preferences of visitors for holiday make the same sense as for investors. Moreover, the effect of psychological biases on the choices of investors that are affirmed by various studies in the literature is worth to examine. The relevant biases- also called “heuristic”- are representativeness, availability, adjustment and anchoring, over optimism, over confidence, herd effect and regret aversion heuristics. Starting from this point, the aim of the study is to analyze whether Family Life Cycle (FLC), which is a considerable factor in consumer behavior, has any effect on the psychological biases of investors regarding their investment decisions. In line with this purpose, a face-to-face questionnaire was employed through 148 individual investors. According to the findings of the study, there is significant relation between Family Life Cycle of investors and their representativeness, over confidence, over optimism and herd effect heuristics. Keywords: Consumer behavior, Behavioral finance, Behavioral biases, Family life cycle 216 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6369 Problems of formation of Russian literature in the post-Soviet period Svetlana Stomatova Dr. Department of Foreign Languages, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey The paper discloses the specifics of the formation of Russian literature in the post-Soviet period. It describes a features worldview and artistic direction in the literature that appeared at the end of the XXth century, which are called the postmodernism; clarifies the meaning of the concepts of «postmodernism» and «postmodern»; determines the essence of the post-Soviet literature as postmodern in the contemporary socio-cultural reality and literary creation, describes the transformation of literature in the post-Soviet conditions. We considered scientific achievements in the study of postmodernism as a modern type of artistic communication; generalized and systematized different scientific approaches to the learning of post-modern world model in Russian art discourse; outlined the key features of the Russian postmodern world model. It is proved that the main manifestations of the post-Soviet period of Russian literature are literature centric, textuality, creative works. It was concluded that today the main problems of Russian literature focused on deconstruction of the myths. Keywords: post-Soviet literature, postmodernism, the literary epoch, deconstruction 217 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6373 Thank You for Oversharing! Re-thinking Privacy and Publicity in the Era of Big Data. Vera D'Antonio PhD Student Via Salaria 113, 00198, Roma (Italy) Part of a larger PhD thesis, this contribution discusses the emerging concerns about privacy and the release of personal information on social network sites (SNSs). With increasing frequency and with particular impact on the youngest age brackets of the population, people share intimate moments and details of their personal and private lives on on SNSs. As social media usage permeates people’s lives, an increasing portion of their daily behaviour leaves digital traces online. Institutions, businesses and even single citizens get to know more about people through the information that the latter – more or less consciously – render public and available on the Web. Privacy online today is, more than ever, the object of a dynamic interdisciplinary debate involving Social Sciences, Psychology, Law, Philosophy, Computer Science, in particular concerning government surveillance and personal data management. What is at the center of this debate, however, is the way we not only conceive, but also problematise the theme of privacy since the rise of the Internet and, in particular, in the "Big Data Era," a period characterized by the most massive production and sharing of data that mankind has ever witnessed. This research aims to understand the youth culture in connection with the use of Facebook and privacy concerns. In particular, the attention is placed on how teens use the social media affordances and the resources that Facebook makes available to them to protect their personal data and life or, on the contrary, oversharing on Facebook their innermost thoughts, and why. Keywords: big data, social media, privacy, publicity, oversharing, facebook 218 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6375 Investıgation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and learning approaches of prospective science teachers Bircan Unlu, Ebru Ezberci Cevik, Mehmet Altan Kurnaz Department of Science Education, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and learning approaches of prospective science teachers. In addition, the relationship between emotional intelligence and economic level, the place of living prospective science teachers and also learning approaches and economic level, the place of living for prospective science teachers participating in the research were examined separately. Survey method was used in this research. The working group consists total of 274 prospective science teachers who were studying in science teaching department of a university in the western Black Sea region in the fall semester 2015-2016 academic years. Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale and Learning Approach Scale were used for the data collection tools. SPSS 22 was used to analyze data. Important findings obtained from the study; (1) there is a meaningful relation between the averages of utilisation of emotions total mean scores and economic level of prospective science teachers; (2) there is a significant and positive relation between emotional intelligence total mean score, optimism total mean score, appraisal and expression of emotions total mean score and learning approach total mean score separately, (3) there is a significant and positive relation between optimism total mean scores, utilisation of emotions total mean score, appraisal and expression of emotions total mean score and the learning approach questionnaire-meaningful total mean score separately. Besides, analyses have shown that there is a significant and negative relation between the averages of sub-dimensions of emotional intelligence total mean scores and the learning approach questionnaire-rote. Recommendations were developed in accordance with research results. Keywords: Science education, emotional intelligence, learning approach 219 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6379 The Initial Steps Towards The Strong Curriculum. The Research On Turkish/Russian Translation BA Programs In Turkey Nilufer Denissova, Hulya Arslan Department of Russian Language and Literature, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey This paper reports the results of the research of 5 BA programs in Turkish/Russian Translation (TRTBA) in Turkey. The main objectives of the study are to perform the descriptive-comparative analysis of the empirical data, to identify the major problems and to offer the possible solutions. This research is the preparatory stage of the project on the in-service training design for the teaching staff of the departments in question. In this context, all 10 of TRT-BA programs of the country (5 of them currently inactive) were investigated. Empirical data includes the curricula, the syllabi, the academic staff CV's and the interviews with the Heads of the departments. These statistics were compared with the similar programs of the CUITI member universities, such as Hacettepe (Turkey), Moscow State University (Russia), Université de Montréal (Canada), Heriot-Watt University (Great Britain), etc. The body of the empirical data was construed in the light of the various studies on translation competence, curriculum design and translation teaching practices (Dollerup & Lindegaard 1992; Kiraly 1995, 2000; Schäffner 2000; Colina 2003; Pym 2003; Kelly 2005; Nord 2005; Albir 2007; Calvo 2011, etc.) The shortage of the academic staff with the postgraduate degree in Translation Studies was identified as the fundamental problem of the current period. To overcome the difficulty in the shortest possible time, two solutions are offered: 1- To design the in-service training program for the actively working teaching staff; 2- To include the elective courses on translation theory, history and practices into the curriculum of the Russian Philology programs. Keywords: Translation education, curriculum, in-service training 220 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6381 MANAGING DIVERSITY IN INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES: A case study for diversity management Aysen Temel Eginli, Ayse Narin Department of Interpersonal Communication, Faculty of Communication, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey Diversities became the focus point of companies at the end of the 1990s with such factors as changes in competition and economy with the globalization process, changes in the demographic structure of labor, legal arrangements etc., and it has been acknowledged as a case of 21st century which is required to be managed both internally and externally. Especially the companies with diversity of labor have begun to regard this as a means for competition. Diversity management, encompases a number of subjects such as age, gender, marital and social status, disability, sexual orientation, religion, personality, ethnicity and culture on the basis of categorizations as primary and secondary diversities, visible and invisible diversities, diversities on the superficial levels and profound levels especially among the international companies and positioned among the strategies and policies of human resources. This study looks for an answer to the question of “Do the defined practices of any international business on the issue of diversity management according to its diversity management strategies and policies vary across countries? / What kind of differences is at stake between the international and local practices?” Accordingly, integrated and operational practices on the issue of diversity management are defined by examining the diversity management practices defined by an international company which integrated the strategies and policies of human resources, and diversity management practices in Turkey as a case study. Keywords: diversity, diversity management, diversity management practices, international companies, human resource management 221 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6382 A DISCUSSION ON NORMAL SCIENCE AND INCOMMENSURABILITY THESES BETWEEN PARADIGMS Ahmet EYİM Assistant Professor Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Bölümü Van Türkiye In this study a comparison between the incommensurability theses of Thomas S. Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend who are two remarkable philosophers in philosophy of science will be made. As it is known, in his Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Kuhn mentions normal science which starts with the period of the scientific community to reach a consensus on a paradigm. As a result of activities in normal science, anomalies appear and these anomalies results in crisis in science. With the period of crisis, rival theories revealed. Kuhn proposes that these rival theories (or paradigms) are incommensurable. Like Kuhn, Feyerabend also concerns with the concept of incommensurability. Feyerabend uses this concept differently in the sense that Kuhn uses. Feyerabend’s incommensurability thesis does not imply that the two rival theory cannot be comparable. Feyerabend argues that there must be a rival theory even if scientific community is sure that their paradigm is true and they believe in that they are right to stick to it. New paradigms have to be supported by scientists and the resulting problems must be solved by using these paradigms. In Kuhn’s understanding of paradigm and scientific activity, there is only one single paradigm in normal science, however Feyerabend argues that multiple paradigms can exits at the same time. This study aims at comparing Kuhn’s and Feyerabend’s incommensurability thesis and discussing the problems in which the incommensurability thesis results. Keywords: Kuhn, Feyerabend, Incommensurability, Paradigm, Science 222 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6383 TAXATION OF THE MINIMUM WAGE IN TURKEY Zeynep ARIKAN, Salih GÜRBÜZ Professor, R.A. Department of Finance, Dokuz Eylül University Dokuzçeşmeler Kampusü, Izmir, Turkey The purpose of being obliged to pay taxes according to everyone's financial resources is to be obligated to pay tax with individual’s social, economic and financial causes and it is necessary to make according to financial resources. On the other hand, in Turkey, the tax burden on wage earners, especially the minimum wage is very high. Large portion of the income tax is paid by wage earners and the vast majority of the income tax payers are composed of wage earners. The tax burden on poor and fixed incomes doesn’t secure the justice in taxation and tax burden on them encourages shadow employment. Although minimum living allowance application is a little bit reduce the tax burden on minimum wage, minimum wages are inadequate to meet the vital needs of the people. The cost of the minimum wage on employer is also had a separate burden. The excess of the tax burden leads to high labour costs and it leads to unemployment and economic inequality in Turkey, as in many countries. Therefore, administration's basic task is to create a fair tax system, with minimum wage. In our study, minimum wage will be determined the tax burden, the cost to employers, compared of Turkey and many other countries, the effects of the application will be examined and the increase of minimum living standard will be brought solutions. Keywords: financial resources, minimum wage, tax burden 223 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6387 CROWDSOURCING ARTWORKS - THE POWER OF DIGITAL COLLECTIVE CREATIVITY Francesca Moretti PhD Student Coris, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Via Salaria 113, Rome, Italy Nowadays, in the era of Web 2.0 where culture is influenced by multiple forms of digital participation, we are witnessing a general alteration in how we conceptualize the creative process. From the beginning of the XX century a paradigmatic shift has taken place: often artworks were the result of cooperation between an artist and his spectators. Thus the line between these two once separated worlds has become increasingly blurred. Over the last decades avant-garde art has been strongly charmed by the power of crowd insights, however only with the advent of the Internet this relationship has evolved effectively. Whereas before the introduction of the web collective artworks were tied to a physical space, now with on-line crowdsourcing there is a complete despatialization both in the creation and in the fruition moment. Furthermore it is now possible to connect on a global scale with the creativity of a multitude of people with different cultural backgrounds, producing a form of art fully mediated by technology. Consequently this new type of product has the potential of broaden the boarders of the contemporary art audience, engaging not only niches already highly alphabetize with this elitist world. Unfortunately the literature on this theme is scarce even though this new form of art is increasing in popularity. Therefore the paper aim will be to analyze not just the aesthetic implication of these hybrid cultural products, but also the consequence of digital collective creativity by leading an empirical study on three of the most celebrated on-line crowdsourced artworks. Keywords: on-line crowdsourcing; digital collective creativity; contemporary art 224 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6388 The Debt Burden Distribution Issue Between Intergenerations Abdulkerim Eroglu PhD Student Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Dokuzcesmeler Campus, Buca, İzmir, Turkey Sometimes for dealing with poverty and income inequality as a social state, sometimes for establishing command economy by publicly owned production as a communist state and sometimes leaving the economy alone to recover on its own as a regulatory state, governments' role has always existed in economic life. Such these roles of governments in economy, in other words, the level of the state intervention in economy differentiate the combination of public revenue and expenditure severely. In order to finance increased public expenditures governments borrow when tax income is insufficient. Especially, after the idea of “ the task of the government is not do previous duties or make them better, but do what has not done yet” becoming popular with Keynes and his followers’ accepting borrowing as ordinary public revenue have caused high public debt burden. As a result, Keynes and his followers’ advocacy of the state intervention forced them to accept public debt as an ordinary revenue. In this study debt burden on future generations have been discussed rather than requirement of the debt. Borrowing made by governments has impact whether on current generation or future generations will be discussed by the views of economic schools. On the other hands, it will be focus on what should be understood from definition of future generation and differing effects of internal debt and external debt. Because it is observed that the lack of consensus on the some consepts is an important of the debate on the issue Keywords: Public Debt, Debt Burden, Future Generations 225 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6390 Families and Schools Together in a Multicultural Society. Identification of good practices for the social integration of immigrant families, starting from the school context Alessia Bartolini Assistant Professor Department of Philosophy, Social and Human Sciences and Education , University of Perugia, Italy Families and schools can find their meeting point in education and education may be the ground for family-schoolrelationship design and organization, using the logic of cooperation and joint responsibility. The presence of parents within the school has, as a matter of fact, positive implications in terms of learning, personal growth and social development of children; furthermore, it represents a valuable opportunity both for the families and for the schools. For these reasons, the participation of foreign parents should as well be encouraged and supported, as a new educational challenge. The school may, in fact, become a place of meeting and lively exchange between the families, an active laboratory of shared values, able to break down the barrier of cultural bias, thus encouraging social integration. The research project Fa.C.Im (Immigrant families in the city), made in a Municipality of Umbria, relates to the identification of good practices for the social integration of immigrant families. The research examined the ways in which immigrant families benefit from the services that can facilitate their integration into society and also analyzed the importance of the parental presence in primary school in order to identify practices able to promote their participation in the integration process. The research was conducted in two complementary directions: on families with questionnaires translated in English, French, Arabic and Chinese language and on teachers with focus groups. The research experience with parents and teachers made possible the creation of new educational and family needs platform, as a premise for the definition of good integration practices. Keywords: cooperation | joint responsibility | integration | interaction | intercultural education 226 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6391 CONTRIBUTIONS OF CEMETERIES TO URBAN GREENERY: CASE STUDY OF TEKIRDAG Burçin Ekici Assistant Professor Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, 59030, Tekirdag, Turkey. At the present time, as the green areas diminish, cemeteries are biotopes gaining importance especially in urban areas because of their dense vegetation. These areas drop high temperature in the cities with their microclimatic effects, and thus, enhance the climate. They absorb air, dust, and noise and in this way contribute preventing environmental issues. Providing a habitat for different floras and faunas and together with their biological and ecological specifications, cemeteries also serve the citizens versatility by affecting their psychological state positively with the relaxing influence of its plantal potential. In this study, it is aimed to examine the situation of ornament plants in cemeteries across Tekirdag and to reveal the importance of these areas within urban greenery. In this context, periodical field studies are conducted in 3 cemeteries of the city between 2015 and 2016. Ornamental plants are photographed and species are identified and evaluated in regard to their suitability and adaptability to the area. Moreover, the structural uses in the area and the current condition and sufficiency of the equipment are examined. Thus, the current condition of the cemeteries, which have an active role in linking the greenery in the city and the neighborhood, will be presented and planning will be done in the light of ecological and technical criteria. Keywords: Cemetery, Urban areas, Plantal potential, Tekirdag, Turkey. 227 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6398 THE QUALITY OF MUNICIPAL SERVICES AND CITIZEN SATISFACTION: THE CASE OF BURSA METROPOLITIAN MUNICIPALITY, TURKEY Özhan Çetinkaya, Erdal Eroğlu, R. Kutlu Korlu Uludag University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Public Finance, 16059, Nilüfer/BURSA The quality of the local services produced and provided by municipalities plays a role in the development of the social structure on the one hand and contributes to the effective use of resources on the other hand. In other words, providing quality services helps the public become aware of the concept of “quality”, and it also prevents re-using the resources for the same service with high standard production, which makes it possible to make use of the resources in different fields. The contribution of the locals emerges an important factor in rendering quality services as well as the administrations’. The participation of the public in evaluating the quality of the services that administrations provide will play an important role in more effective use of resources. This will improve as the public participates more in the process of producing and providing services. Requests and complaints about the services financed by citizens and presented by administrations will lead municipalities to rendering more quality services. In this study, a survey was carried out to find out the perception level of the people living in Bursa about the quality of the services presented by the municipalities in Bursa. The results of the survey were analyzed in terms of the perception of quality and presenting quality services. Keywords: Municipal Services, the Perception of Quality, Service Quality. 228 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6400 EXEMINATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANE VALUES AND THE LEVEL OF FORGIVENESS OF TEACHER CANDIDATES BULENT DİLMACZEYNEP ŞİMŞİR Associate Professor Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, University of Necmettin Erbakan, Konya, Turkey. The purpose of the present study examine relationship between human values and the level of forgiveness of teacher candidates. The study group composed of 255 women and 200 man total 455 teacher candidates. This study was conducted in relational screening model. In this study, values scala developed by Dilmaç, Arıcak and Cesur (2014), forgivness scala developed by Akın (2012) was used. Quantitative data obtained as a result of the study using Pearson correlation coefficients and Regression analysis. The study’s findings revealed that there are relationship between human values and level of forgiveness of teacher candidates. Keywords: value, forgiveness, teacher candidates. 229 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6404 A Study on the Factors Affecting Land Use : The Case of Rize Province Neslihan Yilmaz Dr. Ministery of Food Agriculture and Livestock, On Eskisehir Road 29. km, Supplement Building, 6. Floor, Room:611 Turkey/Ankara Rize province most obviously carries the quite sloping and uneven surface shapes of the eastern Black Sea region where it is located in, It has the narrowest agriculture fields and according to the data obtained from last agricultural census (year 2001), it has the lowest average agricultural enterprise size throughout Turkey. The aim of this study is to determine the factors influencing the use of agricultural land in Rize province which is among the provinces that have the most limited agricultural facilities in Turkey in terms of surface area and agricultural enterprise size as mentioned above. In this study, the surveys performed in the districts and villages which represent the city and were selected intentionally. In the study, it has seen that the breakup of the agricultural lands in the agricultural enterprises of the region continue, change took place in the types of land tenure, the agricultural lands were taken out of the agricultural purposes, soil and product cares were left insufficient. Keywords: Agricultural enterprises, type of land tenure and use, land breakup, Rize 230 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6405 Unintended Consequences and the Objective Meaning of Social Action. Notes on the “Indeterminacy in the past” debate. Lorenzo Sabetta PhD Student Department of Communication and Social Research, Sapienza - University of Rome, Rome, Italy Over the last fifteen years, mainly on the pages of «History of the Human Sciences», it has developed a lively debate focused on some insights of Ian Hacking concerning action theory, variously challenged or defended by a number of scholars belonging to heterogeneous disciplinary field (Fuller, Leudar, McMillan, Roth and Sharrock among others). Social scientists – this is the controversial Hacking’s idea – would be able to change the past, insofar as they present past actions under new descriptions. In fact, if a description of this kind did not exist at an earlier time, at that time one could not act intentionally under that description: the meaning of previous courses of actions, then, would change following the later, scientific, interpretation. In summary, we can not only change our understanding of the past, but through changing that understanding we are retrospectively altering the past itself. Starting from the Hacking’s hypotheses and the interest that they have aroused, the present paper attempts to highlight the importance of unintended consequences of human action in the debate at hand. Although they have been neglected in this context, it seems that the unforeseen effects of social action are the crucial element in order to furnish a correct understanding of the debate itself. Based on an heterodox interpretation of mertonian concept of latent function, the goal is to show the link between indeterminacy of social action and its objective meaning, as well as the relevance of this link for the construction of sociological theories. Keywords: Indeterminacy, Action Theory, Latent Functions, Unforeseen Consequences, Changing the Past 231 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6406 Gender Differences in the Funerary Record: The Case of Early Bronze Age Cemeteries in the Central Anatolia Zeynep Akkuzu Master Student Department of Archaeology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey Burial traditions give the clues about a particular society’s culture, beliefs, and social dynamics. Resuloğlu, Alacahöyük, Alişar Höyük, Horoztepe, and Kayapınar settlements which are located in the central Anatolia plays an important role to understand burial customs, grave types and grave goods for Early Bronze Age. This study treats the question of whether we can examine aspects of identity, gender differences by the grave goods and types. Individual grave goods and types are analysed in relation to examine skeletons in order to determine if men, women, children or certain age and social class groups can be identified through different burial types. These analyses contribute to investigation of Early Bronze Age burial customs in central Anatolia through a survey of the evidence at hand. Keywords: gender, burial customs, grave goods, class, central Anatolia 232 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6407 THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN INDIVIDUAL LEARNING EFFICENCY OF Y GENERATION Mehmet Gokerik, Fatma Zehra TAN, Sertaç Ercan Department of Business, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey Today individuals uses a number of communication tools to diffuse their personal experiences, works, ideas and .to assist the target audience learning Social media is an important element of improving communications technology and is one of the most effective tools that access to this audience. Social media sharing and discussion of the main objectives of obtaining, based on user-being and, more importantly, who live in different parts of world one by bringing together, the people of knowledge acquisition activities provide increase their personal competencies with other expressions. These competencies through some changes can be observed in the behavior and actions. The aim of the study is to reveal the extent of that benefit individual learning social media, to gain a new perspective on individual learning of young generation which called Y generation. In this context, our study consists three parts. In the first part we will discuss about indivudual learning in learning organizations, individualized learning and properties. In the second part we will discuss the development of social media use and the impact of the interaction between people on the individual learning. At the last past we will try to find the effect of social media in indivudual learning of the young generation called Y generation who use the social media maximal. The sample of research has been choosen from Karabuk University Business Faculty students. Data taken from questionaire which will analyze the relation between the individual learning and social media relations. Keywords: INDIVIDUAL LEARNING, SOCIAL MEDIA, Y GENERATION 233 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6410 THE TRACES OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN TURKISH ART AT SICILIA Yunus BERKLI, Gulten GULTEPE Associate Professor Ataturk Universitesi, Guzel Sanatlar Fakultesi 25240 ERZURUM From the early stages of Spain, Sicily and Italy are fixed with the resources they arrived in Central Europe in the European Huns. In the Byzantine period, which was particularly weak military power of Europe as a benefit to the maximum extent Hunan and found that commissioned the border. VI. and VI. centuries of Bulgarian Turks who fled with highly advanced art and jewellery are known to settle the Avars migrated to Italy. Brought from Central Asia, Turkey, the Islamic Period in Africa, it is obvious they are assigned in the conquest of Spain and Sicily. Islamic city and settled in the newly conquered regions of Turkey, it appears from the artists takes place as laid down in art. Early examples of the impact of the Central Asian Uigur Turkish art, Spain is no coincidence that come up in Sicily and other European countries. These effects more hair in bangs, has been proposed as curvy types of hair hanging down and almond eye shape of the cheek. In this example, the first samples of the Uighur center and is seen in Samerra the Abbasids in progress. The impact of the Central Asian Uigur Turkish-Chinese painting style just is not confined to Asia Minor and the Middle East. As in textile art, Fatimid hand XII. century transferred to Sicily, made in 1154 in the Capella Palatina murals and Cefalu Cathedral confront us in the ceiling paintings. figurative decorations in the Norman kings were buried in the Cathedral of Cefalu painted wooden ceiling (1131-1154) is a place where the effects of high prevalence. Thin curved hair in the almond eyes and cheeks shown here with the Fatimid Samerra road, the impact of the Fatimids who has Norms in terms of style and iconography. Kindle spiral curves and glass in dress forms need to Sicily Palate lovingly decorate the ceilings in both pictures and details of a Fatimid style decorations are repeated. In the first examples of religious architecture Tolunid Mosque of Islamic Art and Samerra to Cevsak'ul Hakani we see in the House and the Central Asian Turkish Art architectural feature is the pointed arch form, it is history Sicily and North Africa Moroccan way. Lovingly over Sicily also used in Normandy history book art, XIII. as well as the main motif of Gothic art from centuries has touched the eye and the spirit of centuries Europeans. Keywords: Turkish Art, Central Asia, Uighurs, Sicilia, Europa, Painting, Architecture, Style Features 234 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6411 A Psychoanalytic Analysis of Joan Riley’s The Unbelonging İBRAHİM AKKUŞ Instructor Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Dokuz Çeşmeler Kamp. Buca, İzmir, Türkiye The purpose of this psychoanalytic analysis of Joan Riley’s The Unbelonging is to examine the emergence of the protagonist Hyacinth’s identity through the rejection of destructive entitlement and the abandonment of narcissism. Although people around Hyacinth—in particular, her father and the white Britons whom she first encounters at school—depend on destructive entitlement as a way of managing their egos in the wake of traumatic change, she is herself too weak and unformed to respond to change except by retreating into herself through the exercise of narcissistic nostalgia. However, through the formation of relationships with other black people (especially Perlene) and the emergence of a political conscious (especially in the wake of Dr. Rodney’s speech), Hyacinth is able to transcend the psychic short-cuts of destructive entitlement and narcissism in favour of a self-sustaining hybrid identity of the kind discussed extensively by Paul Gilroy. Hyacinth begins to understand how to weave together and perform Jamaican-ness, Englishness, blackness, and African-ness in ways that allow her to manage the pains, and exploit the benefits, of post-colonial displacement and rootlessness. Although it takes a great deal of time and psychic suffering for Hyacinth to begin to develop a hybrid nature, and although Hyacinth’s skills at performativity remain inchoate, The Unbelonging is still highly instructive in its depiction of the various psychic options available to black people brought into contact with hostile white culture. Keywords: Riley, Unbelonging, Identity 235 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6412 A study on the relationship between high school students’ physical education course sportsmanship behaviors and their patience levels Yakup KOC Assistant Professor Faculty of Education, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between high school students’ physical education course sportsmanship behaviors and their patience levels. The sample of study involves a total of 702 students (376 female, 326 male) from public high schools within the Erzincan province who were selected randomly in 2015-2016 academic year. A survey, the Physical Education Course Sportspersonship Behavior Scale (Koç, 2013) and the Patience Scale (Doğan&Gülmez, 2014) were implemented and the students were asked questions with regard to their grades, genders, the type of sports to which they interested in most during physical education courses and whether they took part in school teams. The validity and reliability of scales were studied. The students’ scores based on the scales were analyzed by independent variables. The data with normal distribution were analyzed using One Way ANOVA and t-Test. Correlations (Pearson) were used for relationships among scales. Data were evaluated using SPSS 22 and LISREL 8.7 programs. Sportsmanship and patience levels of the students by their grades did not manifest a significant difference (p>.05) whereas sportsmanship levels were observed to be significantly higher for females and patience levels were significantly higher for males (p<.05). Some dimensions of the scales were observed to significantly differentiate depending on the type of sports to which they interested in most during physical education courses and whether they took part in school teams or not (p<.05). Furthermore, a positive significant relationship was observed between physical education course sportsmanship behaviors and patience levels of the students (r=.38). These results are recommended to be taken into consideration for sportsmanship applications to be planned for physical education courses and activities that improve patience are recommended to be adapted to physical education programs. Keywords: Sportsmanship Behavior, Patience, Physical Education Course 236 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6413 Examining the Perceptions of English Instructors regarding the Incorporation of Global Citizenship Education Into ELT Fatma Basarir Instructor Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, School of Foreign Languages, Nevsehir, Turkey The purpose of this study is to explore the perceptions of ELT instructors working at a higher education institution in Turkey regarding integrating global citizenship education into ELT classrooms. The research has been designed in accordance with phenomenological approach, which is one of the qualitative research methods. Data was collected through the interview method and a semistructured interview form has been used as the data collection tool. Data was analysed by using content analysis technique and 12 ELT instructors have voluntarily participated in this study. Findings have revealed that participants mostly focus on the “value” dimension of global citizenship such as respecting diversities, human rights, gender equity and sensitivity to global issues. The participants have also reported that the ELT curricula don’t help to raise students as global citizens and citizenship of dominant cultures are highlighted in ELT course books. The instructors have defined their roles and responsibilities in preparing students as global citizens as being a role model and increasing students' awareness of both national and global citizenship. While it has been found out that no specific practice is implemented by most of the participants, discussion activities regarding global issues are conducted by very few instructors to promote global citizenship. Predominantly grammar-based teaching and student unwillingness have been found as challenges in preparing students to become global citizens. As a result, it has been concluded that ELT instructors have insufficient levels of knowledge, skills, attitude and action related with global citizenship. Keywords: global citizenship, ELT, global education 237 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6419 An Analysis of Local Tax Perceptions of Taxpayers: A Case Study in Bursa RUKAN KUTLU KORLU, OZHAN CETINKAYA, ADNAN GERCEK ULUDAG UNİVERSITY HARMANCIK VOCATIONAL SCHOOL Timely and planned local tax collection, which constitutes an important place in municipal revenues, is significant in order for local public goods and services to be offered in optimum way. Therefore, it is necessary for citizens as taxpayers to have a high-level tax awareness. Awareness level of citizens about local taxes seem to affect their behaviours in this regard. Looking on a general perspective, there are two main factors that influence local tax awareness: economic and social. After theoretical information on aforementioned factors were provided in this study, Bursa citizens’ perceptions on local taxes were measured through using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of five point Likert scale along with various questions of descriptive nature and relevance. The questionnaire analysis was carried out through SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). In this procedure, frequency distribution regarding descriptive information of participants was included first. Second, awareness level of citizens about local taxes was analysed using various questions. In the third part of the analysis, local tax awareness with respect to descriptive information of participants was measured by means of Anova test. In conclusion, this study revealed that Bursa citizens had an average level of knowledge on local taxes; that tax payment culture should be improved; that tax amnesty harms this culture; and that there are significant differences among the groups with regard to answers given in statements about the fact that tax payment is a sacred duty. Encompassing these differences, it is suggested that policies on groups, where local tax awareness should be improved, be included; that tax payment culture be formed; and that local tax realisations be increased accordingly. Keywords: Local tax awareness, tax compliance, tax perception, tax psychology 238 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6421 FINANCIAL TRANSACTION TAXES AND EUROPEAN UNION IN THE LIGHT OF COUNTRY EXPERIENCES Semih Sen Instructor Department of Public Finance, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey The 2008 global financial crisis in the United States of America, and European debt crisis later on and the destruction caused by this crisis on the public finance of the countries have urged the financial transaction taxes attract global attention. In this regard, European Commission took a concrete step and suggested a financial transaction tax to be applied at the European Union level. Financial transaction taxes are the low rate, ad valorem basis taxes which are applied to the purchase and/or sale of the financial instruments. The theoretical objectives of the tax are to reduce the short-term speculative transaction volume in the financial markets and to reduce the volatility and to provide income to the state thereof. Furthermore, contributing to the financing of the global public goods and to establish fairness in taxation comes among the other objectives. Financial transaction taxes have previously been applied and are still being applied by different countries. This paper investigates the experiences of Sweden and the United Kingdom. Because, it is considered that these experiences involve some concrete lessons from which we can learn regarding the current applications and the next ones. Financial transaction taxes got into the agenda of the European Union also after the suggestion of the European Commission. This paper will investigate whether the financial transaction taxes, put on the agenda of the European Union following the global crisis, are useful or not based on their previously stated theoretical objectives. Keywords: European Union, Financial Transaction Taxes, Securities Transaction Tax 239 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6422 Effect of R&D Activities on Economic Growth: An analysis for Defense Sector Ozlem Inanc-Tuncer Assistant Professor Department of Economics, Isik University, Mesrutiyet Koyu, Universite sk, No:2 Sile 34980, Istanbul, TURKEY In this study, the relation between R&D and economic growth in defense sector will be discussed. The effect of technology on economic growth has been discussed since Schumpeter (1911). Endogenous growth theories in 1990’s argue that R&D activities are the key component for higher economic growth rates. However, results on the literature on growth- R&D relation conflict each other. Some studies argue that there is a positive relation between R&D and growth, however some others provide results that show negative relation (or no relation). This subject is especially important for high-tech industries that have the highest R&D expenditure shares. Literature on the relation between R&D and economic growth in defense industries, which is one of the high-tech industries, also provide contradicting results. This study will carefully analyze the previous literature on this issue and try to identify the reasons behind these contradictions. Keywords: R&D, economic growth, defence sector 240 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6424 The Success of Tax Policy Precautions in Turkey Against Global Economic Crisis Caglayan TABAR Instructor Uludag University An economic crisis is the occurrence of incidents suddenly and unexpectedly in an economy which affects the economy in a negative way. One policy applied to minimize such negative impacts is the tax policy. The objective of this study is to analyze the tax policy precautions taken in Turkey at the time for reducing the negative impacts of the global economic crisis on Turkey’s economy and to decide whether such precautions have been successful. The Global Crisis having emerged in the USA in 2008 due to the troubles in the household credit market has mainly affected Turkey with regards to foreign trade, credit, and reliability aspects, caused to recession in the economy and therefore caused a real crisis and failure of economic indicators in the country. Firstly, the monetary policy measures were taken in Turkey against the crisis, however when these measures became insufficient, fiscal policies, predominantly the tax policy, were brought about. The main reason behind it is the lack of resource due to the reductions in tax incomes. Therefore the initiatives were applied as a tax deduction instead of public expenditures. A significant part of the tax deductions were enforced to expense taxes (VAT and Special Consumption Tax). These deductions were taken for automotive, white goods, furniture, construction sectors, the most susceptible ones, and it was aimed to revive the relevant sectors. It was observed that the production and sale figures of these sectors increased during the period of tax deductions. Keywords: Global Economic Crisis, Tax Policy, Fiscal Policy 241 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6425 The Determination of Respect for Diversity Levels of Education Faculty Students Muhammet Hanifi ŞAHİN, Emin KILINÇ, Hakan SARIÇAM İlköğretim Bölümü Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitimi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta, Türkiye This study was conducted with the purpose of identifying the opinions of prospective teachers of Education Faculty about respect for diversity. In the 21st century when different cultures can live together, individuals must be educated for social development and ensuring a livable community in a way of being sensitive to differences. Therefore, we need education to raise awareness about differences and help individuals become sensitive to different cultures. In the recent studies, it was emphasized that it is significant to educate prospective teachers being sensitive to cultural differences. It is an undeniable fact that teachers can face students with different cultural characteristics in a multicultural social structure. For this reason, it is essential to design a multicultural education and training planning from teaching instruction to teacher training. Scanning method of quantitative research designs was used in this study. This study was conducted with 356 prospective teachers who are chosen by appropriate sampling and studying at different departments of Education Faculty of Süleyman Demirel University. The study data was collected through “Respect for Diversity Scale” developed by Öksüz and Güven (2012). The data was also analyzed by computer software. The analysis of study findings is ongoing. Keywords: Education, Prospective teachers, respect for diversity 242 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6426 Analysis Of The Perceptions Of The University Students Towards Turkic World Concept Through Metaphors. Muhammet Hanifi ŞAHİN, Hüseyin KAYA Department of Primary Education Social Studies Education, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey This study was conducted to find out the perceptions of the university students coming from Turkic Republics and the university students at different departments in Turkey towards Turkic world through metaphors. In this study phenomenology design of qualitative research methods was used. 181 students at Süleyman Demirel University in 2013-2014 academic year were participated in the study. 96 of them were the students in Turkey coming from Turkic Republics whereas 85 of them were Turkish citizens having university degree in Turkey. The data of the research was gathered through completing the statement “Turkic world is like …….., because I think it means……………”. Students produced 112 valid metaphors. These metaphors were classified under 6 different categories according to their features. The following question were tried to answer in the research: 1. Which metaphors did the students use to explain Turkic world? 2. Under which categories can the participants’ metaphors towards Turkic world concept be categorized? At the end of the study it was seen that the students perceive Turkic world concept as unity, friendship, brotherhood, independent, free, nationalist, etc. Keywords: Turkic world, students, metaphor 243 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6427 Evaluation in the Context of Constructivism of Learning Environments According to Primary School Teacher Candidates Tuncay CANBULAT, Cigdem SENYIGIT, Fatma ERDOGAN, Ayse YESILOGLU Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Education, Department of Elementary Education, Turkey Changes in every field is also reflected in education. Needed qualifications of individuals and the learning environments to train them in today's society are discussed. Constructivist approach is appropriated to be gained of the skills that required of our times. This situation is canalized to constructivism the educators. In this context, teachers in schools, and many educators uses the principles of constructivist philosophy to effective learning and teaching. The aim of this study is to reveal primary school teacher candidates’ views related to whether there is constructivism of the learning environment and to be evaluated according to various variables of these views. In the content the research with this purpose was applied scales that evaluted teaching and learning environment at primary school teacher candidates’ faculty and training schools that they attend. This study is a research in the survey model. This research was conducted with students who are currently study at department of classroom teacher in the faculty of education in the Aegean region. "The Personal Information Form" prepared by the researchers, "Constructivist Learning Environment Scale” developed by Tenenbaum, Naidu, Jegede ve Austin (2001) and adapted to Turkish by Fer ve Cırık (2006) were used as data collection tools in this research. In the research, process of data analysis continious. Since 2005, it is expected that this research would provide an important data related to constructivism which applied in Turkey. Also, it is thought that this study will create a useful discussion atmostphere related to this issue. Keywords: Constructivism, learning environment, primary teacher candidates, primary school learning environment, university learning environment 244 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6431 Developing Innovation Competences: work learn - trajectories in Italian School System Veronica Lo Presti Dr. Department of Communication and Social Research Sapienza University of Rome The intervention focuses on skills for a "smart growth" in contemporary society. Developing an economy based on knowledge and innovation is one of the objectives of the Europe 2020 which is reflected in the specifications and guidelines of the different orders and school levels. The last National Plan Digital School identifies new challenges in the relationship between digital creativity and craftsmanship, between digital entrepreneurship, manufacturing and job attracting new literacies and soft skills for which "Digital offers a key driver" (PNSD 2015). Students are creators, producers, designers, in a path that wants to bring into the school the innovation that takes place outside the classroom: businesses, practices, actors and innovation community. Recognizing subjects and innovation practices that are consolidating the school draws out the need to recognize, in the classrooms, the new literacy. "Skills for the Innovation" for smart growth in the country that attract new comparisons between schools and businesses, contamination with the world of research, to claim, already mentioned also in the National Guidelines for the high school courses, a unity of knowledge, without no separation between "concept" and his translation in various skills. Keywords: Innovation Competences, Citizenship, school system 245 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6435 Contribution to the Quality of Urban Life: Theme Parks and Turkey Samples Burçin Ekici, Aslı KORKUT, Aybüke Özge BOZ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, 59030, Tekirdag, Turkey. Today, more than half of the population live in large cities and this situation causes many problems. Becoming gradually difficult of urban life which is based on population growth requires solutions to increase the quality of urban life. People’s social life and demands for recreation might change in time. Therefore, they make for different conceptions and lead to find “Theme Park” concept with its developments in several ways. Theme parks usually take place in the immediate vicinity of the city and they constitute one of the open and green area pattern. As the theme parks can be active and passive recreation, they can also based on the imagination of the designer, unique and creative themes and attract visitors. These parks can be considered as alternative solutions for environmental quality as well as the quality of city life. Starting from this point, in this study, theme park concept and its contributions to the urban life quality presented with the implementations in Turkey. Keywords: Theme park, Recreation, Turkey. 246 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6437 Adherence to treatment, Socio-economic Status and Quality of Life in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis F. Sema Bengi Gurkan, Banu Yazgan Inanc, Timucin Aktan, Husamettin Yazar Toros Üniversitesi Bahçelievler Mh. 16. Cd. Pk:33140 Yenişehir/Mersin INTRODUCTION; Patients with any chronic disease face many daily life related challenges due to their condition. Those patients placed on hemodialysis, like many other chronically ill individuals have to adjust to their daily life and have to find way to improve their quality of life level. OBJECTIVE; the purpose of this study was to examine the Quality of Life in patients with End-Stage Renal Disease(ESRD) on hemodialysis. METHODS; Cross-sectional study with data collection by convenience sampling, through the application of KDQOL SF-36 Inventory which was adapted to Turkish population by Koçyiğit and socioeconomic scale and adherence to treatment questionnaire. The sample was 142 adult patients of two private clinics in Adana, Turkey. All of the hemodialysis patients were willing to take the Inventory was included in the sample. SAMPLE; gender characteristics: 96 males and 46 females having an average of 58 with 14.35 SD. RESULTS; The physical function, physical role, pain, general health, vitality, social function, emotional role subscale scores of KDQOL SF-36 was higher for male patients, for those with higher education and with less number of children and who use internet more frequently. For the mental health subscale, females, less educated patients and infrequent internet users have higher quality of Life scores. Variables like alcohol intake, smoking and adherence to treatment did not reveal any significant difference in relation to the Quality of Life concept. CONCLUSION, the result provide evidence showing that quality life of and stage renal patients should not be over generalized, instead the concept should be divided into sub dimension and should be examined in more detail as far as subscales of the inventory is concerned. Keywords: quality of life, adherence to treatment, hemodialysis 247 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6439 Linguistic Field: A Cognitive Hypothesis for Language Perception Laura Di Ferrante, Sergio Pizziconi Department of Communication and Social Research In 1980s in Italy, the configuration of prejudice distributed hierarchically standard Italian, regional varieties, and dialects (Baroni 1983; Galli de’ Paratesi 1984; Volkart Rey 1990); in 2007 a research carried out in Italy (Di Ferrante 2008) using matched guise technique (Lambert et alii 1960) revealed that there is a difference in the intensity of prejudice toward different varieties of Italian, both regional and foreign. These same results emerged from a survey carried out in the Italian-Swiss community in Switzerland as a replication of the Italian research (Catricalà & Di Ferrante 2011). Drawing on Kurt Lewin’s “theory of fields”, our hypothesis is that the same type of differences should emerge when verbal languages are involved. When processing linguistic environment, individuals will refer to perceptual schemes that can be more or less finely tuned, in the first place, in relation to the linguistic varieties each individual declares to master or to be acquainted with. The differences in the configuration of the perceptual field are regarded as a relevant variable in a series of linguistic and sociolinguistic functions. As a first test of the hypothesis, we have compared the results of the two studies carried out in Italy and in Switzerland about the perception of varieties of Italian. Both the studies used matched guise technique on more than 400 subjects. The hypothesis of the linguistic field proved to be able to account for the variation in linguistic prejudice and attitudes. Keywords: language perception, matched guise, Italian language varieties, 248 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6449 COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF ART FROM THE BEGINNING TO END OF NINETEENTH CENTURY Nuray Gumustekin Associate Professor Faculty of Fine Arts, Graphic Department, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey Art is an activity which presents a different world-view, whose aim is to obtain a material transforming it and to position an objective into it. Art is a social matter of fact and artist is an insurgent person. To Plato, artists are those who give birth to a new reality. The things, which are just thought by most people, get molded and put into words by the artists. As Mc Luhan’s saying goes, artists are “dews” of the morning, they give us a distant, early warning which comes over our culture. Art is the reality of the community. Artist is essential for the comunity and warning the artist for not forgetting his social assignment is the right of the community as well. An artist with full of thoughts and livings of his age does not only put reality into words, but also pursues the goal of forming it. In a decaying society, art has to also reflect the decaying, and so long as it does not blow off, it should indicate that the world can change and should help it change. One of the steady characteristics of the important periods of the art is that there is no contradiction between the improvement of the creative powers with the thoughts of the administrative class or rising revolutionist class and the common benefit of the society. In such balanced periods, there is the belief that a new, compatible union will soon come true and that the advantages of one class means the advantages of all. And artist is a messenger for this system. After designating notions of the art and the artist, what is aimed with this research is to describe the ideological functions of the Western and Ottoman Plastic Art comparatively by designating what is intellectual for both sides. Keywords: Art, Ideology, Artist 249 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6450 SENSORY ORDER AND MARKET ORDER BY HAYEK’S PHILOSOPHY Merve Yolal Master Student Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative, Departmant of Public Finance, Dokuzçeşmeler, Buca, İzmir In this study liberal scholar F. A. Hayek’s sensory order and market order, who is the belonging Austrian Economics School and has important contributions to this school, have been examined. In this context firstly, formations of an order will be described by the Hayek’s philosophy and will be discussed and analyzed the formations of ''Spontaneous Order'' called “Cosmos” and, ''Created Order'' called “Taxis”. After typologically examined of these concepts, differences between these two orders will be studied. Secondly, informal and formal rules what called as “Nomos” and “Thesis” by Hayek that cause to create these orders, and show how to behave to individuals will be discussed. After that, Nomos (informal rules) which practices for spontaneous order and Thesis (formal rules) which practices for created order will be studied and mentioned by the differential features. Finally, formation of the market order which Hayek has accepted it as spontaneous order and also has called as “Catallxy” will be explained, and later, government intervention will be discussed wheter if it’s necessary that is connected to Hayek’s idea of spontaneous order. Keywords: spontaneous order, market order, Hayek’s philosophy 250 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6453 Painting and Space: An Investigation on Salvador Dali`s Works Sara Fathalizadeh, Asu BESGEN Department Of Fine Art, university Of Karadeniz Technical, Akcabaat, Trabzon, Turkey Every piece of art work is the result of the artists inner imagination. An artist with the means of artistic tools brings permanent, visually comprehensible reality to an exceptional form of existence (life) blending it together with his or her unique perspective and life experiences. Within the art of painting when we take object and space into consideration, the concept of blank appears. The artist depicts the blank and makes it visually comprehensible. Through all the phases Dali`s painting has passed since the early existence of the art of painting until our very day, Dali`s painting has managed to preserve its privileged place. The aim of this study is to make it clear how important the concept of space is in the painting and to emphasize its importance. Through all the phases the principles affecting the Dali`s work is, perception of space, In the history of the art of painting types of changes in the concept of space , and artistic principles or visually influencing elements which determine space in a painting. In order to these issue and to help solve them, referred artist paintings were analyzed through the setting up of space within his work in addition to these studies they were also practiced out. In the art of Dali`s painting the concept of space, is where all the elements are joined up to find life. During the formation of an artwork, visual elements within a certain frame work make up the Paintings space. The structure must organize itself in this sense for it to be able to gain an artistic quality. Keywords: Dali`s painting, space concept, the factor of depth. 251 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6456 Political Representation and Urban Space in the New Social Movements Metin Ozkan, Suleyman Sidal Departmant of Political Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey From ancient Greek to modern period, politics, political representation and democracy are permanently in a relation with the urban space. To have a right to speak about the place they live in and do politics on the evolution and transformation of it; the one of the basic themes of new social movements. The aim of this study is to show that how the meaning of the politics, political representation and democracy re-evaluated on the new social movements. In this context, the study consists of three chapters: In the first chapter, it will be outlined of the politics, representation and democracy’s relation with urban space. In the second chapter, it will be dealt with the evolution and features of new social movements in the context of urban space. In the third and last chapter, it is aimed to suggest an analysis about the relation between these facts by the help of some specific cases which are chosen from Turkey. The goal of this study is to claim that new social movements which have local, fragmented and multi leveled actors, discourses and strategies, are basically try to enlarge the space of politics, representation and the democratic society. Keywords: Political Representation, Modern Democracy, Urban Space, New Social Movements 252 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6457 Managing the Crisis Communication in Today's World Replete with Crises Ali Murat Vural Professor Istanbul University, Communication Faculty, Beyazit. Istanbul The rapid change, diversification, wide spreading, accessibility and cheapness experienced in communication technology and consequently developing communication instruments now require the paradigm shift in managing the crisis and crisis communication as in many issues. The changing means and methods of communication have also changed people's social environments, understanding, and forms of socialization. The ways of sharing an opinion, conviction, experience and speculation regarding any issue are now realized very rapidly, in an extremely manipulative manner and with a devastating feeling. Besides, the competition and stakeholder relations and the business and relation environments show an impatient, unstable and aggressive approach towards the smallest negativity, probably, because of the feeling caused by the conditions of the age in which we live. Nevertheless, the management and communication of crises definitely require being addressed with a sensitivity which is much greater than always, regarding crisis as part of a daily management and being ready according to this. Because the management of crisis communication is no longer a management business to be implemented only when you face the crisis. In other words, it is not an optional business; it is an integral part of the strategic communication plans of the institutions or companies. Crises come and go, but sometimes it is possible to face the damage caused by them again even after years. Sometimes, the place of the experiences and the emergent perceptions in the memory causes reputation at the individual or corporate level to undergo erosion deeply and silently even without noticing. Although we are experiencing an intensive and fast-changing agenda today; while it is still supposed that what has happened in relation to a crisis experienced has come and gone and been forgotten, it is possible to face the situations in which this is not true. Human memory can forget, but the digital world is now recording and reserving everything. In this sense, the study is based on the information obtained based on the experiences and observations which are experienced on the Management of Crisis Communication and includes the propositions for direct application. Keywords: Communication, Crises Communication, Crises Communication Management, 253 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6460 A Study on the Students of Medical Promotion and Marketing About The Relationship Between Moral Values and Religious Beliefs in Choosing the Field of Medical Representative Fatih BAYRAM, Tugba GUNGOR, Secil BAYRAM Karabuk University Faculty of Business The purpose of this study is to find out the reason why the graduates of Medical Promotion and Marketing are not volunteer to do their own jobs claiming that this job is not appropriate for them in terms of their moral and religious values. For this purpose, a suitable vocational attitude scale has been conducted on 204 students studying this department at Karabük University in April, 2016. Besides fivefold vocational attitude scale, the students were asked demographic information and osgood types of questions to reveal the correlation between them. The question about the level of belief and medical promotion reveals that pearson correlation is p=0,036. The information level of the Medical Promotion and Marketing students for the vocational inquiries is quite low. It is understood that the students unwillingly choose their department without having any information about it. Throughout the education years, these students form their attitude and approach towards their jobs. Besides being defined in various way, the concept of ethic can be summarized as moral standards and rules. Ethic determines “good-bad”, “right-wrong”. Being loyal to these ethic rules is beneficial for all levels of the society in the long run. The most important function of the religion is to regulate the society and set the consistency among people to ensure the peace. In this perspective, it can be stated that the whole religions show parallelism with the idea of ethic by forming “good” and “bad”. However, it is not possible to claim that ethic attitudes are only shaped by religious beliefs. For this reason, it can be stated that an atheist go beyond the norms of moral values. The existence of ethic values and the promotion of drugs is open to discussion in this occupation. It is aimed that the students of Medical Promotion and Marketing department should gain self awareness about ethic rules via new curriculum. Additionally, it is thought that these students should be guided appropriately while choosing the department of Medical Promotion and Marketing. Keywords: Ethic, Religion, Medical Promotion and Marketing, Education 254 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6461 A Search for a Translation Method for Proverbs and Idioms as Cultural Language Elements: The Cases of Russian and Turkish Reshat YILDIZ Instructor Department of Russian Language and Literature, Gazi Üniversity, Ankara, Turkey Translation studies is a field of research which investigates the concept of language, which is a holistic expression of the accumulation of belief, history and culture, differently than linguistics. The basic point that distinguishes translation studies from linguistics is that the former’s field of investigation is bidirectional as source language and target language and its obligation to handle these languages as an organic whole. Literary translation is supposed to deal with these languages interconnectedly with concepts such as history, culture and literature. Otherwise, achieving equivalence in translation will be difficult when a cultural linguistic element is come across. The most obvious cases for these difficulties are idioms and proverbs, as in any other language; because, there are endemic parts of these elements peculiar to a particular culture along with some universal aspects to them. The translation of such elements according to some predetermined translation methods is expected to facilitate the translator’s work. Considering the importance of translation methods for idioms and proverbs, this study investigates possible methods and models in this context. Furthermore, this study aims to contribute to the achievement of systemic and equivalent translation by presenting substantial examples from translations of idioms and proverbs from Russian to Turkish. Keywords: translation, method, proverb, idiom, equivalence 255 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6462 The Relationship Between Corporate Image and Organizational Commitment in Health Care Services Tugba GUNGOR, Aysegul OKSAY SAHIN Karabuk University Vocational School of Health Services Image can be defined as the concept, object and symbols that are envisioned in people’s mind through imagination. There are various kinds of image such as personal image, country image, brand image, positive image, negative image, mirror image and corporate image. Corporate image is the whole of perceptions resulting from feelings, emotions and opinions about that organization in the target audience’s mind after their interaction with the organization. The corporate image that the organization wants to create itself may be different from the image about that organization in the target audience’s mind. In order to create and maintain a persuasion on extrinsic and intrinsic target audience, it is from now on inevitable for the organizations to make effort on creating a unique and persuasive image that is in harmony with reality instead of embracing the cooperate image which has been shaped by the effect of extrinsic factors. The concept of organizational commitment can be explained as willingness to work for the organization, being aware of the insufficiencies of the organization and working hard to overcome these deficiencies through own means, the high cost of leaving the organization or not having other alternatives. Organizational commitment helps the employee feel like a part of the organization and makes the negative behaviours such as being absent, being late and leaving the job lessen. In order to minimize all these negative aspects and to increase the quality of the service given, managing the corporate image through appropriate strategies which is one of the factors that affect organizational commitment comes to the forefront as an important factor. In the study which has been done with the sample of nurses, it has been stated that the level of organizational commitment is not high both in our country and abroad. There are also some studies which have indicated that there is a positive relationship between perceived corporate image and the sub-dimension attendance dependence; similarly, there are also some studies which the organizational commitment of the employee of an organization having a positive corporate image is really high. Hospital administration should immediately take precautions like developing the corporate image positively so as to increase the organizational commitment of the nurses. Keywords: Corporate Image, Organizational Commitment, Nursing 256 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6463 TOPOGRAPHY AS A FACTOR IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN PROCESS E. Seda ARSLAN MUHACİR, Banu KARAŞAH Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü Landscape designs that are enriched to social and psychical living provide qualitative ambiance to the place. Those are lots of factors which affect the quality of the place in landscape design process. One of these factors is topography. Topography has increased the functionality by give us to show different design approach. Elevation differences have provided opportunity by separating places and usages one from the other and also provide different vistas to users and allow designing for aesthetic purposes. For example; a natural or designed hill have provide privacy, hiding unwanted views and obtain dynamism to place by separate places from each other. obtaining ecological and natural solutions and improving sustainable design approach can be possible with reinterpret topographic differences. In this study, usage of the topography will examine with positive and negative sides in designed cities which has different topographic structure informing opportunities for utilizations in landscape design process. Keywords: landscape design, topography, grading, sustainable design approach 257 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6464 Evaluation of sixth grade students water footprint profile’s in terms of consciously water consumption education in Turkey Mesude ÇALIŞ, Banu YÜCEL TOY, Turan Güven, M. Cüneyt ÜNVER Artvin Coruh University Education Faculty Science Education Department Nu: 318, Artvin/Turkey The purpose of the study is to determine 6 th grade students’ water footprint profile and to evaluate the profile in terms of water consumption education in Turkey. The water footprint is an indicator of freshwater use that looks not only at direct water use of a consumer or producer, but also at the indirect use. The water footprint is a measure of humanity’s appropriation of fresh water in volumes of water consumed and/or polluted. Increasing population, the adoption of individual lifestyle, increasing consumption result in freshwater pollution. For the last fourteen years, studies have been emphasizing on the water footprint of humanity. The USA’s average water footprint is 2480 m3/cap/year; China’s is 1240 m3/cap/year while Turkey’s average water footprint is 1642 m3/cap/year during 1996-2005. On the other hand, between 2006-2011 it increased to 1977 m3/cap/year in Turkey.This study is a survey and the water footprint profiles of sixth grade students was determined based on the personal calculator-extended which is developed by Hoekstra in 2002. First of all, the survey used for the personal calculator was adopted to Turkish and administered to 200 sixth grade students in Artvin/Turkey. The data obtained from the calculator will be analyzed by descriptive statistics and for comparison between gender, family SES(education, income, occupation etc.), t-test and ANOVA will be used. The results will be discussed in terms of consciously water consumption education in secondary education. Keywords: water footprint, 6 th grade students, Turkey 258 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6465 Muhasebe Meslek Mensuplarının Vergi Cezaları Bakımından Sorumlulukları(Accounting Professionals’ Tax Penalty Responsibilities) Mustafa Erkan ÜYÜMEZ, Aytül BİŞGİN Anadolu Üniversitesi Yunusemre Kampüsü İİBF, Tepebaşı, Eskişehir With the impact of globalization as the most determining factor on today’s economy, the profession of accounting has gained increasing importance, which has led accounting professionals to become indispensable figures in business life. In producing the information needed by individuals and organizations, accounting professionals, have important responsibilities as well, since they look out for the interests of their society. One of these responsibilities is their responsibility regarding tax procedures. These professionals’ responsibilities concerning such tax procedures are generally regulated by the Tax Procedure Law. Acting with the awareness of their responsibilities, accounting professionals abide by the law and help taxpayers by producing reliable and accurate information, thus contributing to tax compliance. By reviewing the responsibilities of accounting professionals who have an important function in ensuring tax compliance, this study aims to analyze whether tax penalties imposed on accounting professionals have a role to play in ensuring tax compliance, and thus to make a contribution to the related literature. Keywords: Accounting Professionals, Accounting Professionals’ Responsibilities, Tax Penalties, Tax Compliance, Tax Noncompliance 259 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6470 A Research Study on Planning of Water-Based Recreation Operation on the Deriner Reservoir and Its Near Around HİLAL SURAT Assistant Professor artvin çoruh university department of landscape architecture People who want to get rid of stress and intensive working tempo for a while head for recreation operations in order to get rest and have fun. Therefore, planning recreation operation makes contributions to social, physiological, economic and psychological development of an individual and the community in a way that the needs of people meet regularly and constantly. The rapid increase of world population rate makes necessary of benefit from natural or man-made resources in a multiple way. Dams and reservoirs which are built near urban area with the aim of electrical energy conversion and agricultural irrigation are considered as natural area providing various opportunities such as recreation operations. Dams have a great importance regarding to protection and improvement of water resources and coming into service of community. There should be a priority to protect these water resources, which are essential for nature and living organisms. It should be taken into consideration that these water resources are the most important input in the area and have high nature value to make sustainability of recreation effectiveness. The Deriner reservoir that has been built yet near the province of Artvin with natural and cultural properties is considered as an alternative option for meeting the needs of people for sportive and recreation activities and as a potential for planning of water-based recreation activities. Hence, in this study, activities that meet the expectations of people who get benefit from the area considering to natural, cultural and sportive recreation opportunities will be developed. In the first place, planning criteria for some sportive and water-based recreation operations will be defined in order to use the area for recreation and sportive activities and these criteria will be a base for a macro planning work within the holistic perspective of natural, cultural, and economical structure of the area. After this time, necessities of local people and evaluation of reservoir recreational potential will be determined, end then different socio-economic groups according to their in-come, age groups will be chosen and the questionnaire which has already prepared will be done these groups, as a result of these questionnaire recreational activities in water necessities will determine and we are going to develop different suggestion for this reservoir. Keywords: dam, dam lakes, Deriner, recreation, water based activities 260 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6474 A Study on Relations Between Self-Construal and Perception of Gender by University Students in Turkey Alper Çuhadaroğlu, Osman Nejat Akfirat Faculty of Education, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey There are two prominent self – construal types in western cultures. One of them is “autonomous self construal” which is related with becoming independent and separation. The other one is “related selfconstrual” which is related with dependency. However, in societies like Turkey where family bonds are still important even in urban life, another self-construal type, “autonomous-related self” is also defined. It is stated that Turkish society is dominated by a collectivistic culture. In Turkish society, close bonds within family, relatives, neighbours and social groups are very important. It is also stated that in such societies, in spite of rise in urbanisation and modernisation, there is also a rise in close bonds within social groups. Another important fact, which is highly affected by culture, is gender. Gender is a group of norms and cultural expectations about how to behave a person according to their sex and also includes stereotypes related with a sex. The aim of this study is to examine relationships between some socio-demographic variables such as sex, family, area of residence, self-construal types and perception of gender by university students in Turkey. The participants consist of 134 (106 female, 28 male) college students selected from a state university in Turkey. The self in Family Context Scale and Perception of Gender Scale were used to collect data. According to the results, a significant and positive relationship between students’ autonomous self-construal type and gender and a significant and positive relationship between autonomous-relative self-construal and gender have been detected. Results have been discussed in cultural context. Keywords: Self-construal, Perception of Gender, University Students 261 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6481 Awareness on Social and Cultural Heritage of Imbros: Three Doors, Three Stories İffet Aksoy Tokgöz Instructor Department of Primary Education, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Univesity, Turkey This work mainly focuses on the sample group consisting of Social Sciences and Education Faculty of Çanakkale On Sekiz Mart University students, researching and discovering solutions for the awareness on the cultural rights, beliefs, personal truths and cultural identities of the Greek minority that lives on Gökçeada. The method of this research is “ethnographic field research”. Ayatodori (Zeytinli Köy) where the Greek population is highest was chosen as the field of research. The main object of an ethnographic research which are defined as observation, documentation and interpretation of relations and behaviors of communities of people (Akturan 2007), is to have a direct contact with the group members. Starting from this reason, the researcher has prepared a semi-structured interview form and meetings were held place with three family members of Greek citizens’ second generation of minority. With the permissions of families, photographs and various objects which emphasize their cultural structure were taken by the researcher and were studied with the sample group in one session of creative drama and one session of creative writing without any briefing on what the objects are. After the content analysis of the stories which were written in the session of creative writing and the work in the creative drama session, no expressions were found regarding the cultural structure of the Greek minority. At the last part of the research, the sample group was introduced to the Greek families whom were met for the interview forms with the support of municipality of Gökçeada. Keywords: Imbros, cultural heritage, minorities, creative drama, creative writing 262 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6487 More Ethics More Trust: Turkish Islamic Banking Perspective Osman Karamustafa Associate Professor Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey According to The World Bank database, the global Islamic banking assets of about 400 Islamic financial institutions from 58 countries reached $1.5 trillion in 2012. Their growth rate is 17% a year between the last five years. This means that today's Islamic banking assets are more than $2.4 trillion. Although Islamic assets are less than 1 percent of global banking assets, it is rapidly growing especially after the global crisis that started in the USA in 2008. Not only Islamic countries but also western countries use an array of Islamic financial instruments that are buying and selling in their financial markets. For example, one of the Islamic financial instrument, named sukuk -similar to Islamic bond- was valued at $320 million in Britain in 2012 (Calamur 2013). Even though the history of Islamic banking is brief, the Islamic banks have to establish their principles and they should not look through conventional banking windows. Some countries achieved this, but for instance the Turkish Islamic Banking system is still under control by conventional banking rules. This is an ethical problem for their clients. Most of their clients use Islamic banking instruments; they believe bank management obey Quran ad hoc. On the other hand, many clients of Turkish Islamic banking warn the bank manager about charging interests rates for their instruments which is forbidden by Islamic rules. This is an ethical dilemma. The aim of this study is to examine whether Turkish Islamic banking system activities are ethical or not. Keywords: Financial ethics 263 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6489 Constructing the Idea of Neighbourhood Shopping in Themed Environments: The Case of Themed Indoor Markets Gizem Sazan, Feray Ünlü Kızılcaşar Mah., Atılım Üniversitesi, Güzel Sanatlar Tasarım ve Mimarlık Fakültesi, İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı Bölümü, 06836, İncek/Ankara Themed environments are continuously being integrated to our daily lives. The idea of theming may be used for touristic, economical, political and cultural purposes. Shopping environments hold an important place in daily life practices and it is possible to observe that different design approaches are being employed to attract more people such as theming. Theming can be considered as one of the ways to include fun and fantasy in shopping environments. Themed indoor marketplaces can be understood as a representative of this. In this study, it is aimed to discuss the construction of outdoor marketplaces and the idea of neighbourhood in themed environments. Urbanization in Ankara introduced new practices to the daily lives of people, which include large shopping malls and indoor marketplaces. The idea of neighbourhood in Ankara is gradually being lost especially outside its center area. The shops used to be separate and included the outdoors market, the bakery, the greengrocer, the butcher and more. It is possible to see the fading of this street shopping culture in the process of urbanization, and it is being replaced with indoor marketplaces. However, some indoor marketplaces reconstruct the idea of neighbourhood shopping through theming. To exemplify this situation, two marketplaces from Ankara, Marketplace of Kentpark Shopping Mall and the Marketplace of Yaşamkent Beğendik, are selected. Interviews with customers are used to understand how people experience these themed shopping environments. Keywords: Themed Environments, Shopping Environments, Neighbourhood Shopping, Culture, Marketplace 264 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6490 Alternative Dispute Resolution in Administrative Disputes N. Sebnem Sayhan Assistant Professor Department of Political Sciences and Public Administration, University of Istanbul, Turkey Judicial Review, as the most essential method of review of the Administration, is unable to protect the individual person who is powerless against the more powerful Administration, due to reasons such as the Administrative Judicial system functioning at a slow pace under heavy work load, the limited nature of judicial review and hefty economical costs of filing a Court action. Lately, within modern legal systems, it has become common practice both in Judicial and Administrative disputes to apply to alternative methods to resolve disputes without taking the judicial route. In our paper, the instutions of ombudsman- and mediatorship, along with methods such as Arbitration, Mediation, amicable settlement before the Courts, which are mainly applicable to Judicial disputes shall be evaluated in a general manner and the topic of General Administrative Procedure, which, in our country was discussed upon in length, but a conclusion was not reached, and the applicability of said dispute resolution methods and their ability to become an alternative to Administrative Procedure was reviewed. Keywords: Alternative dispute resolution, arbitration, mediation, general administrative procedure 265 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6492 UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ SATISFACTION REGARDING THE CAMPUS’ LIVING ENVIRONMENT Dilek Beyazli Associate Professor Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon/TURKEY The first universities opened in Turkey out of İstanbul and Ankara were Karadeniz Technical University of Trabzon, and Ege University of İzmir, having been opened on May 27th, 1955, by virtue of the Laws No.6594 and 6595. They were followed a year later by ODTÜ (Middle East Technical University) of Ankara, and by Atatürk University of Erzurum as of 1957. The most important feature of this period was that, all four universities were built in the form of campus. Campus of Black Sea Technical University (KTÜ), which was attained by way of competition, and thereupon designed as campus, is an educational and living environment for 35,000 students, and 3,500 academic and administrative personnel extending over 188 hectares of land. With its design in campus layout bringing along significant advantages in terms of spatial quality, it is an integrated and attractive living environment thanks to its educational, socio-cultural, accommodation, and green areas. KTÜ campus’ living environment has been assessed in view of its physical environmental quality and social facilities by means of the periodical surveys organized thereat in the years 2012, 2014, and 2016. Students were undergone survey with 95% safety/5% error margin, and random sample method. In the survey consisting of all types of questions, visual materials and maps were also made use of; Total of 2250 survey findings (750 per each period) have been interpreted. While the data attained from the field surveys have been assessed via statistical analysis method, such issues as recreational, social, and cultural utilities/facilities, levels of their utilization, urban utilization, accessibility, security, etc. have been assessed by way of linking with user profiles. In recognition of the campus’ importance in terms of social interaction for serving the students as their living environment throughout their educational periods, the facilities and negativities it currently possesses, and those getting changed in the course of time have been assessed for the purpose of determining the level of satisfaction. Keywords: Satisfaction Level, Campus Planning, Living Environment 266 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6494 Psychological and demographic factors affecting the political and social participation of Turkish immigrants in Germany O. Nejat AKFIRAT Assistant Professor Kocaeli University, College of Education, Department of Education Sciences Kocaeli/Turkey Gradual democratization of societies as a result of socio-economic and cultural changes has naturally brought the participation of masses in social and political life into the forefront. Politics and government is now not only a profession of professional politicians and administrators, but it is also a common platform where all citizens participate. Social and political participation is both an indicator of being a contemporary society and an area of personal development. The individuals involved in political and social processes are observed to have more positive psychological features and fewer psychological problems compared to those not involved. This study is a descriptive survey model research which aims to determine the social-political-psychological factors of the social and political participation of Turkish immigrants living in Germany. In the study, a mixed method design combining qualitative and quantitative data collection methods and data analysis was used. The quantitative data of the research were obtained through the administration of “political and social participation scale” to 125 university students (60 female, 65 male) studying in Germany. The qualitative data of the research were obtained through the interviews conducted with 11 people who lived in Germany and came to the forefront in terms of political and social participation. A regression analysis was carried out to the data obtained from the university students in order to understand the nature of their participation, whereas a content analysis was performed to the qualitative data. As aresult of the analyses, it was found out that family, confidence level, exhibition of responsible citizenship behavior, school life and political activity perceptionare effective in the political participation of Turkish university students. As a result of the interviews conducted with high political participation in Germany; family, school, general self-efficacy perception, xenophobia, desire to fight injustice, citizenship behaviors and problems foreigners experience were found to be effective in their political participation. It was also found out that level of confidence in people and the country, general self-efficacy perception, performance of studies on social issues in their school life and desire to carry out studies on social issues in the future are effective in the social participation of young people. As a result of the interviews conducted with high political participation in Germany, family, school, selfefficacy perception, xenophobia, desire to fight injustice, problems foreigners experience were found to be effective in their social participation. Keywords: social participation, political participation, immigrant in Germany 267 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6495 VERGİ UYUMUNU TEŞVİK EDİCİ YASAL DÜZENLEMELERİN ANALİZİ(ANALYSİNG THE LEGAL REGULATİONS WHİCH ENCOURAGING THE TAX COMPLIANCE) M. Erkan ÜYÜMEZ, Aytül BİŞGİN Associate Professor Anadolu Üniversitesi Yunus Emre Kampüsü İİBF, Tepebaşı, Eskişehir The increased need for revenues has created a renewed interest in taxes which are the most important source of revenue. This need produced many studies on tax compliance. Tax compliance can be defined as accurate reporting of tax liability by the taxpayers. The studies on tax compliance seek to reveal the possible effects of many economic and sociopsychologial factors and factors related to tax administration that are beyond the limited number of variables in classical studies on tax complience and propose ways to increase tax compliance. The regulatory role of public authority is important in establishing and improving tax compliance. This paper focus on analysing and evaluating the legal regulations which encouraging the tax compliance and make some recommendations. Keywords: Tax Compliance, Encouraging Tax Compliance, Tax Regulations 268 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6496 The Relationship Between Real Exchange Rates and Foreign Exchange Reserves in Turkey:An Empirical Analysis (2003-2014) Mustafa GERÇEKER, Ahmet AY Dr. Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences , Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey In this study investigates the relationship between real exchange rates and foreign exchange reserves in Turkey using quarterly data over period 2003-2014. In the analysis, the unit root tests were used to test the stationarity of each variable firstly. In the second stage, Johansen co-integration test was applied in order to determine whether a long-term relationship exists between the variables. In the final stage, Impact-Response and Variance Decomposition analysis based on the VAR model were carried out to determine the effects that occur as a result of short-term positive shocks. As a result of the unit root tests all variables were found to be stationary in the first difference. Johansen cointegration test applied in the next step resulted that the series don’t move together in the long run. Then in order, with Impulse- Response analysis and Variance decomposition, predictions for 10 terms period were made. However a significant relation could not be found. Keywords: Foreign Exchange Reserve, Real Exchange Rate, VAR Model 269 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6497 Seeing light at the end of the tunnel: the role of Positivity in the relationship between Experience of Unemployment and Perceived Competences to Find a Job Annalisa Theodorou, Cristiano Violani, Guido Alessandri Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Introduction. Jahoda (1981) described unemployment as a negative event since it deprives the individual of latent functions which are fulfilled by having a job. From another perspective (Warr 1984, 2007), unemployment is a role transition and the experience of this condition depends on the resources the individual can count on. Consistently with the Conservation of Resources Model (Hobfoll, 1989) individual’s Positivity, defined as a sense of control and satisfaction with one’s life, could play an important role in moderating the subjective Experience of Unemployment (EU, perceived either as a Loss or as a kind of role Transition) and the individual’s Perceived Competences to Find a Job (PCFJ). In the present study, we tested empirically this hypothesis. Participants. We gave a structured interview to 101 unemployed workers (51.5% female), aged 35 to 45, selected at a hiring hall in Rome, Italy, based on the ILO criteria for unemployment. Method. Measures of Positivity, EU and PCFJ were analysed through a Moderated Multiple Regression Model where statistical significance of regression parameters was established through a bootstrap procedure with 10,000 runs. Results. We found a significant interaction effect of EU and Positivity on PCFJ, controlling for gender, age and length of unemployment. Interestingly, high levels of Positivity intervened in moderating the interaction only when unemployment was perceived as a Loss. Conclusions. Positivity could represent an important resource to foster in vocational guidance and counselling programmes aimed at promoting a way out of the unemployment, which nowadays affects increasing number of people around the world. Keywords: Unemployment, Positivity, Loss, Role Transition, Perceived Competences to Find a Job 270 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6498 Ethnic diversity and media: the representation of migration in the three main Italian newspapers Marta Tedesco, Gianluca Giraudo Department of communication and social research, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy In the production of journalistic contents that characterizes the contemporary information world, we assist to rising phenomena - such as scandal politics, the continued creation of breaking news and the tendency to the spread of unverified news - that have been studied among others by Castells and Boczkowski. This context is also influenced by the increasing digitalization in the process of sources retrieval and news elaboration and by the frantic consumption by readers. Among other consequences, we observe a greater approximation in treating delicate topics such as diversity ethnic. This phenomen has emphasized also by the research activities of a collective and multidisciplinary reality such as “Carta di Roma”, engaged in the reporting of cases of "bad" journalism in reference to migration issues. In the background of this theoretical framework, the present study intends to focus on the treatment that online editions of three main Italian newspapers reserve to the ethnic diversity. “La Repubblica”, “il Corriere della Sera” and “la Stampa” are compared to study similarities and differences in the narration of the most recent migration episodes, with the aim of drawing the mainstream journalistic approach to these phenomena. From a methodological point of view, the research conducts a content analysis on ten items – contributions that show a specific interest in the expression of ethnic diversity – of each newspaper. Keywords: Italian newspaper, ethnic diversity, migration, journalism 271 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6504 Woman in Turks According To Dede Korkut Book Sami BASKIN, Tuğba KARAKAYALI Department of Education, University of Gaziosmapaşa, Turkey Literary texts have been blended with the cultural elements of the societies they belong to. Every writer tells the society s/he belongs to, the life s/he knows and the situation s/he could imagine. Therefore; the readers acquire knowledge about the lifestyle, nutrition and belief of the society in which these works have been produced and also their relations with nature and other nations. The data have been attained from Dede Korkut (Dresden Copy) book in this study in which the social role of woman in Turkish folk culture in Old Periods, viewpoint towards the woman and the non-human entities associated with woman have been examined. Dede Korkut book is one of the oldest works of Ghuzz Turks. This work estimated to have been written in the second half of 15th century consists of twelve stories and a foreword transferred for centuries from mouth to mouth and being a verbal traditional work. These foreword and stories contain information regarding the lifestyle, economy, belief, dresses, feedings and nature of Ghuzz Turks. Based on this information, it is possible to discover the social, psychological, economic etc. role of the women in life. In addition; the attributions associated with women, the names given to the entities in nature by inspiration from women or the situations in which women have been defined with transfers from nature are also important data for the definition of women in the old Turkish culture. Dede Korkut (Dresden copy) book has been examined with document scanning method for the women to be able to be described in the Turkish culture in that period and for all these feminine situations to be able to be revealed, document analyses of the sections detected to be about women have been conducted; names, attributions and assimilations related to the women have been collected and they have been interpreted. As a result of the examination; it has been observed that women are separated into four groups according to their behaviors in the foreword section of Dede Korkut book. Three of them are the unwanted types of women. Only one group has been described as good women. It has also been indirectly told in the stories that the status of the daughters is lower than the boys. For instance; it has been told in the assemblies arranged by Bayindir Han every year and in which Ghuzz masters have been invited that those having sons have been welcomed in white marquees, those having daughters 272 have been welcomed in red marquees and those having no daughter or son have been welcomed in black marquees. Regarding the names given to the women; Turkish names such as Can Kiz, Salcan Hatun, Banu Cicek have been preferred as well as the names with Arabian Islamic roots and that are still used today such as Zeliha, Zubeyde, Ayna Melek, Kutlu Melek. Keywords: Woman in Turkish culture, Dede Korkut book, woman names in Turks, attributions and assimilations related to woman. 273 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6505 The Criticism of Social Assistances from the Perspective of Public Choice Theory Serdar Yay Instructor Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey Social assistances, including all kinds of financial supports with social and economical aims for poor and needy people and groups in the society, in the widest sense is a political instrument consisting of financial and practical social income made by semi-official and voluntary organizations based on the authorization given by government agencies or law in order to make people who are deprived of living themselves and people around them self-sufficient. Public choice theory, briefly it can be defined as ‘Economic Analysis of Political Science’, is a discipline, based on the early 18th century, explain decisions and practices in political process by using of instruments, methods and assumptions that economics use. James M. Buchanan, who led to the birth of Public Choice Theory, analyzes social assistances made by the state from the perspective of public choice theory in his published ‘Samaritan's Dilemma’ study in 1975 by inspiring from Samaritan story in Bible. Buchanan describes this dilemma as a game in which receipts and aiders bargain and exploit aids. When we, as a society, evaulate Samaritan’s Dilemma game limited by a charitable person’s interaction, It is seen that social assistances move away from real purpose and turn into an exploiting field. According to Buchanan, the way getting rid of Samaritan’s Dilemma is not social assistances made by states, but social assistances made by voluntary organizations. In this study, social assistances will be discussed from the perspective of Public Choice Theory and Samaritan's Dilemma, pioneer of the theory about social assistances, will be assessed. Keywords: Social Assistances, Samaritan's Dilemma, Public Choice Theory, James M. Buchanan 274 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6507 Transformation of Turkish Public Administration: An Assessment on New Public Administration Conception Emine Yay Instructor Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey One of the most important administrative features at the end of 20. Century and in 21. Century is that different administrative approachs performed and these approachs shaped our current administrative structure. In this process, in which some new concepts and prcatices are implemented at both national and global level, especially changes in private sector had led to significant transformation in the field of administration by affecting public sector directly. Since then the mid-1970s, new public administration concept with flexible organizational structure, decentralization and minimal state concept replaced with traditional public administration approach centralized, rigid hierarchical and strict adherence to rules. Since the beginning of the 1980s, traditional public administration was no of use both theorically and practically. New forms of public administration were adopted and this new approach showed up as new paradigma in public sector. After 1980s, New public administration approach popularized worldwide and Turkey couldn’t remain insensitive against this transformation. This new administrative approach being implemented in Turkey by Turgut Özal, begun to show the impact of transformation in public administration. In this study, changes occuring on the field of both the central and local units in the framework of the new public administration approach of Turkey public administration will be examined and good governance principles, which is prerequisite for democracy and citizen-oriented development of Turkish publich administration, will be mentioned based on the governance concept that puts communication between the governing and administer in the framework of the principle of participatory democracy. Keywords: Public Administration, Turkish Public Administration, New Public Management, Transformation 275 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6510 Adopting Brand Values to Internal Customers: Case of Vestel A.Ş. Aysun Kahraman, Canan AY Dr., Prof. Dr. Celal Bayar University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Departmet of Business Administration, Uncubozkoy Campus, 45030, Manisa,Turkey The contemporary marketing environment which is highly competitive and uncertain forces companies to be different from their competitors. For making difference and gaining competitive advantage, providing unique values to customers has come into prominence. As delivering brand values, the brand promise must be embraced by employees because they’re brand ambassadors. Implementing the approach called internal branding helps companies to make employees understand the brand values. This study aims to investigate implementation of internal branding in a manufacturing organization. While analyzing previous studies, it has been detected that the studies about internal branding is too limited in our country. There are lots of studies about internal branding in foreign literature however most of them focused on service firms. For this reason, it is believed that this study which investigates the internal branding practices in a manufacturing firm will contribute to national and international literature. Data gathering methods for this study are observation, examination of the web site and documents of the firm, paired depth interview. The paired depth interview’s conducted with two managers of Vestel A.Ş. who have information about internal branding practices. Paired interviews provide interaction between people so researchers can get more data. The question form was constituted by investigating previous studies which are about steps of implementing internal branding. After analyzing data we had an idea about steps, difficulties and critical success factors of internal branding practices in a real manufacturing firm. Finally, we offered managerial implications for firms to motivate, inspire and engage employees via internal branding. Keywords: internal branding, brand values, employees, strategy 276 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6513 A Specific Building For Women in Kyzikos Hacer ÇORUH Assistant Professor Harran University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Archaeology Şanlıurfa - TURKEY Kyzikos is one of Anatolia's most leading cities. According to ancient writers Kyzikos was established by the goddess Kore (Persephone). The people of Kyzikos believed that Zeus gave Kyziskos to Persephone as a dowry. Kore and her mother Demeter’s cult was dominant in the city. This mystery cult is based on the myth of Kore’s abduction. Several Anatolian cities such as Sardis, Gordion, Nysa, Hierapolis, Magnesia and Tralles considered that Kore’s abductıon occured ın their cities. The people of Kyzikos also traditionally believed the abduction occured within their city. This event was celebrated and immortalized in the coinage of the city. Various elements of this civic myth are portrayed in cultic celebration. Images of the cult of Kore Soteira were frequently depicted on the coins. One such element appears to be a large, round structure, probably a cult structure, that contains a door near the middle; the door is shown always closed. A short stairway is shown approaching this door. The door is flanked by two torches wıth snakes curling upwards. Keeping the door closed and the unusual architecture of the building is due to the secret rituals. Kyzikos coins from the 2nd and 3rd century A.D. must be associated with secret ceremonies of Demeter and Kore. What is surprising is that archaeological finds concerning the cult of Kyzikos Kore so far are missing. Only epigraphic and the ancient sources, along with ancient coins minted by the city, serve as our only evidence regarding this cult. Keywords: Kyzikos, Cyzicus, Kore, Kore Soteira, Kyzikos Coins, Persephone, Demeter. 277 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6514 Language dominance in bilinguals Horabail Venkatagiri Associate Professor 2130 Pearson Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA When a speaker speaks two or more languages, how are those languages organized in the brain, what relationship exists between these languages in the brain of the speaker, and how does the speaker use the languages for communication? These are the questions answered in the bilingual/multilingual research literature. In answering these questions, the concept of “language dominance” plays a central role. It is held that, in bilinguals, the language the speaker is more proficient in is dominant. Through a thorough literature review and new data, I will argue in this presentation that for bilinguals who use both languages on a regular basis in their communities, one language is not dominant. Language dominance is context and topic specific – one language may be dominant for communication in certain contexts and for certain topics while the other language may be dominant for a different set of contexts and topics. Facts, stored in our memory, are retrieved using a language and thoughts are generated using a language. Let's call facts and thoughts as "knowledge structures." We only have one set of knowledge structures, which can be retrieved using either language. In a particular context or for a particular topic, the language that has the more direct connection to the pertinent knowledge structures is dominant. If a French speaker studied human anatomy in English, for topics related to human anatomy, English is dominant even though, when talking about cuisine, for instance, French may be dominant. I will offer a revised definition of bilingual language dominance. Keywords: bilinguilism, language dominance, language proficiency, knowledge structures 278 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6518 Identification of Preschool Teachers’ Digital Empowerment Levels Fatma Elif Kilinc, Guluzar Sule Tepetas Cengiz Faculty of Health Sciences - Yıldırım Beyazıt Universitesi Ankara, Turkey As interwoven concepts, knowledge and technology play active roles in the development processes of societies. Technology use is increasing rapidly in the world. The skills required to access and utilize information have changed parallel to widespread use of technology and it has become imperative to develop digital empowerment skills. Digital empowerment includes easy access to necessary information that is generated by various technologies which digitally cache and transfer information; understanding and evaluating the accessed information and knowledge generation. Hence, learning environments’ and teachers’ competences in efficient technology use and in organizing technology based learning experiences affect acquisition of digital empowerment skills by students. This study aimed to identify preschool teachers’ digital empowerment levels. A descriptive method was used to present preschool teachers’ digital empowerment levels. Study group was composed of 107 preschool teachers employed in Bolu province. “Digital Empowerment Scale” developed by Akkoyunlu, Yılmaz Soylu and Çağlar (2010) was used as the data collection tool. It was found that 21.5% of the teachers had moderate digital empowerment levels while 78.5% had high digital empowerment levels. When teachers’ digital empowerment mean scores were examined in terms of subscales, it was found that the highest level of digital empowerment was observed in “awareness” followed by "motivation", "technical access" and "empowerment”. Keywords: Digital empowerment, preschool 279 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6520 University as a brand and Social Media Moira Colantoni PhD Student Department of Communication and Social Research, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy The aim of this paper is to analyze how universities use social media, especially as regards their growing penetration rate among users, both worldwide – there are over 2 billion unique accounts – and at European level where we can sum over 400 million accounts (We are Social, January 2016). This trend is combined with a growing interest by academic institutions, both public and private, in these specific communication fields, which are intended both as complementary to traditional means of contact with the student, as well as a wider communication channel. The background of this context is the ever more competitive approach of universities in relation to orientation and tutoring activities, which emphasizes a logic of competition involving the university’s ability to promote itself as a brand, in order to increase entrants and obtain, inter alia, funds in support of teaching and research. In this paper I will focus on the best European public universities within the EHEA (European Higher Education Area), according to the 2015 Shanghai Ranking, and how they use social media to engage with the academic community. I will try to find out if there are any common and recurring best practices; if it is possible to identify categories of use and if there is or is not a structured dedicated team, in which a social media manager exists. By doing so, this paper will help us comprehend the relevance of social media across some European academic excellences. Keywords: Social Media, University, European Higher Education Area, Reputation, Branding 280 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6522 EVALUATION OF THE PRIORITIES ESTABLISHED FOR ENVIRONMENT IN THE REGIONAL PLANS IN TURKEY Ahmet Ucar, Uluc Cagatay Department Of Political Science And International Relations, Celal Bayar University, Manisa/Turkey The region term generally means as terrain of which borders are determined by certain criteria. Although it had some different meanings during the historical process, today, it is usually used to define the spatial organisations formed against the new statues emerged along with globalisation. On the other hand, regional planning is an instrument for aggregation of the regions for economical, social and environmental goals. The regional planning in Turkey can be regarded as a kind of planning that is prepared the spatial organisations in the development plans to reach these goals and to direct how the physical planning should be made. The key element taken as a reference on the subject what the regional plans should include in Turkey is the Level 2 classification based on the NUTS(Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics) adopted along with EU harmonization process. In this level framework, in Turkey, 26 regions has been established and a Development Agency is charged with each of them. The Development Agencies are essential factors on local level to make the regional plans. Therefore, there are 26 regional plans in Turkey. In this study, by studying some selected reginal plans, what the priorities established for environment will be determined and evaluated with each other comparatively, and what is amed with these priorities in the point of Development Agencies will be emphasised. Keywords: Regional Plans, Environment, Development Agencies, Sustainable Development 281 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6524 The Effects of Social Media Using Within The Family Relations Osman Metin Assistant Professor Sosyoloji Bolumu, Fen Edebiyat Fakultesi, Afyon Kocatepe Universitesi, ANS Kampusu, Afyonkarahisar, Turkiye The family is the smallest social groups of society. The family has an important position in the emergence of an organized society. It is also decisive in the development of the individual's socialization of family and social relationships. Relationships within the family provides is the basis of social institutions and the emergence in the family. Technology and the emergence of new habits in family relationships can be a transformation. In the literature, this time in the network society where the use of internet based social media identification are examples of this habit. Their spouses and children in relation to the prevalence of social media usage has become certain transformation can be observed. This situation can be analyzed in factual this basic question of the research is. In this context, the impact on relationships within the family of the use of social media will be examined. Keywords: Family, social media, family relations 282 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6525 Hatice Vatansever Bayraktar:Examination of The Self-Efficacy of Primary School Teacher Candidates Towards First Reading-Writing Education Hatice Vatansever Bayraktar Assistant Professor Department of PreSchool Teacher Training, Education Faculty, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Turkey The objective of this study is to examine the levels of the self-efficacy of primary school teacher candidates towards first reading-writing education and whether they differentiate by various variables. The study is prepared in accordance with the scanning model. The universe of this study consists of the primary school teacher candidates who receive education at an Education Faculty of a public university in Istanbul province. As for the sample, it consists of 124 primary school teacher candidates who receive education at the Education Faculty of two public universities in Istanbul province. As for the data collection tool, the “Self-efficacy towards First Reading-Writing Education Scale” developed by Delican (2016) was employed in this study. As a result of the study, there is not a significant difference between the self-efficacies of the primary school teacher candidates towards first readingwriting education depending on their age. The self-efficacy of the primary school teacher candidates towards first reading-writing education creates a significant difference depending on the gender variable. In the preparation, application and evaluation sub-dimensions and on the scale overall, the self-efficacy of females towards first reading-writing education is higher when compared to males. There is a significant difference depending on the variable of the grade in which the primary school teacher candidates receive an education. The self-efficacy of the primary school teacher candidates who receive education in the 3rd grade towards first reading-writing education is higher when compared to the primary school teacher candidates in the 4th grade. There is not a significant difference between the self-efficacy of the primary school teacher candidates towards first readingwriting education depending on the variable of thinking that teaching first reading-writing to primary school first grades is a hard work. The self-efficacy of the primary school teacher candidates who have previously helped their siblings or nephews/nieces during the process of learning first reading and writing towards first reading-writing education is higher in regard to the application and evaluation sub-dimensions and the scale overall. It was observed that the self-efficacy of the primary school teacher candidates towards first reading-writing education in regard to the preparation and application sub-dimensions and the scale overall was high; the self-efficacy of the primary school teacher candidates towards first reading-writing education according to the evaluation sub-dimension was at a quite high level. Keywords: primary school teacher candidate, first reading writing, the self-efficacy of first readingwriting education 283 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6527 Could We Use Kinect Technology for Foreign Language Education? Erman Yukselturk, Serhat Altiok, Memet Ucgul Faculty of Education, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey In this study, we propose a novel approach that makes the student have chance to examine and evaluate on one's own and then promotes metacognition in foreign language courses. In this novel approach, Kinect technology, through which students can monitor themselves and find the opportunity to participate in the activities or games as a group in environments close to real life, would be used. For this purpose, Kinect-based situational games would be developed as a learning material for students who take foreign language courses. As a result, we will discuss several variables that have a significant upgrade capacity by using this innovative approach. This study is supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, project no: 115K489). Keywords: Kinect Technology, Metacognition, Foreign Language 284 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6529 The Role of Positive Self-Evaluation and Attachment for Existential Meaning among Young Women Ivana Václaviková, Lenka Selecká, Jana Holienková Department of Psychology, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia This article deals with the topic of how young women make sense of life and focuses on crucial factors that may play an important role in their lives as existential meaning makers: core self-evaluations and adult attachment. Positive core self-evaluations represents an individual fundamental positive evaluation about themselves, their own abilities and their own sense of control. It may be expected, the positive self attitude should be a protective factor against the feeling of existential frustration. Further, an individual is inherently living in social boundaries. As such, close relationships are essential for process of meaning in life creation. Due to importance of rearing in the development of actual relationships, the examination of father's rejection is included. The research sample consists of 383 women (M=24.68; SD=4.33). The LOGO-TEST (Lukas, 1971, trans. Balcar, 1992), The Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (Brennan, Clark, Shaver, 1998, trans. Bieščad, Hašto, 2009), The Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES; Judge et al., 1997, trans. Karasová, Očenášová, 2014), and s-EMBU (My memories of upbringing, Arrindell, et al., 1999, trans. Poliaková, Mojžíšová, Hašto, 2007) are used. The linear regression analysis has confirmed the core self-evaluations as a predictor for existential meaning: the lower core self-evaluations, the higher existential frustration (B=-0.590; p=0.000). Another important predictors confirmed are attachment-related anxiety (B=0.167; p=0.000) and avoidance (B=0.077; p=0.049). Further analysis has shown another differences between women with high and low core self-evaluations in terms of adult attachment, and father's rejection. Theoretical implications and gains for counselling process are discussed. Keywords: core self-evaluations, existential frustration, adult attachment, women 285 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6530 Children's experiences of bullying in ten primary schools in Kosovo Natyra Agani, Linda Hoxha, Kaltrina Kelmendi Department of Psychology, University of Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo The purpose of this study was to examine children's experiences of bullying within the school context. The sample was composed of 1039 children (48% were males and 52% females) between grades 6 through 9 in ten primary schools, respectively five municipalities in Kosovo. Results showed that bullying is present within school context, especially among children who belong in 6th and 9th grade, where 17% reported to have experienced bullying during the last month, while 69% did not experience bullying. Correlations between bullying and individual factors such as age, gender, socio-economic status, and academic performance were conducted. In addition, comparative analyses between municipalities were also conducted. Potential mediating factors, such as cultural differences regarding conceptualization and definitions of bullying in Albanian language will be discussed, as well as implications for policy and practice. Keywords: Bullying, education, primary schools, prevalence 286 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6531 Will the secular-laic society bring social gender mainstreaming with the outlooks of feminist movements in Turkey? Eylem Sayin PhD Student Public Administration, University of Mugla Sitki Kocman, Mugla, Turkey The struggle for gender mainstreaming; against discrimination of the idea that people in the conservatives defend male and female are not equal physically, is not intended to start a sexual function equivalence discussion. Implied equality here is the understanding that there will be equality as human beings; regardless of women's and men's reproductive differences. Although suggested that this will be possible with the construction of the modern system of the equality principle is used, how much the effect on this patriarchal structure is controversial. Here the problem is; beyond fictionalizing, whether to establish effective modernization, or not. As stated by Marx, “social progress can be measured with the social position of women in an infallible way.” From this perspective, the social position of women and the exposure of the negative effects, indicates that the perspective trying to figure out modernization couldn't solve the problem exactly or follow the right way to solve the problem. All over the world and especially in Turkey, it wouldn't be exaggerated to say that there is a hypocritical attitude in ensuring gender equality when we consider the plight of the woman. Modern-looking patriarchal structures in decision-making, formed a scene of what they want to see and to be seen, rather than producing a solution with the understanding of a secular society and a laic-secular state. Keywords: Gender mainstreaming, patriarchal modernization, feminist movements. 287 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6532 EVALUATING POETRY TITLES AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS: WHAT DO THEY REFLECT? Didem Tuna Assistant Professor İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl Üniversitesi, Yenidoğan, Yılanlı Ayazma Caddesi No:26, 34010 Cevizlibağ / Zeytinburnu/İstanbul The Garip Movement in Turkish poetry, also called First New, was initiated by three young poets, Orhan Veli, Melih Cevdet and Oktay Rifat, with the publication of a book of poems titled Garip in 1941. Garip means “bizarre” or “odd,” and the word was used literally both for the movement and the book because these poems were unusual and uncommon for that period. Orhan Veli explained the particularities of the movement in the foreword of the book. Rhyme and measure were avoided in the poems written within this framework. The poets were against metaphors, figurative expressions, all kinds of artificiality, and fancy or ornate use of language. They tried to apply everyday language to poetry, and accordingly, they used certain words and expressions not previously employed in poetry. Ordinary people and their lives was a major theme. They were against poeticality in particular and also everything that was of yore. In this study, the titles of the poems in the book will be examined as gateways to the universe of meaning projected in each poem to see the extent to which they reflect the poem and the particularities of the movement. After that, the English and French translations of the titles will be compared with the original titles, and the results will be evaluated by Jean Claude Coquet’s Theory of Instances of Enunciation from the point of view of the semiotics of translation; the translator will be treated as the receiver of the discourse in the context of the original text and the producer of discourse in the context of the target text Keywords: The Garip Movement, Orhan Veli, Melih Cevdet, Oktay Rifat, Semiotics of Translation 288 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6533 A Survey on the Characteristics Effective on the Preference of Rural Recreation Areas Derya SARI Assistant Professor Artvin Çoruh University Faculty of Forestry Department of Landscape Architecture 08000, Artvin, Turkey Due to the increasing urbanization in the times we live in, human life became a stress factor. Thus, physical and psychological renewal became a significant need for urbanites. Changing the environment is one of the ways to fulfil this need. Individuals who consider urban environment unsatisfactory for this purpose started to be interested in rural recreation areas and natural environments to satisfy their needs to spend quality and rejuvenating time. Rural recreation areas provide the best opportunities for the urban individuals to be in a natural environment. Individuals prefer these areas for clean air, tranquility, natural visual attractions and similar reasons. Furthermore, several different factors (age, gender, income level, cultural background, etc.) could be effective on individuals’ choice for recreational activities. Determination of these factors would guide the planners and administrators in identification of the sufficiency, content and adequacy of the recreation activities that would be developed. The objective of the present study is to determine the qualities effective on the preference of individuals on rural recreation areas. In the context of the study, the effectiveness of 20 identified factors on preference was determined using a survey form. The relationships between the participants’ demographic data and the effectiveness on preference were analyzed. The rates of preference of the 20 effective rural recreation area preference factors were identified and correlation analysis was conducted. At the end of the study, several recommendations were presented on identification and planning of recreation areas. Keywords: Recreation, Rural recreation areas, Recreational activities, Natural landscapes 289 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6534 Qualities and Metaphors Attributed to Women in Kutadgu Bilig Sami BASKIN, Tuğba KARAKAYALI Department of Turkhis Education, gaziosmanpasa university, Tokat, Turkey Kutadgu Bilig which describes how social life must be and shows the qualifications of ideal person is one of the masterpieces of Turkish literature. Yusuf Has Hacib identified the ideal person as “a person who is purified from all bad qualifications and adorned with good manners” in his work. According to him “this person is a believer who has piousness and attaches to Allah for dear life. He is a wise and savant who learned all lore and ingenuities in his term. He has some qualifications such as poetry, eloquence, calculation, geometry, medicine etc. as well as knowing all languages and alphabets. He doesn’t give up justice and integrity and he is also modest and demure. He doesn’t steal, tell lies, drink alcohol and gossip. He is quite generous and bighearted. He behaves merciful and conscientious to the people around him. He behaves according to the customs and etiquettes”. All these good manners are necessary to discharge social functions properly. This is an obligatory situation for the leading people such as emperor, vizier, governor, commander as well as common people such as clerk, cook, soldier. Therefore in the work, a social person and the relation between the people was explained. As a matter of course women are the important part of this statement. In some cases, characteristics attributed to the women are mentioned, and sometimes embodied metaphors were produced using qualities belonged to the women. Such kinds of lexical units which are the examples of the richness of Turkish expression and opportunities given to poet from literature provide important datas to understand Yusuf Has Hacib’s poetic language and viewpoint to women. For example, in these lines the world was personalised and likened to flirtatious woman. Ara kılkı kız teg kılmçı silig Sevitür sunup tutsa birmez elig Ara körse yügrür bezenip udu Ara körmedük teg kılur yir kodu Yusuf Has Hacib used this common metaphor related to the women (to be coward like a woman) to encourage the warriors. 290 Yağıda kereksiz yüreksiz kişi Yüreksiz kişi ol tişiler işi The poet used some common metaphors that reflects girl’s features who is going to get married (hosewife; virgin, etc.) For example, in this couplet the features of the girl are follows; usa ew kızı al elig tegmedük seniñde adın er yüzin körmedük To find out and analyse Yusuf Has Hacib’s metaphors and qualities related to women, the book called Kutadgu Bilig published by Kabalcı Publications was analysed using document scanning method and these metaphors were found out and these document analysis were described. As a result of the research, it was seen that a lot of metaphors related to woman (such as being wellbehaved, virgin, having good family, having piousness and modesty otherwise it is imperfection etc.) were used and they reflect the life style of Turkish people and social understanding. At the same time, abstract concepts were embodied and the descriptions were made to emphasize the concrete concepts using women’s features (for example darkness of the sky was likened to an angry woman who covers her face with her hair). Keywords: Kutadgu Bilig, qualities attributed to women, using woman’s features on embodying. 291 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6535 EVALUATION OF THE USE OF NATURALLY GROWING PLANTS IN Natural Areas IN THE RESPECT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE HİLAL SURAT Assistant Professor artvin coruh university department of landscape architecture Artvin is recognized as an important gene source, because of the rich genetic diversity found in Turkey's flora. Artvin has a great variety of native plant species. However, the number of cultivated plant species doesn't reflect this richness. Exotic species are extensively used for planting applications. Nowadays, environmental problems have attracted an increasing interest in public agenda raising the public awareness for ecological issues and creating significantly higher expectations. Using native species in landscape applications is becoming a more common practice. There is a great body of literature that denotes using native plant species to support ecological integrity of urban and rural spaces. To utilize these benefits, first of all, the flora of the each region has to be elaborately recognized and specific propagation methods have to be determined. The goal of this research was to determine some native herbaceous species present natural areas in Artvin flora and their possible use as ornamental plants in landscape applications.. Keywords: Landscape, Native plants, National Parks, Artvin 292 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6536 Predisposition to eating disorders in adolescence and self-esteem Semiramida Manaj PhD Student Department of Psychology, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania Eating disorders are being widely noted nowadays in many societies, also in the albanian society . Individuals affected more often by eating disorders are women, mostly girls in late adolescence and early adulthood age. The purpose of this study was to focus on exploring the relationship between the tendency to develop an eating disorder and levels of self-esteem of teenage girls 15-18 years old. In this study participated 300 teenage girls. They completed two measure instruments : Multidimensional eating disorder inventory-Garner, Olmstead & Polivy (1983) which measured respectively eating disorders symptoms and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (1965) which measured the self-esteem levels of the teenage girls. The hypothesis of the current study was that there was a significant link between levels of self-esteem and the tendecy to develop an eating disorder at teenage girls 15-18 years old. The result in the end of th study was that there is a statistically important relationship between the tendency to develop an eating disorder dhe self-esteem levels of the teenage girls. The study showed that the correlation between levels of self-esteem and tendency to develop an eating disorder was significant. Teenage girls with low self-esteem showed more symptoms of eating disorders, they were in border to develop an eating disorders or they already had one. Keywords: Adolescence, eating disorders, predisposition, risk factors, self-esteem 293 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6538 COMPARISON OF LEADERSHIP STYLES OF STUDENTS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS Irem DOST Master Student Çanakale 18 Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey In this research, at what level students in public and private high schools have leadership qualities and similarities and differences of these qualities are examined. It has been tried to be determined if leader student behaviors have been showing significant differences according to the type of class and school or not. Descriptive survey method is used to obtain data in this study. To determine the leadership features of students both in public and private high schools and similarities and differences of them, Bolman and Deal’s ‘ Leadership Orientations Scale ’ was applied to the 9, 10, 11 and 12th grade students in six different types of high schools. The data was analyzed by SPSS statistic programme. The collected data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test and anova tests. Six different types of high schools in Edirne have been taken as sample in this study and the number of the participant students was 753. Research results indicate that leader student behaviors have shown differences according to the type of school. Wherein science high schools came into prominence. Having their own rooms, their parents’ educational background and profession and monthly income have an effect on leader student behaviors. In general, the type of school effects the leader student behaviors and forms differences. Keywords: leader student behaviors, leadership, leadership orientations 294 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6543 A STUDY ON THE WELFARE SERVICE ACTIVITIES OF MUNICIPALITIES: A DETERMINATION WITH SWOT ANALYSIS Nilufer Negiz, Ahmet Ucar Department Of Public Administration, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta-Turkey While municipalities are providing services in local areas, the welfare service and social welfare delivery of them for the groups which can be defined as poor and/or disadvataged are regarded as requirement of the welfare state constitutionally. Welfare service is defined in cash and kind aids for the disadvataged groups of society to supply them social surroundings with the facilities of state and to sustain a harmonious life with their surroundings and proper for their honour (Ugurlu, 2002: 10). The main theme of this study consists of The Welfare Service Activities of Municipalities. Due to the similarities of the activities of municipalities, a limitation has to be required and so it has been planned that the welfare service activities of Isparta Municipality and Manisa Metropolitan Municipality will be discussed comperatively. Metropolitan and Province municipalities approach and provide the welfare services differently in the point of both their administrative status and service types. Isparta as province municipality, on the other hand, Manisa as metropolitan municipality represent agencies of Turkish Local Administration System. The main aim of the study has consisted of that the welfare service activities of either municipalities in the point of application will be analysed both by administrative status and the existing applications with SWOT analysis comperatively by conducting an interview with related department manager. Keywords: Social Municipalism, Welfare Servıce, Social Responsibility 295 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6546 Is The Nursing Image Changing ? Aysegul OKSAY SAHIN Assistant Professor Karabuk University, School of Health, Nursing Department, Demir Celik Kampusu 78050 Karabuk/TURKEY Professional image is the concept that a group is evaluated by the community and these values are accepted widely. The basis of a successful image is the fact that the people have a positive image about themselves. How the individuals perceive themselves and the image that they give off is very important. While the professional image is a rare subject that has been searched about it has a great importance on account of the fact that it affects the work, attitude and behaviors. It is known that the image has an important role as a factor reflecting professionalism and affecting nursing which has a centenary history around the world. A prestige of a profession is valued through the quality of the service it gives to the community. It is necessary for the members of the profession and the people who will take advantage of the services to completely understand the contribution that nursing makes about health care. Nursing image affects the individuals who think about choosing nursing as a career, the decision makers about nursing practices and the behaviors of the people receiving the service. The decreasing value of nursing in the eyes of the community affects the professional image negatively and it has some more effects such as the decrease in job satisfaction of nurses, weakening in professional and organizational commitment, high level of tension in working atmosphere, low work performance and intention to go on working. It is quite important in health care organizations about ensuring the quality of service to make the nurses stay within the organization and to prevent them from leaving the profession. According to the studies, the reasons such as inadequacy of nurse employment, bad working conditions, high number of professional risks, and inadequacy of clinical branch out, little number of male nurses affect the nursing image negatively. Each nurse has to be aware of how his/her professional perception and activities affect the professional image. Members of the profession who have absorbed the profession, has a positive opinion about the future of nursing, contributes to the community and who can present this contribution will affect the professional image of the community positively. In this study, changes in nursing image in Turkey and their effects have been searched. Keywords: Nursing image, nurses, professionalism 296 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6551 The Road to Survival, The Road to America Aysegul Gundogdu Instructor Dr. Department of American Culture and Literature, Dokuz Eylul University, Tınaztepe Kampusu, Buca, Izmir American road movie, as a genre, is known for its, as Laderman puts it, “embrace of the journey as a means of cultural critique” (1). This journey becomes the starting point both for new possibilities and possible dangers outside of the society and cultural borders. The road itself is the emblem for freedom, adventure, pioneer spirit and challenging of both the order and the borders of society. In many of the traditional examples of this genre are the movies depicting heroes and/or heroines leaving society, order and “home” to search for a new and different meaning of life. In a somewhat different context from this theme of the traditional American desire for free and open roads, based on Cormac McCarthy’s novel with the same title, the movie The Road (dir. John Hillcoat) depicts a post-apocalyptic America where all is dust and ashes with a gloomy gray atmosphere. This is not America promising a free city upon a hill to its settlers but a dangerous and deserted no man’s land where a father and son are on a long journey trying to reach to the sea just to save themselves and to survive. Accordingly, this paper aims at discussing how The Road presents a different version of the traditional road movie structure and a different version of America with its basic premises of freedom, individuality and being the city upon the hill as the promised land. Keywords: America, road, movie 297 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6552 DOUBLE-FACED NATURE OF THE FREE MARKET IDEOLOGY: THE DISCOURSE OF THE MINIMAL STATE AND FREE MARKET ECONOMY: AN ASSESSMENT ON THE AXIS OF THE KARL POLANYİ GREAT TRANSFORMATION BETUL SARI Master Student Department of Economics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey World have underwent a radical transformation in the context of the economical, social, political, cultural aspects after the Second World War. The Great Transformation was written by Karl Polanyi in order to introduce those transformations before their materialization. Polanyi’s main thesis is that there is no such thing as free market. He called the impossibility of an economy independent of government and existence of the free market economy as a stark utopia. With another saying, according to Polanyi, emergence of economic liberalism is not a spontaneous process. On the contrary, such an economic structure requires state intervention intensively. This case is still evident with some experiences. As known after the Second World War, Keynesian doctrine showed its effect almost until mid 1970s. During this period, measures in order to increase the power of the state system have accelerated and ‘’interventionist state’’ approach was adopted. Oil crises of 1970s enables the economic system to remodeling with neoliberal order. After those cases, state became the main supporter of the deregulation, liberalization and privatization procedures in many countries. On the other hand, the 2008 crisis have proved the impossibility of the free market and also the necessity of the state intervention for the continuation of the economic system. As emphasized by the Polanyi, the functioning of the market system always depends on the legal, administrative and regulatory interventions of state. In addition to state intervention, international institutions such as the World Bank and IMF, proposes several policies to many countries and intervenes to the world economic system. Those cases reflected both advocation the necessity of the free market system and for the continuation of that perpetual regulations. When viewed from the mirror of history, some events have proved that repeatedly. The main objective of that study, realize the understanding of the free market system with the help of the Polanyi’s Great Transformation and prove its maintenance of validity and quality through historical perspective. Keywords: Karl Polanyi, Free Market, Free Market System, State, State Intervention. 298 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6555 What is the Impact of New Design with the Designer and Productional Identities? MURAT OZDAMAR Instructor Billkent University - Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design - 06800 - Bilkent - Ankara - TURKEY THE DESIGN MAKES THEM PROGRESSIVE… It is one of the hardest periods for a manufacturer, to say “I can do it” for a new furniture design; because it means that, he/she has to be working for the production/manufacturing way/process of that design. The interior architects/designers have to decide and know about the production process of the design; and in order to know it, they should be experienced through the subject. But the other part of the production, which is the manufacturer; they should also have to be open for the improvements or the developments in order to get on with the interior architects/designers. Because of this, new technological improvements, and design approaches should be traced with both by the interior architects/designers and the producers. But apart from technical and production topics, the main point is “to be open for a new idea”, which is the main point for a new design. By this way, in order to be able to respond for the new designs of the interior architects/designers, production identities have to have the knowledge about the subject, and should be open minded for the subject. By having the questionnaires and/or surveys with the students, the interior architects/designers, the business executives, the main question “What is the Impact of New Design with the Designer and The Production Identities” will be answered. With the help of this study it will be displayed that; we have to know and check about the professional needs for the students that they will be facing with after their graduation, and by the help of the questions and questionnaire(s), it will be a chance to discuss about the professional point of view related with the topic. Keywords: New Design - Manufacturing - Design Education 299 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6556 Determine the Usage Potential of Recreational Areas ‘Case of Artvin City, Turkey’ Banu KARASAH Assistant Professor Artvin Coruh University Faculty of Forestry Department of Landscape Architecture 08000 Artvin, Turkey Green spaces that provide recreational opportunities are decreased cause of incorrect land use and rapid urbanization. Unfavorable conditions in the urban areas and stressful work environments effected individuals negatively. Recreational areas offer opportunities for individuals to renew, who get tired result of these unfavorable conditions. These areas provide physical and psychological benefits as well as social benefits like gathering individuals, who have different ages, gender and economic conditions. Artvin city enabled lots of recreational activities with its shores, ski center, plateau, lakeshores, riverside, waterfalls and historical/cultural areas. The aim of this study is to determine the usage potential of recreational areas in Artvin city and its district, preferences activities in these areas and factors of limitations and/or encourage participation to recreational activities. For this purpose, a questionnaire is conducted with 150 people to determine the preferences and factors. Data obtained from this study would be a guide to designers, planners and local authority. Keywords: Recreation, Questionnaires, Recreational Opportunities, Artvin. 300 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6559 David Cameron's Policy on Turkey's European Union Membership Bid: From Full Support to Exclusion Ugur Burc Yildiz Dr. This study aims to explore the policy of British Prime Minister David Cameron on Turkey’s European Union membership bid. It is argued that although Prime Minister Cameron, like his predecessors did, had given powerful support to Turkey’s European Union membership for several reasons, such as to weaken federalist ambitions for the European Union and prevent German-French cooperation for deepening in the Council of the European Union, he has changed this policy in recent one and a half years because of three important reasons. First, due to Britons’ rising concerns on the impacts of the Syrian refugee crisis and the increasing threat of terrorism in Europe, Prime Minister Cameron clearly saw that it became politically impossible to support Turkey’s EU membership. Second, BritainEuropean Union Agreement of 20 February 2016 provided that the Britain would not be bound to "ever closer union" with other member states of the European Union, meaning that Britain officially managed to save itself from participating in a possible federal Europe. Third, Prime Minister Cameron had to announce his opposition to Turkey’s European Union membership since he saw that Leave votes were gaining strength shortly before the Brexit referendum. In contrast with the common argument in Turkey, the study concludes that if Britain remained in the European Union, it would no longer support Turkey’s membership because of Britons’ mentioned rising concerns and the Britain’s gain of special status in the European Union as a result of the February 2016 agreement. Keywords: David Cameron, Britain, Turkey, European Union, Brexit 301 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6566 The Role of Values in the Relationship between Political Discourse and Political Preferences: An Analysis of Turkey’s 12 June 2011 Parliamentary Elections from a Values Perspective Mustafa Yilmaz Associate Professor Department of Public Relation and Publicity, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey Actions, behaviors, preferences and decisions as well as rights and wrongs of an individual all point to a system of values. Because people’s acts and behaviors, as well as their assessment of events closely relate to the values they hold dearly, the effects of values on political preferences constitute an important topic of scholarly investigation. This study aims at figuring out the range of values that are most influential in political decision making in Turkey. This paper will examine Turkey’s 12 June 2011 parliamentary elections by utilizing the data gathered for a TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) funded research project: ‘A Political Values Map of Turkey in the 2000s: An Analysis of the Relationship between Political Discourse and Political Preference.’ It will conduct a content analysis using the Schwartz Scale of Values. The data is drawn from the cover pages and political news pages of five major daily newspapers representing different political ideologies: Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Radikal, Yeni Şafak and Zaman for a one month period preceding the 12 June elections. This was a period when the Ergenekon investigations were proceeding at full speed and the debates over the possibility of Turkey’s transition to a presidential system were voiced loudly for the first time. This paper asks what values political actors reference in their discourses. It investigates whether there are significant similarities or differences in the discourses of winners and losers. It also examines how politicians present and connect the different values they reference in their discourses. Keywords: Value, policy, election 302 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6568 Negative emotions may increase recognition errors in a memory prose task Lapo Pierguidi, Giorgio Gronchi, Stefania Righi, Giacomo Fini, Alessio Petroni, Alessia Riela, Maria Pia Viggiano Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health – Sect. Psychology, University of Florence,Florence,Italy People may develop false memories about past events. This is a fundamental topic both from a theoretical (e.g. the nature of semantic knowledge) and applicative (e.g. eyewitness memory) point of view. Emotions may play an important role when a witness try to remember an event during a trial. We explored the role of the emotions in the production of false memories. In fact, positive and negative emotions (such as happiness or sadness) may, respectively, broaden or restrict the focus of attention. Given that a large part of information is outside the focus of attention in case of a negative emotion, it can be predicted a higher number of false memories. The Deese- Roediger-McDermott (DRM)-based paradigm allows to investigate false memories. Participants are presented with a list of semantically-related words for learning. In a subsequent recognition memory task, people report the presence of another semantically-related word that was not actually present. In order to enhance the ecological validity of the research, we developed a DRM-like paradigm prose recognition memory task by writing a short story with 10 target words and two alternate endings (happy or sad, i.e. the experimental conditions). Participants (n = 92) were assigned to one of the two conditions and they had to evaluate the emotion evoked by the story. After a series of filler tasks, an incidental memory recognition test was administered. We observed that participants who read the sad story were more likely to produce false memories. Theoretical and applicative implications for psychology are discussed. Keywords: False Memories, Effect of emotions, Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm 303 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6574 The impact of United Kingdom's E.U. membership referendum on European Affaires Viron Matarangas Dr. İİSBF, İstanbul Bahçeşehir University, Turkey The decision to hold a referendum in the U.K. about this State's future in the E.U. was by itself a political event of major importance. The result in favour of leaving the E.U. might have been an unexpected outcome even for Mr. Cameron despite the highest percentage of Euroscepticism in Europe. U.K.'s citizens have never wholeheartedly accepted E.U.'s fundamental rules such as the free movement of persons including the right of establishment of E.U's citizens and the integration process. U.K. citizens are convinced that, the transfer of the decision making power in specific sectors to <supra-national> authorities is an antidemocratic procedure, because powerful <technocrats in Brussels> (allusion is made to European Commission' s staff) decide about us without consulting us! İt is to be noted that U.K. has always been and still is in favour of a free trade area, a concept substantially different from that of the Single Market. On the other hand, U.K. is traditionally opposed to the existence, on the opposite shore of the English Channel, of a State or a Union of States stronger than itself! Nowadays the German dominated E.U. has become a powerful Banking and Credit Organization. İnstead of tanks, arms and the famous warplanes <Stukas>, Germany uses Euro and Banks to achieve her domination in Europe. Referendum' s real aim is to weaken E.U., loosen the institutional ties between member States and impede further integration process. U.K. together with USA are worried about a strong E.U. which might have sometime in the future a European army, potentially independent of NATO. The referendum was simply a way of putting the cat among the pigeons, and to muddy the waters. 304 The result of the referendum will make little difference. The U.K. is going to stay in the E.U. in one form or another. Keywords: Euroscepticism, integration process, transfer of decision making power, supra-national authorities, European Army 305 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6576 DECIDING THE FOREX BROKAREGE FIRM BY USING TOPSIS ALGIN OKURSOY, DIDEM TEZSURUCU ADNAN MENDERES UNIVERSITY SOKE FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT 09200 SOKE / AYDIN Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) research has become the main area of the complex decision problems. In literature, many technıques are used in order to solve these problems. TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) proposed by Hwang and Yoon (1981) is one of these methods are most commonly used. According to this technique, the best alternative would be the one that is nearest to the positive ideal solution and farthest from the negative ideal solution. The positive ideal solution is maximizes the benefit criteria and minimizes the cost criteria, whereas the negative ideal solution maximizes the cost criteria and minimizes the benefit criteria. The foreign exchange market (FOREX) is the largest financial market in the world, with a volume of over $2 trillion daily. The first step of investing in the FX market is to decide the right brokerage firm for investors. Many criteria as spread, scalping, speed of transaction and swap etc. are affected to the deciding of selection brokerage firms. In this study, the criteria used in the selection of brokerage firms have been weighted by the investor and decided the brokerage firm by using TOPSİS. Keywords: DECISION MAKING, TOPSIS, FOREX 306 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6578 Business Plan for an Accounting Firm Aysun Atagan Çetin Instructor Keşan Yusuf Çapraz School of Applied Sciences, Trakya University, KEşan, Edirne, Turkey This paper work is focused on the accountancy business in Turkey and a business plan for a start up accounting firm which will be run by the researcher in Eskisehir, Turkey. This ILP investigates the market in the Eskisehir area to be clear about who will be the clients for this business. There has been a great deal of research about the importance of the accountancy profession for the community and businesses. The researcher emphasized the significant role of the profession and the information that the profession provide for the users. Based on the outcomes of the investigation the researcher developed a business plan that can be used as a guide for Independent Accountants who are interested in opening up their own business. Keywords: accountancy business, accounting firm 307 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6579 Gender continuum in Italian advertising. The representation of the LGBT identities according to the professionals Chiara Landi, Paola Panarese Dipartimento di Comunicazione e Ricerca Sociale, La Sapienza, Roma Object and Research question The paper regards the advertising practice as it relates to gender. In order to appreciate the commercial “culture of production” (du Gay, 1997), we studied the production processes that lead to particular gender representations. In fact, in spite of persistent criticisms of advertising’s treatment of gender (Kilbourne, 1999), few authors have focused their attention on the production process behind the gendered messages (Tuncay Zayer & Coleman, 2014). In particular, the paper aims to describe some results of a research about the influence of the production process in the Italian television commercials representation of gender. In particular, we focus on LGBT issues emerged in the survey, in the light of a gradual spread of a gay friendly advertising. The specific objective of the paper is to study the reasons that lead to the representation of the entire gender continuum in advertising - masculine, feminine and LGBT identities - differing from previous research focused on the objectification of the female body and the roles of the dichotomy man/womanwomen . Methods Because the study’s aim is to understand practitioners’ thinking about the work of advertising in their own terms and to evaluate those thoughts relative to existing theories, a qualitative design was selected. Semi-structured in-depth interviews with senior-level agency practitioners (40 creative, planning, and account directors working in Italy) were used as the key field method. Respondents were selected using snowball sampling. The views on LGBT issues within the advertising have emerged without direct questions, but the theme has naturally developed in conversation. 308 Results First results provide evidence for the existence of such autonomous practitioner knowledge schemas. Advertising agency professionals know well the bias of the most common representations of gender in Italian advertising. They recognize the most frequent sex-stereotypes and are critical towards them. They believe that gendered images are mainly caused by inexperienced operators or customers. Regarding the specific issue of homosexuality and gender diversity, LGBT identities introduced in some campaigns are not considered examples of a start of a recognition of the existence of a reality characterized by a mosaic of identity or a path for a full social inclusion, but it is considered as a trivial operation for the acquisition of new potential buyers. Keywords: gender, lgbt, advertising, identities 309 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6580 A BUSINESS PLAN FOR A BIODIESEL COMPANY Olgun Irmak Çetin Assistant Professor Keşan Yusuf Çapraz School of Applied Sciences, Trakya University, Keşan, Edirne, Turkey This project offers a new and professional approach and a set of techniques for producing biodiesel Turkey. Since biodiesel is a newly developing market in Turkey, it is a growing industry and promises benefits for all the parties related to the issue: government, society, next generations and the environment. This project explores the needs of the marketplace through marketing search in Turkey, and the significance of the pre-operational stage and its benefits. The business plan for Myodizel will explain the significance and benefits of this concept and thus, will work to achieve its mission. At the conclusion of the business plan, it shows that, Myodizel business plan is a profitable and a professional project. The company will guide the industry into new techniques of producing biodiesel and modern management approaches. Keywords: biodiesel, business plan 310 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6582 The notion of "City" in the Situationist International Ruken Aslan Assistant Professor Trakya Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Karaağaç EDİRNE The Situationist International, formed in Italy in 1957, as a collaboration between Letrist International, IMIB (The International Movement for an Imaginative Bahaus), Cobra movement and the London Psychogeographical Association, was one of the most radical political movements in the contemporary art scene. A group of artists and intellectuals led by theorists such as Guy Debord and Henry Lefebvre advocated for an approach in art whose focus was not the final product but everyday life experience. In everyday life experience, space constitutes a very important part of how we experience ourselves and the city. Their notion of “dérive”, an act of drifting in the city evokes Baudelaire’s image of “the flaneur” and the city strolls of the Surrealists. However, the Situationists’ drifting in the city differs from theirs in that “chance” hardly plays a role. They produce maps in which they examine the psychogeographical effects of the cities on the inhabitants, considering the city as a formation of which the individual experiences of people are also a part. The city as such contradicts with the capitalist notion of the city as based on the consumption of commodities and a stable and unified whole. Contrary to the capitalist subject who passively accepts and consumes what is offered , the situationist subject takes an active stance; a subject who is political, anarchistic and playful and continually open to communication with her/his environment. Keywords: Art, City, Situationist 311 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6583 Technology Gap in the Turkish Manufacturing Industry Alper Sönmez Assistant Professor Selcuk University, Department of Economics, Room A213, Selcuklu Konya Turkey This paper aims to investigate the role of technology gap and spillovers in the Turkish manufacturing industry. For this purpose, a series of econometric analyses are conducted by using firm-level panel data over 2003-2006. In our analyses, it is expected a negative correlation between technology gap and productivity level of the firms, because it is assumed that higher technological capabilities are necessary to benefit from the technological spillovers. Our findings produce highly significant and negative coefficients on technology gap variable interacted with forward spillovers as expected. This result indicate that firms with low technological capability have been benefited less from forward spillovers, in other words, highly technological firms benefit more from the forward technology spillovers. On the other hand, estimation results could not produce any significant evidence on technology gap variables interacted with horizontal and backward spillovers. In sum, the estimation results confirm the importance of the technological capabilities of the firms in order to benefit from forward technology spillovers. Keywords: Technology Gap, Technology Spillovers, Manufacturing Industry, Turkey 312 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6585 The Relationship between Turkey’s Nuts Export and its Price Alper Sönmez Assistant Professor Selçuk University, Department of Economics, Room A213, Selçuklu Konya Turkey The purpose of this research is to emprically examine the relationship between Turkey’s nuts export quantity and its own export price by using the Koyck and Almon technics. The reason for choosing specifically nuts industry is the importance of it in the economy. Turkey is the largest nut producer and one of the major nuts exporters in the world. According to statistics, nearly 75 percent of the world nuts production is carried out by Turkey. Also, the share of our country in world exports is around 70 percent. In the analysis annual time series data for the Turkey’s nuts export quantities and price are used over the period 2000-2014. The effects of export price and its lag values on nuts exports are seperately estimated by using Koyck and Almon technics. This analysis investigates which model better explains the behaviour of Turkey’s nuts exports, export price and its lagged values as an explanatory variable. According to the findings the relationship between the nuts export quantity and export price are not explained very well by the models. Keywords: Nuts Exports, Turkey, Almon, Koyck 313 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6588 The shadow side of female teachers working in primary schools: The Sample of Kocaeli County Gizem USALAN Master Student Cumhuriyet mah. ilke sokak Yıldız Sitesi B Blok Daire:10 İzmit/Kocaeli Turkey The aim of this study is to emerge the shadow archetypes of female teachers working in primary schools by means of Jungian Theory. The study is structered on qualitative research model. The study group consists of 10 female teachers in Primary Schools in Kocaeli. The findings were obtained by having interwiew with the study group. The themes were reached by content analysis method. The findings reveal the masculine, squalid, excessively addicted to mother, short-tempered, jailed, uninterested and uncontrolled personalities of female teachers. This study is expected to give directions for the quantitative researches based on the grounded theory; in order to emerge the other teachers’ shadow personal characteristics working in the field of education. Keywords: shadow, archetype, teacher personality 314 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6589 The Health Status Indicators Analysis Of OECD Countries With Cluster Analysis Ibrahim Gun, Canser Boz, Haydar Hosgor Istanbul University Faculty of Health Sciences The aim of the study is to divide OECD countries into the groups with cluster analysis using heath systems indicators based on 2000 and 2013 years, determine the position of the Turkey in 34 OECD countries and changes in the clusters over time. The data were obtained from The Official Websites of World Health Organization (WHO) and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) between June 15 and 20, 2016 and analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Satisfaction with Health Services, Life expectancy at Birth, Infants Deaths per 1 000 live births, Difference female-male, Low birthweight per 1000 live births, Cancer Incidence per 100 000 population, Perceived Health Status (good or very good) and Maternal Mortality Rates have been obtained both 2000and 2013 in order to carry out the study. According to the cluster analysis results; in 2000, Mexico, Turkey, Japan, Korea, Estonia, Portugal, Chile and Greece have constituted a cluster and the rest countries of OECD have constituted a different cluster. Also Mexico is the most similar country with Turkey in terms of the Health status indicators in 2000. In 2013, some changes have been took place. The group include Turkey have expanded with Austria, Finland, Spain, Poland, Japan. So OECD countries have been divided into two different groups like 2000. The first group include Turkey, Austria, Finland, Spain, Poland, Japan, Estonia, Portugal, Poland, Chile, Greece and Mexico and the rest countries of OECD constitute the second different group. Despite some changes in the Health Status indicator, there are no many changes between 2000 and 2013 in the groups. The position of the Turkey is not very good compared with the developed OECD countries such as Germany, Belgium, and Norway etc. Keywords: Cluster Analysis, Health, Health Status, OECD, Turkey 315 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6590 The Relationship between Religiosity and Self-Monitoring: The Case of University Students in Turkey Ozlem Altunsu Sonmez Assistant Professor Selcuk University, Department of Sociology, Room 213, Selcuklu Konya TURKEY This research aims to analyze the religiosity and self-monitoring of the university students in Turkey. In order to show the relationship between religiosity and self-monitoring, a survey conducted on 872 students of 17-26 years of age who are receiving undergraduate education at three universities. Religiosity was measured by the Religious Orientation Scale that developed by Allport and Ross. This scale consists of two sub-scales namely intrinsic and extrinsic. An important point here is that there are few studies that differentiate the religiosity with fourfold typology as asserted originally by Allport and Ross. In this study Allport and Ross’s fourfold distinction used but with mid-points not median splits as its original version. According to Allport and Ross; intrinsic religious people find their master motive in religion and briefly they live their religion while the extrinsic use their religion. In this type individuals use their religion instrumentally to attain other goals. Self-Monitoring was measured by 18 items self monitoring scale originally created by Snyder. According to Snyder individuals differ in the degree to which they monitor their self-presentation, expressive behavior, and non-verbal affective display. Some individuals are more talented in arranging and controlling these behaviors than other individuals. As a result, it was found that the intrinsic religiosity has a positive relationship with the low self-monitoring while the extrinsic religiosity has a positive relationship with the high selfmonitoring. Keywords: Religiosity, Religious Orientation, Self-Monitoring, Turkey 316 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6591 A Discussion on The Dynamics of Globalization and Localization and the Role of Local Administration on Local-Regional Development Processes Mustafa Okmen, Recep Arslan, Ayça Berna Görmez Professor, Dr. Celal Bayar University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Manisa/TURKEY As the whole world, the role and the importance of urban management in the country’s development are becoming increasingly important too in Turkey. Localization tendencies that are experienced globally have forced local-regional initiatives to be located at the center of focus of the economic, social and cultural development. In this way, local administration organizations, civil society organizations and other urban actors, due to their increasing role in the local development, become prominent for the development of the country. New regional development understanding that is sustainable, balanced, people-oriented, flexible, competitive, participatory and that contains the efforts of the local actors, local potentials and dynamıcs, strategic approach and learning based activities becomes widespread and prominence. Within this perspective, in the phase of the determination of local and regional potentials and dynamics, their planning by using common sense with a participatory understanding and in harmony with the national priorities and in the phase of supporting development policies and competitive projects that are flexible, action-oriented, people-oriented and open to the distribution of roles necessitates institutions that have locally and globally high technical capacities. In this context, local administrations come to the fore both as an instrument to provide efficient and effective service delivery and a democratic participation unit and becoming one of the major actors aforementioned transformation process. In this study the role of local governments for the local and regional development process will be examined with special emphasis on Turkey. The subject will be analyzed for the Turkish local governments, through considering related global developments and within the framework of current situations and projections for the future. Keywords: Globalization- Localization, Local-Regional Development, Local Administration 317 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6592 An Intergenerational Study about Gender, Family and Working life in the Case of Selçuk University Students’ Families Ozlem Altunsu Sonmez, Mina Furat Selcuk University, Department of Sociology, Room 213 Selcuklu Konya TURKEY Within this study, the relation between the position of women and men in family and the participation of women to education and working life will tried to be analyzed in three generations of women in a family in Konya which is known to be a conservative town. What is tried to be understood in this study is the evaluation of the distinction between private and public which is often used in Feminist studies, by the 3 different generations of women in the same family. The main question here is how women’s position in their private lives affects their attitudes towards women’s participation in education and in working life. It is assumed that as it is seen many feminist studies, women accept private sphere-public sphere division in their lives because they have accepted patriarchal conservative value judgments and gender roles. In our research, whether the women who are relatively more conservative and patriarchal in their family lives and women who have accepted relatively more equalitarian life style, have differences in terms of the division private sphere and public sphere, is tried to be understood. In addition the basic variables affecting these differences were analyzed. In this context an interview was conducted with 150 women, including 50 from each three generations. Eventually; generations, education and urban life are the main indicators of the differences that are found in this study. Another main finding is the women who have accepted relatively more equalitarian life style is more participated in working life and education than the women who are relatively more conservative and patriarchal. Keywords: Gender, Family Life, Working Life, Private-Public Sphere Division 318 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6597 How women make their choices: Personal characteristics in relation to dominant/submissive or extrovert/introvert men face preference Lenka Selecka Dr. Department of Psychology, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia Research constantly attempts to reach consensus on the answer what women prefer while making a decision about attractive male faces. In general, bilateral symmetry of physical traits is thought to be an important predictor for partner preference. From the psychological point of view, there is an interconnection between certain personal characteristics and facial traits, while stable personal traits and affections could after time be reflected in specific facial traits. Faces high in symmetry receive higher ratings of attractiveness, health, and positive personality attributes. Thus, it could be assumed, that women make their choices by estimation of man's personal characteristics, which are unconsciously perceived and evaluated from their face, ergo based on the image of physical beauty. Another question is, how their own personal characteristics influence the process of attractiveness evaluation. In this research, the connection between females personality traits and assumed personality trait of a male's face image is explored. The women (N=288; M=21.23y; SD=6.135) are asked to choose the more attractive face from two possibilities; shown personality traits on the male's faces image are introversion/extraversion and dominance/submissiveness. Personality Inventory KUD (Miglierini, Vonkomer, 1986) is used to assess personality traits: dominance/submissiveness, rationality/sensuality, and extraversion/introversion. The results provide evidence the women differ in the decision about the attractiveness of male faces depending on their own personality traits. The most preferred are the choices of an extrovert face and dominant male face. Women create two main clusters based on the combination of preferred choice and their personality traits. Keywords: face attractiveness, personality traits, female choice, individual differences 319 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6599 The Relationships Between PTSD, Traumatic Growth and Self-Awareness of Bankers who are Working in the Border Town Kilis, which is Frequently Bombed by ISID: An Experimental Study Sema Bengi Gürkan, Kamuran Elbeyoglu, Münir Yalçın Ortakale, Yagmur Aydin Toros University, Bahcelievler Mh. 16. Cd. Pk:33140 Mersin, Turkey INTRODUCTION: Kilis is a Turkish city on the border with northern Syria and since January, ISID has been raining missiles down on Kilis. The assaults have taken the lives of 21 people, including eight Syrian refugees, and wounded scores of others. Many buildings have been devastated. The people mostly remain indoors, day and night. Everyday life in the town has come to a standstill as anger against both the government and refugees has begun to boil over. OBJECTIVE: the purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between PTSD, traumatic growth and self-awareness of bankers who are working in Kilis, and also the effect of group counseling intervention with one week interval between pretest and posttest. METHODS; pretest posttest design with non-equivalent control group study with data collection by convenience sampling, through the application of Anxiety Sensitivity Index, whose Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted, PTSD CheckList – Civilian Version which was adapted to Turkish population Kocabaşoğlu and collequages at 2005, The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996) and Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, K. D. 2003). The questionnaires were also given to bank workers in Adana as a control group. SAMPLE: The sample was 9 bank workers in Kilis (mean age 33.3 ± 7.3) and 10 bank workers in Adana (mean age 37,3± 8.8), Turkey. Gender characteristics: 5 males and 4 females in Kilis group and 5 males and 5 females in Adana group were participated. RESULTS: There was a strong positive correlation between the total scores of The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and Self-Compassion Scale. The scores of Kilis group for PTSD CheckList – Civilian Version was higher compared to Adana group in the pre-test condition. Furthermore, in the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Kilis group had higher scores in the sub category of “positive change in interpersonal relations”. However, intervention program did not have a significant impact on the posttest scores of Kilis group, most probably because of ongoing bombing and short interval between pretest and posttest. CONCLUSION: the results provide evidence showing that being exposed to life- threatening conditions can yield to symptoms of PTSD, but at the same time it provides grounds for posttraumatic growth, since it fosters selfcompassion in the persons who are exposed to traumatic events. Keywords: trauma, PTSD, posttraumatic growth, self-compassion 320 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6603 The Mediating Role of Organizational Trust on The Effects of Leader-Member Exchange to Family-Work/Work-Family Conflict M.Fikret ATEŞ, Menekşe ÖZTOPRAK, Hakan TURGUT Vocational School of Social Sciences, Başkent University, Ankara, Türkiye. The progresses of modern life augment employees' needs while competitive pressures recently increase the demands of businesses from employees. The searching for struggle methods for WorkFamily and Work-Family Conflict (WFC-FWC) which are triggered by different roles which exhibited between the difficulties of business-life that meet economic expectations and the circumstances of family-life that meet social expectations. In this context the primary aim of this study; to determine the effects of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) that based on Role Theory on WFC-FWC which lead to negative job attitudes in interaction between the members and the leader. Secondary aim is investigation of the mediating role of Organizational Trust (OT) which have a significant impact on employee’ attitudes on the reletionship between LMX and WFC-FWC. In accordance to these aims, a questionnaire was used to obtain data from 363 participants employed at High-School Departments of private schools in Ankara. The questionnaire was prepared with Scandura & Graen (1984)'s LMX scale, Netemeyer, Boles & Mcmurrian (1996)'s WFC-FWC scale, and Bromiley & Cummings (1996)'s OT scale. The validity of scales authenticated with multi-factor structure for WFC-FWC, and OT, with one factor structure for LMX. The reliability of scales were calculated as Cronbach's alpha values (LMX=0.88;WFC=0.87-FWC=0.83;OT=0.79). According to the hypothesis tests which done by hierarchical regression analyzes showed that there are significant relationships between LMX and WFC-FWC, and also WFC-FWC have significant differences in the context of demographic variables. Furthermore ,has been determined the significant partial mediating effect of OT in the relationships between LMX and WFC-FWC. Keywords: Leader-Member Exchange, Work- Family /Family- Work Conflict, Organizational 321 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6605 Programming my own game via kodu game lab in a summer program Memet UCGUL, Erman YUKSELTURK, Serhat ALTIOK Kırıkkale University Education Faculty Ankara Road 7.Km. 71450 Yahsihan/KIRIKKALE/TURKEY Digital games have become a part of the life of particularly children and young people. Aim of the ""Programming my own game"" summer program is giving opportunity to middle school student to create their own game by using kodu game lab. 26 sixth and seventh grade students attended to “Programming my own game” summer program for five days. During the program the students had learnt programming via kodu game lab. Kodu is simple visual programming environments lets kids create games on PC and Xbox. Young children can make their own game without design and programming skills. Kodu can be used to teach creativity, problem solving, storytelling as well as programming. The research design of the study is qualitative in nature, more specifically; case study method is used. Semi-structured interviews have chosen data collection methods. Interviews with 21 students attended to the program have conducted and transcribed word by word. However, data analysis process is still continues. Expected results of the study are evaluation of the program, evaluation of the kodu game lab as o tool for learning programming, the students' gaining from the summer program and how the summer program affected the students’ career preference. The summer program supported by TUBİTAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, project no: 116B376). Keywords: Game programming, kodu game lab, summer program 322 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6606 Planting designs that improve urban comfort on urban main transportation roads Muberra Pulatkan Assistant Professor Department of Landscape Architect, Karadeniz Techinical University, Trabzon, Turkey Trees that play a significant role in fulfilling the individuals’ longing for nature are among the important components of urban ecosystem. Especially in cities under dense population pressure, plants are needed to increase the quality of urban life. Transportation is among the most significant problems of urban life. When planning the roads, it is necessary to consider and implement plant elements among the maim components of the roads. Plantations that would be conducted in urban roads which have dense load, are quite effective for driver and pedestrian traffic safety. They increase the quality of life especially for pedestrians, who have priority in urban area. They create visual values, regulate the urban climate and reduce the pollution. Road trees, in addition to their functional and aesthetic contributions, make the city to achieve an identity and sustainability. Planted roads integrate with other green areas in the city and contribute to urban open green areas. In the present study, the effects of planting designs on urban comfort against the negative impact of intensive use of main transportation roads in the city will be discussed. In this context, planting design choices will be produced on Kahramanmaraş Street, which is a main transportation corridor in Trabzon city center and vehicle-pedestrian safety and comfort will be assessed. The solutions provided by the produced planting designs in visual quality and comfort level for the problems on the existing transportation axis will be stressed. Keywords: Urban plants, Road plants, Planting design, 323 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6613 Examining the Relationship between Preschool Teachers’ Self-Regulation Levels and Their Levels of Classroom Practices to Promote Self-Regulation Rengin ZEMBAT, Hilal YILMAZ Deparment of Preschool Education, Atatürk Faculty of Education, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, İstanbul, Turkey This study attempts to investigate the relationship between the preschool teachers’ self-regulation levels and their levels of classroom practices to promote self-regulation. Also, the study aims to examine the teachers’ self-regulation levels and their levels of classroom practices to promote selfregulation in relation to their age, educational background, experience, hours of preschool education and the number of professional training programs they attended. The participants are 465 preschool teachers who are employed in several schools around the city of Istanbul/Turkey. The data were gathered through “Self-regulation Scale” (Aydın, Özer and Yel, 2014) and “Preschool Teachers’ Practices to Promote Self-Regulated Learning Scale” (Adagideli, Saraç and Ader, 2015). Descriptive statistics analyses showed that the preschool teachers’ self-regulation levels (M=190.86, SD=25.03) and their levels of classroom practices to promote self-regulation (M=39.33 SD=13.64) are midlevel. The results also indicated that there are statistically significant differences between the teachers’ self regulation levels and their age, educational background, experience, hours of preschool education and the number of professional training programs they attended. There are also statistically significant differences between the teachers’ levels of classroom practices to promote self-regulation and their age, educational background, experience, hours of preschool education and the number of professional training programs they attended. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient analysis showed that there is a statistically significant positive strong relationship between preschool teachers’ self-regulation and their practices (r=.597, p=.000). Keywords: Self-regulation, self-regulated learning, classroom practices, preschool teacher 324 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6614 TOY PREFERENCES IN CHILDREN; IMPACT OF GENDER AND CULTURE, AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY F.ESRA MOLU, Laura Taylor, K.Gamze Yaman, Merve Tezel Ataturk Faculty of Education, Marmara University , Goztepe Campus Istanbul ,Turkey Toy preferences in early childhood have an impact on and are reflective of gender socialisation which is considered an indicator of, amongst other things, future life decisions.The extent to which culture affects toy preferences is the focus of a future investigation in which Turkish and British children’s preferences and a number of related variables will be measured. Here we piloted the procedure which comprised of an observation and a questionnaire. Nine children between four and six years of age, who attend a public preschool in Istanbul and their parents, participated in this pilot study. Children’s toy preferences were observed in three settings; playing(1) On their own, (2) with a group of children of the same gender and (3) with a group of children of the opposite gender. Data relating to factors influencing these preferences was also collected from the children themselves by asking them to explain why they chose the toys that they did and from the children’s parents; by asking them to observe their children during their play at home and report their preferences as well as the average time they spend engaged in different types of play. The procedure adopted proved fit for purpose and will be used in the main study investigating cross cultural differences in gender-typed play and the extent to which a number of other factors, such as gender, educational level of the parents, gender of the child and cultural beliefs are related to gender stereotyped play. Keywords: early childhood, education, gender socialisation, toy preference 325 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6620 Efficiency of The Metropolitan Municipalities in Turkey Using Data Envelopment Analysis MINE AYDEMIR, NURAN BAYRAM Uludağ University, Department of Econometrics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Görükle Campus, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa. The resource allocation and use is one of the most discussed issues in the world. Especially in a globalizing world, a country which ignores performance, unable to use correctly its resources, and to adopt right form of government and lack of keeping pace with innovation, would be underdeveloped regardless of its public or private sector organizations. In this study, financial efficiency of the metropolitan municipalities in Turkey which is very important in the local authorities is investigated. In this efficiency research, conventional data envelopement analysis allowing use of multiple input and output as a non-parametric linear programming based method and fuzzy data envelopement analysis were used. When we investigate financial structure of metropolitan municipality in Turkey, its dependence on central government with income is an outstanding feature of the municipalities. With this regard, variables which can be influenced by the municipality have been taken as an input in the generated input oriented model. We determined three inputs and three outputs. The input-oriented data envelopment analysis of 16 metropolitan municipalities in Turkey was conducted under constant returns to scale (CRS) assumption and variable returns to scale (VRS) assumption. According to the CRS efficiency score and the VRS efficiency score, six municipalites and five municipalities were relatively inefficient, respectively. Thus, we suggest that the inefficient metropolitan municipalities might be changed with certain rates for becoming more effective. Keywords: Efficiency, Financial Efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis, Turkish Municipalities 326 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6623 COMPARISON OF SOME PHYSICAL AND MOTORICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FEMALE SOCCER AND HANDBALL PLAYERS Zeynep Inci Karadenizli Assistant Professor Duzce University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Konuralp, Duzce- TURKEY INTRODUCTION and AIM: This study aims to compare some physical and motorical characteristics of female soccer and handball players. MATERIAL and METHOD: 10 soccer players at the age of 23,00 + 3,74 years old and 10 handball players at the age of 19,16 + 0,99 years old. All players have been a student at university of physical education and sports and they have trained regularly for at least 3 years. Parameters such as age, body weight, height, body mass index, vertical jump, 30m speed, hand grip strenght, leg strenght and anaerobic power were measured. Differences between groups were analyzed with Mann Whitney U test and significance level was accepted as p<0.05. FINDINGS: Body weight, height, body mass index, vertical jump, 30m speed, leg strenght and anaerobic power did not differ between the soccer and handball players (p>0.05), but hand grip strenght was significantly higher in handball players (p<0.05). RESULT: As a result, some motorical characteristics of soccer and handball players were same. These similarities were accepted as the result of participated in similar conditioning training program which belongs to soccer and handball. Keywords: Soccer, Handball, Physical Characteristics, Motorical Characteristics 327 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6624 Augmented Reality: Engineering Education Studies and The Case of Data Structure Course Aybike Simsek, Resul Kara Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering Duzce University, 81620, Duzce, Turkey Augmented Reality (AR) is described as enriching real world’s objects with using materials like sounds, images, 3 dimensional figures and animations and delivering the created content to users. AR has lots of potential application area in industry, medicine, tourism and education. Computer aided education materials have been developed for engineering education for many years. Naturally, the majority of this content works only on computers and is not able to interact with the real world. Along with the popularization of portable devices, educational contents have started to be developed compatible with these devices. However, such studies are new and they only transfer old education materials to portable devices. AR allows users to interact with real world while using education materials. The current studies show that the students are highly motivated to use education materials which developed with AR. In this study, we mentioned AR application which is being developed for Data Structure Course on Computer Engineering curriculum. Keywords: Augmented Reality, Engineering Education 328 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6625 The courtyard culture and design properties of traditional Avanos houses Meliha Aklıbaşında, Esra Özhancı Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli, Nevsehir, Turkey Human and the traces of the human are the basic elements of the landscape. It is possible to see different lifestyles in all landscapes caused by human activities. The landscape resulted by this interaction is defined as a “cultural landscape”. Cultural landscapes are the results of the culture reflection to spaces. It varies according to the culture of the communities living on and constitutes the identity of its geography. Traditional houses as a resource of cultural landscape are examples of civil architecture which reflect the natural, social and historical features of a region. In the cultural richness of Anatolia, courtyards of the traditional houses have an important role in the development of house plans. Courtyard, which is transition space between the house and street, is gathering and distribution area of the house and social area where a lot of daily needs are met. Avanos is one of the most important settlements in Cappadocia region located on the Assyrian Trade Road and Silk Road. The settlement, which has a horizontal development along the northern and southern shores of the Kızılırmak River, is an important attraction center in terms of tourism with its city pattern and cultural landscape resources. This study aims to demonstrate the features of the traditional courtyard house in Avanos bearing the traces of unique natural and geological structure with different beliefs and cultures. In the study, relationships between house, courtyard and street are evaluated. Besides, design features of the courtyard, the current uses, plant materials and changes occurred in the courtyard landscape in time are identified. As a result, the requirement of the protection of traditional houses and their courtyard properties are highlighted as an important part of cultural tourism in Cappadocia region. Keywords: Traditional house, courtyard, landscape, Avanos, Cappadocia 329 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6627 The impact of oil price on macroeconomics in the developed and developing oil exporting countries: A panel data analysis Sabit BAIMAGANBETOV PhD Student Department of Economics, Akhmet Yassawi University, Kazakhstan In recent years, a large body of literature has focused on the links between oil prices and macroeconomic variables. The effects of oil price on macroeconomics are expected to be different in oil importing and in oil exporting countries. Namely, an oil price increase (decrease) should be considered good (bad) news in oil exporting countries and bad (good) news in oil importing countries. Most of the studies assume that the relationship between oil prices and macroeconomic aggregates to be linear and estimate it by using standard linear VAR (Vector Autoregressive) model and cointegration framework. This paper assesses empirically the effects of real Brent oil price on the economic growth, real exchange rate and inflation for the quarterly period 2001-2015 in 14 oil exporting countries by using panel unit root test and panel cointegration analysis. The empirical findings show that the oil prices have an impact on economic growth and real exchange rate for oil exporting countries. Keywords: Oil prices, Panel cointegration, Granger causality, Oil Exporting Countries 330 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6629 Neoliberal Governmentality and Risks Funda Serbet PhD Student Adnan Menderes University, Science and Literature Faculty, Sociology Department, C Block, Aydın. We live in an eradominated by the neoliberal governmentality. The most basic characteristic that differentiates this type of power from others is that it hascapacity topenetrate in every area of society throughself-improving governing strategies.The governmentality of our age dominates individuals’attitudes and personality. However, it achieves it not by utilizingcoercion but regulating individuals’social space. Thus, individualsbelieve that every decision is their choice. In this way, power ceaselessly updates itself and guarantees its continuity. Then, we should ask,what are the tools of this type of ruling? It will be claimed in this study that the most basic tool of ruling is togenerate risk perception in the minds of individuals. As such, it is considered that the generated risk perception provides the desired basis in order to effectually construct new subject(ivities). Adopting an approach that takes risk to center, from social relations to working life, from ideas about city and space to future plans and expectation would provide a better understanding of both these subject(tivities) and the trust mechanisms developed by those subjects. This study involves in-depth interview data from 32 participants in order to base the discussions of the study and also make sense of composition of social life and relations. Keywords: Governmentality, Neoliberalism, Risk, New- subjectivity, Trust mechanisms 331 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6632 Conditions for Granting Legal Aid in Civil Proceedings in Respect of Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights Mehmet Ertan YARDIM Assistant Professor Cibali Campus, Kadir Has University, Fatih, Istanbul In the resolution of civil conflicts, a litigant shall cover primarily a serious financial burden such as court charges, expenses of proceedings and maybe the fee of a lawyer, if he or she is represented by a lawyer. Court charges, expenses of proceedings and the fee of a lawyer can cause very high remuneration, when they add up. It is possible that someone, who does not have the financial means to find that sum of money, cannot have access to a court. Denial of bringing a claim before the court due to the lack of sufficient financial resources, can be considered as a violation of the sixth article of the European Convention on Human Rights and the right to a fair hearing. As a result of this possibility, legal aid laws and systems have been established to ensure the right of access to a court. The right to appointed free lawyer is not guaranteed in civil proceedings and in dispute in criminal proceedings according to the European Convention on Human Rights. In this manner, one of the issues that we have to discuss is to determine who will be granted a legal aid lawyer or legal aid in general. Conditions of granting legal aid shall be determined very precisely. A statement of too loose conditions can cause the abuse of the system; on the other hand, can too tight conditions cause a denial of the right of access to the courts. We try to evaluate conditions of granting legal aid in respect of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and consider articles in Turkish law and some other foreign law systems. Keywords: Legal Aid, European Court of Human Right, Fair Trial 332 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6636 The Cases of Neoliberal Populism (Neo-Populism) in Venezuela and India Cigdem CELIK PhD Student Department of Political Scienece and Public Administration, ürk-Alman Üniversitesi, Şahinkaya Cad. 86 - 34820 Beykoz / İSTANBUL In societies faced with the challenges of globalization, neoliberal populism presents itself as an answer to the so-called crisis of representation. Paradoxically this new version of populism is defined as political strategy that enable personalist leaders with a charismatic appeal to constitute a direct relationship with atomized masses, and to outweigh the political parties and the control mechanisms of a democratic regimes.(Roberts 1996, 2003, 2006, Weyland 1999a, 1999b, Knight 1998, Connif 1999) Neoliberalism also serves as complementary policy framework of this rising form of populism in countries and regions that present different historical and socioeconomic contexts as well as diverse levels of prosperity, inequality and poverty. Thus, in a comparative perspective, this paper is interested to see how the rise of neoliberal populism as a new political trend affects democratization process in Venezuela and India Keywords: neo-populism, India, venezuela 333 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6637 IDENTITY POLITICS AND ENGENDERING DIFFERENCE: THE CASE OF AKP Gulsen Atas, Kayhan Delibas Adnan Menderes University, Science and Literature Faculty,Sociology Department, C Block, Aydın Identity is one of the significant concepts thathas been frequently discussed since the last quarter of twentieth century. The visibility of identityhas increased in the politicalsphere rather than other areas which in turnlead to the emergence of “identity politics”. Thus, an identity-based political approachreplaced a class-based political approach. Identity politics in Turkey began to be conceived as a serious issue in the 1980s. From then on, sphere of political debate has been limited to the topic of“Islamist Identity Politics” emerging in a religious context. The emphasis of identity politics on the “difference” ensured its continuity. Thus, identity politics begun to undermine social and political integration. Although the religious identity politics that originated in Ottoman Empire and was carried on by National Vision Movement had been interrupted by February 28 period (1998), it has reached a new dimension with the rate of votes AKP gained in 2002.AKP declared itself as “conservative democrat”,avoided usingthe religious symbolismopenly and crudely andemphasized its democratic role. In this study, the rise of Political Islam experienced post 1980 in Turkey will be discussed within the context of identity politics and politics of difference. Furthermore, there will be an attempt to comprehend the present situation. In addition, study will try to focus on how AKP is perceived and assessed by their electors for fifteen years regarding its discourse on keeping religious identity in the background. Keywords: Political Islam, identity politics, religious identity, difference,AKP 334 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6639 The Problem of Failed State in Regional Security: Somalia Case Mehmet Ali Yuksel Master Student Department of International Relations, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey This study focuses on the security problems resulting from the collapse of the state in Somalia and repercussions of these problems on East Africa. Many problems have arised in Somalia after the civil war which collapsed government institutions. Among these problems, particulary incresing famine, pirates, and Al Shabbaab terrorist organization constituted risk for he whole East Africa. These regional problems are solved through regional or global cooperation. The aim of this study is to analyze whether the countries that are in the same region with the failed states can maintain their borders and national security without taking them into consideration. This study is important since it answers how failed states affect regional security and to predict how to eliminate these effects. At the end, this study will propose solutions for how to eliminate problems deriving from failed states and will answer the question of how to avoid such circumstances before they emerge. Keywords: Security, Regional Security, Failed State, East Africa, Somalia 335 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6642 TIME-PLACE-HUMAN:READING OF GEOGRAPHY FROM HISTORICAL RESOURCES Yasemin Nemlioğlu Koca Assistant Professor Maritime Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Türkiye The historical geography is a part of the human geography to relate with the geographies of the past time and with the impact of the past in shaping the geographies of the other times. Geography is very important to history because it shapes the next time of a culture or civilization. Geography is important because it is a main factor in why people choose to live where they do, in how much the people come into contact with others outside their region how battles are fought. Geography can affect all aspects of the people who live in each geographical region. Historical Geography has been accepted as a title belonging to the research of the development of geography for a long period. Dating from XIX. century a new understanding managed studies of this area that stands on geography in historical sense. However this area gained importance in XX. century by taking in hand the geographical effect on historical events and thus some new studies can be done. Nowadays historical development is widely considered in human researches and the problems are discussed in a perspective featuring by the methods of historical geography. Furthermore, the studies that take into consideration the effects of geographical elements namely geographical potential to behaviors of societies or dealing a human presence in a definite place gained importance for the ones accepting this discipline. For that reason in order to use the historical materials successfully historical geographer must have the aim and the model that is always in mind of the geographer. This study investigates concepts of geography, history, historical geography and so on; The survey investigates approaches to the teaching of geography, resources of geographic and historical, geographical distributions, spatial histories, location histories and geographical history. Keywords: geography, history, turkey, source material 336 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6643 IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH TOURISM Makbulenur BEKAR PhD Student KTÜ PEYZAJ MİMARLIĞI KAT:! NO:104 Tourism is the most rapidly growing industry in the world. Ten percent of the worldwide revenues originate in the tourism industry. At the same time, 1/9 of the current employment is in the tourism. Today, due to overpopulation and related increase in built environment, providing the required oxygen for people became a recreation activity. In time, decreasing oxygen amounts due to increasing population enhance the risk of individuals to come down with illnesses. Thus, individuals do not only attend recreation activities to have fun or to rest, but also need to participate in these activities for health reasons. Environmental resources, especially forests are among the significant factors that could serve health tourism. Forests are becoming health centers focused on tourism with their climatic and flora/fauna characteristics. Forest resources are open tourism centers provided for people. In our age, demand to forest resources is increasing and among these demands, nature oriented tourism activities lead others. The most significant reason behind the increase in forest and nature tourism activities during recent years is the increasing urban population. People have to cope with dense environmental problems such as air and noise pollution, concretion, etc. Individuals who have to spend their days in indoors need to change the quality in spaces they live and work. Reflections of this need onto the tourism industry highlight new pursuits. The possibilities that forests can present to individuals would have significant effects on human health and contribute to national economy as long as these sctivities are conducted in a rational and systematic manner. In the present study, forest tourism and the role of forests in health tourism will be discussed. The facilities and recreation possibilities that forest lands would provide in health tourism will be identified. Its effects on physical and mental health of individuals will be determined in detail. Keywords: nature tourism, forest tourism, health tourism 337 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6649 A New Model for Urban Agriculture: Ankara Atatürk Tree Farm Beste KARAKAYA AYTIN, Aslı KORKUT, Burcin EKICI Trakya University Faculty ofArchitecture, Landscape Architecture Department, Macedonia Campus, Edirne, Turkey There is a consistently rural-urban migration due to for reasons such as the rapid growth of the world population, rising living standards and employment opportunities all over the world. This makes life in the cities increasingly difficult and brings with it many problems. After the 1990s, urban agriculture concept comes to the fore for fulfill the need of food of increasing urban population. Urban agriculture includes all of the operations for the purpose of growing food products which the city needs. Urban agriculture areas provide opportunity to agricultural production, for recreaction and socialisation environments of citizens and also contribute to urban green areas in term of ecological in the cities. Ankara Atatürk Tree Farm which is established on an area of 330 hectares in 1923 in Ankara. The farm is the one of the contemporary civilization project of Turkish Republic with all of the details that from the choice of area where it has been established, to fiction of agriculture, industry, manufacture and entertainment. This project which has the feature of urban forest, is one of the most environmentally-conscious projects have been implemented around the world as well as in Turkey. From this point of view, a model “Ankara Atatürk Tree Farm” that generates a new approach for urban agriculture is explained in this study. Keywords: Urban agriculture, Ankara Atatürk Tree Farm, Ankara, Turkey 338 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6652 Capital Cities in Formative, Derivative and Circle Capitalisms Elif Balam Sızan, Ergun Kalaycı, Feriştah Yılmaz Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey Capital cities are identified as distinctive space. This shows the way of centralization as economical, social, physical and spatial situation in which country its’ capital. Producing central national space, a capital is possible by defining which one is politically and economically organized. To define politically and economically organized, is possible by determining its mode of production. This production, by its definition, separates economic and political institutionally, but this separation doesn’t effect constitutive holism of economical and political which are keystones of sustaining the production. Formational capitalist mode of production is observed under the history of producing English national market as economical and parliamentary state organization as political of English capitalism. This historicity is concretized in London. Capitalist mode of production ensured market and state balance in London but when the mode of production began spreading a different interaction among state and market is required. These separate, capitalist countries as formative, derivative and circle. In this context, Britain represents the formative, France, Germany and USA represents derivative and circle tells the countries that capitalized after 20th century. Variety that appears after capitalist mode of production makes difference in institutionalizing of central capitals as physically and socially as well as making a balance difference between market and state. Within this scope, economy based London, political centralisation and absolute monarchy based Paris and Ankara as -the symbolic and political founder of nation state after an empire- capital cities examples will be studied under the discussion of capitals in formative, derivative and circle capitalisms. Keywords: Capitalism, Space, Capital Cities, Market, State 339 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6653 Birth order: An analysis on the effects of First Born Winsome Alston Professor 2800 Victory Blvd., SI, New York 10314 USA A number of factors determine a person’s character, belief, behavior and their internal locus of control. One in particular, is birth order, that is, where the child is placed in regards to his or her other siblings within the family constellation. Additionally, the environment and the interplay of the family dynamics also help to crystallize certain behavioral patterns. This study focuses on birth order in respect to the first born. In a qualitative analysis conducted, two new areas were manifested. These areas are separate from what other researchers have already posited. The data revealed that first born are less likely to become parents due to an early assumption of parental role. This seemed to have been the case where younger siblings were present in the household. In addition to this finding, the data also revealed that first born, especially, females tend to have a tumultuous relationship with their mothers. This estranged relationship results from the first born early role of a surrogate mother. Keywords: Birth order, first-born 340 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6656 FROM GROUND RENT TO URBAN RENT: URBAN RENEWAL IN TURKEY Feristah Yilmaz, Ergun Kalayci, Elif Balam Sizan Gazi University Political Sciences and Public Administration, Ankara, Turkey. Along with urban planning and policies focused on economic issues, urban areas appeared as rent areas. The conception of urban rent which is identified unearned and valued revenue has endogenized as a part of cities. For last decades urban renewal policies and adjustments, arisen in the urban faces, mostly turned into ground rent to urban rent. In this study main question is urban renewal triggered urban rent? Besides this study will be searched how to distribute urban rent, which institutions collaborate with each other and how to protect urban rights for public in the frame of local democracy. This study aimed to execute which actors how to turn into a ground rent to urban rent after urban renewal and draw map route to optimise urban rent in Turkey. In the first part, the form changes from ground rent to urban rent will be described using by national and international literature searching and the differences and similarities between ground rent and urban rent revealed by arguing. In the second part, the relation between urban renewal and urban rent will discuss the on the basis of urban renewal philosophy instantiate examples of some countries. In the third part, Turkey will be evaluated by using relevant regulations in the frame of actors, roles and responsibilities. In the suggestion part, this study will be made a comparison between Turkey and other countries and built a fair and applicable model for urban rent practices in the context of local democracy specific to targeted urban rights. Keywords: Ground Rent, Urban Rent, Urban Renewal and Urban Right., Turkey 341 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6659 Legality and education Mariateresa Gammone, Francesco Sidoti Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi (Coppito) Università dell'Aquila- L'Aquila 87100 - ITALY Can legality be taught or is it assimilated by the immediate environment? Is it a spontaneous human tendency, or is it enforced by public power? The main result is the idea that self control is given more by habits than anything else, including education and rule of law. Institutions and educationists try to change and influence habits, and do achieve some result, but habits cannot change in a day, because they are embodied first in the flesh then in the mind. Habituation to legality is a matter of surviving centuries and coercive surroundings. Keywords: Sociology Education Law 342 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6663 Nepotism and Perception of Organisational Justice: A Study on Mugla Hospital Organisations Ömer Gider, Meryem Demirtaş, Nuray Gider Department of Health Care Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey Nepotism is defined as employing or promoting someone due to blood relations or being relatives without considering their knowledge, skills, abilities, success and education levels or job requirements. This study deals with nepotism as a management disorder and its relationship with organizational justice. Nepotism is a behavior occurs very often in service sector. Nevertheless studies on nepotism in healthcare organizations which are among the most important areas of service sectors are scarce. The aim of this study is to find out how much influence do organizational justice and nepotism have on active employees in health organizations that have to function to serve fair and equally to everyone. With this objective the nepotism scale developed by Büte and Tekarslan in 2010 and the organizational justice scale which took place in Colquitt’s research in 2001 were adapted to be used in health organizations and applied on the healthcare staff working in a university hospital, a state hospital and a private hospital in Muğla. The scope of the study consists of 246 staff of three different hospitals. The study analyzes nepotism and organizational justice in terms of educational level, demographical data, years of service and group of staff. As the data does not show a normal distribution, in order to analyze data non-parametric tests were used. The relationship between nepotism and organizational justice was tested with correlation analysis. The study found out that General Organizational perceptions of participants is a little above the average level which is 2,95 ± 1,08. General nepotism perception is on the level of 3,43 ± 1,03. Keywords: nepotism, organizational justice, health worker 343 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6664 The history of ancient Kazakh literature and its study Yerlan Alashbayev, Yersultan Akhmetov Department of Turkish Language and Literature, Akhmet Yassawi University, Kazakhstan Literature is a beautiful image of life, and is closely connected with the history of the people and the history of literature. The art of artistic expression is a view of the spiritual life of country and as its significant domain was formed and developed with the history of the country. If we consider the human mind, creative thinking as a historical phenomenon that develops in thousand years, then the literature is undeniable achievement of an idea of art in the history of mankind. It is obvious that it took thousands of years to the formation of Kazakh nation as in iron age they were the tribes of saks, gun, usun, kangly; in ancient middle age states were karluk, ogyz, kymaktribes; developed middle age states were naimans, kereits, zhalayrs kypshaks, and we can say that the history of Kazakh literature did not start in the XV century as it is stated in former Soviet times, it started from ancient times. Therefore, the history of the national literature is one of the main issues of periodization.Because before the independence of Kazakhstan, the problem of periodization in two thousand years old Kazakh literature had not been investigated. That’s why this article deals with the revealing of sources of kazakh literature, dividing the distribution of the periods in the history of Kazakh literature went through a long history. In addition, to investigate its development ways , divide into periods and promote scientific works to generation. And we will also consider the teaching ways . Keywords: ancient literature, age, spiritual, literature study, history 344 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6666 Entrepreneurship Concept in 21.Century And A Research About Entrepreneurship Perception Of University Students Esma Görkem Ersoy Assistant Professor İstanbul Esenyurt University, İstanbul, Turkey Entrepreneurship is an undeniable fact for rising and developing countries. And due to its economic importance, entrepreneurship has been subject of enormous studies. In today’s conditions, it won’t be adequate to define entrepreneurship just only laying out a new business idea by observing opportunities or as a usual definition like just only taking risk. Now a days entrepreneurship becomes a phenomenon that involves creativity beside innovation. The aim of this study is to identify the basic characteristics of entrepreneurship in the light of 21. Century point of view. According to support the subject a research has been done on a private university students. It has been investigated that how they understand entrepreneurship phenomenon, their perception about entrepreneurs properties and entrepreneurship. Also the students have asked to create a business idea and to define it. By this way it has been tried to put forward their perception better and tried to make more detailed definitions about research. University’s Health Science, Management Science, Arthitecture and Engineering Faculties third class students and Vocational High School last term students have been taken in the scope of the research. The sample of this research is also composed of people who are called as Y generation. The main characteristics of Y generation is being used to with technology and being independent. So that it has been thought that their perception and point of view will be important for the future of the entrepreneurship phenomenon. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Business Idea, Y Generation 345 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6668 THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND KNOWLEDGE SHARING ON PATIENT SAFETY: A SURVEY ON PRIVATE HOSPITAL NURSES Saffet Ocak, Ömer Gider, Nuray Gider, Abdulaziz Peksoy, Mehmet Top Department of Health Care Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey The aim of the study is to work on the effect of social capital and knowledge sharing on patient safety. Although the studies included both in the national and international literature serve a significant amount of information to discuss the progress in the field, it is found out that studies on the effects of social capital, which influences how hospitals act, and knowledge sharing on patient safety are scarce. Therefore, it is possible to state that there is a significant shortage. Our study which aims at contributing to the lack of studies in the field preferred to choose nurses working in a private hospital as the research sample. The reason to prefer nurses is that they are in a medium position in the health service area and that they have an important role and function both of which determine the level of quality of health service given. This is a cross-sectional area study. Data will be collected over survey method and quantitative method will be followed. The survey will follow 5 scale likert method developed by Chang, et al. (2011). The first part of the study will consist of questions determining demographical information about the nurses and the second part will consist of questions determining social capital, knowledge sharing and patient safety. By testing whether levels of social capital (including social interaction, trust and shared vision) support individual knowledge sharing directly or not the study is going to search for the effect of knowledge sharing on patient safety. In order to test the data collected SPSS program will be used. Keywords: Social capital, knowledge sharing, patient safety, nurses. 346 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6672 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CONFIDENCE, ORGANISATIONAL IDENTIFICATION AND ORGANISATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR: A STUDY ON FOREIGN RESOURCE STAFF OF A STATE HOSPITAL Saffet Ocak, Ömer Gider, Mehmet Top Department of Health Care Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey The aim of this study is to test the effects of organizational confidence and organizational identification levels of employees of a state hospital, who are employed through outsourcing, on their organizational citizenship behavior. As a result of a literature review it is possible to say that there are few studies on organizational confidence and organizational identification and organizational citizenship behavior of the staff employed through outsourcing. Our study which aims at contributing to the lack of studies in the field is a cross-sectional area study. The research will include a survey form consisting of four parts as a means of data collection. The first part includes questions on demographic variables of participants, the second part includes questions developed by Tokgöz and Aytemiz (2013) in order to evaluate organizational confidence levels of employees, the third part includes organizational identification behavior scale developed by Mael and Ashfort and the fourth part includes a survey form developed by Podsakoff, MacKenzie and Hui (1993) with Organ (1988) inspired by organizational citizenship scales. In order to test the data collected SPSS program will be used. The data set collected will be analyzed by descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, and correlation and regression analysis. By discussing the findings and results of the analyses the study aims at contributing to the literature. Keywords: Organizational confidence, organizational identification, organizational citizenship behavior, outsourcing staff 347 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6674 Stress Management Concept And A Research To Determine The Stress Management Strategies Of Undergraduate Students Esma Görkem Ersoy, Mustafa Deniz Dindar İstanbul Esenyurt University, İstanbul, Turkey We often can not control every part of our lives. When we faced with negative conditions or also sometimes with positive ones we have stress about them. If we have optimum stress level this may be usefull for us to get trough but if our stress level goes up we have to manage this. Becouse, high stress level may damage our mental and physical health . Stress management refers wide spectrum of techniques that aimed controlling a person's levels of stress usually for the purpose of improving everyday functioning. The aim if this research is to determine the concepts of stress management and to investigate the strategies of stress management of undergraduate students. In order to assess personal styles of stress management “Stres Management Inventory” and "Personal Information Form" have been used. Regarding the findings of the study, while continuing academic programs, it has been found out that sport is the important way for students to manage their stress. Keywords: Stress, Stress Management, Ways of Coping 348 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6675 ANALYZING SAFETY OF PRESCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS IN TERMS OF PHYSICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND HEALTH CHARACTERISTICS Rengin Zembat, Hilal Ilknur TUNCELİ, Ezgi AKSIN YAVUZ Department of Preschool Education, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey The aim of this study is to examine safety of preschool environments in terms of physical, psychological and health characteristics. Phenomenological approach was used as research method and descriptive analysis was conducted. Study group consisted of 30 preschool education institutions in Istanbul. “The Safety of Preschool Education Environment Checklist” developed by the researchers was used as a data collection tool. Checklist is intended to investigate safety of preschool environments under three benchmarks including physical, psychological and health characteristics. For content validity of checklist, seven field experts’ opinions were taken. Checklists were completed through observations of classrooms and schools as well as interviews with the preschool teachers, principals and other staff. The reliability analysis have been still continuing. The results will be reviewed as soon as the process of analysis is complete. Keywords: preschool education, safety, school environment 349 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6678 An Overview of Postgraduate Theses at Preschool Education in Turkey Hilal Ilknur TUNCELİ, Busra SAHAN, Fatma Ozge UNSAL Department of Preschool Education, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey The aim of this study is to investigate master and doctoral theses at preschool education which were published between the years of 2006-2016 in terms of keywords, language and degree. For this reason, master and doctoral theses which were completed at “Education and Training” field and included “preschool” as keyword were reached out through the Council of Higher Education Directorate of Publication and Documentation. Document analysis of qualitative research method was used in the study. Data will be presented through percentages and frequencies by categorizing according to their keywords, language and level of degree. Data analysis have been still continuing. The results will be reviewed as soon as the process of analysis is complete. This study is thought to be contributed to the literature by putting forward most studied subjects of the theses completed at last ten years so that it will enable to reveal the tendencies in the field. Keywords: preschool, postgraduate, education and training, thesis 350 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6679 MUNICIPAL ENTERPRISES APPLICATION IN TURKEY :ANTALYA METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY SAMPLE Ceyda Şataf Assistant Professor department of public finance,university of süleyman demirel, ısparta, turkey municipalities are th one of the local government units in Turkey plays an active role in the conduct of local services. Municipalities, as a result of rapidly increasing urbanization increasing rapidly in order to meet local community needs effective, sustainable urban environment to ensure safe, they are in fairly intensive efforts to raise living standards in the city. Most of the municipalities to adopt this new strategy and mechanisms and best practices in the world sometimes and sometimes just changing the duties, powers and offer local public services in the areas of responsibility. Municipalities, in order to fulfill their duties imposed by law and services and increasingly diverse local community needs effective, has entered into various quest to meet the economic and timely. In this context, the municipality with 1980, as one of the municipal government to provide alternative services companies subject to private law is observed that widespread use. These businesses form the company established by the municipalities, to ensure effectiveness and efficiency in service, to overcome bureaucratic barriers, fast and offer practical solutions and aims to reduce the pressure on municipal resources. In the study, which was established to produce local services and for this purpose the municipality will examine the situation in Turkey of enterprises. municipalities in the sample application as in Antalya will be informed about the overall situation of enterprises. Keywords: Turkey, municipal enterprises,local services, Antalya metropolitan municipality 351 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6680 Analyzing the Relationship between Resilience Levels and Optimism Levels of Prospective Teachers Büşra Şahan, Alev Önder Atatürk Education Faculty, Preschool Department, Marmara University, İstanbul, Türkiye In this study, the relationship between resilience levels and optimism levels of prospective teachers will be examined. For the study, 100 prospective teachers completed “Resilience Scale for Adults” and “Life Orientation Test” (Optimism Scale). Resilience is a personality trait which is activated as a resistance welding when faced with stressful situations. Optimism can be considered as generalized expectations that there will be positive things in life and individual’s life orientation affects how much he/she can succeed in the future. Optimism or life orientation is thought to be associated with many aspects in human life as a structure which constructs personality. In this study, its relationship with resilience will be investigated. Data of study have been still analyzing and results will be shared at the congress. Keywords: resilience, optimism, prospective teacher 352 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6682 Surveying of the relation between teacher candidates’ perception of emotional abuse level and general well - being Figen AKÇA, Züleyha Şakar, Ayşegül Bozkurt, Gökben Gökçeer Department of Education Science, University of Uludag, Turkey The concept of abuse is researched in a wide range of spectrum such as physical, sexual, emotional and economical. A closer look to researches which had been already done showed that researchers gave special consideration to emotional abuse and they had difficulty to embody the concept. The evidences showed that the difficulty of defining the concept arises due to the facts that the emotional abuse encompasses the other kinds of abuse, it accompanies the other abuses and its hardness of drawing limits. The concept of emotional abuse would be defined as exposure to abasement and aggressive behaviors, exclusion, to be criticized constantly, unsatisfied need for love, undervaluation. In that respect, it is to be wondered the effect of negative emotions that are resulted from these experiences on general wellbeing. The aim of this study is to investigate the relation between teacher candidates’ perception of emotional abuse level and general wellbeing. The study was conducted with 432 participants who are students in the Education Department of Uludağ University. Descriptive statistics were used as a method in this study. The datas were gathered by “Emotional Abuse Perceived Scale” (Ersanlı, Yılmaz ve Özcan; 2013) and “Psychological Well-being Scale” (Telef, 2013). The SPSS 20 was used for the analysis of the data. The results were discussed in the light of literature. Keywords: Emotional Abuse, General well being, teacher candidate 353 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6687 Cultural practices and human rights Dominika Liszkowska PhD Student The Political Science Institute, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland Cultural practices such as female genital mutilation or bride kidnapping, until recently, were phenomenons that affected certain cultures and regions of the world. Currently, through the issue of immigration and population movements, they began to appear in various parts of the world and become global problems. It is estimated that in the European Union there are approx. 500 000 women who have undergone genital mutilation. The consequences of these treatments are often long-lasting pain, infectious diseases, and in many cases premature death. In Germany and Canada, the courts impose lower penalties for perpetrators of honor killings, justifying these acts as cultural premises. In Kyrgyzstan, every third marriage is arranged with a previously kidnapped woman, against her will, and the perpetrators of such acts who are at the same time future spouses are unpunished, because their guilt is difficult to prove. The aim of this work is to analyze cultural practices on the examples of female genital mutilation, honor killings and bride kidnapping in the context of human rights. Keywords: honor killings, female genital mutilation, bride kidnapping, human rights 354 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6690 SIMMEL PRIMA DI MCLUHAN Forme, media e percezione Federico Tarquini Dr. Dipartimento Coris, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italia I fondamentali studi di Georg Simmel sulla metropoli sulla moda e sul denaro fissano il momento in cui la vista assume una condizione predominante nelle modalità percettive impiegate dall’individuo nella comprensione del mondo. La vista, nella metropoli, serviva per interpretare il moltiplicarsi dei segni, delle immagini pubblicitarie, e dei simboli del potere, racchiusi dentro un dato monumento celebrativo. Tale senso veniva assunto come presupposto all’esercizio intellettuale della persona, stabilendo pertanto il suo primato sia sul versante della percezione che su quello della costruzione del sé. La frattura tra l’individuo e il resto del suo mondo venutasi a creare a seguito delle nuove condizioni di vita tipiche della metropoli, sembra poter essere l’humus che permetterà la fioritura del sistema novecentesco dell’industria culturale. Questo perché tale separazione innescò una specifica disposizione dell’uomo ad usare – su questo tema insisterà molto de Certau – le immagini e i simboli disseminati nel suo quotidiano per ricostruire il senso della propria esistenza e della propria esperienza. La metropoli, in senso assoluto, appare come il laboratorio in cui trovare in nuce le condizioni di possibilità che garantiranno lo sviluppo novecentesco del sistema dei media. Tutto ciò porta ad una ridefinizione radicale del concetto di medium, non più inteso come mero strumento, ma come metafora del tempo storico corrente. Lo studio della metropoli tende, pertanto, a coincidere con lo studio dei media, laddove appare chiaro che le forme storiche, così come le forme di conoscenza, siano in-formate dal medium culturalmente egemone. I concetti di forma, medium, sensi e modalità percettive hanno caratterizzato l’opera simmeliana, offrendo un punto di vista fondamentale per comprendere l’evoluzione novecentesca dell’industria culturale. Il paper si propone di mostrare quanto tali concetti abbiano caratterizzato, direttamente e indirettamente, le più importanti teorie che Marshall McLuhan ha offerto agli studi dei processi culturali e comunicativi. Con ciò si vuole delineare un approccio teorico, discendente da questi due autori, capace di misurarsi con le questioni sollevate ancora oggi dai media digitali Keywords: Simmel, McLuhan, Forme, Media, Percezione 355 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6692 MARKETING EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT OF TURKISH MARINAS: DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS Gunes Acelya SIPAHI, Didem TEZSÜRÜCÜ, Batuhan ÇULLU Söke Faculty of Business Administration, Department of International Logistics and Transporation, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydın, Turkey Marketing activities of marinas take a great percentage of their running costs same as other businesses. Nevertheless, the factors that create marketing budget in marinas differs from other businesses as; sponsorships, attendance to expos, international memberships and price cuts. Therefore, efficiency measurement of marketing activities play a critical role for executives to create suitable marketing strategies. The main aim in this study is to measure the efficiency of marketing strategies of the marinas which take place in Turkey by using Data Envelopment Analysis. This Analysis is a special application of linear programming which is mainly used to evaluate production and service efficiency of corporations that have the same purpose and aim. In other words, Data Envelopment is a nonparametric efficiency evaluation analysis improved for similarly economic units which have multiple good and service inputs and outputs. Literature and expert views are gathered to determine input and output variables in this application. In this study three inputs and also three outputs are chosen. The inputs are the number of personnel, total yacht capacity and running costs including operational and marketing. The outputs are total income, marinas occupancy rate and customer satisfaction. By using the results of the study non-efficient marketing activities are determined and some suggestions have been made. Keywords: marina, marketing activities, efficiency measurement, data envelopment analysis 356 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6694 NOTES ABOUT THE LEGAL STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS AND THE PROTECTION REGIME IN TURKISH LAW Mehmet Akif Bardakci, Sevim Budak Dr., Assoc. Prof. University of Istanbul, Faculty of Political Sciences, Gülhane Campus, Alemdar Mah. Soguk Cesme Sok. Fatih/Istanbul As it is impossible to give a complete definition or list of environmental assets, it is also impossible to subject these assets to the same legal status. The criteria in determining the legal status of environmental assets are to protect these assets, and to ensure these assets are transferred to the next generations. In this context, the divisions between public and private law in terms of assets are taken into consideration in order to protect the environmental assets. Because of the insufficiency of the protection regime that private law provides for assets, public law stood out in determining the legal status of environmental assets. However, subjecting the legal status of environmental assets to public law is not efficient enough to solve the problems about the protection of these assets. One reason for this is that the legal status that public law, and administrative law in particular provides for the assets is inspired from private law. Other reasons can be listed as the absence of conceptual unity, the disorganization of the legislation, and the absence of provisions about many issues in the legislation. The law enforcement authorities of public corporate entities in protecting the public assets do not exceed the context of general administrative law enforcement authorities. As a result, in determining the legal status of environmental assets, by embracing the idea of a protection regime that excludes the government, which is the subject of both the national law and international law, is irrational; we believe that a protection environment on a minimum level can only be created by referring to private provisions about each environmental asset, in the existing legislation about public assets. This study will aim to make suggestions about the necessary regulations to protect the environmental assets and to transfer them to the next generations, after elaborating the approaches about the legal status of environmental assets and the situation in the positive Turkish law. Keywords: Environmental Assets, Public Properties, Protection Regime of Public Goods 357 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6695 Reputation Problem of Public Relations in Turkey and a Critical View About the Public Relations Professional Organisations of Turkey Zuhal Akbayır, Ebru Özgen Dr., Assoc. Prof. Marmara University Faculty of Communication Istanbul/Turkey The Public Relations (PR) discipline which started to show itself as “press relations” during the ‘60’s in the public sector started its existence in the private sector in the 1980’s. However at the present moment, it is not possible either to talk about a common conception and a reputable process both in conceptual and practical terms along with the ethical principles. This study, departed from the ground of determining certain problems in recognizing and understanding the public relations discipline as a profession and its rightful social perception and recognition. Starting from this opinion, the study has the objective of exposing the basic problems related with a common perception about the public relations discipline and of making an analysis over the professional organisations which are the most important stakeholders to provide support in eliminating such problems. The basis of our study has the objective of making a comparative analysis of the PR professional organisations which have activities in Turkey, determining the deficiencies of the professional organisations and posing a proper model in terms of forming a public relations perception in Turkey, starting from the studies of the PR professional organisations in England for improving the reputation of the profession. Within this framework, the conceptual framework of public relations and the basic reasons for the lack of forming a common perception in terms of the professional organisations, the main perception problems of the public relations in Turkey and the findings about managing the process shall be shared. Keywords: Public Relations, Ethic, Professional Organizations, Reputation, Perception 358 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6696 Museum Guide: A Mobile Augmented Reality Applicaton Mehmet Simsek, Sinan Toklu Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Duzce University, 81620, Duzce, Turkey "Mobile and software technologies provide great benefits in many areas. Every day, these technologies are used in different areas. In parallel with the developments of these technologies, habits and expectations from their everyday life of humans are changing. Traditionally, when a visitor visits a museum, it may take a brochure/headphone to be informed about the objects or a guide gives guidance to it. In all cases the visitor is passive. Namely, It cannot interact with the objects. Additionally, the guidance is limited with audio. Visitor experiences can be improve with using mobile augmented reality (AR). Augmented reality can be described as enhancing realworld objects with artificial objects such as voice, video or 3 dimensional drawings and interactions. It is possible to turn a smartphone into a museum guide with using augmented reality technology. AR is more than audio guidance. It is possible to develop interactive guidance applications with using AR. In this study, we present a case study on AR applications in museums." Keywords: Augmented Reality, Museum 359 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6698 SEEKING METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY MODEL(SYSTEM) IN TURKEY RECEP ARSLAN, Mustafa ÖKMEN Dr., Prof. Dr. CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSİTY SALİHLİ VOCATİONAL SCHOOL Metropolitan municipality has been one of the important social issues in many countries and this is one of the main issues of metroplitan areas among the various problems since the 20th century. Metropolis/Metropolitan city has emerged due to the expanding of the metroplitan cities and amalgamating with other annexed towns based on the rapid urbanisation during three industrialization periods and especially along with the third industrialization period. The terms such as Metropoltan area, metropolis and metropolitan municipality are used for each of them. Metropolis is defined as a country’s biggest city which has control over urban and social groups around this area in point of economical and social ways and where socio-economical relations of country with other countries can be done or in this sense and coutrywide, a city of the coutry’s cities. Besides, Metropolitan cities are such cities where they have large population, industry and service sectors have developed when compared with the neigbour cities. Turkey has experienced an urbanisation process since 1950 and so population with economical activities has started to be accumulated in metropolitan cities. Along with Ankara and İzmir, especially a large amount of population has been accumulated in İstanbul and around these provinces, alot of small residences has emerged. After that the issue of governing of metropolitan cities has started to be on the agenda. In this context, there were some legislature drafts to solve the issue of governing of metropolitan cities but none of them were enacted until 1980. Since 1980, Turkey has met with metropolitan municipality models legally and after that time, metropolitan municipality models suggesting either some temporary and short solutions or long term solutions have been implemented in Turkey. In this study, metropolitan municipality models has been evaluated from 1980 up to now and effectiveness and applicability of these models have been discussed. Keywords: Metropolis, Metropolitan City, Metropolitan Municipality Models (Systems) 360 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6703 Remaining in the Shadow: Mikhail Ivanovich Scotti Ecaterina Stomatova Master Student Department of Art History, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey It is a well known fact that Italian immigrants who arrived in Russia in the period of reign of Peter the Great played an important role in the development of the Russian Empire. Foremost among them were architects, artists, merchants, doctors and officers whose professional skills helped to build up St. Petersburg, capital city of Russian Empire, which in course of time became closer to the Western Europe in terms of culture. We also know that their children who was born in Russia called it as their homeland and spoke Russian as their native language. One of these Italian children was Mikhail Ivanovich Scotti (Michel Angelo Pietro Scotti), Russian painter of Italian origin. He was born in St. Petersburg on October 29, 1814. His father, Giovanni Battista Scotti, was the decorative painter invited to Russia by Giacomo Quarenghi. During his life, Mikhail Scotti had drawn a lot of paintings, icons and frescoes and many times traveled to Italy. Furthermore, he visited Istanbul, where he painted icons for Russian Embassy. But despite of his achievements, he has never gained international fame. In this paper, we want to tell about the life of the artist and his works; by this way, we plan to show his place in Russian and in Italian Art. Keywords: Russian Art, Mikhail Scotti, Italian Art, Russian Embassy 361 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6704 Local Taxes and Tax Compliance: The Theoretical Analysis From The Perspective Of Local Taxes in France Selçuk İpek Associate Professor Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Biga İİBF Maliye Bölümü Biga-Çanakkale Since tax is generally regarded as the transfer of purchasing power of individuals to the public sector without quid pro quo, tax is seen as a financial burden by the most of the taxpayers. However, the most important source of revenue to finance public needs is also tax. Therefore, the complete and timely fulfillment of tax obligations of the taxpayer (tax compliance) are extremely important to achieve the objectives related to taxation. The factors affecting tax compliance must be identified in a good way in order to increase the tax compliance of taxpayers. There are many factors determining the tax compliance of tax payers. We can classify them as individual and environmental factors. While individual factors can be listed as ability to pay, and tax awareness and ethics, social and demographic factors can be listed as the acceptance of political authority, loyalty to the government, the opinion of taxpayers on other taxpayers, the compatibility of the public services with the preferences of taxpayers and the effects of the efficient use of public expenditures on taxpayers. The environmental factors can be listed as tax justice, the frequent change and the complexity of tax legislation, tax rates, the frequency of tax amnesties, lack of document order and underground economy, lack of effective implementation of tax penalties, and the prevalence of tax exclusions and exemptions. The sharing of services between central and local governments also requires the sharing of revenue sources in the public service process. After the sharing of revenue sources, both administrations want to collect revenue sources, in particular taxes, in an efficient way. However, the level of tax compliance can affect the income sources of those administrations. The views of taxpayers in terms of the factors affecting tax compliance vary from the view point of central government taxes and local taxes. In this study, the concept of tax compliance is primarily dealt with. After listing the factors that determine tax compliance, the positive and negative aspects of local taxes are revealed theoretically. Finally, local taxes in France are evaluated theoretically in terms of such factors. Keywords: Local taxes, Tax compliance, France 362 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6705 AN OVERVIEW OF THE MINORITY RIGHTS IN JOINT STOCK COMPANY UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF NEW TURKISH COMMERCIAL CODE Ebru Tuzemen Atik PhD Student Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70100, Karaman, Turkey The new Turkish Commercial Code which was put into use in 2011 has strengthened the rights of minorities in joint-stock companies by providing a more rational view. Minority rights are one of the protective rights and serve the purpose of ensuring democracy within the company and to prevent the domination of the majority over the minorities. This is an important issue in terms of protecting the rights of shareholders in joint stock companies that are a type of stock corporation whose shareholders are often not closely related to each other. However, the balance of benefits should be established in a healthy way while ensuring the protection of minority rights. Indeed, during the practice of former (repealed) Turkish Commercial Code, the functioning of minority rights in the company had sometimes faced with the causing of congestions. Therefore, the new code has offered rational solutions like the purchase of minority shares in some cases to the majority shareholders. Thus, on the one hand, minority rights have been strengthened and on the other hand, it intends to solve the problems arising from the application of the company's operation with practical methods in the exercise of these rights. This study aims to provide a general view about the improvements and the alterations introduced with regard to minority rights in joint-stock companies by comparing the former and the present code in Turkish law. Keywords: minority shareholders, minority rights, minority partner, new Turkish Commercial Code, joint stock company, Turkish Commercial Law 363 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6710 The Problems that Syrian Child Refugees Face in Education: A Case Study in Tokat FADIME SECGIN Assistant Professor Gaziosmanpasa Universitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, İlköğretim Bölümü, Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, Tokat, Türkiye Numerous people were obliged to emigrate due to worry about their lives and adverse living conditions caused by the civil war in Syria. Obviously, this situation affects the children who immigrate to different countries with their families most. A number of measures were taken in Turkey so that the future of child refugees would be affected as least negatively as possible. One of these measures is to provide the Syrian children with the opportunity to continue their education at various educational institutions. The aim of this study is to address the problems that Syrian child refuges in Turkey encounter in education. This study was designed as a qualitative research. Interviews with Syrian children in Tokat were performed using semi-structured interview technique. The data obtained were analyzed using content analysis technique. It was found in the study that Syrian child refugees were having difficulty in adapting the educational institutions. As a result of the interviews, the participants emphasized that they were having problems because of their lack competency in Turkish language, and consequently they were having difficulty in communicating with their peers and teachers and felt excluded. Moreover, it was observed that the participants had problems with understanding curriculum. Keywords: Syrian children, child refugees, education 364 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6716 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ LOCUS OF CONTROL AND THEIR ENTREPRENEURSHIP TENDENCY: THE SAMPLE OF FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES (FEAS) IN GAZIOSMANPASA UNIVERSITY YILMAZ SECGIN Assistant Professor Gaziosmanpasa Universitesi, Turhal Uygulamalı Teknoloji ve İşletmecilik Yüksekokulu, Turhal, Tokat, Türkiye Entrepreneurship has an important place in the economic development and progress of countries. Therefore, it is important for individuals to have the spirit of entrepreneurship today. Locus of control has an important effect on individuals’ viewpoints about events depending on having either internal or external locus of control. Individuals with internal locus of control are more successful, bold, and self-confident and they perceive the opportunities much faster. These are also the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. In this study, the relationship between FEAS students’ locus of control and their entrepreneurship tendency was investigated. Within this context, the problem of this study is to determine whether the students studying at the departments of Business Administration, Economy, Public Administration and Finance had internal or external locus of control and to determine the relationship between their locus of control and entrepreneurship tendency. As the data collection tools, Entrepreneurship Scale, which was developed and validated by Yılmaz and Sünbül (2009), and Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, which was developed by Rotter (1966) and adapted into Turkish by Dağ (1991), were used. 506 students filled in the scales. 424 of them were suitable for data analysis. The analysis process is ongoing. Keywords: Locus of Control, Entrepreneurship Tendency, Internal Locus of Control, External Locus of Control 365 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6720 "The eery institution of family in ‘ Amour ‘ Pass to the dark side with Haneke" SABİRE SOYTOK Assistant Professor Dokuz Eylul University Fine Arts Faculty of the Department of Film Design, İzmir, Turkey Since Haneke started to shot movies, he has been telling stories of middle class european families.In order to show the similarities in european society, the director dont even change the names of the characters.In his movies, the woman name is Anne, the man name is George and the girl name is Eva. The common point of these families are their problem with communication and the unexpected things that happens to them. They try to resolve by themselves the problems they encounter in modern life. We watch Anne and George trying to resolve the problems they face in everyday’s life. The director takes interest in the ‘mean’ and ‘dark’ side. This is why violence is the main problem : he researches its root. Sometimes you may see a violence with no reason (Ölümcül Oyunlar) or sometimes a person running from his past and taking a new identity (Saklı) or an unknown apocalypse (Kurdur Günü). In his movies, he shows, persons experiencing identity problems and communicating problems. And this is shown trough one of the safest place known: the family. Anne and George usually lives in insular conventional cities and houses. In Haneke movies houses are places that protects the families and closed them like prisons. The ‘prison’ is emphasize in the movies ; ‘Yedince Kıta’, ‘Saklı’ and ‘Ölümcül Oyunlar’. But on his last movie ‘Aşk’ it is centerlined. The movie ‘Aşk’ takes as a main subject the agedness period and its deperate situation. This time we witness the natural violence of life and sickness. The movie is quite hard and shows the humans being desperate face to sickness in a life in which relationship are established trough materialism. The movie tells the story of a wife that keeps getting sicker and her husband who finds himself oblige to kill her in order to stop her pain. It questions the modern relationship in a conventional lifestyle. In a life in which materialism has taken a real place and can not go further, how is it to be old, sick, to be a husband and a child ? With these questions we see as a result a strong and dark movie. 366 But you may notice that there is not violence as we are used to see like on the other movies he has done. The violence is life itself and the way it was treated. We are this time face to organs that are getting old, putrefactive in each in a long. The most relieving aspect of the movie is the behaviors of George to his wife. The way that whatever happens his still holds the hand of his wife facing desperatly sickness. Keywords: senility, fierceness, dark, haunted, family 367 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6722 German as a Foreign Language in Turkey - Problems and Desiderata at University Level Özlem Tekin Assistant Professor Department of German Language and Literature, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey It is not difficult to realize that in recent decades Germanic studies in general have visibly lost weight towards engineering sciences, natural sciences and economics. The situation of German studies in Turkey is not different. Thus, in the scientific discourse, it is repeatedly talked about a ""crisis"" or even an ""extinction"" of German as a foreign language in Turkey. But why is this? How does the current situation of German as a foreign language in Turkey look like? Which positive and negative aspects can be noted? And does German as a foreign language have really no future in Turkey? The aim of this contribution is to provide answers to these questions, particularly regarding problems and desiderata at university level: Initially, a brief historical review of the development of German as a foreign language in Turkey will be given. Then, the current situation of the subject will be considered in detail: First, the general status of German as a foreign language within the Turkish education system will be described. Afterwards, current aspects of research and teaching in the field of German as a foreign language at university level in Turkey will be regarded, and problems here encountered will be identified. Based on these, desiderata for the future of Germanic research and teaching will be formulated. As this can affect the situation of the German language in Turkey as a whole, the present paper can be regarded as a contribution to the future of German as a foreign language in Turkey. Keywords: German as a Foreign Language, Turkey, Higher Education, Problems, Desiderata 368 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6724 Landscape Value of Urban Coastal Zone Nilgun Guneroglu Assistant Professor Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture, Trabzon / TURKEY Water has been always the first priority for human beings through the history. Water is used for many purposes such as cleaning, irrigation and drinking. Water has been always an element in urban landscape design; it is either naturally or artificially included in urban landscapes to meet the demand of urbanite. Therefore, water and coastal areas are important habitats that host many plant and animal species. Coastal zones have been inhabited by many civilizations to reach for more comfortable living standards by crating big cities. Human population density is always very high on these areas and its rate shows ever increasing trend. Coastal zones are characteristic elements contributing to shape urban identity in landscape designs. The history, economy and socio-culture of the coastal cities are basically determined by the geographical location and relation with the coast. Moreover, these areas are also very important in terms of ecological sustainability and recreational facilities that they offer for the local inhabitants. In this study, the importance of water front is stressed in terms of ecology, recreation and aesthetic aspects in urban landscape design. Mitigation policies and sustainable design concepts are proposed for deteriorated coastal landscapes due to urbanization and high population density. Keywords: Coastal zone, Recreation, Urban ecology, Landscape value 369 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6727 Too Many Words, But Which Ones? Ebru Şenyiğit Instructor Dr. Department of ELT, Education Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey While learning a language we pursuit a long journey of gaining new words in this process. This study particularly focuses on what factors play crucial role in what words the learners of English specifically prefer adding their vocabulary knowledge. The study is conducted on the first year students of Uludağ University ELT Department during their reading and vocabulary course. The learners are presented a long reading passage involving many new vocabulary items and asked which ones are worth retaining. By considering textual clues, the learners both reveal their opinions about the new words by listing order of importance and giving reasons about it. As a result, repetition in the text, involving no contextual and morphological clues of the words could be assumed as the most frequent reasons for triggering the learners’ interest to learn about the items. Keywords: vocabulary learning, reading, context 370 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6728 Implicit and Explicit Conflict: Implications for Educational Relations. Jose Maria Barroso Tristan PhD Student Departamento multidisciplinar e multi-institucional de difusão do conhecimento, Universidade federal da bahia, Salvador, Brasil This article aims to analyze how conflict, both implicit and explicit, impacts on relationships in the educational process. We start from a conception of conflict as an inherent element of social relations, so that we define it as the divergence between subjects, whether individual or collective. Consequently, we assert that conflicts are constantly implicated in the educational processes and that if they become manifest or not depends fundamentally on the authority figures. Through this notion of conflict, we will describe the different types of relationships established between individuals, and the social consequences involved. Such analysis of relationships will be based on the categories proposed by Fromm (1986) of rational and irrational authority, bearing in mind that the latter can be divided into two subcategories: obvious authority and anonymous authority. Rational authority aims to establish a more democratic relationship in which subjectivities are respected, and to favor the emergence of conflicts that can be resolved through dialogue. Irrational authority promotes a kind of authoritarian relationships, whether explicit or implicit, that impede the emergence of conflicts, leaving everything tacit but not expressed, therefore unresolved. By analyzing the implications that each type of relationships contains about conflicts, we can draw conclusions about the most coherent form to deal with conflicts in educational spaces in democracy. Keywords: Conflict, authority, educational process, educational relationships 371 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6730 On the concept of time in Cahit Koytak's poem, “İnsan Olmasaydı” Arzu Yildirim PhD Student Department of Turkish Language and Literature, University of Sakarya, Sakarya, Turkey Time as a concept is one of the most controversial issues in philosophy. Scholars, who deal with it, do not think that it is independent of being. Cahit Koytak, in his poem called İnsan Olmasaydı which occurs in his Yeni Başlayanlar İçin Metafizik, discusses this concept within the frames of poetry tradition and he somewhat reveals his own conception of being. In the poem Koytak works the concept of time through the classical period’s perception of being and he uses the poetic language of the modern age and also presents a mystical perspective to his readers. Poetry as an art is a product of the man’s attempt to transcend the objective reality and it has an aspect that exceeds the limits of temporality. This clearly can be seen in Koytak’s poem. In this article, I am trying to show that how, in the poem, man’s search for truth is dealt with through the concept of time. Keywords: Poetry, time, sufism, philosophy, art 372 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6732 Organizational Commitment Levels of Personnel Working in 4- and 5-Star Accommodation Businesses: The Case of Alanya Ateş Bayazıt Hayta Associate Professor Department of Banking, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey Organizational commitment is an indispensable concept for businesses of the day, among which an intensive competition takes place to keep qualified personnel under their roof. Organizational commitment is a critical factor for enterprises to reach success. It is an important factor that predicts the personnel’s devotion, intention to quit the job, job performance, and motivation. In this regard, a study was carried out on 554 employees who were randomly selected and volunteered to take part in the study with the aim of determining the organizational commitment levels of the personnel working in 4- and 5-Star accommodation businesses operating in Alanya district of Antalya, a touristic city in Southern Turkey, and finding out the relationships between their job satisfaction levels and their education levels, income levels, and the departments they work in. In the study, a 2-part questionnaire form was used for data collection. In the first part of the questionnaire, there were questions aimed at determining the demographic and economic situation of the participants while 5-point Likert-type Organizational Commitment Scale consisting of 18 items developed by Allen and Meyer (1990) and 3 sub-dimensions (affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment) was used in the second part. For the analysis of the data obtained from the participants, SPSS 22 for Windows package was used. The results of the statistical analyses carried out indicated that there was a significant difference (p<.01) between the organizational commitment levels of the personnel according to education level, monthly income, and the departments they work in. Keywords: Organizational commitment, affective commitment, continuance commitment, normative commitment. 373 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6734 Analyzing of Basic Concepts in Picture Books for Preschool Children Gulden UYANIK BALAT, Zeynep KILIC, Seyma Degirmenci, Ozge Unsal Professor, Res. Ass., Res. Ass., Res. Ass. Dr. Department of Preschool Education, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkiye Books are tools that enable children to connect with real world. Picture books that have high quality fiction and visuals do not only help children to spend a good time but also support children’s all developmental areas. According to the literature, it has been seen that there are mostly studies which examine internal and external characteristics of children’s books. This study focuses on educational aspects of children’s picture books. The aim of the study is to analyze basic concepts in picture books for preschool children and to determine the frequency of science concepts among these basic concepts. Study group includes picture books for 3-6 years old children from randomly selected 13 bookstores in Anatolian and European side of Istanbul. Document analysis of qualitative research method was used in the study. “Basic Concepts Checklist” developed by researchers was used for data collection. Data of the study have been still collecting. Data will be evaluated with percentages and frequencies and findings will be discussed in the light of literature. Keywords: illustrated children books, basic concepts, science concepts 374 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6736 What Pre-Service Teachers Think About A Seminar Related to Using Web 2.0 Technologies in Teaching and Learning? Erman Yukselturk, Memet Ucgul, Serhat Altiok Department of Education, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale There are lots of technologies that can be integrated to teaching and learning process such as social networking, interactive presentation tools, file storage and sharing tools, blogs and wikis, online examination tools, animation and video tools, mapping and drawing tools and learning management systems. These technologies are referred as Web 2.0 and defined as using of the network platforms which allow people to interact, collaborate and share with each other. This study is a descriptive study as it aims to analyze pre-service teachers' views who attended a 5-days seminar, supported by TUBITAK, related to web 2.0 technologies in teaching and learning. The study sample consisted of 40 pre-service teachers who study at Faculty of Education from 18 different universities. The data is collected through a questionnaire consisting of 21 five-point Likert-type questions and three openended questions. The collected quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (e.g., means, standard deviations) and the qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The results of the study indicated that almost all pre-service teachers were quite satisfied with all activities during the seminar. They suggested that the pre-service teachers should attend similar activities to update their knowledge and learn current improvements in their area. This study and similar studies showed that pre-service teachers want to be aware of current technological and pedagogical improvements. Increasing the number of such events is important to inform them about new developments in their area. Keywords: Web 2.0 Technologies, Evaluation of a Seminar, Pre-Service Teachers 375 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6738 REFLECTIVE PRACTICE IN CLASSROOM INTERACTION: A CASE STUDY OF TWO EFL CLASSROOMS AT SOCIAL SCIENCES VOCATIONAL COLLEGE IN ULUDAG UNIVERSITY Fatih Mehmet Yigit Instructor Uludag University School of Foreıgn Languages, Bursa, Turkey Classroom interaction has been one of the most influential aspect especially in foreign language learning/teaching. Today, many researchers claim that through classroom interaction knowledge can be constructed and skills can be enhanced. It is essential to understand how interaction contributes to language learning and teaching in EFL practices. In the light of these ideas, the current study investigated into identifying and interpreting teacher-student interaction within two tertiary level EFL classrooms. The main purpose of the study was to find out the effectiveness of the reflectivity upon undergraduate students in line with Classroom Interaction (CI) course at Master of Arts (MA) in Uludag University. Data collection was conducted through observation and audio recording of the classes. The teacher-student interaction was finalised with a transcription of a short interview in the classroom. The analysis of results indicated that both learners and lecturers consider classroom interaction as an important pedagogical strategy in enhancing language learning /teaching. The study suggests that the student-teacher interaction implements several pedagogical strategies: favouring comprehension, making sure the involvement and participation of all students or establishing an orderly and positive learning environment take place. The lecturer should establish and maintain the pace of the lesson, encourage student participation and get all students involved, he/she should also deliver a well-structured lesson and provide positive feedback. Keywords: classroom interaction, effective teaching and learning, reflection, reflective practice 376 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6739 Contrastive Linguistics in Foreign Language Teaching Özlem Tekin Assistant Professor Department of German Language and Literature, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey Contrastive linguistics as a comparative linguistic method has its focus on the identification and characterization of commonalities, similarities and differences between two or more languages. Based on the linguistic commonalities and differences, potential positive and negative influences, which the mother tongue is supposed to have on the foreign language, should be determined and used in foreign language teaching. But can the results of theoretical linguistic comparisons be really used effectively in foreign language teaching? Can contrastive linguistics help identify foreign language errors? Should contrastive linguistics play a role in modern foreign language teaching? And if so, how could contrastive linguistics be implemented in foreign language teaching? The aim of this contribution is to provide answers to these questions: First, the importance of contrastive linguistics in determining foreign language errors will be explained. This covers both, the determination of what language errors are, and the determination of their causes. Based on this, the role of contrastive linguistics in foreign language teaching will be examined: First, the methods of language teaching to date will be analyzed to see whether language comparisons have played a role in them. Then, the current discussion on foreign language teaching will be set forth in detail, and it will be discussed whether contrastive linguistics should play a role in today's foreign language teaching or not. In conclusion, some concrete suggestions for the use of contrastive linguistics in foreign language teaching will be given, which also addresses the role of textbook authors, teachers and learners. Keywords: Contrastive Linguistics, Foreign Language Errors, Foreign Language Teaching 377 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6741 Hatice Vatansever Bayraktar: Primary School Teachers' Perceptıon of Dıscıplıne Types They Use For Classroom Management Hatice Vatansever Bayraktar, M.Cihangir DOGAN Assistant Professor, Prof.Dr. Department of PreSchool Teacher Traning, Education Faculty, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Turkey The objective of this study is to examine the primary school teachers' the perceptions of discipline types they use for classroom management; and also to find out if there is a statistically significant difference between the perceptions of discipline types used in classroom management according to the demographic characteristics of primary school teachers. The research was carried out in the survey design. Population consists of primary school teachers working in İstanbul province in 2015-2016 academic years. As for the sample, it consists of 275 primary school teachers working in Bağcılar, Bahçelievler, Başakşehir, Gaziosmanpaşa and Küçükçekmece districts in İstanbul province in 2015-2016 academic years. Data were collected through ""personal information form"" and ""discipline types that teacher use for classroom management scale"". Data were analyzed with SPSS and frequency, percentage, t-test, Mann Whitney-U Test, Kruskal Wallis-H Test were used. The perception of teachers in all dimensions (in total scale) of discipline types they use for classroom management is at the level of ""I totaly agree-(always)"". Primary school teachers always agreed with using ""preventive"", ""supportive"" and ""improver"" discipline type. The study showed that primary school teachers prefered the mostly preventive discipline type for classroom management and after the most supportive disciplinary approach. There is not a significant difference between the primary school teachers' the perceptions of discipline types they use for classroom management depending on the gender and type of school variables. Keywords: primary school teacher, classroom management, discipline, discipline type 378 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6748 Implementation Methods of Financial Incentives and Financial Incentives in Turkey in the Last Years Sahin Karabulut, Asuman Altay Instructor Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Public Finance Department Dokuzcesmeler Campus 35160 Street 24 No:2 35160 Buca / İzmir, Turkey Tax has many important functions like providing financial resources, having tool of economic and fiscal policy, and directing social behavior. Therefore, tax is an indispensable element of the state in order to continue its existence. Tax that is the biggest and ordinary income resources of states has caused to seen as a tool of persecution and the emergence of reaction against tax because of the sloppy taxation. Taxpayers can not the compare benefits of public expenditures and costs of taxation rationally. This is the main reason of adverse reactions. Therefore, various financial incentives are used for reducing discontent against the tax, increasing the investment, increasing the employment, increasing the tax revenue. These financial incentives are quite used method to achieve the government's macro-economic objectives. In this study, types and methods of implementation methods of financial incentives were investigated and financial incentives in Turkey by 2000s were enquired. Keywords: Financial Incentives, Tax Burden, Fiscal Policy 379 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6749 Production Models of Pre-Capitalism and Process of Capitalist Accumulation Sahin Karabulut Instructor Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Dokuzcesmeler Campus 35160 Street 24 No:2 35160 Buca / İzmir, Turkey Economic crisis that appear long-term cyclical imbalances in the economy, undermine the social life in various ways. Economic crises cause to misallocation, balance of payments disequilibrium, blocked in economic growth, price instability and they could create depressions in the cultural and social aspects. In this respect, get over the economic crises in a short time has an universal significance. To get to the source of the problem is the prevailing system in order to solve exactly these crises as usual. These means we must focused reasons and primary resources of problems. To resolve the economic crisis which has come into our lives nearly two centuries ago, economic system must be analyzed broadly. In this respect, when examining the current economic system, we could recognize to economic growth is based on the capital accumulation and it is clear that economic congestions has a huge expenditure. Therefore, in this study, pre-capitalist models of production were investigated and it explained the logic of capitalist accumulation. Keywords: Production Models, Pre-Capitalism, Capital Accumulation 380 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6753 Testing Meteor Showers Affect in Stock Market: The Sample of Turkey, Italy, Greece, Russia Ugur Uzun, Murat Berberoglu Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Turkey International economic borders are collapsed between countries with the globalization affect in the World. The impact level of different countries’ financial markets on each other raised while international capital movements increasing. This case makes led to return and volatility in the Stock market which is one of the most basic investment instruments and, the interaction of among stock exchange markets made important for investors. according to the theory called “meteor shower” in the literature; a volatility which exist a market can spread to others. In this study, it is aimed that to examine the return and volatility spillover among Turkey, Greece, Italy and Russia’s stock market. in this context, basic stock market index data of Countries are analysed with cointegration, ARCH& GARCH and other econometric tests. Keywords: Stock Market, Meteor Shower Teory, Volatility, Return 381 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6756 Jungian Perspectives of School : Shadow and Light Nuray Oakley, Gülşah Taşçı-Kaya Professor, PhD Candidate Kocaeli University The purpose of the study was to determine and analyze school's archetypes. In this article was examined Jungian Theory. This study was designed as a qualitative research model. In order to reach relevant data, the study was carried out with 224 pre-service teachers in Kocaeli. The data were gathered through a form which included the phrase “School is same as…………..,”. In this research was used phenomenological design and Jung's concept along with a qualitative research method. After the data analysis, these archetypes were grouped into 2 different categories. Moreover, we will note how school use, and we will suggest ways to restore the energy that school lose when hiding inside their shadow and light sides. Results and recommendations have been put forward regarding to the findings of the study. This study is expected to emerge school’s archetypes. Keywords: Jungian theory, shadow, light and school leadership. 382 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6759 Gender Equality in Education Framework of Social Welfare State in Turkey Duriye Toprak Dr. Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Public Finance Department, Isparta, Turkey The mission space of the social welfare state is quite broad and it is accepted that basically social security, education, health, income redistribution and social welfare services of the duties of the welfare state. It leads to inequality of opportunity, social exclusion and poverty, such as Turkey, to have not access to education in countries with poor of understanding welfare state and the level of socio-economic development. Thus, the fundamental responsibilities assumed by the social welfare state in education (such as be free compulsory education, made accessible to wider social circles of higher education, the organization of vocational and technical education) are necessary to provide that eliminating the existing inequality of opportunities in society, everyone is trained and able to fully develop its potential and individuals may be useful to himself and to society. Education is an important force in the development and growth of the a country's economic, political, social and cultural aspects. In Turkey, to ensure gender equality in education is necessary and important for the development of both economically, politically, social and cultural aspects as well as to put into practice the democratic way of life. Therefore, gender inequality in education is an important issue that not just the girls or their families, but also interests of society as a whole because it is about social justice. The welfare state and gender relations are emerging in different ways in different countries. Women's position in the social production and reproduction significantly affected that the overall structure of the welfare state and the prevalence of social services in the country. The aim of this study is to examine and evaluate that gender relations what impact the direction of laid out policies in the field of education in Turkey within the framework of the transformation of the welfare state. Keywords: education, educational policy, equal opportunity, gender, social welfare state 383 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6760 Mediating Roles of Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use in the Effect of Technology Readiness Propensity on Consumers’ Online Shopping Intention Selma KALYONCUOGLU, Bahar YAGCI Gazi University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Second Floor, Room Number: 238, Besevler/ANKARA 06500 As a result of technological developments and the increase in internet use, online shopping has become an attractive option for consumers while buying goods and services which will meet their needs. Therefore, it is of significant importance for businesses to establish a system for constantly growing e-retailing market and to update the system whenever necessary while reaching their customers. Taking these into account, this study aims to explain consumers’ online shopping intentions through Technology Acceptance Model which was developed by Davis in 1989. In addition, this study focuses on determining the effect of technology readiness on consumers’ online shopping intentions by using Technology Readiness Index which was developed by Parasuraman in 2000. Within this scope, the objectives of the study are to find out the effects of consumers’ technology readiness on the perception that online shopping is useful and does not require much effort, and on consumers’ online shopping intentions as well as to determine the mediating roles of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use in the relationship between consumers’ technology readiness propensity and their online shopping intentions. Related hypotheses were developed based on the research model and data are still being collected through online questionnaire on internet. Hierarchical Regression Analysis will be performed to test the hypotheses of the study. The expected result based on preliminary findings is that consumers’ technology readiness affects their perception that online shopping is useful and does not require much effort, and it has an influence on their online shopping intentions. It is also expected to find out that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have mediating roles regarding online shopping. Keywords: Technology Readiness, Online Shopping Intention, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Technology Acceptance Model 384 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6764 PRIVACY PERCEPTION OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS Derya ELMALI SEN, Fatih YAZICI, Evsen YETIM Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey The simplest definition of the concept of privacy is secrecy and it has a structure which differs from culture to culture and also from time to time in the same society. Privacy, existed in both eastern and western cultures since ancient times, is an interdisciplinary concept that is in the interests of the different science fields such as philosophy, sociology, psychology, law, architecture, politics and lately also information technology. Privacy, in fact is a fundamental human need and failure to meet privacy needs has been shown to be related to antisocial behaviors and behavioral disorders. The lack of a common meaning that is valid for everyone and absence of certain limits of privacy make it interesting. Privacy is perceived with different dimensions such as religious, legal, personal, physical/sensual, spatial and cultural, and its content and boundaries vary from generation to generation. In this context, the study focuses on what privacy means for the university students. The hypothesis of this study is that the privacy concept is most perceived with the religious, personal and physical/sensual dimensions than the others mentioned above. A questionnaire with open and closedended questions designed to test this, and applied to students of Karadeniz Technical University English prep classes in level undergraduate and graduate (130 women, 243 men) in the 2015-16 Academic Year Spring Semester. Privacy is most perceived with which dimension and the place of spatial dimension between them has been questioned by the questionnaire. The obtained data will be analysed with SPSS. It is planned to determine whether there is a perceptual difference between the sex and educational level of subjects, as well as to determine what privacy means to them. Keywords: university students, privacy, perception, spatial privacy 385 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6766 Religious rivalry in the network society Bayram Sevinc Associate Professor Department of Sociology, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey Network society concept has been spread which used by Manuel Castells when analyzing today’s society to refer the new social organization and cultural mode of operation that brought by infrastructure based in communication and transport techniques. Castells argues that the world has been undergoing structural transformation in recent years which is a multi-dimensional and coexisted with a new technological paradigm that based on information and communication technologies and shaped in the 1970s and spread worldwide unequally. After 1980 the socio-political structure diversity that occurring on the techno-ground which caused by the integration with global structure has produced a cultural transformation in Turkey. In this context, it emerged a new model of competition between religious groups for Turkish modernization: network-based competition. The differences appear here, cannot be addressed only in a reductionist simplicity as the differentiation of vehicles. This, must be considered as a state of consciousness arising as a wide conversion mechanism in the context of the relationships, culture and restructuring. As each group structuring, religious groups are socio-cultural extension of their age. Contemporary world has experienced a structural and instrumental transformation at the point where technological development. In this context the form of religious groups and their activities in the network society are carry serious differences from previous periods. In this communique the religious competition cases in the case of Turkey will be discussed over the concerned theoretical framework. Keywords: Network Society, Religious Rivalry, New Religious Movement, Islam 386 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6774 What is or is not the Neo-conservatism in Turkish Education System? Aslı Yurttaş, Gizem Hatipoğlu Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey All over the world, the economic and cultural transformations have been occurred with the globalization and the world has begun the tendency of monoculture as predicted by the researchers. Neo-liberal policies underpinning this transformation have brought about cultural pollution, the part called neoconservatives have begun to complain about the disappearing of the traditional curriculum, history, literature and values. After the referendum “Brexit”, the people in Britain who have wanted to leave from European Union, is giving us, a clue related to these kinds of complaints. This article aims to identify on how and to what extent the discourse of the “neo-conservatism” has been involved in Turkey; if so, it aims to discuss the impacts on the Turkish education system. For this purpose, government programs, development plans and practices will be analyzed by qualitatively with document analysis method. Keywords: Turkish Education System, neo-conservatism 387 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6778 AN ANALYSIS ON THE RECONSTRUCTION STRATEGIES AFTER THE CIVIL WAR IN TURKEY: DIYARBAKIR SUR DISTRICT CASE Pelin Pınar Ozden Associate Professor Faculty of Political Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, TURKEY Throughout history, civil wars have been damaging the social-economical and physical pattern of the cities irredeemably. Lebanon, which became a ruin with the civil war in 1975-1990; Beirut, which entered a reconstruction process in 1980’s, Egypt (Tahrir square in Cairo), Tunisia and Syria (Sheikh Maqsood district in Aleppo) examples, which flared up with a domino effect and became civil war, demonstrated the grand and devastating influences of civil war on the cities and people realistically. A similar process is encountered today in Turkey. The civil war happening in the eastern region of our country in the last few months has damaged many settlements in terms of social-economical, cultural, and physical aspect. Settlements such as Cizre, and Sur which is in the protection list of UNESCO, have became ruins, and the local people were forced to move to other places. Dispossession and the process of creating unmanned lands continue in these areas rapidly. Although there are some returns to the areas, there aren’t any policies that will ensure the reconstruction. Those who return are left to their own destinies. In this process, the only claim that is used in politics is urban transformation. However, considering the urban transformation experiences of the country, we can say that this process will possess other policies that will threat the identity and the unique character of the settlements. This study, in the context of identity and character titles, aims to make an analysis on the post-civil war reconstruction strategies of Sur district, and to make suggestions. Keywords: Civil War, Reconstruction, Urban Transformation, Sur District 388 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6781 MAX WEBER’S CORPORATION THESIS AND THE IDEA OF SULTANISM Ibrahim Mazman Associate Professor Kirikkale University Fen Edebiyat Fakultesi Sosyoloji Bolumu Kirikkale Max Weber, as a well-known German sociologist in his search for the dynamics paving way for the rise of West handled the concept of corporation in Northern Italian city states like Genoa and Venice as the heritage of Roman law in his Economy and Society. Weber dealt with the problem of institutional autonomy and public institutional identity as independent components resistant to political interferences. On the other hand, Weber was concerned with the concept of Sultanism to refer to the absolute power of a monarchic ruler over state issues. Weber dealt with this notion as the lack of any constitutional contract between state and society. In this regard, this study will tackle the problem of contractual state with respect to Roman law and early corporations in early Italian city states. In addition, it will deal with the concepts of Oriental state and Sultanism dependent on the absolute will of a ruler and lack of a political contract with his subjects. Third, this study will make a comparative sociological analysis on their historical roots which have brought about these two different types of political institutions in terms of Weber’s works on this area. Keywords: Max Weber, corporation, Roman law, Sultanism, Oriental State 389 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6782 Democratic Attitude Levels of English Teachers and Prospective English Teachers: Mixed Method Necla Şahin-Fırat, Gülşah Külekçi DEÜ Buca Eğitim Fakültesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Bölümü, Buca / İZMİR Teacher quality is largely, closely associated with the selection of prospective teachers, their preservice training and positive attitude (Şimşek, 2005). Therefore, with this research, by examining the democratic attitude level of both students who are in teacher training process and teachers who carry out the job, researching whether there is a change in their democratic attitude levels, if there is, researching the direction of change is thought to be important. Based on the findings, this research is expected to contribute to the identification of educational needs of teachers both in pre-service and inservice related to their developing democratic attitude. In addition, due to being carried out by using quantitative and qualitative methods together, this research can reveal more satisfying data. The aim of the Study The aim of this study was to explore the level of democratic attitudes in terms of various features of English teachers and prospective teachers and develop proposals depending on the findings. Method Quantitative data of the research were obtained from 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Grade 397 students studying in Buca Education Faculty, English Language Teaching Department in 2014-2015 Academic Year and 123 English teachers working in state and private primary and secondary schools in Buca, Izmir Province; in total 520 participants. For qualitative data, a semi- structured interview question developed by the researchers was asked to randomly selected 53 prospective teachers and 31 teachers. Findings Research is ongoing. Keywords: democratic attitude, English teachers, prospective English teachers 390 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6787 The impact of the collaboration among teachers on students’ reading achievement FLORINA NICOLETA IVAN, MOHAMED HRIMECH University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada The aim of this paper is to put in evidence the impact of the collaboration between teachers on pedagogical practices and on fourth-grade students’ reading achievement. The problematic concerning the difficulties faced by teachers such as the lack of collaboration, was examined by several studies through the concept of community of practice (Lave and Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 2005) and applied to the work of teachers, lecturers and trainers (Yandell and Turvey, 2007; Bathmaker and Avis, 2005; Avis and Fisher, 2006). Ronfeldt et al. (2015) explored the collaboration between teachers from public schools in Miami, with an impact on student’s outcomes. We used PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) 2011 data to perform a quantitative research to analyze the variables measuring the collaboration among teachers from 3 provinces in Canada and the results on the pedagogical practices and the students’ outcomes, from a community of practice perspective. We found that teachers’ collaboration had a significant impact on student’s reading achievement. Keywords: teacher collaboration, community of practice, student performance, reading 391 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6792 URBAN, SPACE AND MEMORY: An Analysis of Representation of Global Urban Culture in Turkish TV Series Ayse Ozcan, Akin Yildirim, Sirin Dilli Political Science and Public Administration Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Gure Campus Giresun, Turkey Information and communication technologies (ICT) that its power is based on economic growth and competitiveness are very effective tools to spread the distinctive its own icons and symbols constituting the language and the culture of the society. Countries that have the necessary technology information capability and economic power have been emerging as a decisive actor in production of political, economic and socio-cultural elements of this global order. These conditions owned by the developed countries spontaneously create “a global memory” in the world, and this memory shaped by global culture is generated with the various socio-cultural tools all over the world. Television is a mass communication tool allowing for social interaction, and the tool reflects the society in which all values including historical, political, social and cultural elements. From this perspective, television series have been playing a very important role for the creation of language and memory of the society. Because these series include many images related to cultural and spatial representations of the society. The interpretation of the images that is very important in terms of revealing its reflections on the local culture. This study discusses the content of television broadcasting in framework of television series under a classification based on concepts of urban, space and memory, and this discussion comprises only 3 selected Turkish television series named MedCezir, Karagul and Ask Yeniden. In this context, the effects of global culture on local culture are analyzed with three selected television series on the basis of the first season of 2015 covering the period of 6 months between January and June. The methods provided by semiotics are used in this analysis, and thus all selected series are evaluated in terms of spatial, cultural and ideological representations Keywords: Global Culture. Urban Culture. Urban Space, Television, Turkish Series, Social Memory. 392 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6795 User Comments and Their Usefulness for Public Relations Research Hrvoje Jakopović Dr. Department of Journalism and Public Relations, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Internet traffic has increased in every sense. It is gathering new users every day and under these circumstances is becoming dominant medium for transferring data and getting information. Numerous organizations are adopting new ways of servicing their customers online and therefore many professions are also changing. Public relations profession overlooks communication habits and in order to sustain positive relationships it needs to observe and analyse the newest virtual locations where online image and reputation are transformed. Furthermore, opinions are shaped in these occasionally hidden locations. Public relations research is dealing with challenges of effects measurements and as a part of that it should be able to measure media relations. However online communicative practices are far more complex for measurement than statistical analysis of emoticons, likes and dislikes and the true meaning is hidden in the word content or in the electronic word-ofmouth. The author is introducing a research model for analysis of user comments and their reactions towards content on the social media sites. This research refers to the concept of organizational image and reputation, organizational presentation in online media and its relationship with users. The author is discussing several media theories that could explain the effects of online media on users. Keywords: user comments, public relations research, organization, online reputation 393 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6797 Managing fear. Contrasting real and media represented terrorism: a training project to prepare police and journalists MIHAELA GAVRILA Assistant Professor Department of Communication and Social Research, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 113, 00198 Rome The phenomenon of terrorism is no longer limited to covert actions and intelligence, but indeed part of broader social reality. This implies the need for a trans-disciplinary semantic map related to contrasting terrorism and an analysis of those media mechanisms which generate insecurity among the general public. A few of the disciplines having dealt with the complexity of recent terrorist events are strategic studies such as international law, social science, political science, and psychological approaches. In this regard areas which need to be addressed include 1. Communication and its industrial and propagandistic power, also considering its ability to foster symbolic violence (Galtung, 1968; Bourdieu e Passeron, 1970; Gallino 2004; Boltanski, 2000); 2. Politics and its (national and supranational) institutions; 3. The need to reinterpret international geopolitics in view of understanding such recent trend in expansive and borderless imperialistic politics, be they economic, cultural, or religious; 4. Taking care of the weakest and most exposed members of the community such as children, elderly, culturally weak, as both subjects and audiences of communication. 5. The lack of a strong project to contrast western unpreparedness (eg. the lack of an European military inter-force coordination project and the lack of a European journalism able to deal effectively in complex multi-national contexts); According to various national and international researches (primarily the Eurobarometro and the Osservatorio Europeo sulla Sicurezza in the various editions of the survey), in recent years the fear of terrorism in Europe is reaching and even exceeding the fear for the economic crisis and the job loss. This reversal in the ranking of the fears is closely linked to the conscious use of media power by terrorism. Besides, Internet is changing the character of media representation of terrorism. The web 394 and the new technologies offer through blogs, sites, discussion groups, social networking sites the chance to field alternative communication strategies bypassing the official information channels. A complex environment and a media reality feeding myths, representations, propaganda and counterpropaganda networks, opposing information and soliciting new interpretive paradigms and an analytical perspective in part still unexplored. These new and global strategies and ways of doing further highlight the apparent omnipotence and the desire to create a conflict, dominate and redraw borders, keeping alive or smothering the economies of entire nations (Grasso, 2014). In addition, there is the need to manage the effects of medial storytelling upon so complex topics. In fact, the mainstream communication promotes the logic of emergency and of sensationalism at any cost, following an ephemeral and short-term time horizon (Amadou-Mathar M’Bow, 1982, ed. or. 1980). In this context , the police forces as guarantors and education to security protagonists and reliable reference points for personal action are bearers of a strategic function. This paper aims at developing a transnational training project for law enforcement personnel and communication operators. Such an initiative, which will involve the network of Inter-force Police Schools, international journalistic agencies, as well as European universities, could be a compelling operational response to the global problem of terrorism. Keywords: Fear, Insecurity, Media Power, Terrorism, Transnational Training, Cooperation, Transmedia storytelling 395 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6801 BELIEVER TRANSACTIONS Yasemin DURAK Assistant Professor Kırıkkale University, The Law Faculty Believer transactions can be made effectively according to the principle of freedom of contract although it is not regulated in The Turkish Obligations Law. Believing transfers a right to the believed provided that it use in a particular purpose and manner and give back this right when the goal also happens at the believer transaction. The two sides which are called the believing and the believed are available in the believer transactions. The believing is called that it is alienator as believer to a trusted person a right or the object. The believed is called that it is person who uses as a right of his own, right or the object which is transferred as believer, but for their own benefit or without their own benefit. The belief agreement is subject to form in the believer transactions which concerning the transfer of immovable properties with the transfer of receivable. To be made in formal manner in ded of the belief agreement is required in the believer transactions which concerning immovable properties. The legal nature of belief agreement is controversial in the believer transactions. Opinions which in the direction become a original itself contract, proxy contract or kind of proxy a relationship of the belief agreement have been put forward in the doctrine. The belief agreement is a promissory transaction which contains the expiration causes of believer transaction and the conditions of being used by believed of transferred right, to be managed, return to believe, which determines the right and debts between the believing and believed person. These transactions emerge usually with saving an operation which shows itself in the form of a saving operation with the aggregation so as to form a whole of debt-inducing transaction. Legal reasons may occur in various ways in saving transactions. These may contain legal reasons such as the cause of the pursuance, the cause of the acquisition, the cause of the donation, the cause of renovation and the cause of fulfilling a condition. Believer transactions end in various ways: these are the realization of the aim, the expiration of the prescribed period, the withdrawal of the proxy, the death of one of the parties, the incapacitation of the one of the parties and breaking contract. 396 It arises debt which gives back the issue of faith of the believed in case of the end for reasons such as the realization of the aim of the believer transactions, payment of debt, the elapse of a certain period. Keywords: believer transaction, pseudonym, prearranged transaction, belief agreement, believer giving as property. 397 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6802 Customer Satisfaction with Real Estate Brokerage Services Supeecha Panichpathom, Thippapha Gaywee, Onpimol Kittichontawat, Supisara Sri-on, Piyanuch Chuankahemwiwat, Chutima Numjaroenvuthi, Banthita Vichitranonda MIS department, Thammasat University, 2 Prachan Rd., Bkk. 10200, Thailand Real estate brokerage services are not so popular in Thailand. Possible reason is the quality of services derived from brokers. The providers of brokerage services are individuals or business entities. This study concentrates on relationship between the satisfaction of customers who have sold residential estate via real estate brokerage firms at least one time within a past year and the quality of services offered by brokerage firms. In addition to service quality measured by SERVQUAL, this study included two more constructs, namely the perceived value and the professionalism, which is knowledge and skills of staff, constructs. Using a structure questionnaire, all valid 244 respondents rated their opinions with five-point Likert scale. Using exploratory factor analysis to reduce measurement items used for all three constructs and multiple regression analysis to analyze the relationship between customer satisfaction and three constructs, this study found perceived value, service quality and professionalism have significantly positive relationship with customer satisfaction. The factor with most magnitude is the perceived value, followed by professionalism and service quality. This study suggests that brokerage firms should provide good services with reasonable price in order to gain customers satisfaction. Note: I submitted one time on June 30 by email because I was not able to submit it via your web. I tried to submit it again and it works now. Hope you will consider our paper. Keywords: Customer Satisfaction,Brokerage Firms,Perceived Value,Service Quality,Professionalism 398 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6807 Diagnosing the Conceptions of Science Teacher Candidates on Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants through Two-Tier Multiple-Choice Test YILMAZ KARA, Ozcan Yemen Department of Science Education, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey The purpose of this research can be determined as diagnosing the conceptual understanding of science teacher candidates on photosynthesis and respiration in plants through a two-tier multiple choice test. The research design of the study was the survey method. The two-tier multiple choice diagnostic test for the conceptual understanding of the issue of photosynthesis and respiration in plants was completed by 45 science teacher candidates (73% female). The administration process was 25 minutes in average. The subject areas covered through the test were the plant nutrition, role of water in plants, role of leaves in plants, gas exchange, energy transformation, definition and importance of photosynthesis, the role of light in photosynthesis, respiration in plants, and the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration in plants. The results of the photosynthesis and respiration in plants test were revealed that the teacher candidates are not able to conceive photosynthesis as a chemical reaction and they do not appreciate the role of chlorophyll. In addition, the alternative conceptions of teacher candidates on of the energy concept concerns the form of energy required as well as the notion of harnessing the sun’s energy. Further, teacher candidates hold the alternative conception that plants receive all their nutrients from the environment. Moreover, teacher candidates confuse photosynthesis with respiration and also believe that respiration occurs when there is no photosynthesis. As a consequence, the administration of the test revealed that the science teacher candidates had limited scientifically acceptable responses for photosynthesis and respiration in plants even at higher education. Keywords: Conceptual understanding, Teacher education, Science Education 399 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6808 Environmental Competencies of Classroom Teachers Nevriye Yazcayır Gazi Faculty of Education, Gazi University, Turkey According to traditional approach, teacher competencies are determined in three main fields: field, pedagogical and cultural competencies. However, nowadays teacher competencies are discussed in broader and different dimensions with regard to reform studies in education, developments in teacher education, scientific results in the fields of education sciences and other sciences. Now, environment competencies have been one of the most important teacher competencies. Teachers need to understand the complex relationships between environmental integrity and sustainable development; to recognize environmental consequences of economic growth programs at local, national, regional and global level; to have a sense of responsibility and value judgments to work active for protection and improvement of the environment. Teachers are also able to apply environmental education at every type and level of their education as hardware adequate knowledge about the problems which are as a result of environmental and socio-cultural development and solutions. This study aimed at to determine the environmental competencies of classroom teachers. This research will be carried out as a qualitative research. Descriptive analysis method will be used in analysis of data. In the research, the data gathered at four stages and with different data collection methods from 40 classroom teachers by means of using Delphi technique. Research stages are given below. Stage 1: Three written open-ended research questions were given to 40 classroom teachers and teachers’ responses to these questions were taken in a written form. Stage 2: A three-hour face to face brain storming meeting comprised of two rounds will be organized and 20 classroom teachers’ opinions will be collected. Stage 3: A list of classroom teachers’ environmental competencies will be made based on the opinions determined at Stage 1 and Stage 2. The list will be given to 40 teachers. It will be asked if they agree with competencies in the list. Stage 4: Environmental competencies of classroom teachers will be defined based on the data gathered from the research. Findings aren’t included in the abstract because the research process continues. Keywords: Environment, classroom teacher, competency, learning, education 400 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6811 Attitudes of Junior and senior Students towards Microteaching at English Language Deaprtment Merve Bulut Instructor School of Foreign Languages, University of Haci Bektas Veli The present study reviews the attitudes of the junior and senior students towards microteaching. Microteaching technique, developed at Stanford University in the United States, is a way to better train pre-service teachers (Huber and Ward, 1969). In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the use of microteaching spread rapidly in the U.S, Europe and some other developing countries. Nowadays, many teacher education programs use microteaching to expand the scope of junior and senior students while mastering various teaching skills and teaching experiences. Microteaching also orients these students to gain teaching experiences for natural classroom environments. It has become a successful and an interesting technique for transferring theory into practice for a pre-service teacher in a teacher education program. Junior and senior students recommend the use of the microteaching in teacher education because of the advantages. It is effective in developing and sharing certain teaching skills and getting rid of the mistakes. It allows for understanding important behaviours in classroom teaching. It increases the junior and senior students’ self-confidence. For both pre-service and experienced teachers, it provides an extensive application domain. It enables to develop teaching competency models. The participants of the study are junior and senior students attending in English Language Teaching department at different universities, in Turkey. The data was collected by means of a Likert type scale developed by Ogeyik (2009). The scale was applied to 96 students. The study showed that ELT students at universities in Turkey generally held positive attitudes towards microteaching with regard to its effectiveness for professional development, self-assessment, selfconfidence, material production and teaching experiences in various courses. Keywords: Microteaching, junior and senior students, teaching experiences, ELT courses 401 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6818 THE TRAITS AND COPING STRATEGIES PREDICTING LIFE SATISFACTION OF THE INDIVIDUALS IN THE COURSE OF DIVORCE ISIL COKLAR, NURGUL IYILIKCI, FERDA AYSAN Izmir Universitesi Psikoloji Bölümü Gürsel Aksel Bulvarı no:14 Ückuyular IZMIR The purpose of the study is to examine the relationships between life satistfaction, coping strategies, personality traits and various socio-demographic characteristics (sex, education level, perceived socioeconomical status etc.) of individuals in the course of divorce and to determine the variables predicting their life satisfaction. The sample of the study consists of 113 individuals in the course of divorce whose trials are conducted by the family courts in Izmir Courthouse. Demographic Data Form, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Five Factor Personality Inventory-Short Form and Coping Strategies Scale were used to collect data. Results revealed that there is no significant differentiation between the life satisfaction levels of male and female participants. Extraversion, openness and neurotism are the personality traits which have significant correlations between life satisfaction. Among the coping strategies only avoidance has a significant correlation with life satisfaction. Regression analysis revealed that “avoidance” as a coping strategy and “neurotism” as a personality trait are the most important predictors of life satisfaction. The individuals with higher levels of avoidance and neurotism have lower life satisfaction levels. In addition, consistent with previous studies, results revealed significant associations between sociodemographics (duration of marriage, number of children, perceived economical status) and life satisfaction. One Way ANOVA results of satisfaction with life revealed significant differences between groups. The results are discussed along with the literature findings, strengths and limitations of the study and suggestions for future researches. Keywords: divorce, coping strategies, life satisfaction, personality traits 402 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6825 INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS THAT CAUSE FEAR DURING SPEAKING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Bahar İşigüzel Associate Professor Department of Foreign Language Education, University of Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that cause fear during speaking a foreign language. The participants of the study consist of 50 students from a higher education institution in Turkey during the 2015– 2016 education year. The data of this qualitative research was collected with a questionnaire that included 10 items about the factors of fear during speaking a foreign language. The results of this study indicated that the possible causes of fear can be categorized psychological, cognitive, methodological and social affective. This result of the fear classification shows that the participants of this study share the same views in the same direction of recent researches about the fear during speaking a foreign language. Keywords: Foreign language, speaking, qualitative research, fear. 403 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6827 An investigation of perspectives of individuals using hallucinogenic substances: A qualitative study Çağrı Utkan, Meral Atıcı Çukurova Sabancı İlkokulu Okulu, Belediye Evleri Mahallesi, 84071 Sokak, Çukurova, Adana The aim of the study was to examine views of individuals using hallucinogenic substances and their habits of psychoactive substance, especially hallucinogenic substances. The sample of the study consisted of individuals using hallucinogenic substances in Turkey. A purposive sampling method was used in the study. The data of the study were collected through a semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher. In the process of conducting the study, 16 participants were interviewed and detailed information about their use of hallucinogenic substances was obtained. The content analysis of qualitative data was carried out and the related themes were then determined. The content analysis of the data showed that the participants used hallucinogenic substances such as: LSD, hallucinogenic mushrooms, peyote/mescaline, DMT (ayahuasca, changa), ketamine, salvia divinorum, nutmeg, datura stramonium and morning glory seeds. In addition to these hallucinogenic substances, it was observed that participants also use psychoactive substances like marijuana, ecstasy and cocaine regularly. The study findings revealed that following hallucinogenic substance use, the participants experience various effects on their perception, affection and cognitive processes. It was also observed that the positive effects of substance use outweighed the negative ones. The findings showed that the participants had preferences about time, place, mood and people before hallucinogenic substance use, and made arrangements accordingly. The results suggested that hallucinogenic substance use habits differ from other psychoactive substances. For example, the participants generally used hallucinogenic substances a few months a year and felt no need to increase the dosage or showed any symptoms of withdrawal. Keywords: Hallucinogen, psychedelic, substance use, psychoactive substance 404 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6829 A mobile app for the treatment of depression Cezar Giosan, Vlad Muresan, Oana Cobeanu, Cristina Mogoase, Rares Boian, Aurora Szentagotai Berkeley College (New York) / Babes-Bolyai University (Cluj-Napoca) The aim of this work is to disseminate a Comprehensive Computerized Intervention for Depression. While face to face cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) remains the psychological standard of care in the treatment of depression, other delivery formats, such as two-way online video, have been tried successfully in the recent years. Automated interventions for depression (e.g., internet-delivered sessions) have been shown to have comparable clinical outcomes with standard CBT. They also come with benefits such as convenience, cost reduction and greater reach. However, such interventions also come with less desirable outcomes, such as a high dropout rate, or limited long-term improvement. Building on these recent advances, have developed an app – a mobile Intervention for Depression that aims at minimizing the problems that current automated solutions face. To this end, our proposed solution incorporates insights from Graphic Design, gamification theories, and Artificial Intelligence, to increase the quality of the user experience, potentially leading to better clinical outcomes. Keywords: depression, computerized interventions, automated CBT 405 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6841 Goverment Citizen Relations in Turkey at E-Municipality Applications Canan Çakır Assistant Professor Gümüşhane University, Gümüşhane, Turkey The new structure of electronic states known as ""e-government"" is the structure. Egovernment transformation of public institutions and organizations, in local government continues. Re-determined the content of local today, municipalities would like to use the e-municipality applications. By e-municipal applications, local governments are able to enter into interaction with citizens, to ensure the participation of urban, about the problems of the city are provided to allow the expression of ideas and opinions. Local governments aims to ensure transparency, accountability, reliability and flexibility, seeing corporate affairs, in the electronic media through technologies of information processing . In addition to effort and works of the government on this issue, people the level of utilization of the public service determine success of e- municipality applications. In this study, the council about its services through the internet, is to reveal the level of awareness of citizens. İzmir Metropolitan Municipality for this purpose provide municipal services of the e-citizen is aware of the situation and whether or not having enough information about services is measured. Work, emunicipality services to their level of awareness about people living in the city, İzmir Metropolitan Municipality-scale, face-to-face questionnaire and the question is important because it is the first academic study. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS. According to survey results, the surveyed country man, computer and Internet usage levels, but be aware of e-municipality services levels are low. Keywords: E-government, E-municipality, Local Government, Turkey. 406 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6842 Mothers and Their Daughters’ Dolls Preferences Elvan Sahin Zeteroglu, Handan Asude Basal Uludag University, Education Faculy, Department of Preschool Education Bursa Toys and plays are very important in the children’s world. Play supports the overall development of children. It is the most natural learning environment. The game is a voluntary activity that the child willingly attend. Toys are tools of the game. Dolls have an important place especially in the girls’ world. Most of the time, they imitate their mother, pretend being like their mother using the dolls in a dramatic play. When considering the importance of the play in a child life, ıt can be seen the importance of the toys used in a play. There are different variety of toys at the present time. They may be made of different materials, may have different colors and different features. In this study, the children and their mothers’ doll preferences they played in their childhood were investigated. What features do the girls look for in the dolls they play? How they make their doll preferences? What is the choices based on? As it is known there are a lot of dolls with different features in the market place. There is no much studies on traditional dolls and the new generation dolls sold in the market. The aim of the study is to investigate the dolls that child and her mother prefer to play in her childhood and also to get their opinions on this issue. Consedering changes in time and values, it was investigated if the preferences of dolls and the reasons for choosing dolls varies from generation to generation. For this purpose, a questionaire was used to forty mothers and to their forty children. The obtained results will be evaluated. Keywords: toys, dolls, mother, girl 407 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6850 Are Spiral Programs Integrative and Hierarchic? Ayfer Sahin Associate Professor Ahi Evran Universitesi Egitim Fakültesi, Kırsehir, Turkey In spiral programs, subjects are re-taught as appropriate occasions arise. Every subject is sequential in itself. Subjects are based on one another and presented gradually. Newly learnt concepts are linked to previous ones. In other words, the subjects taught at a lower level are not only revised, but their contents are also expanded at higher levels. The program currently implemented at preschools in Turkey is developmental, spiral and eclectic in character and is designed by considering children’s developmental features, fields of interest and needs (MEB, 2013: 8). Additionally, the primary education program in Turkey was developed through the use of various educational approaches besides ‘spiral programming’ (MEB, 2009). Skills present in a particular domain of learning are congruous not only within the domain, but are shared among all other domains of learning (MEB, 2015). Preschool and primary educations in Turkey are integrated under the ‘basic education’ framework. In this sense, preschool education programs and primary education programs are to be established one on top another in accordance with spiral programming. However, it’s common knowledge that commissions in Turkey develop programs without working in coordination with each other. This causes some disconnections and problems in the implementation of programs. As a requirement of spiral programming, this study aims to reveal to what extent these two programs adhere to the principles of integrity and progress. It’s believed that the current study will guide authorities at the Ministry of Education, program designers, writers and all stakeholders in education system in future programming. Keywords: Preschool, Primary School, Spiral Program, Integrity, Progressivity 408 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6851 The Perceived Effectiveness of Curricular Activities on University Students’ Course Contentment Ahu Ozturk Assistant Professor Uludag University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gorukle Campus, Nilufer/BURSA Research about “teaching social sciences” had been going on for many decades. But we come to hear more often nowadays in education as well as in research. In our faculties we as lecturers take it almost for granted that lecturing, consolidate and extend learning is applied and done. But do our students can acknowledge what we do in class for teaching and assessment as a matter of fact? In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of homework and projects on contentment with the course. Participants were 233 undergraduates (M age= 21.48 years, SD= 4.86 year). Students filled out a group of structured questions and also an open ended question about the contentment of the overall course. The effects of learning by homework/project evaluated on the two dimensions (structured answers/quantitative, an open ended answer/qualitative) of contentedness, controlling for the basic variables (gender, CGPA). First, the results revealed that they rated the contentment of course is high (M = 4.18, SD= 0.60, range= 2-5). Regression analysis in predicting the contentment indicated that perceived effectiveness of homework/project on learning is the only significant predictor of overall contentment after controlling for student’s gender and CGPA. Separate qualitative analysis predicting domains of effectiveness of homework/project revealed that the enjoyment and amount of time spend on homework predicts benefit and hardness dimensions of effectiveness, but not the meaningfulness dimension. We further discussed the implications of the findings considering both the course context and broader classroom environment. Keywords: teaching psychological science, course contentment, perceived effectiveness, university student 409 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6858 Value Transfer in Child Books Ayfer Sahin Associate Professor Ahi Evran Universitesi. Egitim Fakültesi, Kırsehir, Turkey Children’s literature involves oral and written works that demand the needs of 2-14 aged children, and aim these children’s emotions and notions. Child books have important roles in acquisition of individual values about life and reality since early childhood. Child books animate different characters by the expression power of drawing and language. Constructions are set based on the characters and their relationships. Then, experimentation regarding children’s learning of human, nature, and life is formed. Value can be stated as “material and moral elements of a nation’s social, cultural, economic and scientific values”. One requirement of realizing the aims of Turkish National Education is educating individuals that adopt the values of Turkish Nation. Families, educational institutions, and teaching materials have important roles to raise individuals who adopt social values and put them into practice. One of the important materials is written child books. This study aims to determine the national and universal values that are in the child books of elementary third and fourth grades. One of the qualitative methods, document analysis method was used in the study. Universe of the study was consisted of written child books of elementary third and fourth grades. Sample was consisted of child books that are sold in the city center of Kırşehir. Random sampling method was used and 200 Turkish written child books of local and foreign authors. To collect data, “Values Control List” was developed and used by the researcher. It is believed that the results will provide a view about which values should be stated by the authors in the end of study. *This work was supported by the Ahi Evran University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit. Keywords: Value, value education, child boks, elementary education 410 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6859 EVALUATION OF THE PROGRAMME OF MULTICULTURALISM IMPLIED PRIMARY SCHOOL (THE CASE OF KOSOVO) Serdan Kervan, Özgür Doğan Gürcü Prizren Universitym Rruga e shkronjave, No.1, Prizren, Kosovo Kosovo is a country with a multicultural structure. In addition, communities living in Kosovo, they have been known to live in a multicultural in nature and peace throughout history. In this study, as multicultural country Kosovo, the situation in the 3rd year reflect the multiculturalism of the hidden curriculum of primary education will be explored. Not dealt with explicitly not officially pronounced outside the official program in schools, but students are implicit rather than affecting the program in another program. In Kosovo, Albanian and Turkish students continue their education in different branches of activity in their own language. The overall aim of this study was analyzed in Kosovo implicit programs in multicultural education programs implemented in primary schools. Implementation of the program and reflect the hidden curriculum that reflects multiculturalism or how to determine whether and how to reflect is examined and the necessary arrangements for the preparation of the proposal. multiculturalism on the status of the implementation of this work program and hidden curriculum in primary schools in Kosovo; to tell you the name of the case studies or English literature ""Case Study"" method will be used. As well document review will be conducted to collect data and interviews will be held. Document analysis purposes, multicultural education programs for the hidden curriculum applications in education, textbooks, extracurricular activities and course, when dealing with school records; programs and teachers in the program in order to examine the views on multiculturalism will be considered as a data source. The study was designed according to the qualitative research approach. The universe of this study was generated from the Prizren in Kosovo multilingual education teachers who work in classes 3 classes in primary schools in the city. Analysis of the data in the study and the interpretation process continues. Keywords: hidden curriculum, multiculturalism, education programs 411 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6862 Following Traces of “the Invisible Hand” in the Distribution of National High-Stake Test Scores: Who is Actually Privileged by the State-Funded Public Education Monopoly? M. Semih SUMMAK, Mahmut KALMAN Faculty of Educational Sciences Gaziantep University Gaziantep-Turkey There is an awful lot of studies showing a strong relation that exists between all kinds of academic achievement and socioeconomic status (SES) of families. Neo-liberal free market-inspired reforms in education are mainly criticized for their hidden differential effects arising from the interrelations among class, gender, and race. This presentation raises the question about justifiability of state-funded and delivered public education which is believed to assure fair and equitable education for all. Taking transformative stance as the guiding philosophy, a case study (bounded by a municipal district in a Greater metropolitan city in the Southeastern part of Turkey) is designed. TEOG (Transitory National Examinations from Basic to Secondary Education) scores were examined in a comparative manner to understand the effects of SES in the distribution of scores among different schools in the municipal district. The study makes a contribution to in depth understanding of actual beneficiaries of the public education monopoly based on the distribution of high-stake national test scores. Preliminary findings of the study indicate that TEOG scores of the schools in the high SES-family-inhabited neighborhoods are far more ahead of low SES-inhabited ones in the same district. Contrary to its major premise, statefunded and operated education, in this case at least, seem to privilege higher SES families in regard to success in TEOG examinations. Keywords: Free-market, SES, social privilege, equality, education, case 412 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6863 Museum: The Third Eye Şule Göle PhD Student Akdeniz University, Institue of Social Sciences, Antalya, Turkey The conception of museum in the modern sense, drives from the Cabinets of the Curiosities which have flourished in Renaissance. The Cabinets of The Curiosities as a form of seeing the world, reflect unstable and inconsistent world view of man in the Renaissance. In The Cabinets of The Curiosities, rare, unusual, exotic and interesting objects are collected by the philosophers, noble man, researcher and merchants. In the Renaissance the man is curious about the world, he is searching and collecting the nature and universe in order to understand it that differs from the medieval understanding of universe. This way of searching the world engenders the new conception of knowledge based on the perception of worldly bodies which has paved the way for the modern experimental science. The collected objects in the cabinets of the curiosities constitutes a microcosmos of whole universe, that is the macrocosmos. In this study, the concept of microcosmos as a third eye of seeing the world will be studied for how it transformed into the concept of museum in the modern sense. Keywords: museum, curiosity, microcosmos, knowledge 413 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6865 Museum as a Postmodern Rhetorical Device Hasan Aslan Professor Akdeniz University, Faculty of Literature, Department of Philosophy, Antalya Turkey After Alan Sokal’s fake paper the nature of the modern knowledge has become cursorial. This situation is called as “postmodern condition” by Lyotard. This “condition” doesn’t represent just the relativization of the knowledge but, on the other hand, implies losing the reliability of knowledge for which the modern philosophers were searching. The character of knowledge is determined mainly by the producers of the knowledge with using the rhetorical elements for persuading the audience. It seems that what called as a “postmodern condition” does not take place just in restricted area of research but compasses the whole intellect of our age. In this study, the relation of the postmodern condition to the museums will be discussed. It will be claimed that as a rhetorical device the museums contributes the production of the knowledge in the postmodern sense. Keywords: museum, postmodern, knowledge 414 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6879 DEVELOPING AN ACHIEVEMENT TEST TOWARDS EVALUATING CRITICAL THINKING SKILL Eray Egmir, Gürbüz OCAK Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Mankind’s most important tool to understand and make sense of life and world is thinking. Thinking act directs many characteristics even it seems so ordinary. Speaking, discussion, making a choice or a judgement are all under the control of thinking activity. All people think inherently. But they think prejudicedly, deficiently, incorrectly and based on inexpedient information if they don’t gain effective thinking skills. However, today, information society whose improvement based on information and communication technology demands autonomous individuals who try to understand knowledge which he/she faces inquiringly, can make free decisions without taking hold of others and can take different approaches to events. At this point in the 21th century, mankind should constitute their own elimination system for the acquired information. The mental process fulfil logical filter duty that is reguired by mankind can be stated by critical thinking. Critical thinking is defined by the skill of taking the responsibility of his/her own ideas. In this study an achievement test towards evaluating critical thinking skill was developed. Firstly, the achievement test which was developed to determine the level of critical thinking sub-skills acquired by students consists of 39 items. This test form was implemented in 5th grade of a secondary school and after that implementation students were asked to state their opinions about style, length and puzzling parts of the test form. After then some words that were not understood properly by students were changed and some long texts were shortened. After editing, the test form were implemented in two classrooms which were chosen unbiased in a secondary school in Afyonkarahisar. One of the classrooms has a low socio-economic level and the other classroom has a high socio-economic level. After the implementation index of difficulty and index of discrimination of each item and KR-20 and KR-21 values of whole test were calculated. KR-20 and KR-21 values of the form of achievement test which consists of 39 items are respectively .84 and .82. Finally the number of items of the achievement test was reduced to 33. Keywords: Critical thinking, Achievement test, Test development. 415 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6880 TEACHERS’ VIEWS ON APPLICATION OF SNOWBALL METHOD Eray Egmir, Gürbüz Ocak Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar. Education and social structure have an interactive relation. Therefore each change which occurs in social structure influences education system. Today the human model which is demanded by information society is like a guide for educational instutions’ activities. The perception that learning occurs by transferring knowledge from teacher to students give its place to teaching-learning environment in which students are motived to question, think, discuss, explore new perspectives and generating knowledge. That perspective change in education requires diversification of strategy, method and techniques which are used in classroom besides many changes in each component. Snowball technique which is one of these alternative methods provides cooperative learning and cultivates discussion in classroom. By this method each student consider a problem or subject by himself/herself and then discuss that problem or subject within a group which consists of more students at every turn. In this study to take teachers’ opinion about application of “snowball” method in teaching and learning process was aimed. The study group consists of 18 teachers who are working in Afyonkarahisar in 2015-2016 school year. Data obtained via the form developed by the researchers will be analysed by content analysis and will be interpreted. The analysis process is in progress. Keywords: Teacher, Teacher’s views, Snowball method. 416 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6883 The Academic Incentives: Motivators for Productivity or Barriers for Integrity? Barış Uslu PhD, The Department of Educational Sciences, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey Since 1970s, the ‘entrepreneurial university’ discourse have gain more importance in global higher education. Most universities strongly embraced the entrepreneurship to increase their financial independence from governments. In line with the desire of income generation, mainly research universities from developed countries started to be managed by professional administrators, not by senior academics. Via the ‘accountability’ model, these business-minded managers spread performative culture in academia and set up various performance criteria about publications, research funds, teaching loads, etc. Then, they completely returned to the Taylorist logic, piece-rate pay, and developed merit-pay system in academia. This payment system easily found place in developed higher education systems, and led to the emergence of the contingent/temporary academic labor. On the other hand, the merit-pay system have not strongly placed in developing higher education systems yet due to the higher job security of academics. However, the merit-payment approach has reflected to bonus payments via academic incentives. As one of the developing countries, Turkey started new academic incentive program in 2015 to increase the productivity in academia and the attractiveness of academic salaries. This program also brought serious questions related to its effects on academic productivity as well as academic integrity. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the effects on academic productivity and integrity. For this purpose, the researcher conducted qualitative inquiry. He carried out interviews with 10 Turkish academics from different disciplines. He then performed content analysis by coding the interview transcripts. After forming the complete code-list, another researcher coded the transcripts by using the code-list. The researcher calculated the inter-coder reliability as .81 that provides evidence for adequate reliability. He then following the qualitative analysis steps: Data Reduction, Data Display, and Conclusion Drawing/Verification. The data were categorized in three themes. In the first theme, despite its positive goals, Turkish academics underlined the methodological adversities of the academic incentive program, as follow: “The program aims to tempt academics to produce more by extra payment, but the evaluation criteria in different categories like projects, publications, presentations, etc. are not equally fit all sorts of disciplines – assoc.prof. from geography.” As a second, a prof. from social science claimed that “academics from several departments will increase their activities with mostly low quality works, but many others will jam on the brakes due to the highest limit of 100 points” and an assist.prof. from chemistry confirmed this claim: “as one of the top performer in my department, I already slowed down my publication pace, 417 because I can get maximum score with less articles.” As the last theme, the interviewees highlighted several points related to academic honesty and research/publication ethics, such as: “academics with higher title may put their names on the studies without any contribution – res.assist. from mathematics”, “as a part of our academia, citation-gang will work more effectively – assist.prof. from business”, and “many academics will produce many papers/presentations based on fake data in relatively short time and carry out little projects without consideration of research ethics – prof. from marine sciences.” Accordingly, the higher education policy makers should re-organize the evaluation criteria by taking disciplinary differences into consideration, remove the highest limit for scoring, and form more serious rules related to academic ethics and operate stricter peer-review evaluation by the committees firstly at the departmental level. Keywords: Academic incentives, Academic productivity, Academic integrity, Academic Honesty, Research ethics 418 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6885 Populism in power? The 2016 Administrative Elections in Rome Giovanni Brancato, Christian Ruggiero, Melissa Stolfi The 2016 Administrative Elections in Rome represent an important turning point in the new course of Italian politics, characterized by the tri-polar order ratified by 2013 General Elections (Diamanti, 2013; Morcellini, Antenore, Ruggiero, 2013). The Five Star Movement’s candidate, Virginia Raggi, has conquered the city administration of the Italian capital, while the most successful candidate of the right-wing parties, Giorgia Meloni, didn’t reach the second ballot, and the candidate of the left-wing party, Roberto Giachetti, ended gaining the majority of voters in only two of fifteen municipalities. 419 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6881 Predictors of Seeking Forgiveness: The Role of Rumination, Shame and Guilt ASLI BUGAY Associate Professor Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus Guidance and Psychological Counseling Program Guzelyurt, KKTC, via Mersin 10 Turkey The aim of the present study was to investigate rumination, shame and guilt predictors of seeking forgiveness Data were obtained from 212 (107 female, 105 male) Turkish university students (Mage = 20.6, SD = 1.96). Rumination Scale, Trait Shame and Guilt Scale and Seeking Forgiveness Scale were used to collect data. A multiple regression analysis was performed to analyze the data. The result showed that rumination, shame, guilt significantly predicted seeking forgiveness. In addition, students who reported higher shame anf guilt also reported higher seeking forgiveness. Comparing the shame, the more guilty they felt, the more that made them seeking forgiveness. Besides, rumination influenced the likelihood of seeking forgivenes. Results were discussed in the light of the related literature with the possible therapeutic implications. Keywords: Rumination, shame, guilt, seeking forgiveness 420 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6870 EXAMINING PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS’ PERCEPTIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF MANAGEMENT PROCESS IN GIRNE DISTRICT OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC OF NORTHERN CYPRUS: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Ozgur Batur, Cigdem Cantas, Bahar Özgen, Şükran Ağanbaş, Cansu Tahmazoğlu, Nurten Dayı Üçüz, Hicran Kılıç Faculty of Education, Girne AmericanUnivesity, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Mersin 10 Turkey This study is designed within the qualitative research methodology by using a single case study approach, in order to examine the educational administrators’ perception and application differences that are currently active in the Girne District of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The researchers prepared seven open-ended interview questions and conducted face to face interviews with 17 participants from public schools and three from private schools. The data analysis is done by NVivo 10 Qualitative analysis software. The findings of the research reveal that decision making process is applied by the administrators after formal meetings with the staff. In the planning process, Ministry of Education’s plans are applied by combining the institutional plans and goals. During the stuffing process, the shared management approach is generally applied to assign the duties that are planned. Communication process is handled through formal and informal ways. Coordination is arranged by formal rules and regulations to supply discipline and equity amongst the staff. In order to have a positive effect on the staff, administrators’ aim is to count on humanistic approaches rather than formal dialogues for a better institutional rapport. Finally, the assessment process of the institution is done through formal documents that the Ministry of Education requires and by means of the institutions’ annual plans. The findings of the research also reveal that there is a positive interaction between the staff and the administrators no matter it is private or a public school, whereas on some occasions there is a gap between the superiors and the administrators. Keywords: Management process, single case study, administrators, education 421 XI. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences September 1-4, 2016 Rome, Italy Abstract No: 6887 THE ANALYSIS OF THE WORKS OF “ORHON INSCRIPTIONS”, “KUTADGU BILIG”, “OTTOMAN STATECRAFT” IN TERMS OF MODERN LEADERSHIP APPROACHES Bertan Akyol, Mustafa Akkaya, Soner Aladağ, Cansu Sert Adnan Menderes University Soke Computer Graphics and Animation Department Soke-AYDIN, TURKEY The aim of this study is to analyze, in terms of today’s modern leadership approaches, the work of “Orhon Inscriptions” which is the very first written work of Turkish language and history, and which reflects Turkish state intellection; the political treatise work of Yusuf Has Hacip “Kutadgu Bilig” which significantly contributed to Turkish political life and Turkish state administration process; and the political treatise work of Sarı Mehmet Paşa “Ottoman Statecraft” (Nesâyihü’l-Vüzerâ ve’l-Ümerâ) which was written so as to be able to solve the administration problems of Ottoman statesmen. The studies about leadership include such wide disciplines as management, politics and psychology, and every branch of science evaluates from its own point of view. In the study, leadership approaches determine within the framework of which leadership approaches these three works were in different periods in terms of state administration and what the characteristics of the statesmen and top government officials were. By the analysis of the works via document review, state administration in the works, characteristics that the administrators should have and the duties of the top government officials were detected. The data gathered was analyzed by means of content analysis and evaluated within the framework of modern leadership theories. Keywords: Kutadgu Bilig, Leadership Approaches, Orhon Inscriptions, Ottoman Statecraft 422